资源简介

字母A词性转换
1.able adj. 能；有能力的，能干的
--- enable v. 使可能；使能够 --- unable opp. 不能的，无法的
--- ability n. 能力；才能，才识，技能 --- disability opp. 残疾，缺陷
2.abnormal adj. 不正常的，反常的，变态的 --- normal adj. 正常的；典型的
3.absence n. 缺席，不在；缺乏 --- absent adj. 缺席的，不在的；缺乏的
4.absolute adj. 绝对的，完全的；确实的 --- absolutely adv. 绝对地，完全地；确实地
5.academic adj. 学术的，教学的 n. 高等院校教师; 高校科研人员 --- academy n. 专科学院, (美)私立学校
6.accept vt. & vi. 接受vt. 忍受；接纳；承担（责任/指责）--- acceptance n. 接受；认可，同意；接纳
7.access n. 通道，入口；进入/到达…的方法或途径；使用/接近…的权利或机会vt. 访问，获取（计算机数据）；到达；进入；使用 --- accessible adj. 可到达的，可接受的，易相处的
8.accident n. 事故；偶然的事，意外的事 --- accidental adj. 意外的; 偶然的 --- accidentally adv. 意外地; 出其不意地；不知不觉地
9.account n. 账，账目；账户，账号；叙述，描写，报道v.认为是; 视为 --- accountant n. 会计，会计师
10.accurate adj. 准确的，精确的 --- accuracy n. 精确(程度); 准确(性) --- accurately ad. 准确地，精确地
11.achieve vt. 达到，取得 --- achievement n. 成就,成绩,功绩
12.acknowledge vt. 承认；（公开）感谢 --- acknowledgement n. 承认；感谢
13.acquire v. 获得，得到 --- acquisition n. 获得，得到
14.act n. 法令，条例 v. 扮演（角色）；行动 --- action n. 行动--- active adj. 积极的，主动的--- activity n. 活动--- actor n. 男演员--- actress n. 女演员
15.actual adj. 真实的; 实际的 --- actually adv. 实际上；事实上
16.adapt v. 使适应，适合，改编 --- adaptation n. 适应，改编本
17.add vt. 增添，增加；补充说vt. & vi. （使）相加 --- addition n. 加法；增加；增加的人/物；附加物 --- additional adj. 附加的; 额外的; 外加的 --- additionally adv. 此外; 另外; 额外地; 进一步; 在更大程度上
18.addict n.吸毒成瘾的人;瘾君子;对…入迷的人vt. 使沉溺; 使上瘾; 使自己沾染（某些恶习） --- addicted adj. 上瘾的; 入迷的 --- addictive adj. 上瘾的; 使人入迷的 --- addiction n. 上瘾; 瘾; 入迷; 嗜好
19.adjust vt. 调整，调节vt. & vi. （使）适应，（使）习惯 --- adjustment n. 调整; 调节; (行为、思想的)调整，适应
20.admire v. 钦佩；羡慕--- admirable adj. 值得赞赏的, 可钦佩的
21.admit (过去式：admitted；过去分词：admitted)vt. 承认，准许（入场，入学，入会）--- admission n. 准入, 接纳
22.adopt vt. & vi. 收养，领养vt. 采用，采纳 --- adoption n. 采用; 收养; 领养
23.adore v. 崇拜; 热爱，爱慕(某人); 喜爱 --- adorable adj. 可爱的; 讨人喜爱的
24.advance n. 前进；进步，进展；预付款vi. （尤指士兵）前进，向前移动vt. & vi. （使）进展；（使）进步；（时间）提前；（价格）上涨；预支（钱）--- advanced adj. 先进的; 高级的; 高等的; (发展)晚期的，后期的
25.advantage n. 有利条件，优势；优点，好处 --- opp. disadvantage
26.adventure n. 冒险；冒险经历，奇遇 --- adventurous adj. 冒险的; 惊险的; 有冒险精神的
27.advertise vt. & vi. （为…）做广告/宣传，（为…）登广告；征聘 --- advertisement n.广告(=ad)
28.advice n. 忠告，建议 --- advise vt. & vi. 劝告；建议vt. 正式通知
29.affect vt. 影响--- affection n. 喜爱，钟爱
30.afford vt. 负担得起；抽得出（时间）--- affordable adj. 可担负得起的
31.Africa n. 非洲 --- African n. 非洲人 adj. 非洲（人）的
32.agency n. 代理处，经销处，代理机构；（尤指政府内的）机构，局，部，厅 --- agent n. 代理人; 经纪人; 原动力
33.agree v. 同意；赞成；意见一致--- agreement n. 同意，一致；协定，协议
34.agriculture n. 农业；农学 --- agricultural adj. 农业的; 农用的
35.alcohol n. 酒；酒精，乙醇 --- alcoholic adj. 酒精的; 含酒精的
36.amaze v. 惊奇，震惊 --- amazed adj. 惊奇的; 震惊的 --- amazing adj. 令人惊奇的；令人震惊的
37.ambition n.目标, 野心, 雄心, 抱负 --- ambitious adj. 有野心的；有抱负的
38.America n. 美洲；美国 --- American n. 美洲人; (尤指)美国人; 美国英语adj. 美洲的; (尤指)美国的
39.amuse vt. 给…提供娱乐/消遣；逗…乐 --- amusement n. 可笑; 愉悦; 娱乐; 娱乐活动; 游戏
40.analyze v. 分析 --- analysis n. 分析，分析结果 (pl. analyses) --- analyst n. 分析师
41.angry adj. 生气的，愤怒的--- anger n. 生气；愤怒
42.announce vt. 宣布，宣告；（尤指在机场或火车站）广播通知；宣布…的到来/出席 --- announcement n. 公告; (一项)布告; 通告
43.annoy vt. （使）恼怒，（使）生气；（使）烦恼 --- annoyed adj. 恼怒的; 生气的; 烦恼的 --- annoying adj. 烦人的; 使人恼怒的; 使人生气的
44.annual adj. 每年的，年度的 --- annually adv. 一年一次地
45.anxious adj. 忧虑的，焦急的 --- anxiety n. 担忧，焦虑
46.apologize vi. 道歉，谢罪 --- apology n. 道歉；歉意
47.appear vi. 出现 --- appearance n. 出现，露面；容貌
48.applaud vt. & vi. 鼓掌；称赞；赞成 --- applause n. 掌声; 鼓掌; 喝彩
49.apply v. 申请 --- application n. 申请 --- applicant n. 申请人
50.appoint v. 任命; 委任; 安排，确定(时间、地点) --- appointment n. 约会；约定；预约；任命；任职；职位
51.appreciate vt. 欣赏，赏识；感激，感谢；理解，明白 --- appreciation n. 欣赏; 理解; 体谅; 同情; 感激; 感谢
52.approve v.赞成,同意,批准,通过--- approval n. 赞成；同意；批准
53.architecture n.建筑学，建筑设计，风格--- architect n. 建筑师，设计师
54.argue vi. 争辩， 争论--- argument n. 争论，辩论
55.arise (过去式：arose, 过去分词：arisen) vi. （问题或困难）出现；发生；产生；起身；起立
56.arm n. 手臂，胳膊；武器（常用复数）vt. 武装；装备；备战 --- army n. 陆军（部队）
57.arrange v. 安排; 筹备; 整理; 排列; 布置 --- arrangement n. 安排；筹备；安排方式；排列；布置；商定；约定
58.arrive vi. 到达；达到 --- arrival n. 到来，到达
59.art n. 艺术，美术；技艺 --- artist n. 艺术家 --- artificial adj. 人工的，人造的
60.Asia n. 亚洲 --- Asian adj. 亚洲（人）的n. 亚洲人
61.assess vt. 评价，评定；估价 --- assessment n. 看法; 评估; 评定; 核定; 判定
62.assign v.分配(某物);分派，布置(工作、任务等);指定;指派;委派;派遣 --- assignment n. 分配; (分派的)工作，任务
63.assist v. 帮助，协助 --- assistance n. 帮助，援助 --- assistant n. 助手，助理
64.associate v. 联合; 联想; 联系; 交往 n. 伙伴; 同事; 合伙人 --- association n. 协会，社团；联盟；（与人或团体的）关联；交往；联系；联想
65.assume v. 假定，假设--- assumption n. 假定，假设
66.astonish vt. 使大为惊讶，使惊骇 --- astonished adj. 感到十分惊讶的; 吃惊的 --- astonishment n. 惊讶; 惊异
67.athlete n. 运动员 --- athletic adj. 健壮的, 体育运动的
68.attain vt. & vi. （经过长时间努力）达到；得到，取得 --- attainable adj. 可达到的; 可获得的
69.attend vt. & vi. 出席，参加；上（学）vt. 看护，照料 --- attendant n. 服务员; 侍者 --- attendance n. 出席; 参加; 上学; 到场
70.attract v. 吸引，引起 --- attraction n. 吸引，爱慕 --- attractive adj. 迷人的，有吸引力的
71.Australia n. 澳大利亚 --- Australian adj. 澳大利亚的n.澳大利亚人
72.awake adj. 醒着的 vt. & vi. （使）醒来，唤醒 (过去式：awoke, 过去分词：awoken)
73.aware adj. 意识到的，察觉到的 --- awareness n. 知道; 认识; 意识; 兴趣
字母B词性转换
1. bad (比较级：worse, 最高级：worst) adj. 坏的；有害的，不利的；严重的 --- badly adv. 坏，恶劣地
2. bake v. 烤； 烘（面包）--- bakery n. 面包店
3. base n. 根据地，基地（棒球）垒 --- basic adj. 基本的 --- basis n. 原因，缘由，要素
4. bear vt. 忍受，容忍 --- bearable adj. 可容忍的 --- unbearable opp. 不可忍受的
5. beautiful adj. 美，美丽，美观的 --- beauty n. 美丽，美人 --- beautify v. 美化，使变美丽
6. begin(过去式：began, 过去分词：begun) v.开始,着手 --- beginning n. 开始，开端
7. behave v. 守规矩，行为 --- behaviour n. 行为，举止
8. believe v. 相信，认为 --- belief n. 信条，信念
9. bend (过去式：bent, 过去分词：bent) vt. & vi. （使）弯曲；（使）弯腰；（路）转弯 --- bent adj. 弯曲的
10. benefit n. / v. 优势, 益处, 使…受益 --- beneficial adj. 有利的，有帮助的，有用的
11. biology n. 生物学 --- biological adj. 生物的，生物学的 --- biologist n. 生物学家
12. blood n. 血，血液 --- bleed vi. 出血，流血 --- bleeding n. 流血
13. bless vt. 保佑，降福 --- blessing n. 祝福
14. boat n. 小船，小舟 --- boating n. 划船（游玩），泛舟
15. bore v. 使厌烦 n. 令人厌烦的人或事 --- bored adj. （对人，事）厌倦的，烦闷的 --- boring adj. 乏味的，无聊的 --- boredom n. 厌烦; 厌倦; 无聊
16. brave adj. 勇敢的 --- bravery n. 勇气
17. breath n. 气息；呼吸 --- breathe vi. 呼吸 --- breathless adj. 气喘吁吁的，上气不接下气的
18. broad adj. 宽阔的，广阔的 --- broaden v. 变宽; 变阔; (使)扩大影响; 增长(经验、知识等);
19. build v. 建筑；建造 --- building n. 建筑物；房屋；大楼
20. bury vt. 埋；葬 --- burial n. 埋葬
21. busy adj. 忙（碌）的 --- business n. 生意，交易；事业 --- businessman n. 商人（男）；男企业家 (pl. businessmen) --- businesswoman n. 商人（女）；女企业家 (pl. businesswomen)
字母C词性转换
1. calculate vt. 预测，估计；计算，核算 --- calculator n. 计算器 --- calculation n. 计算; 估计; 预测; 推测
2. calm adj. 平静的；（人）镇静的，沉着的 vt. & vi. （使）平静，平静下来 --- calmness n. 冷静；平静; 无风
3. Canada n. 加拿大--- Canadian adj. 加拿大的n. 加拿大人
4. capable adj 有能力的；能干的 --- capability n. 能力; 才能
5. care vt. & vi. 在乎vi. 关心n. 照顾；谨慎；忧虑 --- careful adj. 小心的，谨慎的，仔细的 --- careless adj. 粗心的，大意的，草率的 --- caring adj. 乐于助人的; 关心他人的
6. carry vt. 运送；搬；携带；承载；附有(信息) --- carriage n. 马车; 运输 --- carrier n. 载体
7. celebrate vt. & vi. 庆祝vt. 歌颂 --- celebration n. 庆典; 庆祝活动
8. centre(center) n. 中心（点）；中间 --- central adj. 中心的；中部的；重要的
9. certain adj. 确定的；某个，某种；某些 --- certainty n. 确实的事; 确实; 确定性 --- certainly adv. 必然；肯定地；当然；没问题
10. chair n. 椅子；主席（席位）vt. 使就座；使就要职；担任（会议）主持人 --- chairman n. (pl. chairmen) 主席；董事长 --- chairwoman n. (pl. chairwomen) 女主席；女董事长
11. challenge n. 挑战；具有挑战的事情；挑战（赛）vt. 向…挑战；对…质疑 --- challenging adj. 具有挑战性的; 挑战性的
12. change n. 变化；(找回的)零钱；换乘 vt. & vi. 变化，改变；替换；换乘 vt. 交换，互换；把（钱）换成（零钱）；兑换；退换，调换 --- changeable adj. 可变的; 易变的
13. character n. 性格；性质；特色；（好的）品性；人物；角色；符号；字母 --- characteristic n. 特征，特色，特点adj. 特有的，典型的
14. cheer n. 欢呼声vt. & vi. （为…）欢呼；（使）振奋 --- cheerful adj. 令人愉快的; 快乐的
15. chemist n. 化学家；药剂师 --- chemistry n. 化学 --- chemical adj. 化学的n. 化学物；化学制品
16. child n.小孩，儿童 --- pl. children
17. China n.中国 --- Chinese adj.中国的 n.中国人; 华裔; 华人; 中国话; 汉语; 中文
18. choose (过去式：chose, 过去分词：chosen) vt. & vi. 选择，挑选；宁愿；决定 --- choice n. 选择；选择权；被选中的人/物
19. civil adj. 公民的，国民的；民用的，民事的；有礼貌的 --- civilisation(-zation) n. 文明 --- civilian adj. 民间的，平民的n. （与军、警等相对的）平民，老百姓
20. clear adj. 清澈的；晴朗的清醒的；清楚的 vi. 变清澈；转晴；恢复畅通vt. 清理；清除vt. & vi. （使）变清晰；（使）变清醒--- clarity n. 清晰; 清楚 --- clarify vt. 澄清（思想、问题等），阐明
21. class n. 班，班级；（一节）课；课程；上课；阶级，社会等级；等级vt. 把…分类 --- classify v. 分类; 划分 --- classification n. 分类; 归类
22. clean adj. 干净的，清洁的vt. & vi. （把…）弄干净，清理 --- cleaning n. 打扫; 扫除; 清洁 --- cleaner n. 清洁工; 吸尘器
23. clever adj. 聪明的，机灵的；灵巧的；巧妙的；机敏的 --- cleverness n. 聪明
24. cloth n. 布，织物，衣料；布块，桌布 --- clothes n. 衣服
25. close adj. 近的，靠近的，接近的；可能要…；几乎要…；亲密的，亲近的；密切的；仔细的，周密的，严密的；相差无几的；均势的adv. 紧紧地；接近地 --- closeness n. 密闭；狭窄；闷热; 接近；亲密; 紧密
26. cloud n. 云彩，云朵 --- cloudy adj. 多云的；阴天的
27. coast n. 海岸，海滨 --- coastal adj. 沿海的，靠近海岸的，海岸的
28. collect vt. 收集，采集；收藏；取走（某物）；接走（某人）vt. & vi. 募集；收取（租金、税等）；积聚，聚集 --- collection n. 收藏品，收集物
29. colour(color) n. 颜色，色彩；脸色；肤色 vt. 上色，给…着色vi. 变色；脸红 --- colourful adj. 五颜六色的; 颜色鲜艳的
bine vt. & vi. （使）结合，（使）组合 vt. 兼备；兼顾 --- combination n. 结合体; 混合体; 结合; 联合
31. come vi. 来；到来；达到 --- coming adj. 即将发生的; 下一个的 n. (新事物的)到来，来临
32. comedy n.喜剧 --- comedian n. 滑稽演员; 喜剧演员
fort n. 舒适（感）；安慰；令人感到安慰的人或物 vt. 安慰，慰藉 --- comfortable adj. 令人舒适的；（人）舒服的，自在的；宽裕的，小康的
mit vt. 犯（错误、罪行等）；投放；使用vt. & vi. （使）承担义务；（使）作出保证 --- commitment n. 投入；奉献；承诺，许诺，保证；承诺的事/责任 --- 过去式及过去分词：committed
municate vt. & vi. （与…）交流（信息等）；传达，表达vi. 沟通（情感等）vt. 传染（疾病） --- communication n. 交流，沟通；通讯系统；交通（网）
munist n. 共产主义者 adj. 共产主义（者）的 --- communism n. 共产主义; 共产主义制度
pare vt. 比较，对比；比喻，比拟vi. 比得上；相比 --- comparison n. [C] & [U] 比较；比拟
pete vi. 竞争；对抗；参加比赛 --- competitor n. 竞争对手; 参赛者--- competence n. 能力；胜任 --- competition n. 比赛，竞赛；竞争
plain vi. & vt. 抱怨 complaint n. 抱怨; 投诉; 不满
pose vt. 构成；组成；vt. & vi. 创作(乐曲、诗歌等)；vt. 撰写 --- composition n.成分; 构成; 组合方式; (音乐、艺术、诗歌的)作品; 作曲; 创作
41. comprehension n. 理解，领悟；理解力 --- comprehensive adj. 全面的；综合 (性) 的 n. [C] 综合中学
42. concentrate vt. & vi. （使）聚集于；专心，集中（注意力、思想等）；（使）浓缩 --- concentration n. 集中; 专心; 浓度
43. concern vt. 关于；涉及；使担心；使关心，使关注n. 担心；关心；担心的事，关心的事 --- concerned adj. 担心的; 关注的 --- concerning prep. 关于；涉及
44. conclude vt. 推断出，断定vt. & vi. 结束，终止 --- conclusion n. 结论，推论；结尾
45. condition n. 状况，情况；环境；条件；条约；条款 --- conditional adj. 有条件的; 条件的
46. conduct vt. 引导，带领；实施，进行；管理 vt. & vi. 指挥（军队、乐队等）n. 行为，举止；实施；管理，经营；经营方式 --- conductor n. 导体; (管弦乐队、合唱队等的)指挥; 列车长; 售票员
47. confidence n. 信心; 信任; 信赖; 自信心; 把握; 肯定 --- confident adj. 自信的; 有自信心的
48. Confucius n. 孔子 --- Confucianism n. [U] 孔子学说；儒教
49. confused adj. 困惑的；糊涂的；混乱的；难懂的 --- confuse v. 混淆; 使糊涂; 使迷惑
50. congratulation n. 祝贺，庆贺 --- congratulate v. 向(某人)道贺; 祝贺
51. connect vt. & vi. 连接，连结vt. 把…联系起来 ；给…接通电话；（火车、航班等）衔接vi. （融洽地）沟通，相处 --- connection n. 联系，关联; 联结
52. consequence n. 结果；后果；重要（性），重大 --- consequent adj. 随之而来的; 作为结果的
53. consider vt. & vi. （仔细）考虑 vt. 认为，觉得；体谅，顾及 --- considerate adj. 考虑周到的; 为(他人)着想的 --- considerable adj. 相当大的; 相当多(或重要等)的; 值得注意的 --- consideration n. 考虑; 深思
54. consist vi. 由…组成，由…构成；在于，存在于；符合 --- consistent adj. （人、言行、文章等）前后一致的，始终如一的 --- consistency n. 一致性; 连贯性; 黏稠度; 密实度
55. consultant n. 顾问，商议者，咨询者 --- consultation n. [U] 商量；咨询 --- consult v. 咨询; 请教
56. consume vt. 消耗，耗费；消费；吃光，喝光 --- consumption n. [U] 消费(量)；消耗 (量) --- consumer n. 消费者; 顾客; 用户
57. contain vt. 包含，含有；容纳；抑制，控制 --- container n. 容器; 集装箱; 货柜
58. continue vt. & vi. 继续，延续；持续vi. 持续，维持…的情况 --- continuous adj. 不断的; 持续的; 连续的
59. contradictory adj. 相矛盾的；引起抵触的 --- contradict v. 反驳; 相矛盾; 相反
60. contribution n. 贡献；捐款，捐献物；稿件，作品 --- contributor n. 贡献者; 投稿人 --- contribute v. 贡献; 捐献
61. convenient adj. 便利的，方便的；就近的；近便的 --- convenience n. 方便; 便利
62. cook n. 炊事员，厨师 vt. & vi. 烹调，烧，煮 --- cooker n. 厨具
63. cooperate vi 合作；协作；配合 --- cooperation n. 合作; 协作; 协助; 配合
64. corporate adj. 公司的；团体的；法人的 --- corporation n. (大)公司; 法人
65. correct vt. 改正，纠正，校正，矫正adj. 正确的，无误的；恰当的，得体的，妥当的；正当的 --- correction n. 校正; 修正; 改正; 纠正
66. count vt. 把…计算在内，包括；看作，认为vi. 数数；重要，有价值vt. & vi. 计数，计算总数 --- counter n. 柜台; 计算器
67. courage n. 勇气，胆量；勇敢 --- courageous adj. 勇敢的; 无畏的 --- encourage vt. 鼓励，激励
68. cover n. 盖子，覆盖物；封面vt. 覆盖；掩饰；包括，涉及；走完（一段路程）；占地；采访；报道；足以支付，够支付 --- coverage n. [U] 覆盖 (范围)；新闻报道；保险 (范围)
69. cream n. 奶油；含乳脂食品；乳霜 --- creamy adj. 含乳脂的; 奶油色的; 淡黄色的
70. create vt. 创造；创作；创立，创设；造成 --- creation n. 创造; 创作; 创建; 作品 --- creator n. 创造者；创作者; 造物主; 上帝; 发明者 --- creative adj 有创造力的；创造性的 --- creatively adv. 创造性地; 有创造力地 --- creativity n. 创造力; 创造性
71. crime n. （泛指）犯罪活动；罪，罪行；不道德的行为，罪过 --- criminal n. 罪犯 adj. 犯罪的; 刑法的; 刑事的; 犯法的
72. criterion n. （批评、判断、检验等的）标准，准则，尺度 --- pl. criteria
73. criticise(criticize) vi & vt 批评；批判；指责；vt 评价；评论 (艺术作品等) --- critical adj 批判的；挑剔的；紧要的；关键的 --- critic n. 批评家; 评论家
74. cross vt. & vi. （使）交叉，（与）交叉；越过，横过，渡过n. 十字形，交叉形；十字形物品 adj. 恼怒的; 十分愤怒的; 生气的 --- crossing n. 十字路口; 人行横道
75. crowd n. 人群；观众 vt. 挤满，塞满vi. 聚集；涌进；蜂拥而至 --- crowded adj. 拥挤的
76. culture n. 文化；文明；教养，教化 --- cultural adj. 文化的; 与文化有关的
77. curious adj. 好奇的，爱探究的；奇异的，奇怪的 --- curiosity n. 好奇心; 求知欲
78. current adj当前的；通用的；流通的；流行的n. [C] 水流；电流；气流 --- currency n.通货; 货币; 通用; 流行; 流传
79. custom n. 风俗，传统；日常习惯 --- customer n. 顾客，主顾，客户
字母D词性转换
1. danger n. 危险，风险 --- dangerous adj. 危险的
2. dark adj. 黑暗的；黑色的n. 黑暗，暗处 --- darkness n. 黑暗；阴暗
3. data n. 数据；资料，信息 --- database n. 数据库；资料库
4. die v. 死（亡）；灭亡 --- death n. 死亡 --- dead adj. 死的 --- deadly adv. 致命地
5. decide vt. & vi. 决定，选定；判断 --- decision n. 决定；决策 --- decisive adj. 果断的; 决定性的; 关键的
6. declare vt. 宣布，声明；声称，宣称 --- declaration n. 声明；宣称
7. decorate vt. & vi. 装饰，装潢，装修 --- decoration n. 装饰；装修
8. deep adj. 深的 --- depth n. 深（度），深处 --- deepen v. 变深
9. deer n. 鹿 --- pl. deer
10. defend vt. & vi. 防御 vt. 为…辩护--- defence(defense) n. 防御；防御物，防御能力；辩护；（体育运动中的）后卫，防守队员
11. definite adj. 确切的；肯定的 --- definitely adv. 确切地；肯定地
12. define v. 下定义 --- definition n. [C] & [U] 释义；定义
13. deliver vt. 投送，传送；使发表，使表达，讲；接生，使分娩 --- delivery n. 递送，投递
