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易错点14 阅读理解主旨大意题
目 录
01 易错陷阱（3大陷阱）
02 举一反三
【易错点提醒一】标题类易混易错点
【易错点提醒二】段落大意类易混易错点
【易错点提醒三】文章大意类易混易错点
03 易错题通关
易错陷阱1：标题类易混易错点。
【分析】
标题类是对中心思想的加工和提炼，可以是单词、短语、也可以是句子。她的特点是短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性、精确性强；不能随意改变语言表达的程度和色彩。如果是短语类选项，考生容易混淆重点，此时应当先划出选项的关键词。
此类题和文章的中心主题句有很大关系。中心主题句一般出现在第一段，有时第一段也可能引出话题，此时应当重点关注第二段和最后一段，看看是否会出现首尾呼应。
易错陷阱2：段落大意类易混易错点。
【分析】 每个段落都有一个中心思想，通常会在段落的第一句或最后一句体现，这就是段落主题句。如果没有明显的主题句时，应当根据段落内容概括处段落大意。有时考生还会找错文章对应位置，盲目选词文中相同的词句，而出现文不对题的现象。
易错陷阱3：文章大意类易混易错点。
【分析】确定文章主旨的方法是：先看首尾段或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括。如，议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词语，记叙文中寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。文中出现不同观点时，要牢记作者的观点彩色体现全文中心的。此时，要注意转折词，如：but, however, yet, in spite of, on the contrary等。
【易错点提醒一】 标题类易混易错点
【例1】 （24-25高三上·湖北·阶段练习）The history of the West is not what you learned in school.
The idea of civilization is relatively recent. The word was first used only in the mid-18th century and did not take hold of Western imaginations until the late 19th century. In that imperialist age, historians found that Greek and Roman civilization made nice building blocks that could be stacked into a grand- looking construct, which they labeled “Western” Or “European” civilization. To this they attributed (归因) many inherited “classical” virtues: vigor, rationality, justice, democracy and courage to experiment and explore. Other civilizations, by contrast, were regarded as inferior.
Odds are strong that you first became aware of the term “Western Civilization” through an introductory survey course in college or AP history in high school. And you’ve lived your life since then believing that “the West” boasts “a common origin resulting in a shared history, a shared heritage, and a shared identity” grounded in the classical era of Greece and Rome.
Scholars almost always refer to “the West” when they make major statements about the future of the globe. Well, the fact is that there is no such thing as the West. One might protest: “the West” is “a Civilization”!
If “the West” can even be called a Civilization, then it is the least original “Civilization” in history. It is pretty widely acknowledged that virtually no basic technologies were, strictly speaking, invented in Europe or the United States. Metalwork, the plow, hydrocarbon fuels, higher mathematics, paper, wind- powered sea navigation, the compass, powder, and steam engines all came from elsewhere. In terms of the crucial agricultural products that feed everyone in the modern world, too, none originated in Europe.
Some people think of Western culture and values as being characterized by democracy, liberalism, enlightenment, scientific progress and individualism. They see it as a birthright to be passed on from generation to generation through the ages. However, culture and values are options to be made actively, not “tracks laid down by a Western destiny”. Rather than being irritating and inward- looking, most societies have proved receptive to ideas, fashions and technologies from their neighbors.
Which of the following is a suitable title
A．What is “Western Civilization” B．From “West” to “Western Civilization”.
C．“Western Civilization”, Superior civilization! D．There is no such thing as “Western Civilization”.
易错分析：第一段没有出现中心主旨句时，慌乱中无中生有，按现实生活去无中生有选择干扰项。应当重点关注第二段，尾段和其余段落的主题句。
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Well, the fact is that there is no such thing as the West. (嗯，事实是没有所谓的“西方”。)”可知，主要围绕西方文明是否存在展开讨论，D项“There is no such thing as “Western Civilization”. (没有“西方文明”这样的东西。)”最能概括全文，故选D项。
【变式1】（24-25高三上·重庆沙坪坝·阶段练习）When a young sawfly, a bee- like insect, is threatened by its attackers like ants, it emits a mixture of unpleasant smells to defend itself. These emissions can seriously annoy a potential enemy.
Scientists wanting to study these smelly compounds — to understand which aspects of them discourage attackers and why — face great challenges. Jean-Luc Boevé, a zoologist who studies insects, from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, is an amateur musician and composer. He decided to try a different way — the sound approach. “To be honest, I considered this project so unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was months before Boevé and his parther, Rudi Giot, finally made a resolution to get started on it.
They chose 16 sawfly species’ emissions to translate into sounds. First, they figured out which molecules (分子) were present in each smelly compound and in what amounts. Then they assigned various characteristics of those molecules matching properties of sound. For example, smaller molecules like a kind of acid found in vinegar, a sour- tasting liquid, evaporate (挥发) quickly, so Boevé and Giot assigned them sounds with higher pitch (音高). Larger molecules were given lower- pitched sounds. In all, the scientists created individual audio descriptions for 20 molecules. Then they combined the sounds of each molecule present in a sawfy’s smell to construct the insect’s soundtrack. If a molecule was of higher proportion in an emission, they assigned it a higher volume. In such a case, the smaller a molecule is, the higher its pitch will be; and the higher the proportion of a molecule is, the higher its volume will be.
To examine people’s reactions to the soundtracks, they played the audio descriptions through speakers to about 50 study participants. Then the scientists measured how far people backed up to get to a “comfortable position” away from the noise. Most of the study volunteers told the researchers that the high pitch, as well as the high volume, was what made them withdraw. “Ants and volunteers moved away from a chemical and its matching soundtrack respectively,” the researchers wrote.
Boevé said he hoped the process would give other zoologists a new way to offer clues about which molecules fight off enemies most.
Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．From Smells to Soundtracks
B．A New Perspective on Mrolecules
C．An Innovative Way of Studying Ants
D．Researches on Sawfly’s Effect on Humans
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Jean-Luc Boevé, a zoologist who studies insects, from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, is an amateur musician and composer. He decided to try a different way—— the sound approach.“ To be honest, I considered this project so unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was months before Boevé and his parther, Rudi Giot, finally made a resolution to get started on it.(来自比利时皇家自然科学研究所的昆虫学家Jean-Luc Boevé是一位业余音乐家和作曲家。他决定尝试一种不同的方法——声音方法。“说实话，我自己都认为这个项目太不切实际了，所以我把它搁置了一边。”他说。过了几个月，Boevé和他的搭档Rudi Giot才最终下定决心开始这项工作)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了科学家们将锯锹甲虫释放的难闻化合物转换成声轨，并研究蚂蚁对这些声音的反应。选项A“From Smells to Soundtracks(从气味到声轨)” 准确地概括了文章的主要内容，即介绍一种将气味转换成声音进行研究的新方法。故选A。
【变式2】（24-25高三上·广东汕尾·阶段练习）Imagine a child asking a chatbot or voice assistant if Santa Claus is real. How should the AI respond, given that some families would prefer a lie over the truth This is a dilemma in the little-studied area of robots deception (欺骗).
Two Georgia Tech researchers, Kantwon Rogers and Reiden Webber, designed a driving simulation (模拟) experiment to investigate how intentional robot deception affects trust between humans and AI, and whether different types of apologies can help repair that trust.
In the simulation, participants were instructed to drive a “robot-assisted car” to the hospital to save a friend’s life, while the AI assistant falsely warned of police ahead, advising participants to stay under the speed limit. Upon reaching the hospital, participants were informed that there were no police, and they received one of five different text-based responses from the robot — three admitting the lie, two offering a simple apology without admission. The study aimed to determine which type of apology was most effective in repairing trust after a robot’s lie.
The results of the experiment were surprising. 45% of the participants did not speed, because they believed the robot knew more about the situation than they did, revealing an overly trusting attitude toward AI. The results also indicated that while none of the apology types fully recovered trust, the apology with no admission of lying was statistically more effective in repairing trust than other responses.
The researchers’ final goal is to create a robot system that can learn when and how to lie or apologize during human-AI interactions. But they acknowledge that this is a complex issue. “We still know very little about Al deception, but we do know that lying is not always bad, and telling the truth isn’t always good,” Rogers said. “So how can we make laws that support new ideas without harming them, while also keeping people safe ”
What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Is a robot system promising B．The human-AI confidence crisis.
C．A dilemma in human honesty. D．AI deception: bad or not
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Imagine a child asking a chatbot or voice assistant if Santa Claus is real. How should the AI respond, given that some families would prefer a lie over the truth This is a dilemma in the little-studied area of robots deception.(想象一下，一个孩子问聊天机器人或语音助手圣诞老人是否真实存在。鉴于一些家庭更愿意接受谎言而不是真相，人工智能应该如何回应？这是机器人欺骗这一鲜有研究的领域中的一个困境)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讨论的是人工智能欺骗是好还是坏的问题，故“AI deception: bad or not (人工智能欺骗：好还是不好？)”是文章最佳标题。故选D项。
【变式3】（24-25高三上·辽宁·阶段练习）A recent study from the University of Guelph in Canada has revealed a surprising discovery about common eastern bumblebees (大黄蜂): These insects can survive underwater for up to a week. This finding, published in the journal Biology Letters, came about due to an experimental error when researchers placed hibernating (冬眠的) queen bumblebees in water and found them alive days later. The discovery has impressed scientists. particularly because bumblebees are land-based creatures not typically associated with water environments.
