资源简介

2025届高考三轮冲刺英语高频命题热点练习：热点三 自然灾害（练习）
一、
A study published in Geology introduces a new method for understanding earthquake behavior that could transform how we prepare for these natural disasters. The research focuses on curved scratches left on fault planes (断层面) when massive blocks of Earth grind past each other during an earthquake. These marks, called “slickenlines”, work somewhat like tire marks at a crash scene, revealing the direction of movement.
To understand how these ancient marks could help save lives, the research team turned to New Zealand’s Alpine Fault. The researchers focused their investigation on a fascinating section of the Alpine Fault known as an “earthquake gate”. This region can either stop earthquakes in their tracks or allow them to continue their journey, a decision that has enormous consequences. When earthquakes push through this gate, they transform from magnitude 7.5 events into far more powerful magnitude 8.0 earthquakes, dramatically increasing their potential for destruction.
The implications of this research reach far beyond New Zealand’s shores. “The scratches indicate the direction and origin of a past earthquake, potentially giving us clues about where a future quake might start and where it will go. This is key for California, where anticipating the direction of a quake on faults like San Andreas or San Jacinto could mean a more accurate forecast of its impact,” Barth, UC Riverside geologist and lead author, notes.
Understanding the direction of earthquake movement isn’t just academic curiosity, it could provide crucial extra minutes of warning time for vulnerable populations. Consider Los Angeles: if a major earthquake begins near the Salton Sea and moves northward along the San Andreas fault, it would direct intense energy toward the city. However, this scenario could also give residents about a minute’s warning through cellular alert systems — precious time that could allow people to take cover, stop medical procedures, or shut down critical systems.
1.What are “slickenlines”
A. Special planes used by geologists.
B. Bending lines drawn by researchers.
C. Ancient marks caused by earthquakes.
D. Tire scratches left by vehicle accidents.
2.Why is the “earthquake gate” mentioned
A. To reveal the secret of the earth.
B. To show the significance of the area.
C. To suggest how powerful nature might be.
D. To prove the destructive degree of earthquakes.
3.What’s the purpose of the study according to paragraph 3
A. To inform us what may cause earthquakes.
B. To discover a way to fight against earthquakes.
C. To better prevent the occurrence of earthquakes.
D. To predict how earthquake might affect different areas.
4.What is the last paragraph mainly about
A. The meaning of the study. B. How the earthquake moves.
C. The example of an earthquake. D. What to do during the earthquake.
二、
Intelligence (AI) is showing promise in earthquake prediction, challenging the long-held belief that it is impossible. Researchers at the University of Texas, Austin, have developed an AI algorithm (算法) that correctly predicted 70% of earthquakes a week in advance during a trial in China and provided accurate strength calculations for the predicted earthquakes.
The research team believes their method succeeded because they stuck with a relatively simple machine learning approach. The AI was provided with a set of statistical features based on the team’s knowledge of earthquake physics, and then instructed to train itself using a five-year database of earthquake recordings. Once trained, the AI provided its prediction by listening for signs of incoming earthquakes within the background rumblings (隆隆声) in the Earth.
This work is clearly a milestone in research for AI-driven earthquake prediction. “You don’t see earthquakes coming,” explains Alexandros Savvaidis, a senior research scientist who leads the Texas Seismological Network Program (TexNet). “It’s a matter of milliseconds, and the only thing you can control is how prepared you are. Even with the 70% accuracy, that’s a huge result and could help minimize economic and human losses and has the potential to remarkably improve earthquake preparation worldwide.”
While it is unknown whether the same approach will work at other locations, the researchers are confident that their AI algorithm could produce more accurate predictions if used in areas with reliable earthquake tracking networks. The next step is to test artificial intelligence in Texas, since UT’s Bureau TexNet has 300 earthquake stations and over six years worth of continuous records, making it an ideal location for these purposes.
Eventually, the authors hope to combine the system with physics-based models. This strategy could prove especially important where data is poor or lacking. “That may be a long way off, but many advances such as this one, taken together, are what moves science forward,” concludes Scott Tinker, the bureau’s director.