14. deny vt. 否认；否定；拒绝承认；拒绝接受；拒绝给予 --- denial n. 拒绝；否定
15. departure n. 启程，离开，出发 --- depart v. 启程，离开，出发
16. depend vi. 依靠，依赖；相信，信赖；由…决定，取决于 --- dependent adj. 依靠的; 依赖的 --- dependence n. 依靠，依赖
17. depress vt. 将 (某物) 压下；推下；使抑郁；使沮丧；使萧条--- depressed adj. 抑郁的; 沮丧的; 意志消沉的
18. describe vt. 描述，叙述，形容 --- description n. 描述，描写，形容，叙述
19. destroy vt. 毁坏，摧毁，毁掉；消灭，杀死 --- destruction n. 摧毁; 毁灭; 破坏
20. detail n. [C] 细节；琐事；[U] 详情 --- detailed adj. 详细的; 细致的; 精细的
21. detect vt 察觉；发现；侦查出 --- detective n. 侦探
22. determine vt. 确定，查明；是…的决定因素，影响vt. & vi. 决心，决意 --- determination n. 决心; 测定; 果断
23. develop vt. & vi.（使）发展，加强vt. 开发，形成；出现（问题）；使显影，冲洗 --- development n. 发展，开发，成长；事态发展，进展情况，开发成果
24. devote vt. 奉献，致力，专心 --- devotion n. 关照; 奉献; 忠诚; 专心
25. differ vi. 不同，相异；不同意，意见不合 --- difference n. 差别，差异；差额；（意见的）分歧（点），不和 --- different adj. 有差异的，不同的；各种的，另外的
26. difficult adj. 困难的，难懂的；不易相处的，难以讨好的，很难满足的 --- difficulty n. 困难，艰难；难事，难题；（尤指经济上的）困境；困难程度
27. dig vt. & vi. 掘（土），挖（洞、沟等），采掘 ---过去式：dug --- 过去分词：dug
28. digest vt. & vi. 消化 vt. 理解，领会 --- digestion n. 消化; 消化能力
29. dining n. [U] 进餐 --- dinner n. 正餐，主餐；宴会
30. direct adj. 直接的，直率的，直达的vt. 给…指路；指导，负责，管理；命令 vt. & vi. 导演，指挥 --- direction n. 方向，方位；指导，指挥，管理；指示，用法说明，（行路）的指引 --- director n. 导演；校长；经理；指挥
31. disabled adj. 残废的；丧失能力的 --- disability n. 障碍；残疾
32. disappear vi. 消失，不见；灭绝 --- disappearance n. 消失; 失踪
33. disappointed a. 失望的；沮丧的 --- disappoint v. 使失望；使沮丧
34. disaster n. 灾难，不幸，彻底的失败，彻底失败的人/事 --- disastrous adj. 灾难性的
35. discover vt. 发现，发觉；找到 --- discovery n. 发现，被发现的事物/真相/人
36. discrimination n. 歧视；区别对待；识别力，辨别力 --- discriminate v. 区分，辨别; 区别对待; 歧视
37. discuss vt. 讨论，商议，辩论 --- discussion n. 讨论，商议，辩论
38. distant adj. 远离的，远处的，久远的；疏远的；远亲的 --- distance n. 距离；遥远，远处，远方；冷淡，疏远
39. distinct adj. 明显不同的；截然不同的；明显的；清楚的 --- distinction n. 差别; 区别; 杰出; 特质 --- distinctive adj. 独特的; 特别的; 有特色的
40. distinguish vt. & vi. 区别；辨认；使有别于vt. 使杰出，使显出特色 --- distinguished adj. 杰出的; 卓越的; 显得重要的
41. distribution n. [U] 分配；配送；[C] & [U] 分布 --- distribute v. 分配; 分发; 分销; 分布
42. disturb vt. 扰乱；打扰；使心神不安 --- disturbing adj. 引起烦恼的; 令人不安的
43. diverse adj. 不同的，多种多样的 --- diversity n. 差异(性); 不同(点); 多样性; 多样化
44. divide vt. 划分，分配，分开；（被）除（尽）；把…作除数 --- division n. 分割，分配；分界线；部分，部门；除（法）；分裂，分歧，差异
45. donate vt. & vi. 捐赠，赠送 --- donation n. 捐赠物; 捐赠; 赠送
46. doubt n. 怀疑，疑惑，疑虑vt. 怀疑 --- doubtful adj. 可疑的; 怀疑的; 不确定的
47. drama n. [C] (一出) 戏；戏剧性事件；[U] 戏剧；戏剧艺术；戏剧文学 --- dramatic adj. 戏剧的；戏剧性的；给人印象深刻的；巨大的
48. draw v. 画; 拖(动); 拉(动); 吸引 n. 抽奖; 抽签; 和局 --- drawer n. 抽屉; 开票人; 出票人
49. drive (过去式：drove, 过去分词：driven) vt. & vi. 驾驶，开（车）vt. 驱赶，驱动，迫使n. 驱车旅行; 驾车路程；车道；驱动力，干劲 --- driver n. 司机，驾驶员
50. dry adj. 干的，干燥的，干旱的 vt. & vi. （使）变干；（把…）弄干 --- drought n. [U] & [C] 干旱；旱灾
51. during prep. 在…期间 --- duration n. [U] 持续；期间
52. dust n. 灰尘，尘埃 --- dusty adj. 尘土飞扬的; 布满灰尘的; 土灰色的; 灰暗的; 无光泽的
字母E词性转换
1.eager adj. 渴望的；热切的 --- eagerness n. 渴望；殷切；热忱；热情
2.easy adj. 容易的；易懂的；舒适的 --- ease n. [U] 舒适；悠闲；自在
3.east adj. 在东方的，向东的adv. 在东方，向东方n. 东，东方，东部(地区) --- eastern adj. (在)东方的；向东的
4.ecology n. 生态学；生态 --- ecological adj. 生态的 --- ecologist n. 生态学者
5.economic adj 经济 (学) 的；经济上的 --- economical adj. 经济的;实惠的;节俭的
6.editor n. 编辑，编者；剪辑者 --- edit v. 编辑; 编纂 n. 编辑 --- edition n. 版本; (报纸等的)一份
7.education n. 教育；教育学 --- educator n. 教育家，教师 --- educate v. 教育;教导
8.effect n. 效果，作用，结果，影响 --- effective adj. 有效的；起作用的
9.eight num. 八 --- eighth num. 第八
10.elder adj. 年龄较大的n. 长者，长辈；年龄较大者 --- elderly adj. (人) 较老的；上了年纪的
11.elect v. 选举；推选 --- election n. [C] & [U] 选举；推选
12.electric adj. 电的; 用电的; 电动的 --- electrical adj. 电的; 与电相关的 --- electronic adj. 电子的；电子器件的 --- electricity n. 电；电流；电学
13.emotion n. [C] & [U] 感情；情绪；激情 --- emotional adj. 情感的，情绪的
14.emphasis n. [C] & [U] 强调；重视；重读 --- emphasise/emphasize v. 强调；重视
15.employ vt. 雇用，聘请 --- employment n. 雇用，聘请 --- employee n. 雇员；员工 --- employer n. 雇主
16.encourage vt. 鼓励，激励；鼓动，劝告；促进，助长 --- encouragement n. 鼓励，激励
--- opp. discourage
17.energy n. 精力，力量；活力，干劲；能量 --- energetic adj. 精力旺盛的，有活力的，充满活力的
18.engine n. 发动机，引擎；火车头 --- engineer n. 工程师；技师
19.England n.英格兰（英国的主要部分），（泛指）英国 --- English n. [U] & [C] 英语；英文；[U] 英语学科；(the English) 英格兰人adj 英语的；英格兰 (人) 的；英国 (人) 的
20.enjoy vt. 欣赏，享受…之乐趣，喜爱；享有--- enjoyable adj. 令人愉快的，有乐趣的
21.enter vt. & vi. 进入 --- entry n. 进入，入场，进入权；入口处，门口 --- entrance n. 入口，门口；入场；进入权，进入许可
22.envy n. 忌妒，羡慕，羡慕对象/目标vt. 忌妒，羡慕 --- envious adj. 羡慕的，忌妒的
23.equal adj. 相等的，同样的，相等的；平等的 n. 同等的人/物vt. & vi. 等，比得上 --- equality n. 均等，平等；等式 --- equally adv. 平等地; 同样地
24.equipment n. 装备，设备，器械，装置 --- equip (过去式：equipped；过去分词：equipped) v. 装备，配备；使有所准备
25.erupt vi.（火山、喷泉等）喷发；（战争、感情等）爆发；突然发生 --- eruption n. 喷发；爆发
26.establish vt. 建立；创立；设立；确立；立足；得到认可 --- establishment n. 建立
27.Europe n. 欧洲 --- European adj. 欧洲的，欧洲人的n. 欧洲人
28.evaluate vt. 评价；评估 --- evaluation n. 评价；评估
29.evidence n. 证据，迹象；（法庭上的）证据，物证，证词 --- evident adj. 清楚的，显然的
30.exam n. 考试；检查 --- examine vt. 检查；调查；测验
31.excellent adj. 极好的；优秀的；杰出的 --- excellence n. 杰出，卓越
32.except conj. & prep. 除…外 --- exception n. 例外，除外 --- exceptional adj 杰出的；罕见的
33.excite v. 使兴奋；使激动 --- excited adj 兴奋的；激动的 --- exciting adj 令人兴奋的；使人激动的 --- excitement n. 令人激动（或兴奋）的事，刺激因素；激动，兴奋
34.exhibit v. 展览，展出 --- exhibition n. 展览，展出；展览品，展览会
35.exist vi. 存在；生存，生活 --- existence n. 存在；生存 --- existent adj. 存在的; 实有的; n. 存在(或实有)的事物
36.expand vt. & vi. 扩展；扩大；（使）膨胀 --- expansion n. [C] & [U] 扩大；扩张；扩充
37.expect vt. 等待；预料，预计；要求，期望，指望；料想，认为 --- expectation n. 期待；预期；期望
38.expense n. 支出，费用；代价 --- expensive adj. 昂贵的
39.experience n. 经验，实践；经历，阅历 --- experienced adj. 熟练的，有经验的
40.explain vt. & vi. 解释，说明，讲解 --- explanation n. 解释，说明
41.explode vt. & vi. (使)爆炸vi. （感情、暴力事件）爆发，激增 --- explosion n. 爆炸; 爆发
42.explore vt. & vi. 探测，探索vt. 探讨，探究 --- exploration n. 探索; 探究
43.expose vt. 使暴露，使显露；揭露，揭发 --- exposure n. [U] 暴露；显露；[U] 揭露；揭发
44.express vt. 表达，表示；特快发送n. 特快列车；快送，快递服务 --- expression n. 表达
45.extend vt. 伸开；展开；伸出；vt & vi (使) 延伸；(使) 延长；vt & vi (使) 扩大；(使) 扩展 --- extension n. 延伸，扩大；延长期；电话分机，分机号码
46.external adj 外 (面) 的；外部的 --- opp. internal 内部的
47.extinction n. [U] 灭绝；消亡 --- extinct v. 灭绝；消亡
48.extreme adj. 极大的，极度的 n. 极端，极度 --- extremely adv. 极其；非常
字母F词性转换
1.face n. 脸，面部 --- facial adj. 面部的
2.facilitate vt. 促进；使便利 --- facility n. [C] [复数] 设施；设备; 场所；建筑
3.fail vt. & vi. 不能，未能，失败 --- failure n. 失败；失败的人/事；故障，失灵
4.fair adj. 合理的，公平的；相当大的，相当多的 --- fairly adv. 相当地; 一定地; 公平合理地 --- fairness n. 公平; 公正性
5.faith n. 信任；信仰，信念；宗教 --- faithful adj. 忠实的；忠诚的；可信任的n. 信徒
6.fame n. 名声; 声誉; 名气 --- famous adj. 著名的，出名的 vt. 使闻名; 使出名; 使有名望
7.fantasy n. 幻想，想像；幻想作品 --- fantastic adj. 极好的
8.far adj. 较远的；远端的；远的adv.（距离）远，（时间）久；（程度）…得多，很，极 --- 比较级和最高级：farther, farthest; further, furthest
9.farm n. 农场，饲养场 --- farmer n. 农民，农场主
10.fashion n. [U] & [C] (服饰等的) 流行式样；最新款式；[C] (谈吐、行为等的) 时尚；[U] 时装业 --- fashionable adj. 时尚的
11.favour(favor) n. 恩惠，善意行为；好感，喜爱，赞同 --- favourable adj. 有利的; 给人好印象的; 肯定的; 赞同的 --- favourite(favorite) n. 特别喜爱的人/物，受宠的人adj. 最喜爱的
12.fear n. 害怕，恐惧，担忧vt. 害怕，畏惧；担心，担忧 --- fearful adj. 担心的; 可怕的 --- fearless adj. 无畏的
13.feel (过去式：felt, 过去分词：felt) vt. 感觉，感到，觉得 --- feeling n. （身体部位的）感觉，知觉；（内心的）感觉，感受；情感，感情
14.five num. 五 --- fifth num. 第五 n. 五分之一 --- fifteen num. 十五 n. 十五人组成的橄榄球队 --- fifty num. 五十
15.fight (过去式：fought, 过去分词：fought) vt. & vi. (与…)作战；(与…)打架，争吵；努力争取，(为…)奋斗；(与…)斗争 n. 战斗，打斗；斗争，争吵 --- fighter n. 战士;战斗机
16.finally adv 最后；最终 --- final adj. (指结果)最终的; 最后的; 决定性的n. 决赛; 大学毕业考试; 期终结业考试
17.finance n. 财政，金融；资金，财务状况 --- financial adj. 财政的; 财务的; 金融的; 有钱的
18.find (过去式：found, 过去分词：found) vt.（意外）发现，找回，查明；认为，发觉 --- finding n. [C] 发现；调查 / 研究结果
19.firm adj. 坚硬的，牢固的，稳固的；坚决的，坚定的，强有力的n.（合作）商号，（小型的）公司 --- firmly adv. 坚决地; 坚定地; 坚固地
20.fish n. (pl. fish/fishes) 鱼；鱼肉vt. & vi. 钓鱼，捕鱼 --- fisherman n. (pl. fishermen) 渔民，渔夫
21.fit vt. & vi.（使）合适；（使）合身vt. 符合，使…一致；使合格，使胜任；可容纳，装进；安装adj. 适合的，合格的，能胜任的；健康的，强健的 --- fitness n. 健身; 健康; 健壮
22.flexible adj. 易弯曲的，柔韧的；可变通的，灵活的 --- flexibility n. 灵活性; 柔韧性
23.fluent adj. 流利的，熟练的 --- fluency n. 流利; 流畅; 熟练自如
24.fly(过去式：flew；过去分词：flown) vt. 驾驶（飞机等）；飞越，放飞vt. & vi. （使）飘扬；逃走vi. 飞，飞翔；航行；飞奔；（时间）飞逝n. 乘飞机旅行n. 苍蝇 --- flight n. 飞行；航班，空中旅行；逃跑
25.foggy adj. 有雾的，雾蒙蒙的；模糊的 --- fog n. 雾
26.fold vt. 折叠，合拢；包，裹vi. 折起来；可以折叠 --- opp. unfold v. (使)展开;打开;(使)逐渐展现
27.foot n. 足，脚；脚步；（单数）底部；（行列等的）末尾；英尺 --- pl. feet
28.formal adj 正式的；正式场合用的；正规的；形式 (上) 的 --- informal adj. 不拘礼节的; 非正式的; 口语体
29.former adj. 以前的，从前的；前任的；在前的，（两者中）前面的 --- opp. latter
30.fortunately adv. 幸运地；幸亏 --- fortune n. 财富; 运气; 命运 --- fortunate adj. 幸运的 --- opp. unfortunately
31.found vt. 创办，创立，创建 --- foundation n. [U] 创建；创办；[C] & [U] 基础；基本原则；根据；[C] 地基；房基；[C] 基金会
32.four num. 四 n. 四个一组之物 --- fourteen num. 十四 --- forty num. 四十 --- fourth num. 第四 n. 四分之一
33.France n.法兰西，法国 --- French adj.法国的; 法国人的; 法语的 n.法语
34.free adj. 自由的，随心所欲的；空闲的，（房屋等）空余的；免费的，免税的adv. 自由地，无阻碍地；免费地，无偿地vt. 使自由，释放；免除，使摆脱 --- freedom n. 自由，自主；自由权
35.freeze (过去式：froze, 过去分词：frozen) vt. & vi. （使）结冰；（人）冻僵；（水管、机器等）冻住；冷冻，冷藏；僵住，不动vi. （天气）冰冷
36.frequency n. [U] & [C] 频繁；发生率 --- frequent adj. 频繁的；经常的--- frequently adv. 频繁地；经常地
37.friend n. 朋友，伙伴 --- friendly adj. 友好的；（事物）便利的；对…无害的 --- friendship n. 友谊，友爱，友情
38.frighten v. 吓唬; 使惊吓; 使惊恐 --- frightened adj. 受惊的；害怕的 --- fright n. 恐惧; 惊吓; 恐怖
39.fruit n. 水果，果实；成果，结果，产物 --- fruitful adj. 硕果累累的; 富有成效的; 成果丰硕的; 富饶的
40.fun n. 享乐，乐趣；有趣的人/事物，给人乐趣的行为/言语adj. 给人欢乐的；有趣的 --- funny adj. 滑稽的，有趣的；奇怪的
字母G词性转换
1.gather vt. & vi.（使）聚集 vt. 搜集，采集；收（庄稼等）；渐增 --- gathering n. 聚集; 聚会; 收集; 采集
2.general adj. 全体的，大体的；普遍的，综合的 --- generally adv. 通常地; 普遍地; 广泛地
3.generate vt. 产生；创造 --- generation n. 代，世代，一代人；产生
4.generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的 --- generosity n. 慷慨，大方
5.gentle adj. （性格）温和的，轻柔的 --- adv. gently 温柔地，轻柔地
6.genuine adj 真 (实) 的；真诚的 --- genuinely adv. 真正地;真诚地
7.geography n. 地理，地理学；地形，地貌，地势 --- geographic/geographical adj. 地理（学）（上）的；地区（性）的 --- geographically adv. 地理学上
8.Germany n. 德国 --- German adj. 德国的n. 德国人; 德语
9.gift n. 礼物；天赋，天资；才能 --- gifted adj. 有天赋的；有才华的
10.globe n. 球；球状物；地球仪；地球，世界 --- global adj 全球的；全世界的；全面的；总体的
11.gold n. 金，黄金；金币；金色，金黄色；金质奖章，金牌adj. 金（制）的；金色的 ；黄金般的 --- golden adj. 金的，金制的，金质的; 金色的；美好的
12.good adj. 好的，；愉快的；善良的；有益的；擅长的；好的 --- 比较级：better --- 最高级：best
13.gradual adj. 逐渐的; 渐进的 --- gradually adv. 逐渐地
14.graduate n. 大学毕业生; 毕业生 vt. 使…毕业；授予…学位vi. 接受学位；毕业 --- graduation n. 毕业
15.gravity n. 重力，地心引力；严肃，庄重；严重性 --- grave n. 坟墓; 死亡 adj. 严重的; 严肃的
16.greed n. 贪婪 --- greedy adj. 贪吃的；贪婪的；渴望的
17.greet vt. 打招呼，问候；迎接 --- greeting(s) n. 招呼; 问候; 迎接; 致意
18.grow (过去式：grew, 过去分词：grown) vt. 种植；栽；使生长；留（须、发等）vi. 生长，成长，发育；扩大，增加；逐渐变得，成为；逐渐形成；产生 --- growth n. 生长，成长
19.guide n. 向导，导游；指导者；指南，手册vt. 为…领路，带领；引导 --- guidance n. 引导，指导；咨询；导航 --- guideline n. [C] 指导方针；指导原则
20.guilty adj. 有罪的，犯罪的；内疚的，惭愧的 --- guilt n. 内疚; 悔恨; 犯罪; 罪行
21.gym n. 体育馆， 健身房 (=gymnasium)；（尤指学校的）室内体育活动 --- gymnastics n. 体操；体操训练
字母H词性转换
1. hand n. 手；（钟表的）指针；人手，雇员；协助，帮助vt. 递，给，交 --- handful adj. 一把；少量
2. hang vt. & vi. 悬挂，（使）低垂 (过去式：hung, 过去分词：hung)
vt. （被）吊死，（被）绞死(过去式：hanged, 过去分词：hanged)
3. happy adj. 幸福的；快乐的；满意的 --- happiness n. 快乐，幸福 --- happily ad. 快乐地；幸运地
4. hard adj. 硬的，坚固的；困难的，费力的；艰难的，难以忍受的；努力的，拼命的；冷酷无情的，严格的adv. 努力地，艰苦地；猛烈地，重重地 --- hardly adv. 几乎不，简直不
5. harm n. 伤害，损害，危害vt. 伤害；损害 --- harmful adj. 有害的 --- opp. harmless 无害的
6. harmony n. 和谐，和睦，融洽；和声 --- harmonious adj 协调的；和谐的；和睦的
7. health n. 健康；卫生 --- healthy adj. 健康的
8. hear (过去式：heard, 过去分词：heard) vt. & vi. 听见；听说，闻知；（注意）听，倾听，听取 --- hearing n. 听力，听觉
9. high adj. （高度）高的；（程度/数量等）高的；高级的，高尚的，重要的；剧烈的adv. 高 --- height n. 高，高度，海拔；顶点
10. help n. 帮助，帮忙；助手，帮手；有用；挽救，帮助 vt. & vi. 帮助，援助；有用，有助于，促使 --- helpful adj. 有帮助的，有益的；便利的 --- opp. helpless
11. hero (pl. heroes) n. 英雄；男主角，男主人公 --- heroine n. 女英雄；女主角，女主人公 --- heroic adj. 英雄的；矢志不渝的；男主角的
12. hesitate vi. 犹豫，踌躇，顾虑 --- hesitation n. 犹豫，踌躇
13. hide (过去式：hid, 过去分词：hidden) vt. & vi.（把…）藏起来，隐藏vt. 遮掩，遮挡；隐瞒，掩饰
14. history n. 历史 --- historic adj. [常用于名词前]历史上著名的；有历史意义的 --- historical adj. 历史的；历史学的
15. hit (过去式：hit, 过去分词：hit)vt. 敲击，打击，击中；撞击，碰撞；袭击，使受害，使遭受；偶然发现，使突然想起n. 打击，击中，（对网站的）点击；风行一时的作品，轰动一时的成功人物
16. hold (过去式：held，过去分词：held)vt. & vi 支撑（重量）；（使）保持（在某种位置）vt. 拿着，抱着，抓住；容纳，装得下；举行，进行；担任，拥有，保持；持有（见解等），认为；使（注意力或兴趣）不减；保存，保留；抑制，停住
17. honest adj. 老实的，诚实的，正直的；坦白的，直率的 --- honesty n. 诚实，正直
18. honour(honor) n. 荣誉，名誉；尊敬，敬意；荣幸，光荣；光荣的人/事；头衔，荣誉称号vt. 向…表示敬意；给予…荣誉，表彰 --- honourable adj. 可敬的；品格高尚的；体面的；尊敬的
19. hope n. 希望，可能；寄予希望的人/物 vt. & vi. 希望，期待 --- hopeful adj. 满怀希望的；有希望的 --- hopeless adj. 无望的；（感到）绝望的
20. horrible adj. 可怕的，恐怖的；极讨厌的，糟透的 --- horror n. 震惊，恐惧；惧怕--- horrify v. 使感到震惊，使产生反感
21. host n. 主人；东道主；（广播、电视的）主持人vt. 主办；主持 --- hostess n. 女主人；女主持人
22. humorous adj. 幽默的，诙谐的 --- humour/humor n. 幽默，诙谐
23. hungry adj. 饥饿的；渴望的 --- hunger n. 饥饿感；饥饿；渴望 v. 渴求，渴望；挨饿
24. hunt n. 打猎；搜索，搜寻vt. & vi. 追猎，猎取vi. 搜索 --- hunter n. 猎人，捕猎者；搜寻者
25. hurry n. 匆忙，仓促vt. & vi. （使）赶紧，匆忙（做）vt. 催促 --- hurriedly ad.匆忙地，仓促地
26. hurt (过去式：hurt, 过去分词：hurt)n. 创伤，伤痛，打击vt. & vi. （使…）疼痛；（使）痛心，（使）伤心vt. 使受伤；损害，危害
字母I词性转换
1.ice n. 冰，冰块 --- icy a. 冰冷的; 冰冻的
2.identify vt. 认出；识别；确认；找出；表明…的身份 --- identity n. 身份；（区别人或群体的）个性/特征；相同，一致 --- identification n. 识别; 鉴定; 辨认; 确定; 确认
3.ignore vt. 不理会，忽视 --- ignorant adj. 不了解的; 无知的; 愚昧的 --- ignorance n. 无知; 愚昧
4.ill (比较级：worse, 最高级：worst) adj. 生病的；坏的，有害的 --- illness n. 疾病
5.illegal adj. 不合法的，违法的 --- opp. legal
6.illustrate vt. 给…作插图；(用示例、图画等) 说明；解释 --- illustration n. 插图; 图解; 图示
7.image n. [C] & [U] 影像；图像；形象；印象 --- imagine vt. 想象，设想；胡思乱想，误以为；料想，认为 --- imagination n. 想象力; 想象; 想象的事物
8.imply vt. 含有…的意思；暗示；暗指；说明；表明 --- implication n. 可能的影响(或作用、结果); 含意; 暗指; (被)牵连，牵涉
9.import n. 进口物品；进口，输入 vt. 进口，输入；引进 --- opp. export
10.important adj. 重要的，地位高的，显要的 --- importance n. 重要性; 重要; 重大
11.impossible adj. 不可能的 --- opp. possible adj.