Nigel Raine, a professor in the school of environmental sciences at the university and the study’s lead author, expressed his astonishment at the results. To further explore this phenomenon, Raine and his team conducted an experiment involving 143 hibernating queen bumblebees. They discovered that those placed underwater for up to seven days had similar survival rates to those not, indicating that the bees’ ability to survive such conditions may be more common than previously thought.
The research underlines the strength of bumblebees during their hibernation period. a critical phase in their life cycle that has remained largely unexplored. Queen bumblebees typically hibernate alone in small holes during the cold months, which are believed to protect them from flooding. However, this study reveals that these bees possess an unexpected adaptation, allowing them to survive even in flooded conditions.
Given these findings, one possible explanation for their survival is diapause, a state of suspended growth and reproduction characterized by reduced oxygen intake. During this state. bumblebees may close their spiracles (气孔) to prevent water from entering their bodies, and they might also breathe through their skin. This energy-saving mode is likely a key factor in their ability to survive beneath the water.
Raine emphasized the importance of understanding these mechanisms, as it could have significant implications for the study of wild insects that help with plant reproduction, which are crucial for food security and ecosystem health, His team’s research will aim to determine whether hibernating queens can survive even longer periods underwater and if similar strength exists in other bee species.
Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．Bumblebee Reproductive Habits B．Bumblebee Hibernation Patterns
C．Scientists’ Experimental Methods D．Bumblebee Survival Underwater
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“A recent study from the University of Guelph in Canada has revealed a surprising discovery about common eastern bumblebees (大黄蜂): These insects can survive underwater for up to a week. This finding, published in the journal Biology Letters, came about due to an experimental error when researchers placed hibernating (冬眠的) queen bumblebees in water and found them alive days later. The discovery has impressed scientists. particularly because bumblebees are land-based creatures not typically associated with water environments.(加拿大圭尔夫大学最近的一项研究揭示了一个关于普通东部大黄蜂的惊人发现:这些昆虫可以在水下存活长达一周。这一发现发表在《生物学快报》杂志上，是由于一个实验错误造成的，当时研究人员将冬眠的大黄蜂皇后放在水中，几天后发现它们还活着。这一发现给科学家们留下了深刻印象。特别是因为大黄蜂是陆生生物，通常与水环境无关)”以及通读全文可知，文章的主要内容集中在大黄蜂在水下生存的发现及其意义，因此D项“Bumblebee Survival Underwater(大黄蜂在水下生存)”是最合适的标题。故选D项。
【易错点提醒二】 段落大意类易混易错点
【例2】 （24-25高三上·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Engaging your brain actively at work can benefit you in more ways than just advancing your career — it may also safeguard your cognitive (认知的) abilities and help prevent dementia (痴呆症) as you get older, a new study found.
The study, published in Neurology, analyzed health and occupational data on 7,000 Norwegians who were followed from their 30s until they retired in their 60s. “Many other studies on this topic have looked at the most recent jobs that people have,” said lead author Dr. Trine Edwin, a researcher at University of Oslo, “but due to the national database we have in Norway, we were able to follow people over much of their lifetimes.”
To do the analysis, Edwin categorized the cognitive demands of 305 occupations in Norway. More cognitively demanding jobs were not based on routine tasks, even though repetition was required at times. “There were lawyers, doctors, accountants, and people in public service in this group, but the most common occupation was teaching,” Edwin said, “as effective communication outside of the classroom and school matters. It always depends on teachers’ understandings of students’ different situations and teachers’ empathy.”
Having a routine job with little mental stimulation during your 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s is linked to a 66% higher risk of mild cognitive impairment (损伤) and a 37% greater risk of dementia after the age of 70, when compared with having an occupation — that requires more complex thinking. “The occupational environment is paramount in promoting cognitive well-being.” said Edwin. “Similarly, just like we can use physical exercise to grow and maintain our muscles, exercising our brain through more challenging work assignments seems to help fight dementia.”
“While I’d guess that people at risk for dementia would be well served by taking advantage of professional advancement opportunities, learning new job tasks, and refining (改进) their skills at work over a period of time, further studies will need to clarify which specific activities have the most brain healthy benefits,” Edwin added.
What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A．activities that can refine people’s skills at work.
B．A recommendation for future research directions.
C．Tips for people who want professional advancement.
D．Disadvantages of routine jobs that need further proof.
易错分析：容易出现文不对题，找错位置。同时对文中长句不会分析句子结构，曲解文意，提炼关键词错误。
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据尾段中的““While I’d guess that people at risk for dementia would be well served by taking advantage of professional advancement opportunities, learning new job tasks, and refining (改进) their skills at work over a period of time, further studies will need to clarify which specific activities have the most brain healthy benefits,” Edwin added.(Edwin补充说：“虽然我认为有痴呆症风险的人可以通过利用职业发展机会，学习新的工作任务，并在一段时间内提高他们的工作技能来得到很好的服务，但进一步的研究需要澄清哪些特定的活动对大脑健康最有好处。”)”可知，Edwin认为，虽然有痴呆症风险的人可以从一些行为中受益，但还需要进一步的研究来阐明哪些特定的活动对大脑健康最有好处，即指出了未来的研究方向。故选B。
【变式1】（24-25高三上·福建福州·阶段练习）“There are few things more delightful than seeing a child’s eyes light up as they pick up a present and wonder what might be inside,” says Chaz Firestone, an assistant professor of psychological science, “What our work shows is that your mind is able to track the information they are seeking. Just as they, might be able to tell what’s inside the box by shaking it around, you can tell what they are trying to figure out when they shake it.”
A team of researchers recently conducted a fascinating study to look into the science behind this present-guessing phenomenon. They asked 500 volunteers to watch two videos, each showing someone shaking a box of objects with different intentions. In one video, the person was attempting to determine the number of items inside the box, while in the other, they aimed to identify the shapes of the objects. Surprisingly, within a few seconds, the study participants were able to accurately determine the intention behind each shake.
According to the researchers, this ability to quickly distinguish the purpose behind a shake involves numerous mental calculations and observations of subtle (细微的) cues to understand what someone is trying to learn from their surroundings. Yet, we seem to do it easily. “The way you would shake a present to find out if it’s one thing or many things, or if it’s a small thing or a big thing, can be subtly different,” says Sholei Croom, a graduate student. “But people are amazing at picking up on such differences.”
While the study focused primarily on gift-shaking, it opens the door to a deeper understanding of human perception and cognitive abilities. In the future the team would like to pursue whether people observe the difference between what you want to do and what you want to learn. They’re also interested in when these skills emerge in human development and if it’s possible to build computational models to detail exactly how observed physical actions show cognitive intent.
What is the possible head of the last paragraph
A．Applications Are Promising B．Tell Hand from Head
C．Where the Research Will Go D．Limitation Still Exists
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“In the future the team would like to pursue whether people observe the difference between what you want to do and what you want to learn. They’re also interested in when these skills emerge in human development and if it’s possible to build computational models to detail exactly how observed physical actions show cognitive intent.(未来，团队希望探究人们是否观察到你想做什么和你想学习什么之间的区别。他们还对这些技能何时出现在人类发展中以及是否有可能建立计算模型来详细说明观察到的身体动作如何显示认知意图感兴趣。)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了这项研究未来的发展方向，即Where the research will go(研究将走向何方)。故选C项。
【变式2】（24-25高三上·辽宁·阶段练习）We live in an important time for language revitalization (复兴). More than half the world’s languages are in danger of being swallowed by dominant languages within this century. That’s why the United Nations declared 2022 - 2032 the International Decade of Indigenous (本土的) Languages.
But turning the trend of language extinction is no easy task. We know that to keep languages alive, we have to create an immersive environment. A good example of the immersion method is “language nests”, where little kids and other beginners learn from fluent elders on a regular basis. One of the first language nests was started in New Zealand in 1982 by Maori elders who worried that their language, culture, and even pride were disappearing. The elders decided to teach children their native tongue through culturally relevant song and play.
The language nest model was so successful that it migrated to Hawaii and then throughout the world. Language nests are typically physical spaces but can also be found online.
While immersion programs can have excellent outcomes, they require significant funding and resources to remain sustainable over time. The lack of capacity makes it hard: not enough content, training, and teachers. People don’t realize the cost of revitalizing languages and what it would cost to run entire educational systems in these languages. To establish the institutions, to train the people, and to make sure the proper techniques are in place to write and read in the languages are huge challenges.
Areas where one indigenous language has the most influence — such as Maori or Hawaiian may have an advantage because they begin with a fairly large speaker base and can focus funding, teacher training, and resources on that language. But countries with a high level of language diversity face a serious challenge. However, whatever it takes, it’s worthwhile for communities to preserve their ancestral tongues for generations to come.
What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us about the immersion programs
A．Their popularity. B．Their significance.
C．Their challenges. D．Their consequences.