5. What can be concluded from the passage
A. AI can predict the earthquake entirely accurately.
B. The researchers have used a complex machine learning approach.
C. AI forecast earthquakes by analyzing background sounds in the Earth.
D. The researchers have combined statistical features with physics-based models.
6. What does the follow-up research focus on
A. Applying the AI to other fields.
B. Conducting tests in different locations
C. Building more earthquake stations in Texas.
D. Enlarging the database to train the calculation accuracy.
7. Which of the following best describe the earthquake-predicting technology
A. reliable but outdated. B. Effective but expensive.
C. Potential and cost-effective. D. groundbreaking and promising.
8. What is the author’s purpose in writing this article
A. To discuss the limitations of the AI algorithm.
B. To highlight the challenges of earthquake prediction.
C. To promote the University of Texas’s research program.
D. To inform the advancements in AI-driven earthquake forecasting.
三、
As climate change continues to be a contributing factor to the frequency and intensity of disaster events, timely and effective preparedness can save lives and protect property. But according to a recent study in University of Michigan, nearly half of the young people surveyed on disaster preparedness showed they lack readiness for any type of disaster event during a period when climate-related disasters are becoming increasingly frequent.
Surveying 1,083 individuals aged 14 to 24 through text messaging, the University’s My Voice project brought to the forefront the attitudes young people hold regarding disaster preparedness. Of those surveyed, 47% of the young people disclosed having no readiness planning in potential disasters, with finances and lack of resources being cited as primary reasons for their lack of readiness.
“While respondents felt there were actions they could take now to prepare for a future disaster, some were unsure of the most effective readiness approaches they and their communities could take,” said Katherine Kruger, lead author and a Ph.D. student at the U-M School of Nursing.
“Youth are significant stakeholders in developing strategies to be ready for disaster and their insights can lead to policy development that allow youth to prioritize the effective readiness strategies to reduce the potentially destructive impacts and promote individual and community resilience” Kruger added. Inclusion of young individuals in readiness planning is crucial. They provide unique perspectives that can greatly enhance strategies designed to boost resilience (适应力) both at the individual and community levels.
The study’s findings highlight an opportunity to engage youth in readiness efforts that empower them and strengthen the larger emergency management framework. Young people’s capacities for innovation and communication are valuable assets in disaster response and recovery.
“Our research underscores the need for including young people as key stakeholders in disaster preparedness.” Kruger said. “As highlighted by the United Nations Office of Disaster Risk Reduction’s Youth Engagement Action Plan, their active contribution is indispensable.”
9.What makes disaster preparedness vital
A. The changing lifestyle of the youth.
B. The loss of natural resources.
C. The rising risks of climate change.
D. The lack of safety awareness.
10.What are nearly half of young people surveyed like
A. Unprepared.
B. Dismissive.
C. Confident.
D. Fearful.
11.Why is young people’s involvement crucial
A. They are creative.
B. They are innocent.
C. They are sociable.
D. They are ambitious.
12.What does the underlined word “underscores” mean in the last paragraph
A. Discovers.
B. Argues.
C. Advocates.
D. Emphasizes.
四、
The destruction of Pompeii, Italy, is one of the most well-preserved disasters in human history. But scientists still disagree on how thousands of Roman people died during those two days in 79 C. E. For decades, many experts thought they choked to death owing to the massive clouds of ash (灰). More recently, researchers have put forth a different idea: The victims died instantly, when hot gas vaporized (蒸发) their body liquids.
However, a study published today in PLOS ONE supports the original theory. The victims didn’t die in a “single disastrous event”, says Dellino, an archaeologist at the University of Bari Aldo Moro, who was not involved with the work. Instead, there was a window of time when at least some of the citizens tried to escape but failed by the choking ash.
In the new study, co-author Gallello used X-ray to determine the elemental composition of bones. His team examined seven victim models from Pompeii. Six were recovered from a city gate called Porta Nola, the seventh was found in the ruins of a bathhouse. The Porta Nola bodies were positioned on top of a thick layer of pumice (轻石), which suggests they had attempted to escape after the pumice had stopped falling.
He notes that the study claiming instant death analyzed remains from the neighbouring town, which was also destroyed in the 79 C. E. eruption. Many of these victims were seen in a rigid “boxer position”, which is characteristic of rapid death by vaporization. The bodies examined in this study, however, lay in a relaxed position, which suggests a slow death from choke or exhaustion. Impressions show some victims covered themselves with clothes, trying to avoid breathing in ash.
It’s more likely, Gallello says, that the victims died of choke during a lower temperature pyroclastic (火山碎屑的) flow and were buried under a layer of volcanic ash. Only later, after death, did higher temperature gas and lava flow over the bodies, heating the ash and burning away victims’ clothes and flesh, leaving behind carbonized bones.
Although this distinction may seem pointless, it may have implications for understanding how natural disasters affect human lives, Dellino says.