--- impossibility n. 办不到的事；不可能（性） --- opp. possibility n.
12.impress vt. 给…留下极深的印象，使钦佩；使意识到，使铭记 --- impressive a. adj. 给人印象深刻的; 令人赞叹的; 令人敬佩的 --- impression n. 印象，感觉；印记，压痕
13.improve vt. & vi. 改善，提高 --- improvement n. 改善; 改进
14.include vt. 包含，包括；把…列入，使…成为…一部分 --- including prep. 包括…在内
15.increase n. 增加，增长vt. & vi. 增加，增长 --- opp. decrease
16.incredible adj 难以置信的；无法相信的；极好的 --- opp. credible adj.
--- incredibly adv. 难以置信地；极其 --- opp. credibly adv. 可信地；确实地
17.independent adj. 独立的； 自立的 --- independence n. 独立(之日); 自主 --- opp. dependent adj.
18.India n. 印度 --- Indian n.印度人; 加拿大土著; 加拿大印第安人 adj. 印度的; 印第安人的
19.indicate vt. 指示，指出；表明，显示 --- indication n. 指示; 显示; 表明
20.individual adj. [只用于名词前] 单独的；个人的 n. [C] 个人；个体；人 --- individuality n. 个性; 个人(或个体)特征
21.industry n. 工业；产业；行业 --- industrial adj. 工业的; 产业的
22.infection n. [U] 传染；[C] 传染病 --- infect vt. 传染; 使携带病菌 --- infective adj. 会传染的; 传染性的
23.influence n. 影响；有影响的人/物vt. 影响 --- influential adj 有影响的；有势力的
24.information n. 信息，消息；通知 --- inform v. 报告; 知会，通知，告知; （使）了解
25.injury n. （身体上的）伤；损害；（情感上的）伤害 --- injure vt. 伤害，使受伤 --- injured adj. 受伤的; 有伤的; 受伤的人
26.inner adj. 内部的；内心的 --- opp. outer adj.
27.innocent adj. 无罪的，无辜的；天真的，单纯的，无知的 --- innocence n. 清白; 无罪; 天真
28.input n. [C] & [U] 投入 (时间、知识等)；(计算机) 输入 v. 输入 --- opp. output n.
29.inquire vi. & vt. 询问；打听 --- inquiry n. 调查; 查询; 询问
30.inside adv. 在/向里面，在/向室内，在心里prep. 在…里面 --- opp. outside
31.inspection n. [U] & [C] 视察；检查 --- inspect v. 检查; 查看; 审视; 视察
32.inspire vt. 激励，鼓舞；激发，唤起；启发，给…灵感 --- inspiration n. 灵感; 启发灵感的人(或事物)
33.instant adj. 立刻的，马上的；即食的n. 瞬间，即刻 --- instantly adv. 立刻; 立即; 马上 conj. 一…就
34.institute n. （研究）所/院，学院 --- institution n. 机构；慈善机构；制度
35.instruction n. 指示，命令；教育，指导；用法说明，操作指南 --- instruct v. 指导; 指示; 通知; 命令 --- instructor n. 教练; 导师; (大学)讲师
36.insurance n. 保险；保证；保险金 --- insure v. 投保; 给…保险
37.integrate vi & vt (使) 结合；(使) 合并 --- integrated adj. 集成的; 综合的
38.intelligent adj. 聪明的；有才智的；有智力的 --- intelligence n. 智力; 才智; 智慧
39.intend vt. 想要，打算 --- intention n. 意图，目的
40.intense adj 强烈的；激烈的 --- intensely adv. 强烈地; 紧张地
41.interaction n. [C] & [U] 交流；互动；相互作用 --- interact v. 互动; 相互作用; 交流 --- interactive adj. 互相作用的，互相影响的; 互动的，互相交流的
42.interest n. 兴趣；吸引力，趣味；感兴趣的事，爱好；利息vt. 使…感兴趣 --- interesting adj. 令人感兴趣的，有意思的 --- interested adj. 感兴趣的; 关心的
43.internal adj 内部的；体内的；内心的 --- opp. external
44.interpret vt. 解释；阐述；vt & vi (口头) 翻译 --- interpreter n. 口译译员; 口译工作者 --- interpretation n. 理解; 解释; 说明; 演绎; 演奏方式; 表演方式; 口译
45.interrupt vt. & vi. 打扰，打断；中断，阻断 --- interruption n. 中断; 打扰; 阻断物
46.intervention n. [C] & [U] 干涉；干预；介入 --- intervene v. 干预; 介入; 出面; 插嘴; 打断(别人的话)
47.interview n. 采访；会见；面试vt. 采访；会见；面试 --- interviewer n. 主持面试者; 采访者 --- interviewee n. 受访者; 参加面试者; 接受采访者
48.introduce vt. 介绍，引见；引进，传入；推行，采用 --- introduction n. 引见，介绍；引进，采用；入门导读，序言
49.invent vt. 发明，创造；编造 --- invention n. 发明（物），创造（物） --- inventor n. 发明者; 发明家; 创造者
50.investigate vt. & vi. 调查；侦查；调查研究 --- investigation n. 调查; (正式的)侦查; 科学研究
51.investment n. [U] 投资；[C] 投资额；投资物 --- invest v. 投资; 投入(时间、精力等)
52.invite vt. 邀请；请求，征求 --- invitation n. 邀请; 请柬
53.it pron. 它；这；那 --- its pron. 它的 --- itself pron. 它自己，它本身
字母J词性转换
1. jam n. 果酱；阻塞 --- jammed adj. 卡住了; 动弹不得; 挤满的
2. Japan n.日本 --- Japanese n.日本人;日语adj.日本的;日本人的;日语的;日本文化的
3. jog (过去式：jogged；过去分词：jogged) vi. 慢跑 --- jogging n. 慢跑锻炼
4. journal n. [C] 日报；杂志；期刊；日志；日记 --- journalist n. 记者；新闻工作者
5. joy n. 欢乐，高兴；乐事，乐趣 --- joyful adj. 高兴的; 快乐的; 令人愉快的 --- enjoy v. 享受
6. judge n. 法官；裁判员；鉴定人 v. 判断；评价；裁判 vt. 估计 --- judgement n. 判断; 判断力
7. juice n. （水果、蔬菜、肉类等的）汁、液 --- juicy adj. 多汁的; 生动有趣的; 报酬丰厚的
8. junior adj. 初级的；年少的n. 年少者；等级较低者；（高中/四年制大学中）三年级的 --- opp. senior adj. 级别(或地位)高的; 成人的;（高中或大学）毕业年级的 n. 较…年长的人; 级别(或地位)较高者；毕业班学生
9. just adv. 正好，恰好；刚刚，刚才；只是，仅仅adj. 公正的，正直的，正义的 --- justice n. 正义，公正，公道；法律制裁，司法制度 --- justify vt. 证明…正当 / 有理；为…辩护；对…作出解释 --- justification n. 正当理由
字母K词性转换
10. kind adj. 仁慈的，友爱的，好意的 n. 种类 --- kindness n. 仁慈; 善良; 体贴
11. king n. 国王，大王 --- kingdom n. 王国；界，范围
12. knife n.刀，餐刀 --- pl. knives
13. know (过去式：knew, 过去分词：known) vt. & vi. 知道，认识，懂得 --- knowledge n. 知识，学问；知道，理解，认识 --- knowledgeable adj. 博学的; 有见识的; 知识渊博的
字母L词性转换
1.lack n. 缺乏，不足(of) vt. & vi. 缺乏，短少；没有 --- lacking (in) adj. 缺乏的，不足的；缺失的
2.large adj. （体积、容积、面积方面）大的；巨大的；多的，量大的 --- enlarge v. 扩大; 扩展; 增大; 放大
3.last adj. 最后的，仅剩的；最近的，上一个的；最不可能的，最不合适的adv. 最近，上次；最后n. （与 the 连用）最后的人/事/物 vt. & vi. （使）持续，（使）持久；（使）度过，（使）支撑，（使）活过；维持，够用 --- lasting adj. 持久的; 继续存在的; 耐久的
4.late adj. 晚的，迟到的；晚期的adv. 晚，迟 --- 比较级：later；最高级：latest
5.laugh n. 笑，笑声vt. & vi. 笑 --- laughter n. 笑; 笑声
6.law n. 法律（体系）；法令，法规；法学，法律界；（科学、哲学上的）原理，定律 --- lawyer n. 律师，法学家
7.lay (过去式：laid, 过去分词：laid)vt. 放，搁；安排，布置vt. & vi. 下（蛋），产（卵）
8.lazy adj. 懒惰的，懒散的 --- laziness n. 怠惰，懒散
9.lead (过去式：led, 过去分词：led)vt. & vi. 引路，通向；引领，率领；领先，率先vt. 过（…的生活）vi. 致使，导致n. 铅，铅笔芯；领先，领先地位 --- leader n. 领袖，领导人 --- leadership n. [U] 领导；领导力；领导
10.leaf n. 叶子；（书刊等的）一张（两面）--- pl. leaves
11.learn (过去式：learned/learnt, 过去分词：learned/learnt)vt. & vi. 学习，学会；（逐渐）领悟，认识到；获悉，听说vt. 熟记，背熟 --- learned adj. 有学问的; 学到的; 知识渊博的; 博学的
12.leave (过去式：left, 过去分词：left)vt. & vi. 离开，出发；使处于（某种状态）；剩下，剩余；造成，留下（某种结果）；留下（便条、口信等）；遗忘，丢下；把…交给，委托n. 休假，假期
13.legal adj. 法律上的；合法的，法定的 --- opp. illegal
14.lend (过去式：lent, 过去分词：lent) vt. 借出，把…借给
15.long adj.（距离、长度）长的；长时间的，长期的adv. 长久地，长期地；在整个期间vi. 渴望 --- length n. 长，长度；（时间的）长度 --- lengthen v. (使)变长
16.less pron.(与不可数名词连用)较少的，更少的adv. 较少; 较小; 更少; 更小; 没那么多; 少adj. 小的; 比较小的; (用在形容词的后面表示喜爱或厌恶，尤指屈尊俯就地)可爱的，可怜的，讨厌的; 年幼的; 幼小的 --- lessen v.减少; (使)变小，变少，减弱，减轻
17.liberation n. 解放，解脱 --- liberate v. 解放; 使自由
18.library n. 图书馆 --- librarian n. 图书管理员
19.lie vi. 平躺，平放；位于；（指抽象事物）存在，在于；处于某种状态 ---过去式：lay；过去分词：lain
lie vi. 说谎(过去式：lied, 过去分词：lied) n. 谎言
20.life n. (pl. lives) 生存，生命；生物，活物；一生，生涯；生活，人生；活力，生气，活跃
21.light adj. 明亮的；浅色的；轻的，轻柔的，轻松的；少量的，清淡的n. 光线，光（亮）；灯(过去式：lit/lighted, 过去分词：lit/lighted) vt. & vi. 点燃；照亮
22.like prep. 像，和…一样；比如，例如vt. 喜欢；希望，想要 --- opp. dislike vt. 不喜欢; 厌恶 n. 厌恶; 不喜爱; 不喜欢的事物 --- likely adj. 很可能的 --- likelihood n. 可能; 可能性
23.limit vt. 限制，限定 n. 限度；限制；限量；界限，范围--- limitation n. 限制; 控制 --- limited adj. 有限的；不多的 --- unlimited adj. 无限的; 无限制的; 尽量多的 --- limitless adj. 无限制的; 无界限的
24.link n. 环节；联系，关联；（交通、沟通的）连接线，（互联网的）链接vt. 连接，联系 --- linking n. 连接；联系；结合
25.literature n. 文学 --- literary adj. 文学（上）的 --- literally adv. 照字义；根据字面意思
26.little (比较级：less, 最高级：least) adj. 小的，幼小的；少的，几乎没有的；短暂的，短距离的；琐碎的，微不足道的adv. 少，几乎没有；一点儿也不
27.live vi. 活着，存活；居住vt. & vi. 生活，过（生活）adj. 活的，有生命的；精力充沛的，充满活力的；现场直播的，现场表演的 --- living adj. 活的；活着的；在使用的n. [C] & [U] 生活；生计 --- lively adj. 活泼的，有生气的，（思想）活跃的；（色彩）鲜艳的，（描写等）生动的 --- alive adj. 活着的; 情绪饱满的
28.load n. 负载（物）；工作量，负担v.装上，装入; 装载; 大量给予 --- opp. unload
29.locate v. 定位; 找出…的准确位置 --- location n. [C] 地点；位置
30.lock n. 锁 vt. & vi. 锁上，锁住 --- opp. unlock
31.logic n. 思维方式; 解释方法; 逻辑 --- logical adj. (符合) 逻辑的；合乎情理的 --- logically adv. 逻辑上
32.loose adj. 松的，松散的；自由的 --- loosen v. 放松; (使)变松; 解开(衣服、头发等); 松开(手等)
33.lose (过去式：lost, 过去分词：lost) vt. 失去，丢失，丧失；迷失，使迷路；错过，浪费vt. & vi. 输（去），负（于）；（使）亏损，（使）损失 --- loss n. 遗失，失去，丧失；死亡，去世；亏损，损失 --- lost adj. 迷路的; 失去的; 丢失的; 迷失的; 丧失的
34.loud adj. （声音）响亮的，大声的，吵闹的 --- loudly adv.
35.love n. 爱，热爱，爱戴；爱好，喜爱；恋爱，爱情vt. 爱，热爱，爱戴；喜欢，爱好；想，愿意 --- lovely adj. 美丽的，可爱的；令人愉快的
36.low adj. （高度方面）低的，矮的；（在声音、量、价值等方面）低的；情绪低落的，不高兴的adv. 低；低声地；低价地 (比较级：lower, 最高级：lowest) --- lower v. 降低; 把…放低; 使…降下
37.luck n. 幸运，运气；命运 --- lucky adj. 幸运的，带来好运的 --- luckily adv. 幸运地 --- opp. unluckily adv.
38.luxury n. [U] 奢侈；奢华；[C] 奢侈品 --- luxurious adj. 十分舒适的; 奢侈的
字母M词性转换
1.machine n. 机器，机械（装置）--- mechanic n. 机械师; 机械修理工; 技工; 力学; 机械学 --- mechanical adj. 机动的，机械的，发动机的 --- mechanism n. 机械装置; 机件; 方法; 机制
2.magic n. 魔法，魔术；魔力，魅力adj. 魔法的，魔术的；有魔力的，不可思议的 --- magician n. 魔术师
3.main adj. 主要的，最重要的 --- mainly adv. 主要地
4.major adj. 主要的，重要的，重大的；（专业课程中）主修的 --- majority n. 多数，大多数
opp. minor adj. --- minority n.