主旨大意题。根据第四段“While immersion programs can have excellent outcomes, they require significant funding and resources to remain sustainable over time. The lack of capacity makes it hard: not enough content, training, and teachers. People don’t realize the cost of revitalizing languages and what it would cost to run entire educational systems in these languages. To establish the institutions, to train the people, and to make sure the proper techniques are in place to write and read in the languages are huge challenges.(虽然沉浸式课程可以有很好的效果，但它们需要大量的资金和资源来保持可持续发展。能力的缺乏使其变得困难：没有足够的内容、培训和教师。人们没有意识到振兴语言的成本，也没有意识到用这些语言运行整个教育系统的成本。建立机构，培训人员，并确保适当的技术到位，用这些语言书写和阅读是巨大的挑战)”可知，第4段主要告诉我们关于沉浸式课程面临的挑战。故选C。
【变式3】（24-25高三上·辽宁·阶段练习）Antaretica (南极洲) is the coldest place on Earth. It’s also the driest. With annual rainfall close to zero, Antaretica is technically a desert. Covering about 14 million square kilometers around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world. A high mountain range, the Trans- Antarctic range, runs from east to west, cutting the continent in two. There are volcanoes too, but they are not very active. Antarctica holds 90% of the world’s ice, and most of its fresh water (70%) is in a frozen state, of course.98% of the surface is covered permanently in the ice cap. On average it is two kilometers thick, but in some places it reaches a depth of five kilometers. Strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline, while other winds blow round the coast. It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable (不宜居的) place.
Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife, which has adapted to its extreme conditions. There are different types of penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days( the longest period of continuous darkness on earth), as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. Only two types of flowering plants are found, while there are no trees on the large continent. The rest of the plants are made up of mosses, algae and lichen. Some forms of algae have adapted to grow on ice.
Most of the ice has been there for thousands of years. As a result, it has become a window on the past, and can give researchers lots of useful information. Gases and minerals, in the’ form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the world’s climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rocks are also very important for research. Most of them are meteorites (陨石) from outer space. One rock, known as the “Alien” rock, may contain evidence of extra- terrestrial (外星人) life.
Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered. But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balanced the land in the north. They called it Anti- Arktikos, or Antarctica: the opposite of Aretic (北极). When Europeans discovered the continent of America in 15 century, the great age of exploration began. However, progress to the South Pole was slow. Not until the late 18h century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Then in1895, a Norwegian called Carstens Borchgrevink became the first man to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. The race to the pole had begun. It was finally reached on 11- December,1911 by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen.
What does the author mainly want to tell us in Paragraph 2
A．All Antarctic plants grow on ice.
B．Animals can’t survive the Antarctic polar night.
C．Antarctica has a great variety of plants.
D．Despite the extreme conditions in Antarctica, many plants and animals live there.
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了南极洲的地理特征、气候、野生动植物以及科学研究价值等方面的信息。
主旨大意题。根据第二段“Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife, which has adapted to its extreme conditions. There are different types of penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous darkness on earth) , as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. Only two types of flowering plants are found, while there are no trees on the large continent. The rest of the plants are made up of mosses, algae and lichen. Some forms of algae have adapted to grow on ice.(然而，南极洲到处都是野生动物，它们已经适应了这里的极端环境。有不同种类的企鹅、飞鸟、海豹和鲸鱼。但南极漫长的冬夜长达182天(地球上最长的连续黑暗时期)，加上极端寒冷和缺乏降雨，意味着很少有植物能在那里生存。只有两种开花植物被发现，而在这个大大陆上没有树木。其余的植物由苔藓、藻类和地衣组成。有些种类的藻类已经适应了在冰上生长)”可知，本段主要讲述了尽管南极洲条件极端，但许多动植物都生活在那里。故选D项。
【易错点提醒三】 文章大意类易混易错点
【例3】（2024·贵州遵义·一模）In the last few decades, scientists have made enormous breakthroughs in understanding how our brains work by monitoring them in real time with fMRI and PET scanners. When people are hooked up to these machines, tasks, such as reading or doing math problems, each have corresponding areas of the brain where activities can be observed. But when researchers got the participants to listen to music, they saw fireworks. Some areas of their brains were lighting up at once, as they processed the sound, took it apart to understand elements like melody and rhythm, and then put it all back together into combined musical experience.
Yet when scientists turned from observing the brains of music listeners to those of musicians, the little backyard fireworks became a massive celebration. It turns out that playing music is similar to a full-body workout. Playing a musical instrument engages practically every area of the brain at once, especially the visual, auditory, and motor cortices (大脑皮层).
The most obvious difference between listening to music and playing it is that the latter requires fine motor skills, which are controlled in both hemispheres (半球) of the brain. It also combines the linguistic and mathematical accuracy, in which the left hemisphere is more involved, with the novel and creative content that the right excels in.
Because making music also involves crafting and understanding its emotional content and message, musicians often have higher levels of executive function. And, indeed, musicians exhibit enhanced memory functions, creating, storing, and retrieving memories more quickly and efficiently. Studies have found that’s because musicians use their highly connected brains to attach each memory to multiple labels, such as a conceptual label, an emotional label, an audio label, and a contextual label, like a good Internet search engine.
The recent research about the mental benefits of playing music has advanced our understanding of mental function, revealing the inner rhythms and complex interplay that make up the amazing orchestra of our brain.
What is the main idea of the text
A．Listening to music has various mental benefits.
B．Art activities have positive impacts on the brain.
C．Playing music activates the brain more than listening.
D．Those who play instruments are born more intelligent.
易错分析：不重视文章中心主题句的总结。
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“Yet when scientists turned from observing the brains of music listeners to those of musicians, the little backyard fireworks became a massive celebration. It turns out that playing music is similar to a full-body workout. (然而，当科学家们从观察音乐听众的大脑转向观察音乐家的大脑时，后院的小烟火变成了一场盛大的庆祝活动。事实证明，演奏音乐与全身锻炼类似)”可知，文章主要介绍了研究发现音乐对大脑有积极影响，而且与听音乐相比，演奏音乐能激活更多的大脑区域，从而给演奏者带来更多的好处。故选C项。
【变式1】（24-25高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习）Self-control — or lack of it — can have a serious impact on our lives. A new study looks to quantify the cost of self-control. Researchers from the New York University School of Medicine have found that we’re willing to pay money to avoid having to employ self-control and we’ll pay more if the temptation is particularly strong.
In the first study, dieting participants were first asked to describe how healthy, tasty and tempting they found specific foods like crisps or chocolate pies to be. They then reported how much of a $10 endowment (捐赠钱数) they would be willing to pay to avoid having the highly tempting food placed immediately in front of them for half an hour. The tempting food was then placed in front of them, and the participants were given more opportunities to bid for less tempting food. If the participants bid a larger amount, they would have a low-tempting food placed in front of them for the rest of the 30 minutes, but if they bid a smaller amount, the highly tempting food would remain for the rest of the time.
The results showed that participants were prepared to pay on average 15% of the $10 to remove the temptation and continued to bid a similar amount throughout the task, suggesting a lasting desire to have temptation removed. In total, 22% of the participant s consumed the highly tempting food.
The second study replicated (复制) the first — only this time, participants were told they would also lose a $15 bonus if they ate the tempting food. Again, the dieting participants showed a willingness to pay to avoid temptation, bidding on average $2.85 out of their $10 endowment to have the food removed. Thus, they spent more money when the costs of not meeting their self-control goals were higher. Interestingly, with the forfeit in place none of the participants presented with the highly tempting food consumed it.
So, overall, dieting participants were willing to pay actual money in order to avoid exerting self-control in the face of temptation.
What is the main idea of the text
A．People with poor self-control waste more money.
B．People will pay money to avoid exercising self-control.
C．People who have good self-control perform better.
D．Self-control varies depending on people’s choices.
主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是最后一段的“So, overall, dieting participants were willing to pay actual money in order to avoid exerting self-control in the face of temptation.(因此，总体而言，节食参与者愿意支付实际费用，以避免在面对诱惑时表现出自我控制)”可知，研究显示人们愿意支付金钱来避免面对诱惑从而不用自我控制，特别是在自我控制目标的成本更高时，他们愿意支付更多的钱。因此，本文的核心思想是人们愿意花钱来避免行使自我控制。故选B。
【变式2】（24-25高三上·上海黄浦·阶段练习）When a senior manager sits down with a prospective employee for an in-person interview, the preferred questions often stick to the applicant’s interest in the position and company, according to a survey by staffing firm Accountemps. But questions can sometimes be a bit more... wacky.
“What kind of animals would you be ” is one of the unique questions mentioned by senior managers in the survey. It is a way to keep interviewees on their feet and stimulate interesting discussion.
However, such questions are asked less frequently, the research shows. Just 6 percent of senior managers said their favorite questions to ask are theoretical questions, the lowest total except for “other, ” which also came in at 6 percent. A lot of senior managers said their favorite questions are ones “relating to the position or company,” at 39 percent. These questions include “Why do you want to work here ”, “What do you know about this company ” etc. They are meant to determine if candidates have done their homework and how enthusiastic they are about the position.
Questions about “previous or current experience” were referred to by 22 percent of senior managers as their favorite type of question. These inquiries — “Why did you leave your last job ” and “What did you like or dislike about your last job ” for instance — are meant to look into applicants’ work history patterns and their overall fit for the position.
Further down the list, 18 percent of senior managers’ favorite questions had to do with personalities and characteristics. They prefer, for example, “What are your strengths and weaknesses ” and “What’ re your hobbies ”. And 10 percent had to do with personal goals and interests (“Where do you see yourself in five or 10 years ”) .