13.What did experts think Roman people die from in the past decades
A. Being hit by pumice. B. Choking due to thick ashes.
C. Losing body liquids. D. Being exposed to poisonous gases.
14.What’s the evidence that supports the original theory
A. The position of Pompeii victims.
B. The discovery of clothes on the victims.
C. The distribution of personal things.
D. The existence of pumice over the bodies.
15.What’s an indicator of victims’ instant death
A. The carbonized bones. B. The bodies’ rigid “boxer position”.
C. The shelter under the clothes. D. The low temperature pyroclastic flow.
16.What’s Dellino’s attitude towards Gallello’s study
A. Unconcerned. B. Unclear. C. Appreciative. D. Doubtful.
五、
Disastrous floods are becoming more and more common around the world. The warming climate is leading to heavier rainfall, but as cities expand, and more and more land is under concrete or paving, less water is absorbed and more needs to be channeled away by storm drains and sewerage (雨污排水) systems. As they become overwhelmed by the volume of water, the risk of flash flooding increases. Could the way that cities are growing be making things worse Could we design cities in a different way to reduce the risk of flooding
Chinese landscape architect Yu Kongjian certainly thinks so. Early in 2013, he proposed the concept of “sponge (海绵) cities”， which are designed to soak up water-like a sponge - reducing the risk of sudden floods. Natural solutions are encouraged, using riverside parks and ponds to absorb floodwater. Approaches inspired by this have been taken by cities across the world. Auckland, in New Zealand, was named the spongiest city in one study. It has replaced the concrete culverts (涵洞) around the Oakley stream with green banks and connected parks. This has reduced flooding in the nearby residential areas as well as the amount of associated pollutants which used to be washed into the sea.
Auckland has taken a natural approach, but a much more high-tech method can be seen in Amsterdam. The Dutch city has installed blue-green roofs on a number of buildings. These roofs have a layer of plants on the outside, and then layers beneath which collect and store rainwater. This water can be used by people to water plants or wash toilets. Advanced software can even tell the roofs to release water ahead of upcoming storms to maximize the system’s ability to absorb rainwater.
Yu Kongjian describes the sponge city approach as using Tai Chi with nature instead of boxing. Questions have been raised as to whether a natural approach is sufficient when faced with increased rain fall globally. What remains to be seen is whether increased scale and combination with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flooding.
17. What may cause the risk of city flooding
A. The city size. B. The city design.
C. The city location. D. The city population.
18. Which of the following fail to serve as "sponge"？
A. Riverside parks. B. Ponds. C. Blue-green roofs. D. Culverts.
19. What can be inferred about the sponge city approach from the last paragraph
A. It uses boxing with nature. B. It works well without doubt.
C. Its further function needs testing. D. It is sufficient for future flooding.
20. What’s the main idea of the text
A. How sponge cities could prevent floods.
B. Why the concept of "sponge cities" was proposed.
C. Why floods are becoming more and more common.
D. How the natural approach combines with high-tech method.
六、
The fastest-moving wildfires are by far the most destructive(破坏性的) because they force firefighters to focus on saving lives, instead of saving property. Now, researchers have worse news:Wildfires are growing faster with climate change
That's according to a new analysis that used satellite data to examine tens of thousands of wildfires between 2001 and 2020.The researchers found that the fastest-moving fires were responsible for nearly 90 percent of damaged and destroyed homes, despite making up just 3 percent of fires during the period.
And the phenomenon is accelerating(加速). The paper, published last week in the journal Science, warns that fires are spreading more quickly in the Western U.S.as climate change fuels warmer and drier conditions, posing a growing threat to already at-risk communities near forests and grasslands.
"We're the first to document this trend," said report co-author Jennifer Balch, a fire ecology expert and associate professor at the University of Colorado. “The reason why this is so important is because some of our most deadly and destructive wildfires have been incredibly fast, but they've also been relatively tiny events in terms of geography."
Take Colorado's 2021 Marshall Fire. The fire burned a relatively small area of suburban Boulder County north of Denver, Balch said. But the disaster, fueled by 100-mile-per-hour winds, killed two people and destroyed more than 1,000 homes, making it the most destructive fire in Colorado's history.
The study comes as natural disasters strike communities across the country, forcing property owners, emergency planners and policymakers to rethink how to prepare for extreme weather. Balch said the new research highlights a major gap in wildfire-related modeling, risk assessment and emergency planning, which have historically focused more on wildfire intensity and size than speed.
“With warming temperatures increasing the likelihood of wildfires across the U.S., we would expect to see more fast fire events in the future," the paper says.