5.make (过去式：made, 过去分词：made) vt. 制造，做，使生产；制定，写；挣得；使，使得；成为，变成
6.male adj. 男的，男性的；雄性的n. 男性，雄性；雄株 --- opp. female
7.man (pl. men) n.（成年）男子，男子汉；（不论性别的）人；人类 --- manly adj. 有男子汉气概的; 强壮的
8.manage vt. & vi. 管理，经营；设法做成，努力完成vt. 控制，对付；合理地利用（金钱、时间等）vi. 支撑，凑合着活下去 --- manager n. 经理 --- management n. 经营；管理；经营者；管理部门； (成功的)处理手段
9.many (比较级：more, 最高级：most) adj. 许多，多的pron. 许多，很多人
10.mark n. 污渍，痕迹；记号，（感情等的）标记，标志；成绩，分数；靶子，目标vt. 留痕迹于，作记号于；标志，表示…的特征；庆祝，纪念；（给试卷等）打分数 --- marker n. (表示方位的)标记，记号; 标志
11.market n. 市场，集市；（对商品而言的）市场，销路，行情 --- marketing n. 促销; 营销; 销售活动
12.marry vt. 娶，嫁，和…结婚vi. 结婚，结合 --- marriage n. 结婚，婚姻；结婚仪式，婚礼
13.mass n. 团，块，堆；众多，大量；群众，民众；（物理学）质量 --- massive adj 大而重的；大规模的；巨大的
14.master n.（男）主人，（男）雇主；能手，大师；硕士vt. 精通，掌握；控制住（强烈的情绪） --- mastery n. 精通; 熟练掌握; 控制
15.maximum n. (pl. maxima) 最大量，最大值，最大限度adj. 最大的，最大限度的 --- opp. minimum
16.may (过去式: might) modal v. 可能，也许；可以；祝，愿；可以，能够
17.me pron. 我(I的宾格) --- mine pron. 我的(I的名词性物主代词) --- my pron. 我的（I的形容词性物主代词） --- myself pron. 我自己；我亲自，我本人
18.mean (过去式：meant, 过去分词：meant) vt. 表示…的意思；意思是（说）；意味着；意欲，打算adj. 吝啬的，小气的；卑鄙的，刻薄的 --- meaning n. 意思，含义；意义，重要性 --- means n. 方法，手段
19.measure vt. & vi. 测量，测定vt. 估量，衡量vi. 有…长/宽/高等n. 措施; 方法; (一定的)量; 尺度; 标准; 程度 --- measurement n. 测量; 度量; (某物的)尺寸，长度，数量 --- measurable adj. 可测量的; 可度量的
20.medical adj. 医学的，医疗的 --- medicine n. 药（物），内服药；医学，医术
21.medium (pl. media) n. 媒质，媒介物；新闻媒体，传媒；手段，工具adj. 中等的，中间的，适中的
22.meet (过去式：met, 过去分词：met) vt. & vi. 偶遇，结识，碰面；（与…）交锋，（与…）交手；接触，会合vt. 迎接；经历，遭遇；满足，达到（目标等）n. 会，集会 --- meeting n. 会议，集会；会面，会见；运动会
23.member n. 成员，会员 --- membership n. [U] 会员身份；会员；会员数
24.memory n. 记性，记忆力；记忆，回忆，记忆中的人或事物；存储器，存储量 --- memorial adj. 纪念的，悼念的n. 纪念物；纪念日；纪念馆；纪念碑 --- memorise/memorize v. 记住，熟记
25.mental adj. 精神的，心理的；脑力的 --- mentally adv. 精神上; 智力上; 思想上
26.mercy n. 仁慈，怜悯，宽大 --- merciful adj. 宽大的; 仁慈的; 慈悲的
27.mess n. 杂乱，脏乱；困境，混乱 --- messy adj. 肮脏的; 凌乱的; 不整洁的
28.milk n. 奶，牛奶；（植物的）乳液vt. 挤奶；抽取（树等的）乳液 --- milky adj. 奶制的; 含奶多的; 奶的
29.mine n. 矿山，矿井；（知识等的）宝库vt. & vi. 开采，采掘 --- mineral n. 矿物adj. 矿物的，含矿物的
30.miss vt. & vi. 未击中，未得到，未赶上vt. 未看到，未听到，未察觉，未领会；未出席，缺席；逃脱，幸免；发觉遗失，感到…不在；想念，怀念，留恋 --- missing adj. 丢失的；失踪的；缺少的
31.mist n. 薄雾，霭 --- misty adj. 多雾的; 模糊的
32.mistake n. 错误，过失；误会vt. 弄错，误解(过去式：mistook, 过去分词：mistaken) --- mistaken adj. 错误的; 不正确; 判断错误的; 被误解的;
33.mix vt. & vi.（使）混合，（使）掺和，（使）融合vt. 调制，调配vi. 交往，相处，交际 --- mixture n. 混合，混合物
34.month n. 月 --- monthly adj. 每月的；按月的 adv. 每月；每月一次n. [C] 月刊
35.moral adj. 道德（上）的，道义上的n. 道德规范/准则，品行；寓意，教益 --- morality n. 道德; 道德准则; 道义
36.most adj. 最多的，最大的；大多数的adv. 最；很，十分 --- mostly adv. 主要地；多半
37.mount n. (缩写为Mt) 山；峰 v. 准备；安排；组织开展；逐步增加；登上；爬上；攀登 --- mountain n. 高山，山岳 --- mountainous adj. 多山的; 巨大的; 山一般的
38.mouse n. (pl. mice) 鼠；(pl. mice/mouses) 鼠标
39.motion n. [C] & [U] 动；运动；动作 --- motive n. [C] 动机；目的（*带有贬义的意思） --- motivate vt. 使有动力；激发；激励 --- motivation n. 动机; 动力; 诱因（*带有褒义的意思）
40.move vt. & vi. 移动；迁移，搬家vt. 使感动 n.行动；移动；活动；改变；转变；动摇 --- movement n. （身体部位的）运动，活动；（政治、社会或思想）运动
41.much (比较级：more, 最高级：most) adj. 许多的，大量的 adv. 经常，频繁；很，非常；…多，更
42.mud n. 泥，淤泥 --- muddy adj. 多泥的; 泥泞的; 含泥的
43.multiple adj. 多个 (人 / 事件 / 物组成) 的 n. [C] 倍数 --- multiply v. 乘; 乘以; 成倍增加; 迅速增加; (使)繁殖，增殖 adv. 复合地; 多样地; 多倍地; 多重地 adj. 多股的；多层的
44.murder vt. 谋杀 --- murderer n. 杀人犯; 杀人凶手
45.muscle n. [C] 肌肉；[U] 体力；力气 --- muscular adj. 肌肉的; 肌肉发达的
46.music n. 音乐，乐曲 --- musical adj. 音乐的; 有音乐天赋的; 悦耳的n. 音乐剧 --- musician n. 音乐家，作曲家
字母N词性转换
1.nation n. 国家；国民；民族 --- national adj. 国家的，全国性的；民族的，国民的 --- nationality n. 国籍；民族 --- native adj. 出生地的，本土的，本国的n. 出生于某国(或某地)的人；本地人；当地人；(旧时)土著
2.nature n. 大自然，自然界；天性，本性 --- natural adj. 大自然的；自然的，正常的；天生的
3.near adj.（空间、时间）近的，接近的adv.（空间、时间）接近，靠近prep.（空间、时间）接近，靠近 --- nearly adv. 几乎，差不多
4.necessary adj. 必需的，必要的；必然的，不可避免的 --- necessity n. 必然性; 必要
5.negative adj 否定的；负面的；消极的；(电) 负的；(医) 阴性的 --- opp. positive
6.negotiate vt. & vi. 谈判，协商 --- negotiation n. 谈判; 磋商; 协商
7.neighbour(neighbor) n. 邻居，邻国，邻近的人/物 --- neighbourhood(neighborhood) n. 社区，街坊，（某特定的）地段；附近地区（的居民）
8.nervous adj. 神经的，神经方面的；神经质的；紧张的，不安的 --- nerve n. 神经; 神经质; 神经紧张
9.nice adj. 美好的，极好的；宜人的，愉快的；亲切的，友好的 --- 比较级：nicer；最高级：nicest
10.nine num. 九 --- nineteen num. 十九 --- ninety num. 九十 --- ninth num. 第九 n. 九分之一
11.noble adj. 高贵的，贵族的，崇高的 --- nobly adv. 高贵地; 高尚地
12.nod vi. 点头vt. 点头表示，点头示意 --- 过去式：nodded；过去分词：nodded
13.noise n.（令人不愉快的）声音，噪声 --- noisy adj. 喧闹的，吵闹的，嘈杂的
14.normal adj. 正常的，平常的；智力正常的，精神健全的n. 正常状态/水平/数量等 --- opp. abnormal
15.north adj. 北的，北方的，北部的adv. 向北方，在北方n. 北，北方，北部 --- northern adj. 北方的，北部的
16.note n. 记录，笔记，草稿；注释，评注；便条，短笺；票据，纸币；单音，音符，音调vt. 注意，留意；提及，指出 --- notable adj. 值得注意的：显著的; 重要的
17.notice n. 注意，关注；布告，通告；通知，预告vt. & vi. 察觉（到） ，注意（到）--- noticeable a. 值得注意的; 显而易见的
18.novel n. （长篇）小说 adj.新颖的; 与众不同的; 珍奇的 --- novelist n. 小说家
19.number n. 数，数字；号码，编号，…号；数量，数目 --- numerous adj. 很多的; 众多的
20.nurse n. 护士，保姆 --- nursery adj. 幼儿教育的 n. 婴儿室; 苗圃; (供游戏的)儿童室
21.nutrition n. 营养，营养品，营养学 --- nutritious adj. 有营养的；营养丰富的
字母O词性转换
1.object n. 目标，目的；物体；对象；宾语vi. 反对，不赞成vt. 提出…作为反对的理由 --- objective n. [C] 目的；目标 adj. 客观的 --- objection n. 反对; 异议; 反对的理由
2.observe vt. 察觉到，注意到vt. & vi. 观察，观测vt. 遵守/奉行（法律、习俗等）；举行（仪式），庆祝（节日） --- observation n. 观察; 注意，觉察 --- observer n. 观察者; 观察员
3.obvious adj. 明显的; 显然的; 易理解的 --- obviously adv. 显而易见地
4.occasion n. [C] (某事发生的) 时刻；场合；时机；机会；重大 / 特殊活动；盛会 --- occasional adj. 偶尔的; 偶然的; 临时的 --- occasionally adv. 偶尔地; 偶尔; 偶然; 有时候
5.occupy vt. 占领，占据；占（时间、空间），占有，占用；使忙碌 --- occupation n. 职业，工作；占领，居住
6.occur(过去式：occurred；过去分词：occurred)vi. 发生；出现，存在 --- occurrence n. 发生的事情，事件
7.odd adj 奇怪的；怪异的；偶尔发生的；(一双或一套中) 不成对的；奇数的--- oddly adv. 奇怪地; 古怪地
8.offer n. 提供（物），提议；开价，报价；减价，特价vt. （主动）提出，给予；提供（东西/机会），供应；出（价），出售 --- offering n. 用品; 剧作; 作品; 供消遣的产品; 祭品
9.office n. 办公室；办事处，营业处，事务所；职务，官职 --- official adj. 公职的，公务的；官方的，正式的n. 官员，高级职员 --- officially adv. 正式地; 官方地; 公开地 --- officer n. 军官，公务员，警官
10.oil n. 油，石油 --- oily adj. 含油的; 油污的; 涂油的; 油滑的; 油腔滑调的
11.old(比较级：older；最高级：oldest) adj. …岁的；年老的，陈旧的；结识久的；以前的，原来的
12.open adj. 开（着）的，打开的；营业的，开门的；公开的，开放的；坦诚的，直率的；无遮盖的，开阔的n. 户外，野外，公开vt. & vi. （打）开，张开vt. 开创，开设；使通行，开放vi. 开业，开幕，（向…）开放，开始公演/公映；（花）开放 --- opening adj. 开始的; 开篇的; 第一的n. 开幕式; 开始; 开端; 落成典礼
13.operate v. 工作; 操作; 控制; 使运行; (被)使用; (使)运转; 营业; 动手术 --- operation n. 运转，运行，操作；经营，运营；企业；手术；行动；（计算机的）运算，操作 --- operator n. 话务员；操作员；经营者
14.oppose vt. 反对，抵制 --- opposed(to) adj. 强烈反对的; 截然不同的
15.optimistic adj. 乐观的，抱乐观看法的 --- opp. pessimistic adj.
16.option n. [C] & [U] 选择 --- optional adj. 随意的，任选的，可选择的，非强制的; 选修的
17.order n. 顺序，次序；条理，秩序；命令，指示；订购，订单，点菜；汇票，汇单vt. 命令，指示；排列，整理vt. & vi. 订购，点（饭菜等） --- orderly adj. 有秩序的; 整洁的; 有条理的; 表现良好的 adv. 依次地; 有规则地; 有条理地 --- ordered adj. 精心安排的; 组织有序的
18.ordinary adj. 普通的，平常的 --- opp. extraordinary
19.organ n. 器官；风琴，管风琴 --- organic adj 器官的；有机的；不使用化肥的
20.organise(organize) v. 组织; 安排; 筹备; 处理 --- organisation(organization) n. 组织，团体，机构；组织工作 --- organised(organized) adj. 有组织的; 系统的; 有条理的
21.origin n. 起源，根源；出身，血统 --- originate v. 起源; 发源; 发端于; 创立; 创建; 发明 --- original adj 最初的；原先的；原创的；原作的；新颖的；创新的；独特的n [C] 原文；原作；原稿
22.our pron. 我们的（we的形容词性物主代词）--- ours pron. 我们的（we的名词性物主代词）--- ourselves pron. 我们自己；我们亲自，我们本人
23.out adv. & prep. 出外，在外，向外；尽，完；出现，盛开；大声地 --- opp. in
24.output n. 产量，输出量 --- opp. input
25.overcome (过去式：overcame；过去分词：overcome) vt. 战胜，克服；受到…的极大影响
26.own adj. 自己的，靠自己的vt. 有，拥有 --- owner n. 物主; 所有权人; 主人 --- ownership n. 所有权; 产权; 物主身份
字母P词性转换
1.pack n. （一）包，（一）捆，包裹；（商品的）纸包，纸盒；背包；一群，一帮，一堆vt. & vi. （把…）打包，（把…）装进（箱子等）；塞满，挤满 --- package n. 包裹，包
2.pain n.（肉体上的）痛，疼痛；（精神上的）痛苦，苦恼 --- painful adj. 痛苦的; 令人疼痛的; 令人痛苦的
3.paint n. 油漆，涂料；绘画颜料vt. & vi. 涂油漆（于）；（用颜料等）画，绘 --- painting n. 绘画; 油画; 作画; 涂漆; 刷油漆 --- painter n. 油漆匠; 画家; (系船的)缆绳
4.panic (过去式：panicked, 过去分词：panicked) vt. & vi. （使）恐慌n. 恐慌，惊慌
5.park n. 公园vt. & vi. 停放（车辆） vt. 临时安顿，寄放 --- parking n. 停车，停车场地
6.part n. 部分，一部分；（机器的）零件，（人、动植物的）器官；地区；角色vt. & vi. （使）分开，（使）分离vi. 分手，告别adv. 部分地，某种程度上 --- partial adj. 部分的，不完全的; 偏向一方的
7.participate vi. 参与，参加 --- participation n. 参加; 参与 --- participant n. 参与者; 参加者
8.particular adj. 特定的；特别的，格外的；特有的；讲究的，挑剔的 --- particularly adv. 尤其; 特别
9.passion n. [C] & [U] 激情；热爱 --- passionate adj. 热情的; 热诚的; 狂热的 --- passionately adv. 热情地; 激动地; 非常
10.passive adj. 消极的，被动的 --- opp. active
11.patient n. 病人 adj. 有耐心的，容忍的 --- patiently adv. 耐心地 --- patience n. 耐心，容忍
12.pay (过去式：paid, 过去分词：paid) vt. & vi. 付（钱），支付vt. 给予（注意），进行（访问）n. 工资，薪水 --- payment n. 付款; 支付; 收款
13.peace n. 和平；安静，清静；平静，安宁 --- peaceful adj. 平静的; 和平的; 安静的; 和睦的 --- peacefully adv. 安详地; 无痛苦地
14.perceive vt. 察觉；发觉；看待；理解 --- perception n. 知觉; 感知; 洞察力; 悟性; 看法; 见解 --- perceptive adj. 感性的; 知觉的; 理解力强的; 有洞察力的
15.percent n. (=per cent) 百分之… --- percentage n. 百分率，百分比
16.perform v. 表演; 执行; 履行; 演出; 做; 工作，运转 --- performance n. 表演，演出；表现，业绩 --- performer n. 表演者; 演出者; 演员
17.permit (过去式：permitted 过去分词：permitted)vt. 许可，准许vt. & vi. （使）成为可能n. 许可证，执照 --- permission n. 准许; 许可; 批准; 许可证
18.person n.（作为个体的）人；人称 --- personal adj. 个人的，私人的；本人亲自的 --- personality n. [C] & [U]个性；人格
19.persuade vt. 说服，劝服；使相信，使信服 --- persuasion n. 说服; 劝说 --- persuasive adj. 有说服力的，能使人信服的; 劝说的
20.pessimistic adj 悲观的 --- opp. optimistic
21.phenomenon n. (pl. phenomena) 现象，奇观，杰出人才
22.philosophy n. [U] 哲学；[C] 哲学体系；[U] & [C] 人生哲学；(生活、工作的) 准则 --- philosophical adj. 哲学的; 达观的; 处乱不惊的 --- philosophically adv. 哲学上的
23.photo n. 照片 --- pl. photos
24.photograph n. 照片 --- photographer n. 摄影师，摄影者 --- photography n. 照相术; 摄影 --- photographic adj. 摄影的; 摄制的; 照片的 --- photographically adv. 摄影般地， 逼真地
25.physics n. 物理学 --- physicist n. 物理学家; 物理学研究者 --- physical adj. 身体的; 肉体的; 现实的; 物质的; 符合自然法则的; 物理学的 --- physically adv. 身体上; 肉体上; 依据自然规律; 按自然法则; 根本上
26.piano n. (pl. pianos) 钢琴 --- pianist n. 钢琴弹奏者; 钢琴家
27.pick vt. 摘，采；摘掉，剔除；挑选，选择 --- picky adj. 挑剔的; 难伺候的
28.picture n. 图片，照片，画像；影片 --- picturesque adj. 古雅的; 优美的; 古色古香的; 生动的; 栩栩如生的
29.pig n. 猪；（指贪吃等）猪一般的人 --- piggy adj. 像猪一样的 n. (儿童用语)猪猪，小猪;
30.pity n. 同情，怜悯；可惜的事，憾事 --- pitiful adj. 令人同情的; 可怜的
31.plan(过去式：planned 过去分词：planned)vt. & vi. 计划，筹划；打算；设计n. 图样，平面图；计划，打算，方案
32.plant n. 植物；工厂；设备vt. 种植，栽种，播种 --- plantation n. 种植园; 种植场
33.play vt. & vi. 做（游戏），玩耍，娱乐；参加（体育活动、比赛等）；弹奏，演奏；扮演，演出；播放（唱片、磁带等）n. 玩耍，游戏，嬉戏；戏剧；剧本 --- player n. [C] 比赛者；选手；演员；演奏者；播放机 --- playful adj. 有趣的; 爱嬉戏的; 爱玩的
34.please vt. & vi. （使）高兴，（使）满意，讨好vi. 喜欢，愿意int. 请，劳烦 --- pleasure n. 快乐，娱乐；乐事，乐趣 --- pleasing adj. 令人愉悦的; 令人高兴的 --- pleased adj. 高兴的; 满意的; 愉快的 --- pleasant adj. 令人愉快的，舒适的，礼貌而友善的
35.plenty pron. 丰富，大量，充足 --- plentiful adj. 大量的; 众多的; 充足的; 丰富的
36.poem n. 诗；韵文 --- poet n. 诗人 --- poetry n. [U] 诗歌
37.poison n. 毒，毒药，毒物 --- poisonous adj. 引起中毒的; 有毒的; 分泌毒素的
38.pole n. 杆，柱；地极，磁极，电极 --- polar adj 极地的；近极地的
39.policeman n.男警察 --- pl. policemen
40.policewoman n. 女警察 --- pl. policewomen
41.polite adj. 有礼貌的，有教养的，客套的 --- opp. impolite
42.politics n. 政治，政治学，政治活动；政治主张，政治见解 --- political adj. 政治的，政治上的 --- politician n. 政治家，政客
43.pollute vt. 弄脏，污染 --- pollution n. 污染；污染物
44.poor adj. 贫穷的，贫困的；可怜的，不幸的；贫乏的，差的，体弱的 --- poverty n. 贫穷; 贫困; 贫乏; 短缺; 劣质
45.popular adj. 流行的，受欢迎的；公众的，大众化的，通俗的 n. 流行音乐，流行歌曲，流行（歌曲等）唱片 --- popularity n. 人气; 普及; 流行; 受欢迎
46.positive adj. 正面的，积极乐观的，有益的；确实的，确信的；正的，阳性的 --- opp. negative
47.possess v. 有; 拥有; 具有(特质) --- possession n. 拥有，占有；所有物，财产
48.possible adj. 可能的；合理的，可接受的；最…的 --- opp. impossible
--- possibly adv. 可能地; 可能; 或许 --- opp. impossibly adv.
--- possibility n. 可能; 可能性; 可选择的方法 --- opp. impossibility n.
49.post n. 邮政，邮寄；柱，杆；（网上的）帖子；职位，要职；（军警的）岗位vt. 邮寄；张贴，宣布；任命，派驻 --- poster n. 海报，招贴画 --- postman n. (pl. postmen) 邮递员
50.potato n. 土豆，马铃薯 --- pl. potatoes
51.potential adj. 可能的，潜在的n. 潜能，可能性 --- potentially adv.
52.power n. 能力，（生理）机能；力量，威力；控制力，影响力；统治，政权；权力，职权；大国，强国；动力，电力，功率 --- powerful adj. 强大的; 有权势的; 力量大的; 很有效的 --- powerless adj. 无影响力的; 无权的; 无能为力
53.practice n.（反复）训练，练习；实践，实际行动；惯例，习惯做法，习俗 vt. & vi. 实践，练习；（医生、律师等）执业，从事 --- practical adj.（事物）实际的，实践的；实用的，可实施的；（人、想法）实际的，现实的 --- practically adv. 几乎; 差不多; 很接近; 实事求是地; 实际地
54.pray vt. & vi. 祈祷，祈求 --- prayer n. 祈祷(的行为); 祈祷文; 祷告(的内容); 经文; 祈祷会
55.precious adj. 宝贵的, 珍贵的 --- preciously adv. 仔细地; 过分讲究地; 昂贵地
56.precise adj. 准确的; 确切的; 精确的; 明确的 --- precisely adv 精确地；确切地；恰好
57.predict vt. 预言，预计 --- prediction n. 预言; 预测; 预告 --- predictable adj. 可预测的; 可预见的; 可预料的
58.prefer vt. 更喜欢，更愿意 --- preference n. 偏爱，优先（权）；偏爱的事物/人
59.prepare vt. & vi. （做）准备；（使…）做好准备，（把…）准备好 --- preparation n. 准备; 预备; 准备工作
60.present n. 礼物，礼品vt. 颁发，授予，赠送；提出，呈递；呈现；招致，带来 n. 目前，现在 adj. 现在的，如今的；在场的，出席的 --- presence n. 在场; 出席; 存在; 出现 --- presentation n. 介绍，展示；授予，颁发
61.preserve vt. 保护，保存 --- preservation n. 保护; 维护; 保存; 保留; 维持; 保持
62.president n. 总统；总裁；大学校长 --- presidential adj. 总统的; 与总统有关的
63.press vt. & vi. 按，压，推，挤；催促，逼迫n. 按，压，推，挤；出版社，印刷厂；报刊新闻业，出版界 --- pressure n. 压，按；（物理学）压力；（精神上的、外界施加的）压力
64.prevent vt. 阻止，防止 --- prevention n. 预防; 防止; 防范
65.previous adj. 以前的，先前的 --- previously adv. 先前; (一段时间)以前
66.price n. 价格，价钱；代价，牺牲 --- priceless adj. 无价的; 极珍贵的; 极重要的; 极有趣的 --- pricy adj. 价格高的; 昂贵的
67.print vt. & vi. 打印，印刷vt. 刊登；印（照片） --- printer n. 打印机(尤指与计算机相连的); 印刷商; 印刷工人; 印刷公司; 印刷厂
68.prior adj. 先前的; 较早的; 在前的; 优先的; 占先的; 较重要的; 在前面的(to) --- priority n. [C] 优先事项； [U] 优先权
69.prison n. 监狱 --- prisoner n. 囚犯; 犯人
70.private adj. 私人（用）的，个人的，私有的；不公开的，私密的；私立的，民营的 --- privacy n. 隐私; 私密; 不受公众干扰的状态
71.probable adj. 可能的; 很可能发生(或存在等)的 --- probably adv. 很可能，大概
72.proceed vi. 继续；继续做；继续进行 --- procedure n. 步骤，手续，程序
73.produce vt. 产生，引起；生产，创作；出产，生育；监制，制作（电影、戏剧等） --- product n. 产品，制品；产物，结果 --- production n. 生产; 制造; 制作; 产量
74.profession n. 职业，行业 --- professional adj. 职业的；专业的n. [C] 专业人士；职业选手 --- professor n. 教授
75.profit n. 利润，赢利；好处，利益 --- profitable adj. 有利可图的; 赢利的 --- profitably adv. 有利地，有益地
76.prohibit vt. 禁止 --- prohibition n. 禁止，阻止; 禁令; 禁律
77.promise n. 诺言，许诺，承诺；（有）指望，（有）前途vt. & vi. 许诺，保证，答应vt. 有…的希望，有…的可能 --- promising adj. 有希望的; 有前途的; 一、词性的分类
词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。
1.名词noun n. student 学生
2.代词pronoun pron. you 你
3.形容词adjective adj. happy 高兴的
4.副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地
5.动词verb v. cut 砍、割
6.数词numeral num. three 三
7.冠词article art. a 一个
8.介词preposition prep. at 在...