That means that managers strongly prefer to ask candidates questions about their interest in the position and work history. But there’s always room for a sudden surprise.
What is the passage mainly about
A．Interview questions favoured by managers.
B．Managers’ attitudes to interview questions.
C．How managers prepare interview questions.
D．How managers make interview questions interesting.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“When a senior manager sits down with a prospective employee for an in- person interview, the preferred questions often stick to the applicant’s interest in the position and company, according to a survey by staffing firm Accountemps. But questions can sometimes be a bit more... wacky.( 当一位高级经理与潜在员工进行面对面的面试时，根据人事公司Accountemps的一项调查，他们喜欢问的问题通常围绕申请者对职位和公司的兴趣。但有时候问题可能会有些古怪)”、第二段““What kind of animals would you be ” is one of the unique questions mentioned by senior managers in the survey.(“你希望成为哪种动物？”这是调查中高级经理提到的一个独特问题)”以及最后一段“That means that managers strongly prefer to ask candidates questions about their interest in the position and work history. But there’s always room for a sudden surprise(这意味着经理们更喜欢询问候选人关于他们对职位的兴趣和工作历史的问题。但总有可能出现意外情况)”可知，文章主要介绍了高级经理在面试中喜欢提问的问题类型，包括与职位或公司相关的问题、关于工作经验的问题、关于个性和特点的问题以及关于个人目标和兴趣的问题等。所以这篇文章主要是关于经理们喜欢的面试问题。故选A项。
【变式3】（24-25高三上·上海黄浦·阶段练习）The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers can understand without a need for graphs and equations (图表及等式) — it’s the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the line of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. This same concept — one that most consumers make many times each day with reflection on it — is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics.
One of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economics theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept — a consumer’s informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy. In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation or a graph that can be applied generally.
To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical axis (众轴) quantifies how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal axis does the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.
If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books — the number of books available in this example is 0.
You can also graph the other extreme — all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. You’ll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets.
If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you’ll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.
What is this passage mainly about
A．Guidelines for household purchase. B．The description of a daily phenomenon.
C．Ways of presenting research data. D．The explanation of an economic concept.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers can understand without a need for graphs and equations (图表及等式) — it’s the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the line of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. This same concept—one that most consumers make many times each day with reflection on it — is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics(这个预算线是一个基础概念，大多数消费者都能理解，而不需要图表和等式——例如家庭预算。非正式地说，预算线描述了给定预算和特定商品的负担能力线。这个概念——大多数消费者每天都在反复思考的——是经济学中更正式的预算线概念的基础)”以及最后一段“If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you’ll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not(如果你现在从最左边的最高点画一条线到最右边的最低点，你就创建了一个预算线。任何位于预算线下方的电影和犯罪小说的组合都是可负担得起的。而任何位于它上方的组合则是不可负担的)”可知，文章开头介绍了预算线的基本概念，接着通过购买电影票和犯罪小说的例子进一步阐述了预算线这一经济概念，所以这篇文章主要是关于一个经济概念的解释，故选D项。
（24-25高三上·江苏常州·阶段练习）Wild chimpanzees are recognized for eating a wide variety of plant matter, which complicates researchers’ ability to determine whether they actively look for medicinal plants to heal themselves or simply consume plants that happen to have medicinal properties.
At the Budongo Central Forest Reserve in Uganda, University of Oxford researchers studied the behaviors and health of 51 wild chimpanzees from two habituated groups. They noted a male chimpanzee with a hand injury searching for and eating fern leaves, which might have eased pain and swelling. Additionally, they observed another ill chimpanzee consuming parts of a cat-thorn tree.
The team also tested the plant species in the reserve, which they suspected were being consumed by the chimpanzees to self-medicate, for anti-inflammatory (抗炎) and antibacterial (抗菌) characteristics. The species included plants not part of the chimpanzees’ normal diet, but being consumed for their healing characteristics. The authors found 88% of the plant species had antibacterial characteristics, arresting the growth of bacteria, while 33% of them had anti- inflammatory characteristics.
Deadwood from a tree in the Dogbane family showed the strongest antibacterial activity and also had anti-inflammatory characteristics, suggesting it could be used to treat wounds, they said. Roots from the East African mahogany tree and leaves from fem were found to exhibit potential anti-inflammatory effects. The results suggested that chimpanzees looked for and ate specific plants for their medicinal effects, and the study was one of the first to document evidence of this kind, the authors said.
Team member Fabien Schultz hopes that the findings might lead to promising candidates for human medicines. “What if human lives can be saved by following the ways of our animal relatives ” he says.
What is the best title for the text
A．The Diet of Wild Chimpanzees B．The Medicinal Characteristics of Plants
C．The Dietary Habits of Wild Chimpanzees D．Chimpanzees Using Plants for Self-Medication
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了研究人员发现，野生黑猩猩可以利用药用植物来给自己治疗。
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段中的“The results suggested that chimpanzees looked for and ate specific plants for their medicinal effects, and the study was one of the first to document evidence of this kind, the authors said.(作者说，研究结果表明，黑猩猩寻找并食用特定的植物是为了它们的药用效果，而这项研究是首次记录这类证据的研究之一)”可知，本文主要介绍了研究发现野生黑猩猩可以利用药用植物来给自己治疗，由此可知，D项“Chimpanzees Using Plants for Self-Medication (黑猩猩用植物自我治疗)”最适合作为文章标题。故选D。
（24-25高三上·四川绵阳·阶段练习）While stress is an unavoidable aspect of life, studies continue to show too much stress can have a bad impact on both health and well- being. More specifically, excess stress can lead to high blood pressure, increasing heart disease risk. With all that in mind, researchers from the Universities of Maynooth and Limerick set out to better understand how reactions to stressful events impact our future health, as well as if there are any factors that can play key stress- buffering (缓解压力) roles.
The research team suggests that previous research has shown that gratitude and affect- balance (balance of positive to negative emotions) play key stress- buffering roles. However, up until now there have been few studies examining the impact of these variables on cardiovascular (心血管) recovery from severe psychological stress. Researchers chose to focus on this consideration, as well as whether or not affect- balance moderates the relationship between gratitude and cardiovascular reactions to severe psychological stress.
The actual research portion of this project took place at Maynooth University and involved a total of 68 undergrad students (24 men, 44 women) between the ages of 18 and 57. The experiment featured lab tasks which caused stress among the participants, while researchers measured cardiovascular reactivity and recovery in response to the stress.
The ensuing results reveal that a state of gratitude predicts lower systolic (收缩的) blood pressure responses throughout the stress- testing period. This means, researchers say, that gratitude promotes a unique stress- buffering effect on both reactions to and recovery from severe psychological stress. The team also found that affect- balance increases the effects of grateful feelings.
In conclusion, researchers believe these findings hold clinical (临床的) usefulness. There are many low- cost ways to develop grateful feelings that can help promote improved well- being. For instance, one earlier study found cardiac patients who make use of gratitude journals have better cardiovascular outcomes than those who do not. Those earlier projects, in combination with these latest findings, strongly suggest that gratitude is a useful tool in the fight against stress and poor cardiovascular health.
What is the text mainly about
A．The approaches to coping with stress.
B．The connection between stress and heart disease.
C．The benefits of being thankful.
D．The connection between gratitude and stress relief.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了感恩能够缓解压力，改善心血管健康。
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Those earlier projects, in combination with these latest findings, strongly suggest that gratitude is a useful tool in the fight against stress and poor cardiovascular health.(那些早期的项目，结合这些最新发现，强烈表明感恩是对抗压力和心血管健康不良的有用工具)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了感恩能够缓解压力，改善心血管健康，即感恩与减压之间的联系。故选D。
（24-25高三上·河南·阶段练习）Ask any birder, and they’ll tell you about the great excitement of identifying a new species. Recently a tapping sound outside a window led my family to the presence of a striking, unfamiliar woodpecker (啄木鸟) in a nearby tree. Its head had large red feathers, and it was huge — the size of a crow (乌鸦). Curious, my husband, a birder, turned to a phone app and soon knew it was a Pileated Woodpecker.
Curiosity is what drives us to find answers as soon as possible. In previous research, when people were able to choose whether to receive their highly anticipated answer to a question now or later, they generally opted for the fastest path to resolution. This impatience for answers shows a main function of curiosity:to reduce uncertainty.
But this picture of curiosity is incomplete. In a new study, we explored whether there are multiple flavours of curiosity. We found that although interest can drive an urgent desire for answers, it can also lead to more patience, setting people up for those moments of discovery.
We asked more than 2, 000 people aged 19 to 76 years to watch a series of short videos. Each video started with a blank screen. A line would then appear and gradually take a shape. Imagine a dynamic line that begins to go upward and downward, tracing a series of triangles (三角形). The line then extends, forming an oval around the triangles, like an egg. Then, just as you start to feel certain about what the finished drawing will be, long, pointy tips are drawn at the top, revealing the true subject: a pineapple.
While the participants watched each video, we asked them to report how curious they were about what the drawing would become. We also gave them the choice to either keep watching it slowly unfold or jump to the end of the video, showing the result immediately. Interestingly, when participants were more curious about what the drawing would become, they were more likely to continue watching rather than skipping ahead to the answer. In other words, greater curiosity motivated people to slow down, be patient and invest in experiencing the winding path to resolution.