21. How did the researchers get their findings
A. By making an experiment.
B. By using previous studies.
C. By asking people questions.
D. By analyzing the satellite data.
22. What is the warning of the paper published last week
A. Wildfires are growing faster with climate change.
B. Climate change poses a growing threat to people.
C. The climate will become warmer and drier.
D. Forests and grasslands put people at risk.
23. Why does the author give the example of Colorado's 2021 Marshall Fire
A. To stress the importance of wildfires in Colorado.
B. To present the result of the most destructive wildfire.
C. To show how a tiny event became the most destructive fire.
D. To warn that natural disasters strike many communities.
24. What is the researchers' attitude toward wildfires in the paper
A. Uncaring. B. Optimistic. C. Worried. D. Supportive.
七、
Most major droughts have tended to happen on seasonal or yearly time scales (范围), resulting from variability in large-scale climate patterns such as El Nino. But in the last six decades, there has been a transformation to more droughts that form over just a few weeks in most of the world, researchers of a new study at Nanjing University of Information Science Technology report in Science. This finding has implications for ecosystem conservation and agricultural management.
Some flash droughts develop into seasonal ones, yet even those that do not can cause significant damage to agriculture and contribute to other extreme weather events such as wildfires and heat waves. In the summer of 2012, a severe flash drought across the United States caused over $30 billion in damages. Flash droughts happen two to three times as often in wet regions such as northwest North America, Europe and southern China as elsewhere. Many affected areas transformed from normal conditions to extreme drought within a month, and no climate models predicted it.
As the world continues to warm, causing less rainfall, flash drought frequency is expected to continue to rise. Droughts can happen and strengthen rapidly, but current monitoring systems often cannot catch their beginning on short enough time scales. That makes flash droughts a sort of a hard nut, the researchers say.
“We have to improve these systems,” the lead researcher Yuan Xing says, “by exploring the mechanisms behind flash droughts, perhaps with the help of artificial intelligence.” Dealing with these droughts isn’t just about having a better tool set, Mark Svoboda, who first coined the term “flash droughts”, believes, but also a different mind-set. “It is human nature not to deal with drought until you’re in it. We advocate that drought be dealt with ahead and actively.”
25.What does the study find
A. Droughts are formed in shorter time.
B. Wildlife is adapting to a changing climate.
C. Climate change began sixty years ago.
D. Droughts often happen seasonally or yearly.
26.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about
A. Reasons for flash droughts. B. Consequences of flash droughts.
C. Regions attacked by droughts. D. Extreme weather caused by droughts.
27.Why do researchers think of flash droughts as a hard nut
A. They worsen climate change. B. They happen on a global scale.
C. They put agriculture at great risk. D. They are hard to detect in time.
28.What does Svoboda suggest
A. Keeping a positive attitude. B. Turning to AI for help.
C. Taking measures in advance. D. Bettering existing tools.
八、
Rogues(疯狗浪), called“ extreme storm waves” by scientists, are large, unexpected, and dangerous waves that are at least twice as high as the other waves around them, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These abnormal waves, which happen every day and all over the world, are highly unpredictable and can destroy ships that meet with them.
Rogue waves appear to form when large rough waves pass through one another, combining to form huge walls of water, according to NOAA. However, why and where they appear is unclear. But using 700 years’ worth of ocean data including historical records and data from buoys (浮标) in 158 locations around the world, researchers have now created a system for predicting these“ huge beasts”.
“ They are caused by a combination of many factors that, until now, have not been combined into a single risk assessment,” said lead author Dion H fner. H fner and his co- workers mapped the factors that may lead to rogue waves and used AI to make a single model that could determine the likelihood that a rogue wave will form.
The team trained a neural network using historical wave data. This generated a system that learned the causes of rogue waves by itself and could work to predict them. But the AI's methods were hid in a black box. This means scientists couldn't know how the AI did its workings. So H fner’s team applied another form of machine learning, which produced an equation (综合体) when fed data, rather than just a single prediction, helping the researchers to understand how the AI reached its predictions.
“ Our analysis demonstrates that abnormal waves occur all the time. In fact, we registered100,000 waves in our data set that can be defined as rogue waves,” H fner said. This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave, H fner added, and can better protect ships from being destroyed as the sail around the world. Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course.