9.连词conjunction conj. and 和
10.感叹词interjection interj. oh 哦
前六类叫实词，后四类叫虚词。
二、名词
名词复数的规则变化
名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加“‘s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher’s book。
名词所有格的规则如下：
1）单数名词词尾加“'s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy‘s bag 男孩的书包，men’s room 男厕所。
2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加“'”，如：the workers’ struggle工人的斗争。
三、代词
大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。
英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种
人称代词的用法：
I saw her with them， at least， I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her作主补）
a. -- Who broke the vase？--谁打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me.--我。
并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称
第三人称
第一人称
you
he/she；it
I
如：You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
we
you
they
反身代词
指示代词
指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词，
疑问代词
指人：who， whom， whose
指物：what
既可指人又可指物：which
四、冠词
冠词是位于名词或名词词组之前或之后，在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用的词。冠词是一种虚词。
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是“一个”的意思。
定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思。
1）特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事：He bought a house. I’ve been to the house.
3）指世上独一物二的事物：the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth（敲黑板，这个是经常会在选择题中考到的知识点）
4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元；the fox 狐狸；
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面：
Where do you live？I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)
7）用在专有名词前：
the People‘s Republic of China中华人民共和国
8) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
五、数词
表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
序数词表示排列的顺序
序数词的缩写形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母.如：first---1st;second---2nd; third-3rd;
thirty-first---31st
基数词变序数词的巧记口诀
一,二,三要全变;(one-first; two-second;three- third)
其余都加th,
th里有例外,8去t,(eight-eighth) 9去e(nine-ninth)
字母f代ve(five-fifth; twelve-twelfth);ty变成tie(twenty-twentieth)
若要变化几十几，只变个位就可以(twenty-one-twenty-first)
数次的用法
1）倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
2）分数表示法
构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 one-third ；3/37 three and three-sevenths
六、形容词及其用法
主要用来修饰名词的词，表示事物的特征。
形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否。
形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice
以-ly结尾的形容词
1）friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.
用形容词表示类别和整体
某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。
如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry
七、副词及其基本用法
副词（adverb，简写为adv）是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
副词可分为：地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是“近”；closely 意思是“仔细地”
He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.
2)late 与lately
late意思是“晚”；lately 意思是“最近”
You have come too late. What have you been doing lately？
形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1) 规则变化
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall(高的) taller tallest
great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice(好的) nicer nicest
large(大的) larger largest
able（有能力的) abler ablest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-est big(大的) bigger biggest
hot热的) hotter hottest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加 -er，-est easy(容易的) easier easiest
busy(忙的) busier busiest
少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er，-est clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest
narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。 important(重要的) more important most important
easily(容易地) more easily most easily
2) 不规则变化
有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。如：
good→ better→ best
well→ better→ best
bad→ worse→ worst
ill→ worse→ worst
old→ older/elder→ oldest/eldest
many/much→ more→ most
little→ less→ least
far→ further/farther→ furthest/farthest
八、动词
动词根据其后是否可直接跟宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（可直接跟宾语）、不及物动词（不能直接跟宾语，若要跟宾语，必须加上某个介词）。
系动词
1）状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.
2）持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep， rest， remain， stay， lie， stand，
例如：He always kept silent at meeting.
他开会时总保持沉默。
3）表像系动词：用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem， appear， look，
例如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。
4）感官系动词：感官系动词主要有feel， smell， sound， taste，
例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.
This flower smells very sweet.
5）变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词有become， grow， turn， fall， get， go， come， run.
例如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。
6）终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove， turn out， 表达“证实”，“变成”之意，
例如：The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。
九、连词
连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。
连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。
并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。
如：and， but， or， nor， so， therefore， yet， however， for， hence， as well as， both…and， not only…but also， either…or， neither…nor， (and)then等等。
比较so和 such
such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组。
so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数]
so foolish ；such a fool
so nice a flower；such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers；such nice flowers
so much/little money；such rapid progress
so many people ；such a lot of people
十、介词
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。
介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。
介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。
介词的分类
地点(位置、范围)介词
above在…前, about在…附近, across在…对面, after在…后面, against倚着..., along在…近旁, among在…中间, around在…周围, round在….周围, at在…处, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁边, between在...之间, by在...旁, down在...下面, from来自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面,等等。
方向(目标趋向)介词
across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着..., round环绕..., at朝着..., behind向…后面, etween…and…从…到...,by路过/通过..., down向…下, for向..., from从/离..., in进入..., into进入..., inside到...里面, near接近..., off脱离/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to向/朝..., towards朝着..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from远离...
时间介词
about大约..., after在…以后, at在… (时刻), before在…以前, by到…为止, during在…期间, for有…(之久), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了…(时), since自从…(至今), through 贯穿…(期间), till直到…时, until直到…时, to到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning of在...开始时 ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...当中 ,at the time of在...时
方式介词
as作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(语言), like与…一样, on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), over通过(收音机), through通过..., with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有…
涉及介词
about关于..., except除了…, besides除了…还... for对于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有关..., on关于/有关..., to对…而言, towards针对..., with就…而言
其它介词
【目的介词】 for为了..., from防止…, to为了…
【原因介词】 for因为..., with由于…, because of因为...
【比较介词】 as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比, unlike与…不同主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. The sun │was shining.太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who │cares 管它呢？
6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
8. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义，只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好，sound nice/听起来不错，feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻
Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。
3. He │fell │in love. 他堕入了情网。
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。
5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。
8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。
There be 结构：There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。 此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’ 。
试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ
1. Who │knows │the answer 谁知道答案？
2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。
3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。
4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。
5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。
6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！"
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please.
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片
6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so 他怎么会这样想？
6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语
一、 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy.Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy.有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students.这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room.房间里有两个男孩。

代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom\'s pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom.他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen.这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom.这里最棒的男孩是Tom。

不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom.将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today.今天无事要做。
分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China.她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left.有五个留下的男孩。

定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom.你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game.参加游戏的男孩有五个。
二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.'
副词（短语）作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）
介词短语作状语：
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词（短语）作状语：
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）
不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想，汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣。

名词作状语：
Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）
状语从句：
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句
三、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
四、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。
感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。
肯定词：yes
否定词：no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。
插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如：The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信，这个故事还远没结束
情态词：表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）perhaps也许，maybe大概，acturely实际上，certainly当然，等。
五、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
二：Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
三：Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
四：Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五：Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. The sun │was shining.太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who │cares 管它呢？
6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
8. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义，只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好，sound nice/听起来不错，feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻
Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。
3. He │fell │in love. 他堕入了情网。
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。
5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。
8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。
There be 结构：There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。 此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’ 。
试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ
1. Who │knows │the answer 谁知道答案？
2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。
3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。
4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。
5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。
6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！"
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please.
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片
6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补）
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so 他怎么会这样想？
6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语
一、 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy.Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy.有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students.这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room.房间里有两个男孩。
代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom\'s pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom.他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen.这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom.这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom.将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today.今天无事要做。
分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China.她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left.有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom.你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game.参加游戏的男孩有五个。
二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.'
副词（短语）作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）
介词短语作状语：
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词（短语）作状语：
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）
不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想，汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣。
名词作状语：
Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）
状语从句：
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句
三、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
四、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。
感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。
肯定词：yes
否定词：no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。
插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如：The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信，这个故事还远没结束
情态词：表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）perhaps也许，maybe大概，acturely实际上，certainly当然，等。图画/图表描述段
【示例一】
①From the picture (graph, chart, table, pie, bar), we know that ________(图表内容总概括). ②On the one hand, the left/first picture tells us that ________(情况一，图一/表一的内容). ③On the other hand, (the right/second)picture informs us that ________( 情况二，图二/表二的内容).④It can easily be seen that ________(揭示图画/表寓意).
【示例二】
①As is vividly shown/described/depicted in the cartoon/picture, ________(图表内容总概括).②In the first picture, ________(描述图/表一内容，如果是一个表，则可左或上半部分).③As is shown in the second drawing/picture, ________(描述图/表二内容，如果是一个表，则右或下半部分).④It is safe to draw the conclusion that ________(提示寓意，或主题句，回应主题但不是主题句的重复).
意义阐述段
【示例一】
①Judging from the pictures, we can clearly infer that the drawer’s intention is ________(主题句).② ________(扩展句).③For one thing/First of all/Firstly, ________(第一个层面). ④For another/Besides/Moreover/In addition/Secondly, ________(第二个层面). ⑤Thus/As a result/Therefore/Finally, ________(总结句).
【示例二】
①To begin with, the purpose of the drawings is to show us that ________(主题句),yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously. ② ________(扩展句)is naturally associated with, to be specific ________(第一个层面). ③Besides/Moreover/In addition, ________(第二个层面)。④As a result/Therefore, ________(总结句).
原因阐释段
【示例一】
①There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon/case/instance and the following are the typical ones. ②The first reason is that ________(理由一). ③The second reason is that ________(理由二). ④The third reason is that/A case in point is that/The typical example is that ________(理由三).
【示例二】
①There are many reasons to explain/explaining the effect/phenomenon/case
/instance. ②The most contributing one is/the main reason is no other than ________(理由一). ③What is more, ________(理由二). ④ ________(理由三)also play a role in this case.
建议措施段
【示例一】
①Considering all these reasons/this situation/Confronted with such a problem, I think we need to take some positive measures. ②On the one hand, ________ (方法/建议一). ③On the other hand, it is necessary for us to ________(方法/建议二). ④Thus/Only in this way, can ________(总结自己的观点/建议/态度).
【示例二】
①In order to improve the situation/To sum up the above argument/Confronted with such an issue/problem, we should find several solutions to it/need to take some positive measures. ②On the one hand/For one thing, we should ________ (方法/建议一). ③On the other hand/For another, ________(方法/建议二). ④Therefore/Thus/Only in this way, can ________ (段落总结句).
趋势预测段
【示例一】
① Accordingly, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these though-provoking drawings. ②On the one hand, we can frequently use them to enlighten that (主题). ③On the other hand, we should be sensible enough to ________(观点/态度). ④Only by ________(段落总结句), and only in this way can we have a brilliant future.
【示例二】
①The effects of which has produced on can be boiled down to two major ones. ②First, ________(影响一). ③More importantly, ________(影响二). ④Hence, I believe that we will see a ________(提出展望)./ Nevertheless, I do not think we will see a ________(或反面展望).
举例说明段
【示例一】
①There are many cases/examples to explain ________(主题句). ②Take ________ as a typical example./The first example is that ________ (阐述例子), ________(可进一步阐述). ③The second example is that/In addition/Here is a counter example./Opposite case in point is that/On the contrary ________(第二个例子的内容或举一个反面例子). ④Therefore,/Only ________can ________(总结主题句/段落总结句).
【示例二】
① ________ (观点句). It can be best/well illustrated in/explained by(例子). ② ________(阐述例子). ③________(进一步阐述例子). ④Therefore, ________(段落总结句：进一步总结观点句的必要性和重要性).
观点阐释段
【示例一】
①Nowadays, a heated debate about ________(主题)is under way in China. ②A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless)it is. ③As a matter of fact, ________(进一步说明).
【示例二】
①While the rhythm/pace/tempo of people’s living is speeding up, one of the topics many city residents are discussing is ________(主题). ②As part of domestic modernization, ________ needs to be developed urgently in china, for ________(进一步说明).
现象/现状说明段
【示例一】
①With the rapid advances of ________ in recent years, ________has ________(引出现象). ②However, ________has ________, as ________(提出问题). ③As a result, ________(指出影响),which has aroused close social attention from all walks of life.
【示例二】
①With the rapid development of science and technology (electronic industry/higher education), more and more people come to realize that ________(引出现象). ②It is estimated, over the past decade, that ________(用具体数据说明现象).
利弊说明段
【示例一】
①Recently the issue of whether or not ________(讨论话题)has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. ②There are two major arguments that can be made for. ③For one thing, ________can bring ________to________(优点一). ④For another, it is widely hold that people usually ________when ________(优点二). ⑤But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to ________ , among which are ________(列举缺点). ⑥For instance, it can be ________to ________(举例说明). ⑦In addition, many people find it ________(形容词)to ________(第二个缺点).
【示例二】
①Some people are in favor of the idea of doing ________(主题). ②They point out the fact that ________(支持的第一个原因). ③They also argue that ________(支持的另一个原因).④There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief. ⑤However, other people stand on a different ground. ⑥They consider it harmful to do ________. ⑦They firmly point out that ________(反对的理由).
归纳结论段
【示例一】
①Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that ________(得出结论). ②The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that ________(给出原因).③It is high time that we ________(发出倡议).
【示例二】
①Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that ________(结论). ②And with the above content, it will show more profound significance in ________(进一步总结).
提高英语写作分数的88个词组
1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…
9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate
10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue
11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…
13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…
15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
16.双方的论点 argument on both sides
17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…
18.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …
19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:
20.…也不例外 …be no exception
21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…
22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。
23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden
30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective
32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…
34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…
36.综合素质 comprehensive quality
37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach
39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…
40. 应当承认 Admittedly,
41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…
43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)
46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient
47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly
49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion
53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way
55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…
57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest
59.长远利益. interest in the long run
60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62.取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。
63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …
66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth
67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …
68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。
No garden without weeds。
69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。
70.重视 attach great importance to…
71.社会地位 social status
72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…
73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge
74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…
76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden
79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。
80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with
81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。
82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of
83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress
86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…
87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding
88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of
30个过渡句
1. 那就是(说)…；亦即…
That is to say, …
= That is, …
= Namely, …
例：我们生活需有规律。也就是说，早睡早起戒除烟酒。
We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.
2. (A) 基于这个理由
For this reason …
(B) 为了这个目的
For this purpose, …
例：基于这个理由，我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。
For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.
3. 我们有理由相信…
We have reasons to believe (that)...
例：我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。
We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.
4. 事实上
As a matter of fact, …
= In fact, …
例：事实上健康才是最重要。
As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.
5. (A) 例如
For example, …
(B) 拿…做例子
Take … for example.
例：例如我们盲目地提高生活水准，却降低生活品质。
For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.
6. 此外我们不应忽视…
Besides (In addition), we should not neglect …
例：此外，我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。
In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.
7. 相反地…
on the contrary, …
= by contrast, …
例：相反地少数学生似乎还在鬼混。
On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.
8. 另一方面…
On the other hand, …
例：政府应严格执法，另一方面大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。
The government should enforce laws strictly. On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.
9. 然而很可惜的是…
However, it is a pity that...
例：然而很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。
However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.
10. 换言之…
in other words, …
= to put it differently
例：换言之我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。
In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal.
11. 别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that...
例：别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为如果你有很大的决心和毅力，成功最后一定属于你。
It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.
12. 从此之后我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found that...
例：从此之后我已发现，在日常生活中，微笑是避免冲突最好的方式。
Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.
13. 这样说来，假如…当然毫无疑问地…
In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt (that) ...
例：这样说来，假如我们能善用时间，当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。
In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.
14. 更严重的是…
What is more serious is (that)...
例：更严重的是我们不珍惜野生动物。
What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.
15. 鉴于社会的实际需要…
In view of the practical need of society, ….
例：鉴于社会的实际需要，愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。
In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.
16. 如果能实践这三点…
If one can really put the three points into action (practice), …
例：如果能实践这三点…。
If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.
17. 做这些简单之事，我们一定可以…
By doing these simple things, we surely can ….
例：做这些简单之事，我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。
By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.
18. 如此我相信…
In this way, I believe (that)...
例：如此，我相信大家能够像我一样享受乘坐公车的乐趣。
In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.
19. 实践这些…
By putting them (the above) into practice, ….
例：实践这些，在智育方面我一直能不断进步。
By putting them(the above) into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.
20. (A) 唯有符合此三项要求，我们才能…
Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….
(B) 唯有通力合作，我们才能…
Only with combined efforts, can we ….
例：唯有通力合作，我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。
Only with combined efforts, can we expectTaiwanto take a new face in due course.
21. 最后，但并非最不重要…
Last but no least, ….
例：最后，但并非最不重要，教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。
Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.
22. 这证据显示…的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of ….cannot be overemphasized.
例：这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.
23. 由于这些理由，我…
For these reasons, I ….
例：由于这些理由，我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。
For these reasons, I think that receiving college education inTaiwanis wise.
24. 总而言之…
In conclusion, …
= To sum up, …
例：总而言之 好国民应该遵守交通规则。
In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.
25. 因此我们可以下个结论，那就是…
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)...
例：因此 我们能下个结论，那就是世上自由最珍贵。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.
26. 如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问地…
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that)...
例：如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问地，我们就能精通英语。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English.
27. 因此，这就是…的原因
Thus, this is the reason why ….
例：因此，这就是我重感冒的原因。
Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.
28. 所以，我们应该了解…
Therefore, we should realize (that)...
例：所以，我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。
Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.
29. 因此，由上列的讨论我们可以明了…
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion (that)...
例：因此，由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.
30. (A). 从～观点来看…
From the ～ point of view, …
(B)根据～的看法…
According to ～ point of view, ….
例：从政治的观点来看，这是一个很复杂的问题。
From the political point of view, It's a complex question.语法知识语法填空单句填空综合题目
1. I went to _________countryside with my father to visit grandparents.
2.______________(Apologize) can be harder than realizing you have acted________(poor).
3. It is of great_____________(important) to apologize in person.
4.They often get some useful__________________(inform) from the internet.
5. My uncle tells me that the key to his success is ______________(honest).
6. The other day, my father _____________(offer) to teach me to ride a bike.
7._____________(Whatever/However) hard learning a new thing is, you should never give up.
8. With the National College Entrance Examination__________(approach), I strongly recommend that we should value time.
9.We can choose between staying at home and___________(take) a trip.
10. If we go on a trip abroad, we can_________(broad)our view and gain_________(knowledge).
11. The kitchen is________ hold special sounds, smells and memories.
12. A middle-aged woman was knocked down by a car while________(cross) the street.
13. Around ten minutes______________(late), am ambulance arrived.
14. I was beginning to get_______________(impatiently).
15. 68% of the students__________________(survey) have study anxiety.
16. Only in this way__________(can) we live a happy and healthy life.
17. I have no choice but_______________(bother) you to correct my mistakes.
18. I am so__________(honor) to serve as your guide to a local restaurant to taste traditional Chinese food.
19. I often imagine __________my life will be like in the future.
20. Never get______________(discourage) easily no matter how difficult the situation may be.
21. Miss Li returned to the class on a wheelchair to give us lessons, we were___________(deep) moved, all________(rise) to applaud her.
22. The smile is the key to__________(solve) any problem.
23. We are supposed to spend an hour_________(do) exercise everyday.
24. My parents had moved to England from India during_____________1970s.
25. Most caves are formed ________nature.
26.Running is cheap，easy and it's always________(energy)．
27. We can start the habit by writing learning summaries and remember to record something________(impress)and meaningful.
28. After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree____________engineering or architecture.
29. The little pupil took his grandma________the arm and walked her across the street.
30. ________the production up by 60%，the company has had another excellent year.
31. They might have found a better hotel if they________(drive)a few more kilometers.
32. ________(be) it not for the support of the teachers，the student could not overcome her difficulty.
33. In the last few years，China________(make) great achievements in environmental protection.
34．As you go through this book，you________(find) that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.
35．Professor Smith，together with his assistants，________(work) on the project day and night to meet the deadline.
36．More expressways________(build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
37．Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement________(reach) so far by the two sides.
38．The church tower which________(restore) will be open to tourists soon.The work is almost finished.
39．A lot of people often forget that oral exams________(design) to test our communicative ability.
40.The experience________(gain) will be of great value to us.
41．The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons for the day________(finish)．
42．I know nothing about the experiment________(conduct) there.
43．Your________(come) to help is a great encouragement to me.
44．It's essential________(know) all the facts.
45. Don't turn off the computer before closing all programs________you could have problems.
46．Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill on/upon________school education depends.
47．Opposite is St Paul's Church，________you can hear some lovely music.
48．China Today attracts a worldwide readership，________shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
49．The number of smokers，________is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
50．The books on the desk，________covers are shiny，are prizes for us.
51．As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time________he should be able to be independent.
52．Behind him were other people to______he was trying to talk.
53．He wrote many children's books，nearly half of________were published in the 1990s.
54．Students should involve themselves in community activities________they can gain experience for growth.
55．Exercise is something________can help to make you look good，feel good and be healthy.
56．A ship in harbour is safe，but that's not________ships are built for.
57．Tomorrow is Tom's birthday.Have you got any idea________the party is to be held
58．______we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
59．—I wonder________Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
—By working out every day.
60．You have to know________you're going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
61．Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“That's______I was born.”
62．Everyone in the village is very friendly.It doesn't matter________you have lived there for a short or a long time.
63．Reading her biography，I was lost in admiration for__________Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.
64．We should consider the students' request________the school library provide more books on popular science.
65．________fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.
66．John has not yet passed the driving test，and neither ____________Henry.
67．There____________ (come) the school bus.Hurry up!
68．Only after they had discussed the matter for a few hours________ they reach a decision.