Learning new things can be tough, but making use of curiosity can help us enjoy the process of learning and feel happy in overcoming challenges.
Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Curiosity Makes Us Patient
B．How People Reduce Uncertainties in Life
C．Curiosity Makes People Hungry for Knowledge
D．A New Study Proves People’s Eagerness to Learn
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要阐述了好奇心的作用，通过研究发现好奇心不仅能驱动人们迫切寻找答案，还能促使人们更有耐心，享受学习和克服挑战的过程。
主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Learning new things can be tough, but making use of curiosity can help us enjoy the process of learning and feel happy in overcoming challenges. (学习新事物可能很难，但利用好奇心可以帮助我们享受学习过程，并在克服困难时感到快乐。)”和倒数第二段“In other words, greater curiosity motivated people to slow down, be patient and invest in experiencing the winding path to resolution. (换句话说，更大的好奇心促使人们放慢脚步，保持耐心，并投入经历曲折的解决之路。)”可知，文章主要讲述了好奇心可以让我们更有耐心，享受学习和克服困难的过程。因此，最好的标题是“Curiosity Makes Us Patient (好奇心使我们更有耐心)”。故选A项。
（24-25高三上·湖北·阶段练习）Engineer Kerstin G pfrich builds machines. But rather than building metal devices, she makes tiny ones to work inside our cells. G pfrich leads a research group focusing on the “engineering of life” at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany.
Our cells are already full of nature- made machines carrying out the daily tasks of living. Many are proteins. But sometimes our natural protein- machines don’t work right. Broken biomachinery causes many diseases, So scientists are considering how they might fix faulty proteins. They might wire up artificial nerves to replace damaged ones.
And the potential for such devices goes beyond making repairs. Scientists are looking at how to give cells new abilities, hoping that by developing enough novel biomachines, they might make new forms of life. So if a protein is faulty, why not make a new one in the lab
Back when Frankie Rawson was a student, he asked his teachers that. Now a nanotechnologist at the University of Nottingham in England, Rawson has answered his own question, “It turns out that we’ re not very good at artificially re- creating what biology does.”
Biologists like Rawson and G pfrich found a workaround. They’re creating nanomachines that do the same jobs as proteins. With the right design, these nanomachines can do so easier at less cost. They also can be more stable using fewer ingredients.
To build them, researchers work with many types of materials. Rawson uses carbon nanotubes. G pfrich even uses biological molecules, such as DNA．Rather than heal old or damaged body parts, she’d replace them with new ones.
Scientists have learned to make small synthetic (合成的) biology fixes. Our cells must work together. “Think of them like the wiring of a house,” Rawson says. Flip a switch, and a light turns on. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must work properly to get that end effect.
What does the last paragraph mainly express
A．The effect of proteins on our body. B．The combination of the wiring of a house.
C．The complexity of the human body system. D．The precision required for synthetic biology.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家在生命工程和纳米技术领域的研究进展，特别是关于如何制造能在细胞内工作的微型机器（纳米机器）来替代或修复受损的生物机器（蛋白质）。
主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Scientists have learned to make small synthetic(合成的)biology fixes. Our cells must work together. “Think of them like the wiring of a house,” Rawson says. Flip a switch, and a light turns on. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must work properly to get that end effect.(科学家们已经学会了进行小型合成生物学修复。我们的细胞必须协同工作。“可以把它们想象成房屋的布线，” Rawson说。拨动开关，灯就会亮。这是一个大规模的效果。但系统中的每一个小部件都必须正常工作，才能实现这一最终效果。)”可知，最后一段通过将人体细胞比作房屋的布线，强调每个小部分都必须正常工作才能达到最终效果，这突出了合成生物学所需的精确性和准确性。故选D。
（24-25高三上·山东潍坊·阶段练习）The concepts of delayed satisfaction, self-control, and self-regulation are often used interchangeably and inconsistently. The ability to delay an impulse (冲动) for an immediate reward to receive a more favorable reward at a later time is the standard definition of delayed satisfaction.
Studies show that delayed satisfaction is one of the most effective personal characteristics of successful people. People who learn how to manage their need to be satisfied in the moment develop more in their careers, relationships, health, and finances than people who give in to it.
Being able to delay satisfaction isn’t the easiest skill to acquire. It involves feeling dissatisfied, which is why it seems impossible for people who haven’t learned to control their impulses. Choosing to have something now might feel good, but making the effort to have discipline and manage your impulses can result in bigger or better rewards in the future. Over time, delayed satisfaction will improve your self-control and ultimately help you achieve your long-term goals faster.
The Seinfeld Strategy is one of several helpful self-satisfaction techniques you can use to put off satisfaction for longer periods of time. Every day that you delay satisfaction and avoid temptation (诱惑) , you cross it off your calendar. After a few days, this creates a chain. This strategy works well for people who enjoy gamification (游戏化). If you find it satisfying to keep the chain going, you’re less likely to give in to temptation.
Do you find yourself going back to your temptations without thinking about it If this is the case, you can practice mindfulness to become more aware of what you do. When you notice yourself doing something out of habit, stop for a moment. Ask yourself why you’re doing what you’re doing. Take some time to analyze how you’re feeling. Pay attention to the details. Take a moment of mindulness to interrupt your autopilot every time this happens. The more you practice this, the more you’ll break the habit of going for instant satisfaction.
What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A．The complexity of the Seinfeld Strategy B．An example of self-discipline techniques.
C．A method of practicing delayed satisfaction. D．The effectiveness of keeping the chain going.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了延迟满足的重要性以及如何练习延迟满。
主旨大意题。根据第四段“The Seinfeld Strategy is one of several helpful self-satisfaction techniques you can use to put off satisfaction for longer periods of time. Every day that you delay satisfaction and avoid temptation ( 诱惑) , you cross it off your calendar. After a few days, this creates a chain. This strategy works well for people who enjoy gamification (游戏化). If you find it satisfying to keep the chain going, you’re less likely to give in to temptation.(《宋飞传》策略是几种有用的自我满足技巧之一，你可以用它来推迟更长时间的满足感。每一天你推迟满足感并避免诱惑，你就会把它从你的日历上划掉。几天后，这就形成了一条链。这种策略对于喜欢游戏化的人来说很有效。如果你发现维持链条运转很令人满意，你就不太可能屈服于诱惑。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了一种练习延迟满足的方法。故选C。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)易错点14 阅读理解主旨大意题
目 录
01 易错陷阱（3大陷阱）
02 举一反三
【易错点提醒一】标题类易混易错点
【易错点提醒二】段落大意类易混易错点
【易错点提醒三】文章大意类易混易错点
03 易错题通关
易错陷阱1：标题类易混易错点。
【分析】
标题类是对中心思想的加工和提炼，可以是单词、短语、也可以是句子。她的特点是短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性、精确性强；不能随意改变语言表达的程度和色彩。如果是短语类选项，考生容易混淆重点，此时应当先划出选项的关键词。
此类题和文章的中心主题句有很大关系。中心主题句一般出现在第一段，有时第一段也可能引出话题，此时应当重点关注第二段和最后一段，看看是否会出现首尾呼应。
易错陷阱2：段落大意类易混易错点。
【分析】 每个段落都有一个中心思想，通常会在段落的第一句或最后一句体现，这就是段落主题句。如果没有明显的主题句时，应当根据段落内容概括处段落大意。有时考生还会找错文章对应位置，盲目选词文中相同的词句，而出现文不对题的现象。
易错陷阱3：文章大意类易混易错点。
【分析】确定文章主旨的方法是：先看首尾段或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括。如，议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词语，记叙文中寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。文中出现不同观点时，要牢记作者的观点彩色体现全文中心的。此时，要注意转折词，如：but, however, yet, in spite of, on the contrary等。
【易错点提醒一】 标题类易混易错点
【例1】 （24-25高三上·湖北·阶段练习）The history of the West is not what you learned in school.
The idea of civilization is relatively recent. The word was first used only in the mid-18th century and did not take hold of Western imaginations until the late 19th century. In that imperialist age, historians found that Greek and Roman civilization made nice building blocks that could be stacked into a grand- looking construct, which they labeled “Western” Or “European” civilization. To this they attributed (归因) many inherited “classical” virtues: vigor, rationality, justice, democracy and courage to experiment and explore. Other civilizations, by contrast, were regarded as inferior.
Odds are strong that you first became aware of the term “Western Civilization” through an introductory survey course in college or AP history in high school. And you’ve lived your life since then believing that “the West” boasts “a common origin resulting in a shared history, a shared heritage, and a shared identity” grounded in the classical era of Greece and Rome.
Scholars almost always refer to “the West” when they make major statements about the future of the globe. Well, the fact is that there is no such thing as the West. One might protest: “the West” is “a Civilization”!
If “the West” can even be called a Civilization, then it is the least original “Civilization” in history. It is pretty widely acknowledged that virtually no basic technologies were, strictly speaking, invented in Europe or the United States. Metalwork, the plow, hydrocarbon fuels, higher mathematics, paper, wind- powered sea navigation, the compass, powder, and steam engines all came from elsewhere. In terms of the crucial agricultural products that feed everyone in the modern world, too, none originated in Europe.