29. How does the author introduce the topic
A. By using an example. B. By giving a definition.
C. By drawing a comparison. D. By making an assumption.
30. What can the system do according to paragraph 2
A. Monitor huge sea creatures. B. Guide ships around in the sea.
C. Prevent rouge waves from occurring. D. Forecast the hitting of rogue waves.
31. What is the disadvantage of the AI's methods
A. They aren't visually available. B. They depend on too many factors.
C. They make inaccurate predictions. D. They don't process data systematically.
32. How does H fner find the system
A. It requires more field tests. B. It has been widely used.
C. It needs further improvement. D. It has a promising future.
答案以及解析
一、
1.答案：C
解析：词句猜测题。根据第一段The research focuses on curved scratches left on fault planes(断层面)when massive blocks of Earth grind past each other during an earthquake. These marks, called slickenlines(这项研究的重点是地震期间地球大规模地块相互摩擦时在断层面上留下的弯曲划痕。这些标记被称为slickenlines)可知，slickenlines是地震引起的古老痕迹。故选C。
2.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段“The researchers focused their investigation on a fascinating section of the Alpine Fault known as an earthquake gate This region can either stop earthquakes in their tracks or allow them to continue their journey, a decision that has enormous consequences.(研究人员将调查重点放在阿尔卑斯断层的一个引人入胜的部分，即‘地震之门’。该地区可以阻止地震的发生，也可以允许地震继续进行，这一决定将产生巨大的后果。)”可知，“地震之门”的重要性在于其对地震发展行为的关键影响，提到“地震之门”是为了展示该地区的重要性。故选B。
3.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段The scratches indicate the direction and origin of a past earthquake, potentially giving us clues about where a future quake might start and where it will go. This is key for California, where anticipating the direction of a quake on faults like San Andreas or San Jacinto could mean a more accurate forecast of its impact.(这些划痕表明了过去地震的方向和起源，可能为我们提供未来地震可能发生在哪里以及将向何处发展的线索。这对加利福尼亚州至关重要，因为在圣安德烈亚斯断层或圣哈辛托断层上预测地震的方向可能意味着对其影响的更准确预测。)可知，这项研究的目的是预测地震可能对不同地区的影响。故选D。
4.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Understanding the direction of earthquake movement isn't just academic curiosity, it could provide crucial extra minutes of warning time for vulnerable populations. Consider Los Angeles: if a major earthquake begins near the Salton Sea and moves northward along the San Andreas fault, it would direct intense energy toward the city. However, this scenario could also give residents about a minute's warning through cellular alert systems(了解地震的移动方向不仅仅是学术上的好奇，它还可能为易受灾害影响的人群提供至关重要的额外预警时间。以洛杉矶为例：如果一场大地震从索尔顿湖附近开始，并沿着圣安德烈亚斯断层向北移动，它将把巨大的能量引向这座城市。然而，这种情况也可以通过手机警报系统为居民提供大约一分钟的预警时间)”可知，最后一段主要讲了地震是如何移动的。故选B。
二、
5.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段Once trained, the AI provided its prediction by listening for signs of incoming earthquakes within the background rumblings(隆隆声)in the Earth.(一旦经过训练,人工智能就会通过监听地球背景隆隆声中即将到来的地震迹象来提供预测。)可知,人工智能通过分析地球背景声音中的迹象来预测地震,故选C。
6.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段The next step is to test artificial intelligence in Texas, since UT's Bureau TexNet has 300 earthquake stations and over six years worth of continuous records, making it an ideal location for these purposes. (下一步是在德克萨斯州测试人工智能,因为德州大学的 Bureau TexNet拥有300个地震台站和超过6年的连续记录,使其成为进行这些测试的理想地点。)可知,后续研究的重点是在不同的地点进行测试,故选B。
7.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段This work is clearly a milestone in research for AI-driven earthquake prediction,(这项工作显然是人工智能驱动地震预测研究的一个里程碑。)和最后一句Even with the 70% accuracy, that's a huge result and could help minimize economic and human losses and has the potential to remarkably improve earthquake preparation worldwide.(即使准确率只有70%,这也是一个巨大的结果,有助于将经济和人员损失降到最低,并有可能显著改善全球的地震准备工作。)可知,作者认为地震预测技术具有突破性和发展前景,故选D。