69．Not until he went through real hardship________ he realize the love we have for our families is important.
70．________exciting news it was that our class won first prize in the English Contest！We lived up to our teacher's expectations in the end.
71．Call me tomorrow________I'll let you know the lab result.
72．________(observe) carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab.
73．Some of you may have finished Unit One.If________，you can go on to Unit Two.
74．It's not doing the things we like，but liking the things we have to do that________(make) life happy.
75．Was________because Jack came late for school that Mr Smith got angry
冠词知识单句语法填空
1.She is earning 6,500 a day as_____model in New York.
2.For her, the return of the ring was __________wonder.
3.It’s not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary; like many things in life, it’s_____________ongoing process.
4.A new collection of photos brings ______________unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.
5.Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be_______ Beethoven.
6.Each country, of course,in Copenhagen, has its own particular priorities and concerns, which is why ___ ____agreement is so difficult to reach.
7.He missed_______gold in the high jump, but will get______second chance in the long jump.
8.please bring_____ packed lunch because ______ competition is expected to last all day.
9.In 1931，Addams became______ first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
10.Now, years later, this river is one of________most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
11._________prize for the winner of the competition is a two-week holiday in Paris.
12.I went to ______countryside with my father to visit grandparents.
13.Beijing 's bid for _____2022 Winter Olympics has driven public enthusiasm for winter sports to new heights.
14.I just heard_____ bank where Dora works was robbed by gunman wearing a mask.
15. _______prize for the winner of the competition is a two-week holiday in Paris.
16. Animals are obviously _______ lower form of life than ________ man.
17.When he left_____college, he got a job as__ ___reporter in a newspaper office．
A.／：a B.／；the C.a；the D.the；the
18.I don’t think the experiment is_______failure. At least we have gained_________experience for future success.
19.--John, there is __________Mr. Wilson on the phone for you.
--I'm in_____________ bath.
A. a;the B. the;a C. a; × D. the; ×
20.I hired the car by_________hour.我按小时租了这辆车。
21.Apples are sold by weight and coal is sold by________ ton.苹果按重量出售,煤炭按吨出售。
22.—When did you meet her last
—I don’t remember exactly,but I’m sure it was____unforgettable Friday when I went for a walk after____ wonderful lunch. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
23.—Of the two apples, which one do you prefer
—___ ___bigger one. It is__ ___most delicious one,I think.
23.George couldn’t remember when he first met Mr. Anderson,but he was sure it was________ _____Sunday because everybody was at_____　church.
24.According to William Hanson, expert in ceremony，there's a very good reason for this and it has nothing to do with fashion,but rather a royal tradition that dates back to the sixteenth century.
25.I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2016．It is so attractive that I decided to go there for second time next year.
26.Later, her role as Queen Amidala in Star Wars made her international superstar.
27.Then he opened one of his bags and gave me handful of freshly picked cherries，explaining that he had just taken them from his orchard.
28.hinese brush calligraphy or “shufa” in Chinese is one of most important art forms in China.
29.After taking a boat from the mainland，I arrived at island province of Hainan.
30.He plays violin but gives lessons on the piano.
非谓语动词语法专项练习 (非谓语使用单句语法填空)
1.__________(Travel)along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience
2. __________ (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
3.___________(understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
4. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid_________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged.
5.The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _________(allow) more patients to be treated.
6.The cooling wind swept through out bedroom windows, _________(make) air conditioning unnecessary.
7. It took him a long lime __________(acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.
8._____________( not know)which university to attend，the girl asked her teacher for advice.
9. I didn't mean_____________(eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help _____ _______(try) it.
10. So next time when you're preparing for a big exam, spend some time____________ (read) loud.
11.The situation is _______________________(encourage).
12. A famous 19th century Russian writer, Anton Chekhov, once invited a Chinese man________(have) a drink in a bar.
13.The national park has large collection of wildlife,______________ (range) from butterflies to
elephants.
14.Ordinary soap, _______________(use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.
15. Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ____________ (spend)with his students.
16. In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message____________(hide)within the work.
17.While waiting for the opportunity to get____________ (promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty.
18. Also, they often find it hard________(develop) new friendship in the new surroundings.
19.Clearly and thoughtfully________(write)，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
20. As is known, only______________(work) hard leads to happiness.
21. I’m really tired of Tom. He had me ______________(wait) for two hours in the rain.
22.The man went to bed _______ (drink)， and when he woke up， he found his shoes still on.
23.Warned of danger in the street at night, the girl doesn't dare to go out without someone______ ___________ (accompany).
24. What’s the language _____________(speak)in Germany
25.But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants_________ (prove) that
she has brains as well as beauty.
26.Have you got everything ___________ (require)？
27. But unlike her school fiends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ______________(rest).
28._____________(understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning lo convey your affection and emotions.
29.My ambassadorial duties will include ________(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas al Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
30. __________(Heat), liquids can be changed into gases.
31. It’s standard practice for a company like this one____________ (employ) a security officer.
32 I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs_______________(take).
33.It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like ___________(go) for a swim
34. I loved _______________(use) real firewood to warm up the room.
35.The country,______________(cover) with cherry tree flowers, looks as though it is covered with pink snow.
36. Much time ________(spend) sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by
health problems.
37. Weather_____________(permit), we’ll have an outing tomorrow.
38 It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall，some ____________(measure) over 90 metres.
39.I am writing to invite you to attend the Chinese paper-cutting art exhibition ________ ________(hold)
in the art gallery.
40. I showed them I was independent by__________(wear) strange clothes.
41._________(order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
42. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together______ (share) a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.
43. Show jumping is an equestrian (马术的)sport_________(involve) getting through a course of obstacles set up inside a ring (竞技场).
44. Fat and salt are required_______________(process) the food that we eat.
45. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ___________(create) special designs.
46._____________(Support) by his academic research, Professor Salovey suggests that when predicting someone’s future success, their character, as measured by EQ tests, might actually matter more than their IQ.
47. The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, _________________ (make) air conditioning unnecessary.
48.Have you read the novel____________ (write) by Dickens
49. People probably cooked their food in large pots, _____________(use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.
50.When ______________(offer) help，one often says“Thank you”or“It's kind of you”．
51. Breaking traffic rules and littering are common these days, _____________(cause)serious
harm to life and the environment.
52.Generally speaking，if_____________(take) according to the directions，the drug has no side effect.(副作用)
53.Children，when ________(accompany)by their parents，are allowed to enter the stadium.
54. Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way_____________ (use) the sun and the stars.
55.If ________(accept)for the job，you'll be informed soon.
56. Newly-built wooden cottages line the street,______________ (turn) the old town into a dreamland.
57. _______________ (catch) the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
58. ______________ (make) it easier to get in touch with us, you'd better keep this card at hand.
59. __________(absorb) in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.
60._______________(learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
61. When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough______ _______(cool) the house during the hot day·
62.Many Chinese brands, _____________ (develop)their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
63._____________(spend)the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong，Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
64. The man went to bed ___________ (drink)， and when he woke up， he found his shoes still on.
65. I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train ____________(catch).
66. Miss Li returned to the class on a wheelchair to give us lessons. we were___________(deep) moved, all________(rise) to applaud her.
67. Here are the first two volumes, the third one_____________(come out) next month.
非谓语语法提高题
1. Bird’s Nest,_______ (accomplish) at the end of 2006, has been visited by millions of guests from home and abroad.
2. A former Japanese governor has come under fire(受到攻击) for the comment_________ (make) by him that any disaster in Tokyo would be an opportunity for western Japan to boost its economy.
3. Experts have found that the disease will lead to a greater increase in the number of sufferers unless
________(treat) seriously when the symptom first appears.
4. Discovered by the Portuguese(葡萄牙人) in 1506 and_________ (settle)in 1810, the island belongs to the Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.
5. More and more young Indian women are saying “I don't” rather than “I do” to child marriage,________ (turn) their backs to a troublesome tradition that is still alive in the country's poorest regions.
6. After ________(leave)his government service as a lawyer he created many famous compositions.
7. Black boxes,________ (design) to record Flight data together with pilots' conversation and noises from the aircraft, are important for people to find out the cause of an air crash.
8. Ladies and gentlemen, please remain ________(seat) until the plane has come to a complete stop.
9.---Who should be responsible for the accident
---The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order as_______ (tell).
10. With Internet use__________(explode) in the world, companies like Yahoo and Google are hunting harder for deals.
11. Hours of playing violent video games can affect the way the brain works, _______(cause) damage to certain cells of brain and slowing brain activity.
12. The married couple regularly discussed the life habits they find________ (annoy) in each other.
13. Ideally_____(locate) in Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue, the New York Park Hotel is a favorite with many guests.
14. _________(attack) by the terrorists, the tall building collapsed.
15. Such an educational program can teach us how to make positive choices when______(face) with personal conflicts.
16. In the near future, China will increase supply of smaller houses, ________(aim) to help low-income families to buy houses of their own.
17. After the party, most guests left, with only two of them_______ (remain) in the host family, _______(help) him cleaning up.
18. Unfortunately, some _________(license)doctors are indifferent to patients, which causes many conflicts.
19_________ (tempt) by the array of goods that were on sale, my friend Felicia ended up spending her whole month's allowance.
20. Their Joan application__________ (refuse), they weren't able to buy the house.
21. South Korea is a world leader in the telecommunications industry and Samsung is already a name
__________(recognize) throughout the world.
22.__________(Face)with high demand and serious shortage of preschools, the local government is undertaking a major expansion.
23. Educators claim that children_______ (expose) to English-speaking environment will learn the language more quickly.
24. What a beautiful sight! Wild flowers of different colors spread all over the hills and around the lake,
________(add) to the beauty of the valley.
25. We had an anxious couple of weeks______ (wait) for the result of the experiment.
26. _________(escape) from being killed, the deer looked for a place where he could get food.
27. Ford is currently the fourth largest automaker in the world based on the number of vehicles________ (sell) annually, directly behind Volkswagen in 2008.
28.________ (come) from a black family, Beyonce admitted that her strength of ambition was fiercer than those of children from white middle-class family.
29. The strike __________(cause) so much violence and trouble finally ended after both sides reached an agreement.
30. Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when__________ (see) alone.
31. People often provide their children with toys, footballs or basketballs,_________ (think) that all children like these things.
32. You should understand the traffic rule by now, since you've had it ______(explain) often enough.
33. When you apply for a job, the interview________ (design) to find out more about an applicant and to see if he is fit for the job is of vital importance.
34. Last October, the Russian government,_______ (hope) to ease tensions ahead of elections early this year, announced a price freeze for milk, bread and other foods through the end of January.
35. A diet____ (base) on plant life can help with the prevention of heart disease, and even cancer.
36. ______(stay) warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.
37. I stopped the car _______(take) a short break as I was feeling tired.
38. Let those in need _______(understand) that we will go all out to help them.
39. They might just have a place______ (leave) on the writing course---why don't you give it a try
40. The airport________ (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
41. The engine just won’ t start. Something seems______ (go) wrong with it
42. The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy ________ (watch) anything that happened to be on.
43. I remembered ___________(lock) the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.
44. We are having a meeting in half an hour. The decision________(make)at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
45. If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but____________(meet) an even greater challenge.
46. George returned after the war, only ______(tell) that his wife had left him.
47. We've had a good start, but next, more work needs________ (do) to achieve the final success.
48. Having finished her project, she was invited by the school_______ (speak) to the new students.
49. This machine is very easy_______ (operate). Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
50. Tom took a taxi to the airport, only________ (find)his plane high up in the sky.
51. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better________ (remain) silent.
52. I think Tom, as the head of a big department, should either study regularly or_____ (quit)his job.
53. Passengers are permitted_______ (carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.
54. It's important for the figures_______ (update) regularly.
55. Simon made a big bamboo box _______(keep) the little sick bird till it could fly.
56. More TV programs, according to government to officials, will be produced______ (raise) people's concern over food safety.
57. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city______ (cheer) by their enthusiastic supporters.
58. The ability______ (express) an idea is as important as the idea itself.
59. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier_____ (break) into small pieces.
60. The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable__________(hold)
61. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank_____ (buy) presents for my dad.
62. There were many talented actors out there just waiting__________ (discover).
63. We were astonished_________ (find) the temple still in its original condition.
64. I have a lot of readings _________(complete)before the end of this term.
65. His first book _______(publish) next month is based on a true story.
66. In many people's opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant______(deal) with.
67. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one ___________(repair) first is the library.
68. The play__________ (produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
69. All of them try to use the power of the workstation ______(present)information in a more effective way.
70. Nowdays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it______________(reuse).
动词与动词短语单句填空 (只填写一词)
1. Working with the medical team in Africa has brought_______ the best in her as a doctor.
2. Mr. And Mrs. Brown would like to see their daughter settle_______, get married, and have kids.
3.When their children lived far away from them, these old people felt cut_________ from the world.
4. I’m going to take advantage ________this tour to explore the history of the castle.
5. Tom had to turn________invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.
6. The whole team count ________Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.
7. Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice______ her opinion
on the subject.
8. I hate it when she calls me at work- I'm always too busy to carry________ a conversation with her.
9. Don't worry. I'm sure your missing glasses will turn_______ sooner or later.
10. My parents always attach great importance_________ my getting a good education.
11.I've been trying to phone Charles all evening, but there must be something wrong with the network I can't seem to get__________.
情态动词与虚拟语气单句语法填空
1. It's strange that he________have taken the books without the owner's permission.
2. Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, __________easily reach the books on the top shelf.
3. My room is a mess, but I________ not clean it before 1 go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
4. The price on this packet is wrong. It____________ be $2.50, not $3.50.
5. The painting ________________not be a masterpiece, but the colors are marvelous.
6. If you_________ have a cigarette, choose a seat in the first row of the smoking section.
7. When I was small, my mom ________read me stories at night .
8. It was really annoying; I__________get access to the data bank you had recommended.
9. It was so noisy that we_____________ not hear ourselves speak.
10. --Can't you stay a little longer
-It's getting late. I really_______ go now. My daughter is home alone.
11. As the deadline is drawing near, no one _________leave with his own work uncompleted.
12. There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I ________(have) a second chance to
become more involved.
13. They might have found a better hotel if they________ (drive) a few more kilometers.
14. 1f we _________(catch) the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the
beach now.
15. If he___________（be）more careful, he would have got much better results in the finals.
16. _______________(be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her
difficulty.
17. -Do you have Betty's phone number
-Yes. Otherwise, I ________(not be) able to reach her yesterday.
18. I was wearing a seat belt. If I hadn't been wearing one, I_________________ (injure).
19. Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week If you_________ (tell) me, I could have
Helped.
情态动词与虚拟语气使用真题再体验
【2018·北京】13. They might have found a better hotel if they ___________ (drive)a few more kilometers.
【2018·江苏】27. There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I ___________(have) a second chance to become more involved.
【2018·天津】10. I can't find my purse. I_______________(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
【2018·江苏】
24. It’s strange that he __should____have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
【2017·北京卷】34. If the new safety system ___________（put） to use, the accident would never have happened.
Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week If you __________ (tell) me, I could have helped.
If it_____________(not be) for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I ____________(dance)as well as her.
We _____________(be) back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
错综时间条件句If he had spent more time practicing English before, he _____________ (be)able to speak it much better now.
名词和主谓一致单句填空
1.The__________(possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
2. She is determined to carry on with her________________ (educate).
3. The first underground passenger railway ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people
to avoid terrible______________ (crowd) on the roads above.
4. Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small_____________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.
5. You wouldn't think that a few __________(month) of exercise in your teens would be enough
for the rest of your life, and that's also true for building your vocabulary-you have to keep at it daily, and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.
6. Then, handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of ___________(achieve).
7. Recent___________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks
regularly.
8. Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top _____________(attract).
9. I settled down in the darkness and the curtains opened. Magically, that show remains the Great Jason's best_____________________ (perform) to this day.
形容词与副词单句语法填空
1. A table for meat is ____________(actual) behind the change.
2. However, be________(care）to go to extremes.
3. The Central London Railway was one of the most__________ (success) of these new lines, and was
opened in 1900.
4. From tomorrow, I will be their U.K. ambassador. The title will be ___________(official) given to me
at a ceremony in London.
5. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which ___________(gradual) turned into
chopsticks.
6 I enjoyed studying____________ (difference) kinds of cars and planes.
7. At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so 1 hoped I could be_______(freely)from them.
8. How nice to see you again! Dad and I were_________ (terrible) worried.
介词和介词短语单句语法填空
1. -Good morning, Mr. Lee's office.
-Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment __________next Wednesday afternoon.
2. Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went_______all.
3. China's soft power grows_______line with the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.
4. After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree
_________engineering or architecture.
5. Determining where we are in relation _______our surroundings remains an essential skill for our
survival.
6. That young man is honest, cooperative, always there when you need his help._______ short, he's
reliable.
7. Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in
harmony __________nature.
8. These comments came in response________ specific questions often asked by local newsmen.
代词单句语法填空
1. I was just glad to find________ (they) alive.
2 .They would say to ________(I) that playing card games would help my brain.
3. If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden ______(we) view and gain knowledge we can not get from books.
4.But for your error, ______might have been easier for you to pass the driving test.
5. Over time, as the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so______would cook more quickly.
6.How would you like____ if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you
7. is very common for students to be physically present in class，but mentally absent because they are using their mobiles.
8.“As soon as he opens (he) mouth and sings in Chinese, the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.
9.Linda，please tell me a little bit about (you)．
10.—Have you got enough tickets
—Not yet. We just need one.
11.Nowadays reference books have become a problem of great concern for the teachers and the students.
12.I'll spend half of my holiday practising English and half learning drawing.
13.Once there lived a rich man who wanted to do for the people of his town.
14.He admitted that when comes to repairing a computer，he had little knowledge of it.
15.I hate when someone makes a mess of my learning materials on my desk.
16.Dating sites also make easy to avoid someone who you are not interested in.
17.I was conscious all the time when I was flying through the air，and seemed a long time.
18．The difference between a man who succeeds and who does not lies only in the way each treats opportunities.
19．It is said that police had been called to the scene following a report of a collision involving her vehicle and of another motorist.
20．—Excuse me, do you want David or Brown to do it
— is up to the job, I'm afraid.
定语从句单句填空
1. Self-driving is an area ________China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
2.There was once a beautiful girl_______hated herself because the was blind.
3. There is usually an interval between the first half and the second half_________the coach will tell his player how to play well.
4.The little problems ___________we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
5. I live next door to a couple ___ ______children often make a lot of noise.
6. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere_____ his employees enjoy their work.
7. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time_______ he should be able to be independent.
8. At that time 1 was in Texas and I had a friend______ farmily business was running hotels.
9. She and her family bicycle to work, ___________helps them keep fit.
10. Kate, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
11. The best part of the vocabulary-built process is that there's enough room for improvement, _________means you'll just keep getting better and better.
12. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, _________is not good for the health.
13. My oldest son, _________work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
14. But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _________was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
定语从句真题再体验
1.2018北京5. She and her family bicycle to work, __________ helps them keep fit.
2.2018江苏21. By boat is the only way to get here, _________is how we arrived
3.2018天津2. Kae, __________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
4.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，_________the weather may be better.
5. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.
6. I have come around to explain the reason ________ I was absent from the meeting.
7. Like anything，it is possible to have too much fat and salt，_________ is not good for the health.
8.In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden，_________ is on the rooftop of their house.
9. Sarah，_________has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
10.Around me in the picture are the things_________ were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.
11. My eldest son，________ work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
12 .The little problems __________________we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
13.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of ____________purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
14． But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, _________I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
15． Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，_________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C.，influenced the development of chopsticks.
16.The study suggests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by_________ we see the world around us.
17. Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _________ it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
18. Many young people, most of_________ were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
名词性从句单句语法填空
1. without his support, we wouldn't be _________we are now.
2. Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing_________ she was heading.
3. She asked me_________ I had returned the books Io the library, and 1 admitted that I hadn't.
4. We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of_________it used to charge.
5. Your support is important to our work. _________you can do helps.
6. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _________one can be entirely free from dust.
7. The manager put forward a suggestion_________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
8. A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not _________ships are built for.
9. Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for _________Doris Lessing had achieved in
literature.
10. We must find out _________Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.
11. lf you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate_________ is below the water surface. Often
there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.
12. _________Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won't accept it.
13. _________ we understand things has lot to do with what we feel.
14. Our health is___________ we make of it- give it attention and it improves; give it none and it weakens.
15. It is generally believed _________modem technology und mass media are helping to break traditional cultural boundaries.
并列句和状语从句单句语法填空
1. This is the custom of China. They are not like us to finish it in one drink, __________prefer to drink by taking a small amount at a time.
2. My mother wants to decorate our rooms in a modem look___________my father prefers a traditional style.
3. It was time for her to have a new baby, __________it was also time for the young panda to independent.
4. He is a shy man，__________he is not afraid of anything or anyone.
5. Give me a chance,__ _____________ I'll give you a wonderful surprise.
6. Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, ______________plants can spread to new places.
7. I can sing both Chinese___________ English songs.
8. Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, _____________once I started the car, my mind went blank.
9. If we stay at home, it is comfortable _____________there is no need to spend money.
10. If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people______________you figure it out.
11. Over time, ____________the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
12. _____________the average age of population increases, there are more and more old people to
care for.
13. If be you miss this chance, it may years_______________ you get another one.
14. There is only one more day to go______________your favorite music group play live.
15. _________________birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.
16. _________________I don't really like the author, I have to admit his books are very exciting.
17._ ____________you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
18. You won't find paper cutting difficult______________ you keep practicing it.
19. It is so cold that you can't go outside________________ fully covered in thick clothes.
20.___ ____________ you start eating in a healthier way, weight control will become much easier.
21. Located___________ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
22. Just ___________ a single word can change the meaning of a sentence, a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.
23．Make up your mind, you will miss the valuable chance.
24．I was feeling hungry, I made myself a sandwich.
25．There is only one more day to go your favorite music group play live.
26． Not we succeed in letting wildlife live in peace can we smile in relief.
27． scientists have learned a lot about the universe, there is much we still don't know.
28． he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.
29．The meaning of the word “nice” changed a few times it finally came to include the sense “pleasant”.
30．It was the middle of the night my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
31．Even the forest park is far away, a lot of tourists visit it every year.
32． we persist in this practice, gradually we'll learn how to express ourselves in English.
特殊句式单句语法填空
1. It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house___________ we saw Lily in the passenger Seat.
2.--Have you seen the film
--Of course, I have. It was in our hometown____________ the film was made.
3. Bach(巴赫) died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century___________ his musical gift was fully recognized.