Some people think of Western culture and values as being characterized by democracy, liberalism, enlightenment, scientific progress and individualism. They see it as a birthright to be passed on from generation to generation through the ages. However, culture and values are options to be made actively, not “tracks laid down by a Western destiny”. Rather than being irritating and inward- looking, most societies have proved receptive to ideas, fashions and technologies from their neighbors.
Which of the following is a suitable title
A．What is “Western Civilization” B．From “West” to “Western Civilization”.
C．“Western Civilization”, Superior civilization! D．There is no such thing as “Western Civilization”.
【变式1】（24-25高三上·重庆沙坪坝·阶段练习）When a young sawfly, a bee- like insect, is threatened by its attackers like ants, it emits a mixture of unpleasant smells to defend itself. These emissions can seriously annoy a potential enemy.
Scientists wanting to study these smelly compounds — to understand which aspects of them discourage attackers and why — face great challenges. Jean-Luc Boevé, a zoologist who studies insects, from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, is an amateur musician and composer. He decided to try a different way — the sound approach. “To be honest, I considered this project so unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was months before Boevé and his parther, Rudi Giot, finally made a resolution to get started on it.
They chose 16 sawfly species’ emissions to translate into sounds. First, they figured out which molecules (分子) were present in each smelly compound and in what amounts. Then they assigned various characteristics of those molecules matching properties of sound. For example, smaller molecules like a kind of acid found in vinegar, a sour- tasting liquid, evaporate (挥发) quickly, so Boevé and Giot assigned them sounds with higher pitch (音高). Larger molecules were given lower- pitched sounds. In all, the scientists created individual audio descriptions for 20 molecules. Then they combined the sounds of each molecule present in a sawfy’s smell to construct the insect’s soundtrack. If a molecule was of higher proportion in an emission, they assigned it a higher volume. In such a case, the smaller a molecule is, the higher its pitch will be; and the higher the proportion of a molecule is, the higher its volume will be.
To examine people’s reactions to the soundtracks, they played the audio descriptions through speakers to about 50 study participants. Then the scientists measured how far people backed up to get to a “comfortable position” away from the noise. Most of the study volunteers told the researchers that the high pitch, as well as the high volume, was what made them withdraw. “Ants and volunteers moved away from a chemical and its matching soundtrack respectively,” the researchers wrote.
Boevé said he hoped the process would give other zoologists a new way to offer clues about which molecules fight off enemies most.
Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．From Smells to Soundtracks
B．A New Perspective on Mrolecules
C．An Innovative Way of Studying Ants
D．Researches on Sawfly’s Effect on Humans
【变式2】（24-25高三上·广东汕尾·阶段练习）Imagine a child asking a chatbot or voice assistant if Santa Claus is real. How should the AI respond, given that some families would prefer a lie over the truth This is a dilemma in the little-studied area of robots deception (欺骗).
Two Georgia Tech researchers, Kantwon Rogers and Reiden Webber, designed a driving simulation (模拟) experiment to investigate how intentional robot deception affects trust between humans and AI, and whether different types of apologies can help repair that trust.
In the simulation, participants were instructed to drive a “robot-assisted car” to the hospital to save a friend’s life, while the AI assistant falsely warned of police ahead, advising participants to stay under the speed limit. Upon reaching the hospital, participants were informed that there were no police, and they received one of five different text-based responses from the robot — three admitting the lie, two offering a simple apology without admission. The study aimed to determine which type of apology was most effective in repairing trust after a robot’s lie.
The results of the experiment were surprising. 45% of the participants did not speed, because they believed the robot knew more about the situation than they did, revealing an overly trusting attitude toward AI. The results also indicated that while none of the apology types fully recovered trust, the apology with no admission of lying was statistically more effective in repairing trust than other responses.
The researchers’ final goal is to create a robot system that can learn when and how to lie or apologize during human-AI interactions. But they acknowledge that this is a complex issue. “We still know very little about Al deception, but we do know that lying is not always bad, and telling the truth isn’t always good,” Rogers said. “So how can we make laws that support new ideas without harming them, while also keeping people safe ”
What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Is a robot system promising B．The human-AI confidence crisis.
C．A dilemma in human honesty. D．AI deception: bad or not
【变式3】（24-25高三上·辽宁·阶段练习）A recent study from the University of Guelph in Canada has revealed a surprising discovery about common eastern bumblebees (大黄蜂): These insects can survive underwater for up to a week. This finding, published in the journal Biology Letters, came about due to an experimental error when researchers placed hibernating (冬眠的) queen bumblebees in water and found them alive days later. The discovery has impressed scientists. particularly because bumblebees are land-based creatures not typically associated with water environments.
Nigel Raine, a professor in the school of environmental sciences at the university and the study’s lead author, expressed his astonishment at the results. To further explore this phenomenon, Raine and his team conducted an experiment involving 143 hibernating queen bumblebees. They discovered that those placed underwater for up to seven days had similar survival rates to those not, indicating that the bees’ ability to survive such conditions may be more common than previously thought.
The research underlines the strength of bumblebees during their hibernation period. a critical phase in their life cycle that has remained largely unexplored. Queen bumblebees typically hibernate alone in small holes during the cold months, which are believed to protect them from flooding. However, this study reveals that these bees possess an unexpected adaptation, allowing them to survive even in flooded conditions.
Given these findings, one possible explanation for their survival is diapause, a state of suspended growth and reproduction characterized by reduced oxygen intake. During this state. bumblebees may close their spiracles (气孔) to prevent water from entering their bodies, and they might also breathe through their skin. This energy-saving mode is likely a key factor in their ability to survive beneath the water.
Raine emphasized the importance of understanding these mechanisms, as it could have significant implications for the study of wild insects that help with plant reproduction, which are crucial for food security and ecosystem health, His team’s research will aim to determine whether hibernating queens can survive even longer periods underwater and if similar strength exists in other bee species.
Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．Bumblebee Reproductive Habits B．Bumblebee Hibernation Patterns
C．Scientists’ Experimental Methods D．Bumblebee Survival Underwater
【易错点提醒二】 段落大意类易混易错点
【例2】 （24-25高三上·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Engaging your brain actively at work can benefit you in more ways than just advancing your career — it may also safeguard your cognitive (认知的) abilities and help prevent dementia (痴呆症) as you get older, a new study found.
The study, published in Neurology, analyzed health and occupational data on 7,000 Norwegians who were followed from their 30s until they retired in their 60s. “Many other studies on this topic have looked at the most recent jobs that people have,” said lead author Dr. Trine Edwin, a researcher at University of Oslo, “but due to the national database we have in Norway, we were able to follow people over much of their lifetimes.”
To do the analysis, Edwin categorized the cognitive demands of 305 occupations in Norway. More cognitively demanding jobs were not based on routine tasks, even though repetition was required at times. “There were lawyers, doctors, accountants, and people in public service in this group, but the most common occupation was teaching,” Edwin said, “as effective communication outside of the classroom and school matters. It always depends on teachers’ understandings of students’ different situations and teachers’ empathy.”
Having a routine job with little mental stimulation during your 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s is linked to a 66% higher risk of mild cognitive impairment (损伤) and a 37% greater risk of dementia after the age of 70, when compared with having an occupation — that requires more complex thinking. “The occupational environment is paramount in promoting cognitive well-being.” said Edwin. “Similarly, just like we can use physical exercise to grow and maintain our muscles, exercising our brain through more challenging work assignments seems to help fight dementia.”
“While I’d guess that people at risk for dementia would be well served by taking advantage of professional advancement opportunities, learning new job tasks, and refining (改进) their skills at work over a period of time, further studies will need to clarify which specific activities have the most brain healthy benefits,” Edwin added.
What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A．activities that can refine people’s skills at work.
B．A recommendation for future research directions.
C．Tips for people who want professional advancement.
D．Disadvantages of routine jobs that need further proof.
【变式1】（24-25高三上·福建福州·阶段练习）“There are few things more delightful than seeing a child’s eyes light up as they pick up a present and wonder what might be inside,” says Chaz Firestone, an assistant professor of psychological science, “What our work shows is that your mind is able to track the information they are seeking. Just as they, might be able to tell what’s inside the box by shaking it around, you can tell what they are trying to figure out when they shake it.”
A team of researchers recently conducted a fascinating study to look into the science behind this present-guessing phenomenon. They asked 500 volunteers to watch two videos, each showing someone shaking a box of objects with different intentions. In one video, the person was attempting to determine the number of items inside the box, while in the other, they aimed to identify the shapes of the objects. Surprisingly, within a few seconds, the study participants were able to accurately determine the intention behind each shake.
According to the researchers, this ability to quickly distinguish the purpose behind a shake involves numerous mental calculations and observations of subtle (细微的) cues to understand what someone is trying to learn from their surroundings. Yet, we seem to do it easily. “The way you would shake a present to find out if it’s one thing or many things, or if it’s a small thing or a big thing, can be subtly different,” says Sholei Croom, a graduate student. “But people are amazing at picking up on such differences.”
While the study focused primarily on gift-shaking, it opens the door to a deeper understanding of human perception and cognitive abilities. In the future the team would like to pursue whether people observe the difference between what you want to do and what you want to learn. They’re also interested in when these skills emerge in human development and if it’s possible to build computational models to detail exactly how observed physical actions show cognitive intent.