8.答案：D
解析：写作目的题。根据第一段Intelligence (AI) is showing promise in earthquake prediction, challenging the long-held belief that it is impossible.(人工智能在地震预测方面显示出了前景,挑战了长期以来认为这是不可能的信念。)和第三段This work is clearly a milestone in research for AI-driven earthquake prediction.(这项工作显然是人工智能驱动地震预测研究的一个里程碑。)可知,作者的目的是介绍人工智能在地震预测方面的发展和前景,让读者了解相关信息,故选D。
三、
9.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段“As climate change continues to be a contributing factor to the frequency and intensity of disaster events, timely and effective preparedness can save lives and protect property.(随着气候变化持续成为导致灾害事件发生频率和强度增加的一个因素，及时且有效的防灾准备能够拯救生命并保护财产)”可知，由于气候变化持续成为导致灾害事件发生频率和强度增加的一个因素，所以及时且有效的防灾准备能够拯救生命并保护财产，即气候变化带来的风险上升使得灾害防范变得至关重要。故选C。
10.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第一段“But according to a recent study in University of Michigan, nearly half of the young people surveyed on disaster preparedness showed they lack readiness for any type of disaster event during a period when climate-related disasters are becoming increasingly frequent.(但根据密歇根大学最近的一项研究，在与气候相关的灾害日益频繁的时期，接受灾害防范调查的年轻人中，近一半的人表明他们对任何类型的灾害事件都缺乏准备)”以及第二段“Of those surveyed, 47% of the young people disclosed having no readiness planning in potential disasters, with finances and lack of resources being cited as primary reasons for their lack of readiness.(在接受调查的人中，47%的年轻人透露他们对于潜在的灾害没有制定任何防范计划，而资金问题和资源匮乏被认为是他们缺乏准备的主要原因)”可知，在接受调查的年轻人中，近一半的人对于任何类型的灾害事件都缺乏准备，47%的年轻人表示对于潜在的灾害没有制定防范计划。由此推知，近一半接受调查的年轻人是毫无准备的。故选A。
11.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段““Youth are significant stakeholders in developing strategies to be ready for disaster and their insights can lead to policy development that allow youth to prioritize the effective readiness strategies to reduce the potentially destructive impacts and promote individual and community resilience.” Kruger added.(“在制定应对灾害的防范策略方面，年轻人是重要的利益相关者，他们的深刻见解能够推动政策的制定，使年轻人能够优先考虑那些有效的防范策略，以减少潜在的破坏性影响，并提升个人和社区的适应能力。”Kruger补充道)”以及第五段“Young people’s capacities for innovation and communication are valuable assets in disaster response and recovery.(年轻人的创新能力和沟通能力是灾害应对和恢复过程中的宝贵财富)”可知，年轻人在制定应对灾害的策略方面是重要的利益相关者，他们的见解能推动政策制定，且他们的创新和沟通能力是灾害应对和恢复中的宝贵财富。由此推知，年轻人的参与至关重要是因为他们富有创造力。故选A。
12.答案：D
解析：词句猜测题。根据上文“Young people’s capacities for innovation and communication are valuable assets in disaster response and recovery.(年轻人的创新能力和沟通能力是灾害应对和恢复过程中的宝贵财富)”可知，年轻人在灾害防范中很重要。再根据划线单词所在句““Our research underscores the need for including young people as key stakeholders in disaster preparedness.” Kruger said. “As highlighted by the United Nations Office of Disaster Risk Reduction’s Youth Engagement Action Plan, their active contribution is indispensable.”(Kruger说：“我们的研究……将年轻人作为灾害防范中的关键利益相关者的必要性。正如联合国减少灾害风险办公室的《青年参与行动计划》所强调的那样，他们的积极贡献是不可或缺的。”)”可知，年轻人的积极贡献是不可或缺的，所以研究应该是“强调了”将年轻人作为灾害防范中关键利益相关者的必要性。选项D“Emphasizes”，意为“强调”，与此相符。故选D。
四、
13.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“For decades, many experts thought they choked to death owing to the massive clouds of ash.(几十年来，许多专家认为他们是因为巨大的火山灰云而窒息而死的。)"可知，近几十年来，专家们认为当时的受害者是死于火山灰导致的窒息。故选B项。
14.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的“The Porta Nola bodies were positioned on top of a thick layer of pumice (轻石), which suggests they had attempted to escape after the pumice had stopped falling. (Porta Nola地区的尸体被发现在一层厚厚的浮石之上，这表明他们是在浮石停止降落之后尝试逃离的。)”可知，当时的人们在轻石停止落下后尝试逃离，他们并没有立即死于体液蒸发，人们死于热气蒸发体液的说法是不对的，原来的死于火山灰窒息的理论是对的，所以，庞贝受害者的位置提供了支持原始理论的证据。故选A项。