4. It was when we were returning home ___________I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
5. It was the culture, rather than the language, ______________made it hard for him to adapt to the new
environment abroad.
6. No sooner_____________ Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
7. Only when you can find peace in your heart ______________ you keep good relationships with others.
8. You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel____________ the coach picks up tourists.
9. It could be anything--- gardening, cooking, music, sports-but whatever it is,_ ______________ (make) sure it's a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.
10. Not until recently_____________they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
11.Wasn't it the icy road rather than the drivers____________ was to blame for the series of traffic accidents
12. If_____________ (accept) for the job, you'll be informed soon.
13. ---I spent two weeks in London last summer.
---Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay,_ __________ you
14.Was _______________because Jack came late for school that Mr. Smith got angry
15. Not only_____________The nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well.
16."Never for a second,"the boy says, ___________ I doubt that my father would come to my rescue.
高考英语备考语法之特殊句型题目再体验
倒装句
1.No sooner _________Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
2.Between rows of trees_________ (stand) a new building, which is supposed to be our new library and electronic reading room.
3.Only with the greatest of luck _________she manage to escape from the rising flood water last year.
4.So sweet _________her voice sound on the phone that I could hardly recognize it.
5.Present at the party last night _________ (be) Mr Green and many other guests.
6．Such great progress_________he made that he was praised.
7..The moment the bell rang，out _________ (rush) the children.
8.Not only _________ help be given(give) to the disabled to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for those who need it.
9. _________he caught the morning train，he would not have been late for the meeting.
10. _________it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
11.Not until I caught sight of my teacher in the crowd_________I calm down.
12. Hardly _________ I think it possible to finish the job before dark.
13. Under no circumstances _________ we give up.
强调
1.使用助动词do，does和did对谓语动词进行强调。
First impressions really do count.
对谓语动词强调借助于助动词
1.To tell you the truth，Tom did take my pen by mistake yesterday，but he has said sorry to me.
2.运用强调句型来强调除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分。
强调句
1.【2018·天津】 It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house ______________we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
2. In my opinion, achieving what you set out to do isn't so important. It is joy in the journey_________truly matters.
3. It was not until he came to China_________ he knew what kind of a country she was.
4.It was in this very lab that was in the charge of John that they did the experiment.
5.It was not until I went there that I began to know something about the matter.
6.Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr Smith got angry
7.It was the culture，rather than the language，that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.
8.—Why was it that you were so angry
—Because we failed to take part in the basketball match.
祈使句
1.【2018·北京】 In any unsafe situation, simply ______________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
2.—English has large vocabulary, doesn't it
—Yes, _________ (know) more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
3. It could be anything—gardening，cooking，music，sports—but whatever it is，_________ (make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.
4. _________ (make) good use of learning resources such as the website and library，and you will make great progress.
省略句 省略1.You can never be careful enough when_________ (take) an exam.
2.—Have you been to the Great Wall
—Perhaps not in my memory. If ever,_it might have been during my early childhood.
——你去过长城吗？——也许在我的记忆中没有去过。如果曾经去过了的话，那可能是在我童年的时候。if ever是一个省略句，意即if I have ever been to the Great Wall。
3.When_________about whether I wanted to go for a picnic, I exclaimed “there can't be a better idea”.
4. I won’t go to the party even if invited.
5.高考英语常考的几个省略形式
if ever，if any，if so，if necessary，if not better/worse/taller...than
Please correct my mistakes if any.
6. 不定式的省略
—Will you please look after my house when I’m away
—I’m glad to.
—Are you a sailor
—No.But I used to be.
感叹句
① 句式：The more+主+谓，the more +主+谓。
例句The more you listen to English ,the easier it will become.
②句式：However+形容词/副词+主+谓
例句However difficult the problem may be ,we must work it out this evening.
③句式：Whatever+名词+主语+谓语
例句:Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.
④句式：名词/形容词/副词/动词+as/though+主+谓
例句：Tired as /though he was ,he still went on with his work
注意：如果是a/an+名词提前,冠词省略.
尽管他还是个孩子，他知道的很多.
Boy as/though he is ,he knows a lot.
⑤感叹句。句式what+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语
What a/an+形容词+名词单数+主+谓
How+形/副+主+谓
1.You can’t imagine _________difficulty we had walking home in the snowstorm.
2. _________different life today is from what it was 20 years ago!
3. _________great fun it is to go fishing on weekends!
特殊句型语法填空专练1(适当形式填空)
Dealing with homeless families 1. (be) one part of my job.It was from a single mother 2. the very first call I had was.She was weeping.Not until I promised to help her 3. __________she stop weeping.After being told that she had got into a terrible car accident，I learned that accident made her lose her job.Because of this，she fell behind with her rent 4. she was being forced to leave her apartment.She had to pay for the rent.5. not，nowhere could she and her two children go.
Having explained the situation，she stopped，saying，“I’m so sorry！Thank you for letting me tell my story.I’ve tried every shelter and church organization in the area but no one 6. __________listen or care.”
7.__________an unfortunate thing！At that time there being no openings for family housing，I took her number down and told her I’d call her right back.Later，hardly 8. I found an opening for a family in a shelter in her area when I called her back.She was shocked when 9. ___________(answer) my call.She said，“Never 10. I really expect you to call me back.” I gave her the good news and she started weeping again.But this time they were tears of happiness and hope.
特殊句型语法填空专练2(适当形式填空)
Once upon a time 1_________ lived a very strong woodcutter who asked for a job in a timber(木材)merchant, and he got it. The pay was really good and so
2________(be)the work conditions. For that reason, the woodcutter was
determined to do his best. His boss gave him an axe and showed him the area
where he was supposed to work.
The first day, the woodcutter brought 18 trees." Congratulations," the boss said. "Go on that way!"
So motivated(积极的) 3_____(be)the woodcutter for the boss’s words that he
thought that 4 _________I try harder the next day, l could bring more, but hardly
5__________(be)he able to bring more than 15 trees. The third day he tried even
harder, 6__________ he could only bring 10 trees. Day after day so few trees 7 ____________he bringing that the woodcutter thought he was sure to be losing his
strength. Up to the boss 8_________(go)the woodcutter and apologized,
“9_________ disappointing my efforts were! 1 couldn’t understand what was going on” “When 10_______ the last time you sharpen your axe "
the boss asked. "Sharpen I had no time to sharpen my axe. I have been busy trying to cut trees...”
交际用语例题
（2018 江苏）—What happened Your boss seems to __
fly off the handle_____.—Didn't you know his secretary leaked the secret report to the press
fly off the handle火冒三丈
（2018 天津）—Wasn't Joan supposed to be here by now
— Don't worry .She will be here in about twenty minutes.
2018 江苏）—You know what I've got a New Year concert ticket.—Oh, ___come on____ You're kidding.
（2018 天津）—I'm moving in a few days and I wonder if you could help.
—____You bet _______. Just let me know when, and I'll be there.
高考英语时态语法精选题目
一般现在时
1. Christmas_____________ (fall) on December 25th.
2.Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026___________(take) off at 9:00.
3. This cycle ________(go)day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and thus always a timely offset(抵消)for the outside temperatures.
4. On Monday mornings it usually________(take)me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.
5.Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ________ (wear) evening dress.
6.It is important to remember that success 　　　　　(be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often 　　　　　(take) years to achieve.
改错7. It is always crowded with customers at meal times.Some people even had to wait outside.
8. Some classmates suggest we go to places of interest nearby.I thought that it is a good idea.
一般过去时
1. 2018北京卷—Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here I haven’t seen you around
—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just __ ______（start） on Monday.
2. —How was your vacation in Seattle
—Pretty good. In the evenings I ________(go) to pubs to enjoy beer.
3. The sun was setting when my car ________ (break) down near a remote village.
4.The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he ________(start)．
5.—Is Peter coming
—No,he 　　　　　　　 (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
现在进行时1.---Hi, let’s go skating.
--- Sorry, I’m busy right now. I _______（fill）in an application form for a new job.
2. （2018天津） 13. My washing machine _________________( repair)this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
3. Listen! Some of the girls ___________ (talk) about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.
4.I (leave) for Beijing tomorrow .
5.I’ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I ________ (do)．
6. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology __________ (change)so rapidly .
过去进行时
1. （2018·北京 ） Susan had quit her well-paid job and ____________(work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
2. I ________(drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
3. He must have sensed that I 　　　　　　　(look) at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that ”
将来进行时
1.Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she _______ (teach ) a class at that time.
2.—Could I use your car tomorrow morning
—Sure.I_________ (write)a report at home.
3. I’m afraid I won’t be available. I ______ (see)a friend off at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
现在完成时
1.2018 北京卷 China’s high-speed railways ___________(grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
2. I _____________(read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
3. .—How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing
—Well,the media 　　　　　　　　(cover) it in a variety of forms.
4.Great changes______________(take)place in China since 1980.
5. So far, progress ___________ (be) very good and we are sure that the work________________
(finish) on time.
6.—I ____________(find) the book till now.
---Don’t worry. You may have left it at home.
7.His first novel _____________(receive) good reviews since it came out(出版、发行) last month.
8.In the past few years thousands of films ___________________(produce) all over the world.
过去完成时
1. 2018北京卷A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ____________(trap)
_____ in the mountains for two days.
2. 2018江苏卷 I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan __ ____________(carry out)in the past two years.
3. In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _ ________________ （invent）yet.
4.Silk 　　　　　　　　(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
5.When walking down the street,I came across David,whom I 　　　　　　　　　___________(see) for years.
现在完成进行时
1.Over the past decades，sea ice in the Arctic_____________(decrease) as a result of global warming.
2.Tom___________(work) in the library every night these days.
3.—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for
—The new Star Wars. We _____________(wait) here for more than two hours.
4. Mary______________ (work) really hard on his book and thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.
5．—Where is Peter I can't find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and _____________(write) his essay there ever since.
6.Dashan,who 　　　　　　　　　　　(learn) crosstalk,the Chinese comedic tradition,for decades,wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
7.---We’ve spent too much money recently.
----well, it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives _______around all the time
A. are coming B. had come C. were coming D. have been coming
一般将来时
1. .— What time is it
—I have no idea.But just a minute,I 　　　　(check) it for you.
2.As you go through this book，you ______(find)that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.
过去将来时
They made up their mind that they 　　　　　　　(buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.
时态语态综合考查试题
1． According to a recent survey, violence did exist in schools. Students showed their fear while parents and teachers also________ (express) their great concern about it.
2． Around two o'clock every night，Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat________ (bother) us.
3． They made up their minds that they ________ (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.
4.Hurry up！Mark and Carol ________ (expect) us.
5.Jim ________ (watch) a late night film at home when，right in the middle of a thrilling scene，the television went blank.
6.—I don't understand why you didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.
—I'm so sorry.But I ________ (do) my homework.
7.This was the first time I ________ (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
8.Doctors and scientists ________ (learn) a great deal about sleep in the last thirty years.
9.This medicine________ (taste) terrible. I hate it.
10.As a foreigner, I ________ (absorb) and charmed by the genuine warmth of welcome and unique culture during the trip.
11.John, as well as the other children who have no parents________________ (take) good care of in the city now.
12．Last month I went to the UK for a holiday, I first ________ (stay) in London for a week then I went to Edinburgh and other cities.
13．Where have you been We_______________ (look) for you everywhere.
14．This is the only one of the oldest customs that________________ (keep) up in this district up to now.
15．By the time you have finished reading this book, your meal________ (get) cold.
16．You'd better not telephone me between 9 and 11 a．m. tomorrow unless you have something emergent. I ________________ (hold) an important interview with Mr Smith then.
17．Motorists ________________ (require) to switch off their mobile phones while driving nowadays.
18．The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers ________ ________ (repair) one of the main pipes.
19．It is reported that a space station _______________ (build) on the moon in years to come.
20．Bob called to tell his mother that he couldn't enter the house, for he________ ________ (leave) his key at school.
时态语态语法填空专练
Jianzhi(剪纸)is a traditional style of papercutting in China.First 1． (practice)in China in the 6th century A．D., Jianzhi has a number of distinct 2. (use)in Chinese culture, almost all of 3. are for health, prosperity or decorative purposes.Red is the most 4． (common)used color. Papercuts often have a heavy emphasis 5. Chinese characters 6． (symbolize)the Chinese zodiac animals(生肖)．
Although papercutting is popular around the globe, only the Chinese papercut 7. (list)in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, which was in 2009.The Chinese papercutting is recognized and listed 8. it has a history of more than 1，500 years and it represents the cultural values of the people throughout China.
Modern papercutting 9. (develop)into a commercial industry. Papercutting remains popular contemporarily in China, especially during special events like the Chinese New Year 10. weddings.
高考英语语法知识备考 单句语法填空 参考答案
综合试题 (语法填空单句填空)参考答案
1.the 2.Apologizing poorly 3.importance 4. Information 5. Honesty 6. Offered
7.However 8. approaching 9. taking 10. broaden knowledge 11. what 12.crossing
13.later 14. impatient 15. surveryed 16. can 17. to bother 18. honored 19. What
20. discouraged 21.deeply , rising (all rising to applaud her此处作独立主格结构) 22. solving
23. doing 24. the 25. by (by nature通过自然的方式，大部分洞穴是自然形成的。)
26. energetic 27. impressive 28.in 29. by 30.With 31. had driven 32.Were 33. has made
34.will find　35.is working　36.will be built　37.has been reached　38.is being restored　39.are designed 40. Gained 41. finished　42.(being) conducted　ing 　44. to know
45.or 46.which　47.where　48.which　49.as　50.whose
51．when　52.whom　53.which　54.where　55.that
56.what　57.where　58.How　59.how　60.where
61．where　62.whether　63.what　64.that　65.That
66.has　es　68.did　69.did　70.What　71.and
72．Observe　73.so　74.makes　75.it
冠词知识单句语法填空
1.She is earning 6,500 a day as____a___model in New York.
2.For her, the return of the ring was ______a______wonder.
3.It’s not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary; like many things in life, it’s___an__ongoing process.
4.A new collection of photos brings ____an____unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.
答案　an　[unsuccessful前面用an修饰。]
5.Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be_____a____ Beethoven.
6.Each country, of course,in Copenhagen, has its own particular priorities and concerns, which is why ___an_____agreement is so difficult to reach.
7.He missed____the____gold in the high jump, but will get___a_____second chance in the long jump.
答案　the；a　[句意：他没有得到跳高的金牌，但是在跳远项目上还有一次机会。a＋序数词表示“又一”；gold前加the表示特指。]
8.please bring____a___ packed lunch because ___the___ competition is expected to last all day.
9.In 1931，Addams became____the____ first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
答案　the　[序数词前面加定冠词the。]
10.Now, years later, this river is one of____the____most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
答案　the　[句意：多年之后，这条河成为最杰出的环保典型之一。可知，此处most前用the修饰表示的是最高级的概念。]
11.____The_______prize for the winner of the competition is a two-week holiday in Paris.
12.I went to ____the_____countryside with my father to visit grandparents.
13.Beijing 's bid for ____the___2022 Winter Olympics has driven public enthusiasm for winter sports to new heights.
14.I just heard___the___ bank where Dora works was robbed by gunman wearing a mask.
15.___The_______prize for the winner of the competition is a two-week holiday in Paris.
Animals are obviously ____a____ lower form of life than ________ man.
答案　a；/　[本题考查冠词。man表示“人类”的意义时，前面不加冠词。form是可数名词，前面有形容词修饰时要加不定冠词，故用a修饰。句意：很明显，动物是低于人类的一种生命形式。]
16.When he left___／___college, he got a job as__a____reporter in a newspaper office．
A.／：a B.／；the C.a；the D.the；the
【解 析】 这是一个由when引导的时间状语从句。根据语境，他大学毕业时就得到了一份报社记者的工作，a job as a reporter,reporter前面的不定冠词a表示数量，而大学毕业是表示一种抽象的时间概念，不用冠词。【答 案】 A
17.I don’t think the experiment is　　　a　failure. At least we have gained　/　　　experience for future success.
解析　failure 如果仅表示"失败"的概念, 是不可数名词;如果表示具体的"失败的人或事物",则为可数名词。 类似的单词还有: danger, surprise, pleasure, success, honour, difficulty 等。experience 作"经历"讲时,是可数名词;作"经验"讲时,是不可数名词。 答案　a;/
18.--John, there is __a______Mr. Wilson on the phone for you--I'm in_____the___ bath.
A. a;the B. the;a C. a; × D. the; ×
a+姓名，表示“一个叫……的人”；in the bath在浴室。 答案 A
19.I hired the car by the hour.我按小时租了这辆车。
20.Apples are sold by weight and coal is sold by the ton.苹果按重量出售,煤炭按吨出售。
知识点：用在表示度量单位的名词前,如by the hour/day/week/month/year/dozen/
yard/ton/kilo,但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词。
21.—When did you meet her last
—I don’t remember exactly,but I’m sure it was__an_____unforgettable Friday when I went for a walk after___a___ wonderful lunch. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
解析　此处Friday和lunch前都有形容词修饰,且两处均表示泛指,所以均用不定冠词。unforgettable的发音以元音音素开头,故其前应用an。 答案　an; a
22.—Of the two apples, which one do you prefer
—___The____bigger one. It is___a___most delicious one,I think.
解析　第一空用the特指两个苹果中较大的那个;而第二空用a,most表示"很,非常",因为比较对象只有两个,所以第二空不能用the。
答案　The; a
23.George couldn’t remember when he first met Mr. Anderson,but he was sure it was___ a _____Sunday because everybody was at__/____　church.
解析　句意:乔治不记得他是什么时候初见安德森先生的,但是他确定那是一个星期天,因为大家都在做礼拜。第一空用a表示泛指;at church"做礼拜",at the church"在教堂"。
答案　a;/
24. an
25. a
26. an
27. a
28. the
29. the
30. the
非谓语动词语法专项练习 (非谓语使用单句语法填空)
1.Traveling _ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience
沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。
2. Ignoring (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. 动名词在句中做主语。
3.Understanding _____(understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
4. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid____ looking _____ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged.
5.The hospital has recently obtained new 考向一 一般将来时
1.shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first 我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening 今晚七点回家好吗？
2. be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划或安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3.be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4.be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
5.一般现在时表将来。
a. 下列动词come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
—When does the bus star 汽车什么时候开？
—It stars in ten minutes. 十分钟后。
b. 以here，there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
c. 在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes不是will come., ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
d. 在动词hope，take care that，make sure that等的宾语从句中。
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
6.用现在进行时表示将来。
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。
I’m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week 你会在这儿待到下周吗？
【易混辨析】
考向二 过去将来时
1. 过去将来时的定义
过去将来时主要用于表示过去某个时候看来即将发生的动作或存在的状态。
He said he would come here next Friday. 他说他下周五来这儿。
I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道当我们陷入困境时他会帮助我们。
2. 过去将来时的结构
（1） would + 动词原形
She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates this term. 她告诉我们说她将一切努力在本学期赶上其他同学。
When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you. 当你请李雷帮忙时，他绝不会拒绝。
（2）was / were going to + 动词原形
He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告诉我说他要参加那次会议。
He said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station. 他说将要派我去火车站接她。
（3）was / were to + 动词原形。
The building was to be completed next month. 这座建筑该在下个月竣工。
Li Lei was to arrive soon. 李雷很快就要到了。
（4）was / were about to + 动词原形。
We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. 就在我们要离开时，天突然下起了大雨。
He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 就在他要吃中饭的时候，门铃响了。
（5）was / were +现在分词。
He was leaving the next day. 他第二天要走了。
We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon. 我们接到通知说领导们很快要来我们学校。

3. 过去将来时的用法
（1）过去将来时，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。
He said he would stay with us. 他说他要与我们待在一起。
He said he would never go there again. 他说他绝不会再去那儿。
（2）过去将来时，用于虚拟语气中。
If I were you, I would not do that. 如果我是你的话，我就不会那样做。
If he were here, he would show us how to do it. 如果他在这儿，他就会向我们展示该如何做了。
【归纳拓展】
was / were going to + 动词原形，was / were to + 动词原形，was / were about to + 动词原形等结构都可表达当时一种未曾实现的意图或打算。
The conference was going to be held the next month. 会议下个月开。
We were to have our class at eight. 八点我们该上课了。１．议论论文：
A. Just as every coin has two sides, carshave both advantages and disadvantages．
B.Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.
C. When itcomes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot ofconvenience. However,...
D.Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the cityand in the countryside.
E. As isknown to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part inour daily life.
F. Why doyou go to university Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：
A. I amwriting to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.
B. I readan advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...
C. Thankyou for your letter of May 5.
D. Howhappy I am to receive your letter of January 9.
E. Hownice to hear from you again.

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：
A. Ladiesand gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement tomake.
B.Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.
C. Mr.Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：
A. Ladiesand gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speechon the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health.
B. Goodmorning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, toextend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

as wellas, not only…but (also), including
A. Notonly do computers play an important part in science and technology, but alsoplay an informative role in our daily life.
B. All ofus, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.
C. Hespeaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but alsoFrench.
D. E-mail,as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

on onehand ,on the other hand, on thecontrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing ;for another, nevertheless
A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand,it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear andvivid pictures.
B. It ishard work; I enjoy it though.
C.Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

even,besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…,worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse
A. Thehouse is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’smore/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

in one’sopinion, that is to say, for example, for instance, as a matter of fact,in fact, namely
A. As a matter of fact, advertisement playsan informative role in our daily life．
B. Thereis one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question ofeducation.

first/firstly,meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time, in the meantime,shortly after, nowadays
A. Theywill be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee.
B. Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty.

especially,indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on earth.. , not at all
A. Noiseis unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.
B What inthe world/on earth are you doing

thanks to,because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help of...,owe ...to...
A. Thecompany has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in exportsales.
B. As aresult, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance Examinations.
in short;briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known toall
A.Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending letters.
B. Inshort, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being polluted.
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There aredifferent opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that……
2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying……It's the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correctin many cases even today.
3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, …… whichhave brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ……
Second,……Whatmakes things worse is that…….
4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。
Nowadays，it is common to ……. Many people like ……
because …… Besides，……
5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……
People’sopinions about …… vary from person to person. Some people say that ……To them,……
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is nowfacing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more serious.
8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
……has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heateddebates are right on their way.
9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
……has been playing an increasingly importantrole in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that……while. Obviously，……but why
1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。
On the contrary，there are some people in favor of……t the same time，they say……
2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I don't think it is a very good way tosolve …….For example，……Worst of all，…….
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……
……is necessary and important to our country'sdevelopment and construction. First，……What's more, ……Mostimportant of all,……
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can……
5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，
Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to…….