What is the possible head of the last paragraph
A．Applications Are Promising B．Tell Hand from Head
C．Where the Research Will Go D．Limitation Still Exists
【变式2】（24-25高三上·辽宁·阶段练习）We live in an important time for language revitalization (复兴). More than half the world’s languages are in danger of being swallowed by dominant languages within this century. That’s why the United Nations declared 2022 - 2032 the International Decade of Indigenous (本土的) Languages.
But turning the trend of language extinction is no easy task. We know that to keep languages alive, we have to create an immersive environment. A good example of the immersion method is “language nests”, where little kids and other beginners learn from fluent elders on a regular basis. One of the first language nests was started in New Zealand in 1982 by Maori elders who worried that their language, culture, and even pride were disappearing. The elders decided to teach children their native tongue through culturally relevant song and play.
The language nest model was so successful that it migrated to Hawaii and then throughout the world. Language nests are typically physical spaces but can also be found online.
While immersion programs can have excellent outcomes, they require significant funding and resources to remain sustainable over time. The lack of capacity makes it hard: not enough content, training, and teachers. People don’t realize the cost of revitalizing languages and what it would cost to run entire educational systems in these languages. To establish the institutions, to train the people, and to make sure the proper techniques are in place to write and read in the languages are huge challenges.
Areas where one indigenous language has the most influence — such as Maori or Hawaiian may have an advantage because they begin with a fairly large speaker base and can focus funding, teacher training, and resources on that language. But countries with a high level of language diversity face a serious challenge. However, whatever it takes, it’s worthwhile for communities to preserve their ancestral tongues for generations to come.
What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us about the immersion programs
A．Their popularity. B．Their significance.
C．Their challenges. D．Their consequences.
【变式3】（24-25高三上·辽宁·阶段练习）Antaretica (南极洲) is the coldest place on Earth. It’s also the driest. With annual rainfall close to zero, Antaretica is technically a desert. Covering about 14 million square kilometers around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world. A high mountain range, the Trans- Antarctic range, runs from east to west, cutting the continent in two. There are volcanoes too, but they are not very active. Antarctica holds 90% of the world’s ice, and most of its fresh water (70%) is in a frozen state, of course.98% of the surface is covered permanently in the ice cap. On average it is two kilometers thick, but in some places it reaches a depth of five kilometers. Strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline, while other winds blow round the coast. It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable (不宜居的) place.
Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife, which has adapted to its extreme conditions. There are different types of penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days( the longest period of continuous darkness on earth), as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. Only two types of flowering plants are found, while there are no trees on the large continent. The rest of the plants are made up of mosses, algae and lichen. Some forms of algae have adapted to grow on ice.
Most of the ice has been there for thousands of years. As a result, it has become a window on the past, and can give researchers lots of useful information. Gases and minerals, in the’ form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the world’s climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rocks are also very important for research. Most of them are meteorites (陨石) from outer space. One rock, known as the “Alien” rock, may contain evidence of extra- terrestrial (外星人) life.
Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered. But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balanced the land in the north. They called it Anti- Arktikos, or Antarctica: the opposite of Aretic (北极). When Europeans discovered the continent of America in 15 century, the great age of exploration began. However, progress to the South Pole was slow. Not until the late 18h century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Then in1895, a Norwegian called Carstens Borchgrevink became the first man to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. The race to the pole had begun. It was finally reached on 11- December,1911 by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen.
What does the author mainly want to tell us in Paragraph 2
A．All Antarctic plants grow on ice.
B．Animals can’t survive the Antarctic polar night.
C．Antarctica has a great variety of plants.
D．Despite the extreme conditions in Antarctica, many plants and animals live there.
【易错点提醒三】 文章大意类易混易错点
【例3】（2024·贵州遵义·一模）In the last few decades, scientists have made enormous breakthroughs in understanding how our brains work by monitoring them in real time with fMRI and PET scanners. When people are hooked up to these machines, tasks, such as reading or doing math problems, each have corresponding areas of the brain where activities can be observed. But when researchers got the participants to listen to music, they saw fireworks. Some areas of their brains were lighting up at once, as they processed the sound, took it apart to understand elements like melody and rhythm, and then put it all back together into combined musical experience.
Yet when scientists turned from observing the brains of music listeners to those of musicians, the little backyard fireworks became a massive celebration. It turns out that playing music is similar to a full-body workout. Playing a musical instrument engages practically every area of the brain at once, especially the visual, auditory, and motor cortices (大脑皮层).
The most obvious difference between listening to music and playing it is that the latter requires fine motor skills, which are controlled in both hemispheres (半球) of the brain. It also combines the linguistic and mathematical accuracy, in which the left hemisphere is more involved, with the novel and creative content that the right excels in.
Because making music also involves crafting and understanding its emotional content and message, musicians often have higher levels of executive function. And, indeed, musicians exhibit enhanced memory functions, creating, storing, and retrieving memories more quickly and efficiently. Studies have found that’s because musicians use their highly connected brains to attach each memory to multiple labels, such as a conceptual label, an emotional label, an audio label, and a contextual label, like a good Internet search engine.
The recent research about the mental benefits of playing music has advanced our understanding of mental function, revealing the inner rhythms and complex interplay that make up the amazing orchestra of our brain.
What is the main idea of the text
A．Listening to music has various mental benefits.
B．Art activities have positive impacts on the brain.
C．Playing music activates the brain more than listening.
D．Those who play instruments are born more intelligent.
【变式1】（24-25高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习）Self-control — or lack of it — can have a serious impact on our lives. A new study looks to quantify the cost of self-control. Researchers from the New York University School of Medicine have found that we’re willing to pay money to avoid having to employ self-control and we’ll pay more if the temptation is particularly strong.
In the first study, dieting participants were first asked to describe how healthy, tasty and tempting they found specific foods like crisps or chocolate pies to be. They then reported how much of a $10 endowment (捐赠钱数) they would be willing to pay to avoid having the highly tempting food placed immediately in front of them for half an hour. The tempting food was then placed in front of them, and the participants were given more opportunities to bid for less tempting food. If the participants bid a larger amount, they would have a low-tempting food placed in front of them for the rest of the 30 minutes, but if they bid a smaller amount, the highly tempting food would remain for the rest of the time.
The results showed that participants were prepared to pay on average 15% of the $10 to remove the temptation and continued to bid a similar amount throughout the task, suggesting a lasting desire to have temptation removed. In total, 22% of the participant s consumed the highly tempting food.
The second study replicated (复制) the first — only this time, participants were told they would also lose a $15 bonus if they ate the tempting food. Again, the dieting participants showed a willingness to pay to avoid temptation, bidding on average $2.85 out of their $10 endowment to have the food removed. Thus, they spent more money when the costs of not meeting their self-control goals were higher. Interestingly, with the forfeit in place none of the participants presented with the highly tempting food consumed it.
So, overall, dieting participants were willing to pay actual money in order to avoid exerting self-control in the face of temptation.
What is the main idea of the text
A．People with poor self-control waste more money.
B．People will pay money to avoid exercising self-control.
C．People who have good self-control perform better.
D．Self-control varies depending on people’s choices.
【变式2】（24-25高三上·上海黄浦·阶段练习）When a senior manager sits down with a prospective employee for an in-person interview, the preferred questions often stick to the applicant’s interest in the position and company, according to a survey by staffing firm Accountemps. But questions can sometimes be a bit more... wacky.
“What kind of animals would you be ” is one of the unique questions mentioned by senior managers in the survey. It is a way to keep interviewees on their feet and stimulate interesting discussion.
However, such questions are asked less frequently, the research shows. Just 6 percent of senior managers said their favorite questions to ask are theoretical questions, the lowest total except for “other, ” which also came in at 6 percent. A lot of senior managers said their favorite questions are ones “relating to the position or company,” at 39 percent. These questions include “Why do you want to work here ”, “What do you know about this company ” etc. They are meant to determine if candidates have done their homework and how enthusiastic they are about the position.
Questions about “previous or current experience” were referred to by 22 percent of senior managers as their favorite type of question. These inquiries — “Why did you leave your last job ” and “What did you like or dislike about your last job ” for instance — are meant to look into applicants’ work history patterns and their overall fit for the position.
Further down the list, 18 percent of senior managers’ favorite questions had to do with personalities and characteristics. They prefer, for example, “What are your strengths and weaknesses ” and “What’ re your hobbies ”. And 10 percent had to do with personal goals and interests (“Where do you see yourself in five or 10 years ”) .
That means that managers strongly prefer to ask candidates questions about their interest in the position and work history. But there’s always room for a sudden surprise.
What is the passage mainly about
A．Interview questions favoured by managers.
B．Managers’ attitudes to interview questions.
C．How managers prepare interview questions.
D．How managers make interview questions interesting.
【变式3】（24-25高三上·上海黄浦·阶段练习）The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers can understand without a need for graphs and equations (图表及等式) — it’s the household budget, for example. Taken informally, the budget line describes the line of affordability for a given budget and specific goods. This same concept — one that most consumers make many times each day with reflection on it — is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics.
One of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economics theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept — a consumer’s informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy. In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation or a graph that can be applied generally.
To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical axis (众轴) quantifies how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal axis does the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.
If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books — the number of books available in this example is 0.
You can also graph the other extreme — all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10. You’ll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets.