15.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Many of these victims were seen in a rigid “boxer position”, which is characteristic of rapid death by vaporization. (这些受害者中的许多都呈现出一种僵硬的“拳击手姿势”,这通常是由于快速蒸发导致的迅速死亡的特征。)”可知，很多受害者都呈现出“拳击手姿势”,这表明受害者迅速死亡。故选B项。
16.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Although this distinction may seem pointless, it may have implications for understanding how natural disasters affect human lives, Dellino says. (尽管这种区别可能看似无关紧要，但Dellino表示，它可能对理解自然灾害如何影响人类生活有所启示。)”可知，Dellino认为虽然这个区别看起来意义不大，但可以帮助人们理解自然灾害是如何影响人们生活的，由此可知，Dellino对这个研究是认可的。故选C项。
五、
17.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The warming climate is leading to heavier rainfall, but as cities expand, and more and more land is under concrete or paving, less water is absorbed and more needs to be channeled away by storm drains and sewerage (雨污排水) systems. As they become overwhelmed by the volume of water, the risk of flash flooding increases. (气候变暖导致降雨量增加，但随着城市扩张，越来越多的土地被混凝土或铺装覆盖，吸收的水量减少，更多的水需要通过排水系统排出。当这些系统不堪重负时，突发洪水的风险增加)”可知，城市设计（如混凝土覆盖和排水系统）是导致洪水风险增加的主要原因。故选B。
18.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Auckland, in New Zealand, was named the spongiest city in one study. It has replaced the concrete culverts (涵洞) around the Oakley stream with green banks and connected parks.(新西兰奥克兰在一项研究中被评为最“海绵”的城市。它用绿色河岸和相连的公园取代了奥克利溪周围的混凝土涵洞)”可知，涵洞（culverts）是混凝土结构，不具备“海绵”功能。故选D。
19.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Questions have been raised as to whether a natural approach is sufficient when faced with increased rain fall globally. What remains to be seen is whether increased scale and combination with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flooding.(有人质疑，面对全球降雨量增加，自然方法是否足够。还有待观察的是，扩大规模和与现代技术结合是否能帮助自然方法拯救更多人免受洪水侵袭)”可推知，海绵城市方法的进一步功能需要测试。故选C。
20.答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文并根据第二段“Early in 2013, he proposed the concept of “sponge (海绵) cities”， which are designed to soak up water-like a sponge - reducing the risk of sudden floods. Natural solutions are encouraged, using riverside parks and ponds to absorb floodwater. Approaches inspired by this have been taken by cities across the world.(早在2013年，他就提出了“海绵城市”的概念，即像海绵一样吸水，减少突发洪水的风险。鼓励使用自然解决方案，利用河边公园和池塘来吸收洪水。受此启发的方法已被世界各地的城市采用)”可知，短文重点介绍了“海绵城市”的概念及其在城市防洪中的应用，包括自然方法和高科技方法。故选A。
六、
21.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中“That's according to a new analysis that used satellite data to examine tens of thousands of wildfires between 2001 and 2020.(这是根据一项新的分析得出的，该分析使用卫星数据检查了2001年至2020年期间的数万起野火。)"可知，研究人员是通过分析卫星数据来研究2001年至2020年间的数万起野火，从而得出他们的发现的。故选D项。
22.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中"The paper, published last week in the journal Science, warns that fires are spreading more quickly in the Western U.S.as climate change fuels warmer and drier conditions posing a growing threat to already at-risk communities near forests and grasslands.(上周发表在《科学》杂志上的这篇论文警告说，由于气候变化加剧了气候变暖和干燥，美国西部的火灾蔓延速度更快，对森林和草原附近已经处于危险中的社区构成了越来越大的威胁。)"可知，上周发表在《科学》杂志上的论文警告说，随着气候变化导致气候变得更温暖和干燥，美国西部的野火正在蔓延得更快，对森林和草原附近本就处于危险中的社区构成越来越大的威胁。故选A项。
23.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段“Take Colorado's 2021 Marshall Fire. The fire burned a relatively small area of suburban Boulder County north of Denver, Balch said. But the disaster, fueled by 100-mile-per- hour winds, killed two people and destroyed more than 1,000 homes, making it the most destructive fire in Colorado's history.(以科罗拉多州2021年的马歇尔大火为例。巴尔奇说，大火烧毁了丹佛北部博尔德县郊区相对较小的地区。但这场灾难在时速100英里的大风的推动下，造成两人死亡，1000多所房屋被毁，成为科罗拉多州历史上最具破坏性的火灾。)"可知，作者举科罗拉多州2021年马歇尔火灾的例子，是为了说明一场在地理范围上相对较小的火灾事件，却因为强风等因素成为了科罗拉多州历史上最具破坏性的火灾，也就是展示一个小事件是如何变成最具破坏性的火灾的。故选C项。