If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you’ll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.
What is this passage mainly about
A．Guidelines for household purchase. B．The description of a daily phenomenon.
C．Ways of presenting research data. D．The explanation of an economic concept.
（24-25高三上·江苏常州·阶段练习）Wild chimpanzees are recognized for eating a wide variety of plant matter, which complicates researchers’ ability to determine whether they actively look for medicinal plants to heal themselves or simply consume plants that happen to have medicinal properties.
At the Budongo Central Forest Reserve in Uganda, University of Oxford researchers studied the behaviors and health of 51 wild chimpanzees from two habituated groups. They noted a male chimpanzee with a hand injury searching for and eating fern leaves, which might have eased pain and swelling. Additionally, they observed another ill chimpanzee consuming parts of a cat-thorn tree.
The team also tested the plant species in the reserve, which they suspected were being consumed by the chimpanzees to self-medicate, for anti-inflammatory (抗炎) and antibacterial (抗菌) characteristics. The species included plants not part of the chimpanzees’ normal diet, but being consumed for their healing characteristics. The authors found 88% of the plant species had antibacterial characteristics, arresting the growth of bacteria, while 33% of them had anti- inflammatory characteristics.
Deadwood from a tree in the Dogbane family showed the strongest antibacterial activity and also had anti-inflammatory characteristics, suggesting it could be used to treat wounds, they said. Roots from the East African mahogany tree and leaves from fem were found to exhibit potential anti-inflammatory effects. The results suggested that chimpanzees looked for and ate specific plants for their medicinal effects, and the study was one of the first to document evidence of this kind, the authors said.
Team member Fabien Schultz hopes that the findings might lead to promising candidates for human medicines. “What if human lives can be saved by following the ways of our animal relatives ” he says.
What is the best title for the text
A．The Diet of Wild Chimpanzees B．The Medicinal Characteristics of Plants
C．The Dietary Habits of Wild Chimpanzees D．Chimpanzees Using Plants for Self-Medication
（24-25高三上·四川绵阳·阶段练习）While stress is an unavoidable aspect of life, studies continue to show too much stress can have a bad impact on both health and well- being. More specifically, excess stress can lead to high blood pressure, increasing heart disease risk. With all that in mind, researchers from the Universities of Maynooth and Limerick set out to better understand how reactions to stressful events impact our future health, as well as if there are any factors that can play key stress- buffering (缓解压力) roles.
The research team suggests that previous research has shown that gratitude and affect- balance (balance of positive to negative emotions) play key stress- buffering roles. However, up until now there have been few studies examining the impact of these variables on cardiovascular (心血管) recovery from severe psychological stress. Researchers chose to focus on this consideration, as well as whether or not affect- balance moderates the relationship between gratitude and cardiovascular reactions to severe psychological stress.
The actual research portion of this project took place at Maynooth University and involved a total of 68 undergrad students (24 men, 44 women) between the ages of 18 and 57. The experiment featured lab tasks which caused stress among the participants, while researchers measured cardiovascular reactivity and recovery in response to the stress.
The ensuing results reveal that a state of gratitude predicts lower systolic (收缩的) blood pressure responses throughout the stress- testing period. This means, researchers say, that gratitude promotes a unique stress- buffering effect on both reactions to and recovery from severe psychological stress. The team also found that affect- balance increases the effects of grateful feelings.
In conclusion, researchers believe these findings hold clinical (临床的) usefulness. There are many low- cost ways to develop grateful feelings that can help promote improved well- being. For instance, one earlier study found cardiac patients who make use of gratitude journals have better cardiovascular outcomes than those who do not. Those earlier projects, in combination with these latest findings, strongly suggest that gratitude is a useful tool in the fight against stress and poor cardiovascular health.
What is the text mainly about
A．The approaches to coping with stress.
B．The connection between stress and heart disease.
C．The benefits of being thankful.
D．The connection between gratitude and stress relief.
（24-25高三上·河南·阶段练习）Ask any birder, and they’ll tell you about the great excitement of identifying a new species. Recently a tapping sound outside a window led my family to the presence of a striking, unfamiliar woodpecker (啄木鸟) in a nearby tree. Its head had large red feathers, and it was huge — the size of a crow (乌鸦). Curious, my husband, a birder, turned to a phone app and soon knew it was a Pileated Woodpecker.
Curiosity is what drives us to find answers as soon as possible. In previous research, when people were able to choose whether to receive their highly anticipated answer to a question now or later, they generally opted for the fastest path to resolution. This impatience for answers shows a main function of curiosity:to reduce uncertainty.
But this picture of curiosity is incomplete. In a new study, we explored whether there are multiple flavours of curiosity. We found that although interest can drive an urgent desire for answers, it can also lead to more patience, setting people up for those moments of discovery.
We asked more than 2, 000 people aged 19 to 76 years to watch a series of short videos. Each video started with a blank screen. A line would then appear and gradually take a shape. Imagine a dynamic line that begins to go upward and downward, tracing a series of triangles (三角形). The line then extends, forming an oval around the triangles, like an egg. Then, just as you start to feel certain about what the finished drawing will be, long, pointy tips are drawn at the top, revealing the true subject: a pineapple.
While the participants watched each video, we asked them to report how curious they were about what the drawing would become. We also gave them the choice to either keep watching it slowly unfold or jump to the end of the video, showing the result immediately. Interestingly, when participants were more curious about what the drawing would become, they were more likely to continue watching rather than skipping ahead to the answer. In other words, greater curiosity motivated people to slow down, be patient and invest in experiencing the winding path to resolution.
Learning new things can be tough, but making use of curiosity can help us enjoy the process of learning and feel happy in overcoming challenges.
Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Curiosity Makes Us Patient
B．How People Reduce Uncertainties in Life
C．Curiosity Makes People Hungry for Knowledge
D．A New Study Proves People’s Eagerness to Learn
（24-25高三上·湖北·阶段练习）Engineer Kerstin G pfrich builds machines. But rather than building metal devices, she makes tiny ones to work inside our cells. G pfrich leads a research group focusing on the “engineering of life” at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany.
Our cells are already full of nature- made machines carrying out the daily tasks of living. Many are proteins. But sometimes our natural protein- machines don’t work right. Broken biomachinery causes many diseases, So scientists are considering how they might fix faulty proteins. They might wire up artificial nerves to replace damaged ones.
And the potential for such devices goes beyond making repairs. Scientists are looking at how to give cells new abilities, hoping that by developing enough novel biomachines, they might make new forms of life. So if a protein is faulty, why not make a new one in the lab
Back when Frankie Rawson was a student, he asked his teachers that. Now a nanotechnologist at the University of Nottingham in England, Rawson has answered his own question, “It turns out that we’ re not very good at artificially re- creating what biology does.”
Biologists like Rawson and G pfrich found a workaround. They’re creating nanomachines that do the same jobs as proteins. With the right design, these nanomachines can do so easier at less cost. They also can be more stable using fewer ingredients.
To build them, researchers work with many types of materials. Rawson uses carbon nanotubes. G pfrich even uses biological molecules, such as DNA．Rather than heal old or damaged body parts, she’d replace them with new ones.
Scientists have learned to make small synthetic (合成的) biology fixes. Our cells must work together. “Think of them like the wiring of a house,” Rawson says. Flip a switch, and a light turns on. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must work properly to get that end effect.
What does the last paragraph mainly express
A．The effect of proteins on our body. B．The combination of the wiring of a house.
C．The complexity of the human body system. D．The precision required for synthetic biology.
（24-25高三上·山东潍坊·阶段练习）The concepts of delayed satisfaction, self-control, and self-regulation are often used interchangeably and inconsistently. The ability to delay an impulse (冲动) for an immediate reward to receive a more favorable reward at a later time is the standard definition of delayed satisfaction.
Studies show that delayed satisfaction is one of the most effective personal characteristics of successful people. People who learn how to manage their need to be satisfied in the moment develop more in their careers, relationships, health, and finances than people who give in to it.
Being able to delay satisfaction isn’t the easiest skill to acquire. It involves feeling dissatisfied, which is why it seems impossible for people who haven’t learned to control their impulses. Choosing to have something now might feel good, but making the effort to have discipline and manage your impulses can result in bigger or better rewards in the future. Over time, delayed satisfaction will improve your self-control and ultimately help you achieve your long-term goals faster.
The Seinfeld Strategy is one of several helpful self-satisfaction techniques you can use to put off satisfaction for longer periods of time. Every day that you delay satisfaction and avoid temptation (诱惑) , you cross it off your calendar. After a few days, this creates a chain. This strategy works well for people who enjoy gamification (游戏化). If you find it satisfying to keep the chain going, you’re less likely to give in to temptation.
Do you find yourself going back to your temptations without thinking about it If this is the case, you can practice mindfulness to become more aware of what you do. When you notice yourself doing something out of habit, stop for a moment. Ask yourself why you’re doing what you’re doing. Take some time to analyze how you’re feeling. Pay attention to the details. Take a moment of mindulness to interrupt your autopilot every time this happens. The more you practice this, the more you’ll break the habit of going for instant satisfaction.
What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A．The complexity of the Seinfeld Strategy B．An example of self-discipline techniques.
C．A method of practicing delayed satisfaction. D．The effectiveness of keeping the chain going.
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