24.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中“Now researchers have worse news: Wildfires are growing faster with climate change.(现在，研究人员有了更坏的消息：随着气候变化，野火的增长速度更快。)”以及最后一段中“With warming temperatures increasing the likelihood of wildfires across the U.S., we would expect to see more fast fire events in the future...(随着气温升高，美国各地发生野火的可能性增加，我们预计未来会看到更多快速火灾事件。)”等内容可知，研究人员认为随着气候变化，野火蔓延得更快，并且预计未来会有更多快速蔓延的火灾事件，这表明研究人员对野火的情况是担忧的。故选C项。
七、
25.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Most major droughts have tended to happen on seasonal or yearly time scales (范围)(大多数严重干旱往往发生在季节或年时间尺度上)”以及“But in the last six decades, there has been a transformation to more droughts that form over just a few weeks in most of the world (在过去的60年里，世界大部分地区的干旱情况发生了转变，在短短几周内就会形成更多的干旱)"可知，大多数严重干旱往往经过一个季度甚至一年时间才会发生。但研究人员发现，在过去的60年里，世界上大部分地区的干旱模式发生了变化，更多干旱仅仅在几周内就会形成。即这项研究发现干旱在较短的时间内形成。故选A。
26.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据第二段内容，尤其是“Some flash droughts develop into seasonal ones, yet even those that do not can cause significant damage to agriculture and contribute to other extreme weather events such as wildfires and heat waves. (一些突发性干旱会发展成季节性干旱，但即使那些没有发展成季节性干旱的，也会对农业造成重大损害，并导致诸如野火和热浪等其他极端天气事件)”和“Many affected areas transformed from normal conditions to extreme drought within a month, and no climate models predicted it. (许多受影响的地区在一个月的时间里就从正常状况转变为极端干旱，没有气候模型预测到这一点)”可知，第二段主要介绍了突发性干旱造成的后果。故选B。
27.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Droughts can happen and strengthen rapidly, but current monitoring systems often cannot catch their beginning on short enough time scales. That makes flash droughts a sort of a hard nut, the researchers say. (干旱可以迅速发生和加强，但目前的监测系统往往无法在足够短的时间尺度上捕捉到它们的开始。研究人员说，这使得突发性干旱成为一种难题)”可知，目前的监测系统通常无法在短时间内捕捉到突发性干旱的发生，这使突发性干旱成了一个棘手的问题，故选D。
28.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“It is human nature not to deal with drought until you’re in it. We advocate that drought be dealt with ahead and actively.”(人类的天性是，在遇到干旱之前不去应对。我们主张提前积极应对干旱)”可知，Svoboda建议不要等到身陷干旱时再应对，而要提前行动，故选C。
八、
29.答案： B
解析：文章第一段“Rogues(疯狗浪), called ‘extreme storm waves’ by scientists, are large, unexpected, and dangerous waves that are at least twice as high as the other waves around them, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).”（根据美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的说法，疯狗浪，被科学家称为“极端风暴浪”，是一种巨大的、出人意料的、危险的波浪，其高度至少是周围其他波浪的两倍。）通过对“Rogues（疯狗浪）”下定义的方式引出话题，所以选B。
30.答案： D
解析：第二段中“But using 700 years’ worth of ocean data including historical records and data from buoys (浮标) in 158 locations around the world, researchers have now created a system for predicting these ‘huge beasts’.”（但是，利用700年的海洋数据，包括历史记录以及来自全球158个地点的浮标数据，研究人员现在已经创建了一个用于预测这些“巨大野兽”的系统。）明确提到这个系统是用来预测疯狗浪的，也就是能预报疯狗浪的来袭，所以选D。
31.答案： A
解析：第四段中“But the AI's methods were hid in a black box. This means scientists couldn't know how the AI did its workings.”（但是人工智能的方法隐藏在一个黑箱中。这意味着科学家们不知道人工智能是如何运作的。）说明其缺点是不可视，没办法直观看到其运作过程，所以选A。
32.答案： D
解析：最后一段中“This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave, H fner added, and can better protect ships from being destroyed as the sail around the world. Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course.”（哈夫纳补充说，这个系统能有效地显示疯狗浪的迹象，并且能在船只环球航行时更好地保护它们免遭破坏。航运公司可以使用带有该系统的设备来预测疯狗浪可能出现的时间和地点，以便寻找替代航线。）由此可看出哈夫纳认为这个系统有着积极的作用，有着良好的前景，所以选D。

展开更多......

收起↑