For one thing，For another，
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. ……In addition.……All
these measures will certainly…….
7. 为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……
Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The
third is…….For all this, the main cause of ……use to …….
8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has
its own disadvantages, such as ……
9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下：
I fully agree with the statement that ……because…….
1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……
As far asI am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that……
2. 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。
In a word,the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.
3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势（好处）。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于（喜欢）……
But……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while……
Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to……
4. 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……
Personally,I believe that…… Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because……
5. 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, ……So it's urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.
6. 至于我（对我来说，就我而言），我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……
For mypart, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you……
7. 对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……；第二，……；最后……但同样重要的是……
In myopinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as follows. First ……second …… Last but not least,……
8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。
It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of…….however, from a personal point of view find……
9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusionthat……
10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……
If we cannot take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is
1、学校生活及学习成绩
Begetting on well with one’s study某人的学习越来越好
takeseveral courses at school在学校学若干门课程
haveEnglish (Chinese, Physics…) every (other )day work hard at …
putone’s heart into…专心于;致力于
beinterested in …
be fondof
likechemistry best
begood at …; be poor at …; do well in …; be weak in …
makeprogress in …; fail in …’ be tired of …’
passthe examination; give sb. a passing grade;
majorin history 主修历史
Hehas the best record in school. 他的成绩最棒。
get adoctor’s degree 获得博士学位
bemore interesting to sb.
learnabout; succeed in…; be active in class (work);
takean active part in …; learn… by heart;
workout a (maths) problem; improve oneself in …;
get90 marks for (English); get an “A” in the exam;
havea good command of…
lay agood foundation in (language study)
2、师生关系
geton well with sb; like to be with students;
begentle with us; be kind to sb;
be astrict teacher; be strict with one’s pupils;
bestrict in work
Wethink of him (her) as …; help sb with sth;
praisesb for sth …; blame sb for sth..
giveadvice on …; question sb on …
besatisfied with …
correctthe students’ homework carefully and prepare for the next day;
give sb a lot ofwork;
tryto teach sb good study habits; make one’s lessons lively and interesting; teachsb. sth.;
teachsb to do sth.
devoteall one’s time to work;
admire(sb.for) his devotion to the cause of education
佩服他对于教育事业的献身精神。
3、课余活动及周末生活
spendone’s time in many different ways;
enjoydoing things by oneself; go swimming;
gofor an outing; have an outing at (the seashore);
seethe sights of Beijing; play the piano (violin);
playchess (basketball); have a swim;
havedances on weekends; have a picnic over the weekend;
go tothe cinema; have a party; hold a sports meeting;
dosome reading; help sb do sth; enjoy a family trip;
geteverything ready for;
rideone’s bike with sb.to(the park);
Thereare a lot of activities at (the beach).
Weenjoy a change from our busy life in the city.
Shewould like to bring sth. to the picnic.
Itwas a very relaxing Sunday.
Thereare good programmes on TV on weekends.
4、彼此沟通信息
takea message for sb; send a message to sb;
hearfrom sb; talk about/of sth; tell sb to do sth;
getinformation about…;
expressone’s idea (feelings) in English用英语表达一个人的思想（感情）;
Writesb a letter saying…给某人写信说... ，apologize to sb for…
thankyou for …; make a speech t at the meeting;
explainsth to s; look upon sb as …; think sb to be …;
takesb’s side
5、事件中人的态度
wouldlike to do; allow sb to do;
keepsb from doing (prevent sb. from doing);
callon sb to do; be afraid to do (be afraid of …)；
feelike doing; insist on doing; drive sb. off;
speakhighly of sb; speak ill of sb; think highly of sb;
forcesb to do; offer to do; refuse to do; agree to do;
regretdoing;
preferto do A rather than do B; had better do;
wouldrather (not) do.
6、事情过程
havethe habit of doing…; have no trouble doing;
makeup one’s mind to do;
preparesb for …; give up doing…; do sth as usual;
dowhat he wants us to do; set about doing;
tryone’s best to do…=go all out to do;
getinto trouble; help sb out; do one’s bit for New China;
waitfor sb to do; find a way to do; make friends with sb;
show(tell) sb. how to do…; take (send) sb to …;
I’mtrying to find…;
I’mafraid we are out of …;
passthe time doing; feel a little excited about doing…;
can’thelp doing…; do some good deeds to people;
beprepared for more hard work;
Someare doing A, others are doing B, and still others are doing C.
7、感观活动与思维活动
look around for …; look up (down) at …; catch sight of …;
take a look at …; hear sb do (doing); take notice of …;
take view of …; have a good understanding of …;
consider sb (sth) to be …; come to know…;
realize that …; know that +从句
8、情感与欲望
be pleased with …; be delighted in doing…;
take a pleasure in doing; be worried about;
feel surprised at …
be sorry for …; be angry with sb for sth;
be angry about …(为某事生气)；
look forward to doing…; wish to do; expect to do;
long for (long to do); be sick for one’s home;
have a strong desire to do …;
9、健康状况及治疗
be in good shape; be in good (poor )health;
feel weak (well, terrible, sick); have got a high (slight ) fever;
have a slight (bad) cold; take one’s temperature;
have got a pain in …; be good (bad) for one’s health(eyes);
It’s nothing serious. stay in bed until…; save one’s life
10、其它
It (take)sb. some time to do…; It is said that …;
be fit for; be short of; be well dressed;
miss the lecture (train); change…into…;
waste time doing; spend time doing; be busy doing;
have no choice but to do; I can’t help it. be in need of…;
be mistaken about …; fall behind…; catch up with;
on behalf of; instead of; be welcome to do…;
Running, biking and swimming are popular in summer.
Skiing and skating are my favorite winter sports.
11、信件开头常用语
You letter came to me this morning.
I have received your letter of July the 20th.
I’m writing to you about the lecture to be given next Monday.
I’m writing to ask if you can come next week.
How time flies! It’s three months since I saw you last.
Thank you for your letter.
In reply to your letter about (the exhibition this year)…;
Let me tell you that…
12、信件结尾常用语
Please remember me to your whole family.
Give my best regards (wishes) to your mother.
Best wishes.
With love.
Wish you a pleasant journey.
Wish you success. Wish you the best of health. (luck)
Looking forward to your next visit to China.
Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you.
Expecting to hear from you as soon as possible.
13、问路和应答
Go down this street
Turn night/left at the first crossing
It’s about…meters from here
You can’t miss it
In front of behind at/a the corner(不用in) 试题回顾
假定你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Terry将去中国朋友家做客，发邮件向你询问有关习俗。请你回复邮件，内容包括：
1. 到达时间；
2. 合适的礼物；
3. 餐桌礼仪。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
思路点拨
本文是一篇电子邮件类应用文写作。餐桌礼仪也是考生比较熟悉的话题。成文时注意以下几点：
一、内容要点要齐全：
1．到达时间；2．合适的礼物；3．餐桌礼仪。
二、时态：
主要用一般现在时和将来时；
三、人称：
第二、三人称。
四、注意使用恰当的高级词汇、短语或句型，以提高作文的水平；
五、适当使用一些连接词和插入语，使文章表达自然、流畅。
1. 浏览信息要点。
2. 三个任务点，第一段内容：问候对方，马上呈现对方所涉及的话题，拜访中国家庭，做客时间的要求和忌讳! 第二段内容：做客拜访的合适礼物，可以适当延展，初次拜访，亲密朋友之间拜访，二次拜访，家庭情况适合的礼物，通用的礼物等。第三段：table manners,可以描述两三个通常的中国人的餐桌礼节和忌讳的地方，有鲜明特色之处，最后一句表达祝愿。
3. 时态，给对方的建议和说明，用一般现在时，描述风俗礼仪这是客观规律性的东西，用一般现在时。
4. 头脑风暴短语、句型结构，开始打草稿。
5. 行文。
6. 检查拼写和语法。
【满分作文】
Dear Terry,
　　How are you doing Learning that you are about to pay a visit to a Chinese friend and confused about the Chinese customs, I am writing to put forward some advice.
　　Firstly, I would 1ike to suggest that you arrive 5 to 10 minutes earlier, which is common in Chinese traditional culture. Secondly, if I were you I would bring some appropriate gifts with me, such as souvenirs from my own country. Besides, table manners are also what you should pay attention to. For example, you are not supposed to stick your chopsticks into your food. Instead, laying them on your dish is a smart choice.
　　If you have any other problems, please don’t hesitate to contact me.
【素材积累】
做客礼仪：
1. 预先约定一个时间以便对方事先作好安排。如果事先已经约定好了时间，就应遵守约定，准时到达，如需提早十分钟二十分钟之内可以接受，不要迟到，以免主人等候，也不要太早到，以免主人未作好准备。这是一个基本礼节问题。
2.如果有专属地域文化特色的礼物是最好的。如果朋友家有长辈，带点烟酒和茶叶或一些老人家用的保健品等；如果朋友家有小孩，带点儿童玩具或买箱牛奶，然后加点茶叶啥的；不要送钟、梨、伞等这些东西，被认为不吉祥。
3.主人会请客人入座上席，再请长辈入座客人旁。入座的时侯要从椅子的左边进入。在中餐结束时，筷子应整齐地放在靠碗右边的桌上，并应等客人们都放下筷子以后，主人示意离席后方可以离开，不能自己吃完了放下筷子就走，这样做是很没礼貌的表现。
常用词语和句子
准时：on time/punctually
餐桌礼仪：table manners
合适的、恰当的：appropriate
拜访：
pay a visit to
You are supposed/expected/required to do…
It' s a good idea to…
It' s appropriate/suitable to do …
It' s sensible/reasonable/advisable to do …
It' s good manners to do …
It' s noteworthy that…
I think it would be more helpful if you could do…
It would be wise of you to…
It' s desirable to do …
It' s inappropriate to do …
It' s impolite to do…
It' s unwise/inadvisable to do …
Never （助动词/系动词/情态动词）主语+谓语动词…
It' s not suitable for you to do…in such a situation.
2
试题回顾你受学生会委托为校宣传栏“英语天地”写一则通知，请大家观看一部英语短片Growing Together，内容包括：
1. 短片内容：学校的发展；
2. 放映时间、地点；
3. 欢迎对短片提出意见。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
写作点拨英语书面通知的时态应该以一般将来时为主，多使用被动语态、简单句。在通知中不应当过度的使用较复杂的词语和读起来拗口的句子。
第二个注意点：层次一定要清晰，一个层次要表达一件事情，使人看起来一目了然。
满分范文Notice
Boys and girls,
　　May I have your attention, please Recently, an outstanding movie will be shown in our campus. Welcome to join us end enjoy it! Here are some relevant details about it.
　　To begin with, the name of the movie is Growing together, which is about the development of our beloved school; as a result, it will be not only meaningful but also interesting. Besides, it will be in the library from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon on June 9th . What’s more, everyone of you will be welcome to take part in it, enjoying the movie, having a heated discussion afterwards and giving your own comments.
　　Hopefully, you would make it to our activity. I have the confidence that you will have a great time.
　　The Student Union
　
3
试题回顾假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Peter 来信询问你校学生体育运动情况。请给他回信，内容包括：
1. 学校的体育场馆；
2. 主要的运动项目；
3. 你喜欢的项目。
注意：
1. 词数100左右：
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。思路点拨
本题作文为提纲式作文，形式依然是书信，即给英国朋友Peter介绍学校体育运动情况，属于学校生活话题。这一话题贴合学生生活的实际，学生并不陌生，有话可说。
首先可以介绍学校的体育场馆，场馆的位置，大小，开放时间等等。然后简要介绍学校主要开设的体育项目有哪些，可挑选一到两个做详细介绍，如学生的活动时间，活动形式，以及此类活动的好处等。再次简要分析自己喜欢的体育项目是什么，并简单分析喜欢的原因，自己从中得到的益处等。文章可主要采用一般现在时态，第一人称的方式来写。
满分范文
Dear Peter,
　　I am exceedingly delighted to hear from you. You asked me in your last letter about the physical exercise in our school and the following information may give you a rough sketch.
　　To begin with, a fabulous new stadium has been built up, which has become the new landmark in our school. Moreover, with the stadium set up, a wide range of sports events are able to be held, of which ping-pong, football as well as running competitions enjoy great popularity. As for me, I’m intoxicated with basketball since it has been giving me strength to confront the challenges in my life.
　　All in all, I sincerely invite you to come to our school and see for yourself.
　　Yours,
　　Li Hua
4
试题回顾假定你是李华，你校英语协会招聘志愿者，接待来访的国外中学生。请你写信应聘，内容包括：
1. 口语能力：
2. 相关经验；
3. 应聘目的。
注意：
1. 词数80左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
思路点拨
本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求写应聘信。
第一步：根据提示可知，学校英语协会招聘志愿者，接待来访的国外中学生。要求写封应聘信，内容包括：1.口语能力：2.相关经验；3.应聘目的。
第二步：根据写作要求确定关键词（组）。
第三步：根据提示和关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接和过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。本文内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。另外全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。
满分范文
Dear Sir or Madam,
　　My name is Li Hua. And I am writing to apply for being a volunteer of our school English association.
　　I have a good command of English and have been to the USA twice. So I can communicate well with native speakers of English. What's more, I am kind and friendly to other people. So I can easily get along with foreign students.
　　I' m particularly interested in this job because I want to further improve my oral English capabilities and interpersonal communication skills. Hopefully I can receive your acceptance.
　　Yours faithfully,
　　Li Hua
5
试题回顾
读后续写：阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
　　It was summer, and my dad wanted to treat me to a vacation like never before. He decided to take me on a trip to the Wild West.　　We took a plane to Albuquerque, a big city in the state of New Mexico. We reached Albuquerque in the late afermoon. Uncle Paul, my dad's friend, picked us up from the airport and drove me up to his farm in Pecos.
　　His wife Tina cooked us a delicious dinner and we got to know his sons Ryan and Kyle. My dad and I spent the night in the guestroom of the farm house listening to the frogs and water rolling down the river nearby. Very early in the morning, Uncle Paul woke us up to have breakfast. "The day starts at dawn on my farm," he said. After breakfast, I went to help Aunt Tina feed the chickens, while my dad went with Uncle Paul to take the sheep out to graze (吃草). I was impressed to see my dad and Uncle Paul riding horses. They looked really cool.
　　In the afternoon, I asked Uncle Paul if I could take a horse ride, and he said yes, as long as my dad went with me. I wasn't going to take a horse ride by myself anyway. So, my dad and I put on our new cowboy hats, got on our horses, and headed slowly towards the mountains. “Don't be late for supper," Uncle Paul cried, "and keep to the track so that you don't get lost!" “OK!" my dad cried back. After a while Uncle Paul and his farm house were out of sight. It was so peaceful and quiet and the colors of the brown rocks, the deep green pine trees, and the late aftermoon sunmixed to create a magic scene. It looked like a beautiful woven ( 编织的) blanket spread out upon the ground just for us.注意：
1. 所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2. 至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4. 续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
思路点拨
读后续写要求考生首先要读懂已有信息，不仅能读懂字面含义，还要理清文章的脉络。续篇这篇短文时，考生要搞清楚故事的发展进程、前因后果、地理位置、人物思想情感的变化等。在此基础上，考生要顺着文章的思路，根据线索，发挥想象，对其后的情节进行合理预测，并用语言表达出来。
通过阅读所给文章可知，父亲带儿子去西部荒野的一个朋友家体验农场生活，见父亲和叔叔骑马，儿子也很想骑，于是亲身上马体验。
根据第一段所给首句Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse.这一句是故事发展的转折点，可从rabbit出现后带来的反应扩展开，可以写马的反应，也可以写人的反应，但要注意与第二段首句相呼应。第二段首句是We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark.这一句呼应前文Uncle Paul的叮嘱——不要误吃晚饭，可从如何寻路返回农场去写。
续写时注意要使用5个以上短文中标有下划线的关键词语，我们要熟悉所给划线词语，恰当的时候加以运用。最后还要注意所续写短文的词数应为150左右；续写完成后要用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
满分范文
　　Suddenly a lttle rabbit jumped out in front of my horse. My horse turned to the 1eft to avoid the ittle rabbit as I held on tightly and tried not to fall. Then my dad turned around and shouted, Hoid on! All of a sudden the horse began to run My dad tried to keep up behind us. For a few minutes my horse slowed down to a trot and then stopped beside a river. I looked around and realized that we were way off the track.
　　We had no idea where we were and it got dark. Luckily the stars came out and gave us a little light when we were looking for the way to the farm house. After what must have been several hours, we suddenly heard the sound of sheep in the distance. My dad and I both rode our horses towards the sound of the sheep. As we got closer we saw Uncle Paul with a flashlight waving us over. What a night!
6
试题回顾假设你是晨光中学的机器人兴趣小组组长李津，你的美国朋友Chris就读于天津某国际学校，他曾在机器人技能竞赛中获奖。你打算邀请他加入你的团队，参加即将与7月底在天津举行的世界青少年机器人技能竞赛。请根据以下提示代表兴趣小组给他写一封电子邮件。
（1）比赛的时间、地点；
（2）邀请他的原因；
（3）训练计划将发送其邮箱，请他提出建议。
注意：
（1）词数不少于100；
（2）可适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯；
（3）开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：
世界青少年机器人技能竞赛 the World Adolescent Robotics Competition
　　Dear Chris,
　　I have good news to tell you.
　　I'm looking forward to your reply.
　　Yours,
　　Li Jin
思路点拨
本篇书面要求写一封邀请信。写作的时候要注意以下几点：
一、动笔前，一定要认真分析要点，理解要点要表达的含义，不能遗漏要点，跑题偏题。内容要点包括：
1.代表兴趣小组发出邀请；
2. 介绍比赛的时间、地点等安排；
3. 说明邀请他的原因，包括Chris曾在机器人技能竞赛中获奖；
4. 告诉他训练计划将发送其邮箱，请他提出建议。
二、写作时注意准确运用时态，对于本文来说，以一般将来时为主，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
内容要点
1. 代表兴趣小组发出邀请；
2. 介绍比赛的时间、地点等安排；
3. 说明邀请他的原因，包括Chris 曾在机器人技能竞赛中获奖；
4. 告诉他训练计划将发送其邮箱，请他提出建议。
满分范文
　　Dear Chris,
　　I have good news to tell you. The World Adolescent Robotics Competition will be held in Tianjin at the end of July. Hearing that you once took part in a Robotics Skills Competition and won an award, I, on behalf of the Robotics Hobby Group, intend to invite you to join our team in the coming competition. I am sure that your involvement will not only help us in winning the award but also enhance the friendship between our two schools.
　　With this email I also send you our training plan, about which I wish to get your advice because you are more experienced than us. We sincerely hope that we can participate in the competition as team partners.
I' m looking forward to your reply.
　　Yours, 　　Li Jin
7
试题回顾假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。他向你咨询相关信息。请给他回邮件，内容包括：
1. 表示欢迎；
2. 推荐他上哪所大学；
3. 建议他做哪些准备工作。
注意：1. 词数不少于50；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
　Yours，
　Li Hua
思路点拨
本文为提纲式作文，文章要求写推荐信，为英国朋友介绍北京的大学。首先可以介绍一下写作背景（Jim对中国文化感兴趣，要来中国学习），表达欢迎。然后推荐一所大学，并简要介绍推荐的原因（如大学的特色，可以学到什么等）。再次简单介绍应该做哪方面的准备，如可以提前学习汉语，读点有关中国传统文化的书，了解中国的习俗，让自己更好地适应中国的生活。文章可采用一般现在时，人称可以使用第二人称。
满分范文
　　Dear Jim,
　　I' m so glad to hear your future education plan in Beijing in your last letter. First I would like to express my warmest welcome to you and I am sure you will have the most unforgettable experience during your college in Beijing.
　　Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture, I suggest you apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China. Its Chinese Literature major is, perfect for you where you. can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture. As for preparation some reading in advance in needed like The Story of the Stone while some online courses of spoken Chinese can be helpful for you to adapt into the Chinese language environment.
　　I sincerely hope your dream will come true and it’s my pleasure to show you around in Beijing when that day comes. If you have further questions, please feel free to let me know.
　　Yours,
　　Li Hua
8
试题回顾假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，记述你们上周接待外国学生，带领他们体验中国茶文化的过程。
注意：词数不少于60。
思路点拨
本文为图片介绍类作文，这类作文是根据给出的一幅或几幅图画所提供的信息写短文。此类题的体裁较广泛，可以是记叙文、说明文，也可以是议论文。按照本文的要求可知，是写一篇记叙文。
1. 认真读图，把握中心。
根据提示可知，内容是带领外国学生体验中国茶文化的全过程，介绍了茶具，泡茶，沏茶，品茶的过程，所以这是这组图画所要表达的中心。
2.初步构思，考虑用词、短语、句型和时态。
在把握了文章的中心后，应在内心构思一个基本的框架，并考虑使用恰当的词语、短语和句型，以充分地表达文章的内容。本文是讲述上周发生的事情，故时态要以过去时为主，人称是第一人称，尽可能地充分利用所学的短语或句型来表述具体的内容。这是体现自身能力的重要一环。
3. 连词成句，然后再连句成文。
运用适当的单词或短语正确表达各图的意思。然后再将各图的单个句子串连起来。串连时，要注意使用适当的连接词语或过渡性语句，不至于让读者觉得文章中出现跳跃现象，更使上下文更为紧凑、自然。
4.反复审核，修改错误。
一篇文章写好后，应进行检查，看短文中是否有错，如拼写、用词、时态、语态及表达方面的错误。5.宜详则详，该略则略。对于一些细节方面的内容，如果是文章必不可少的，在写作过程中是不可将其忽略的。如果是可有可无的细节，则可视具体情况进行增删。据此，我们在读图时一定要注意阅读各图中的一些细节内容，看其是否影响文章的内容。
满分范文
　　Last week, we took the foreign students in our school to experience the authentic tea culture, which turned out be to extremely rewarding.
　　On arriving at the tea house, the foreign students were impressed by the unique tea pots and tea cups. I gave them a vivid and informative introduction of tea culture, including its profound history, its rich variety, and the exquisite craftsmanship of making tea with their interest greatly sparked, I then began to teach them how to make tea.
　　In order to deliver a clear presentation, I slowly explained the traditional procedure of making tea in detail. Absorbed in every move of mine, the foreign students were once again amazed by this unique culture and they couldn’t help taking pictures from time to time.
　　Next came the moment when I asked them to have a try themselves. Washing the tea pots, adding tea leaves, and pouring water into the cups, they followed my instructions and were really immersed in charming tea culture. The tea house witnessed a really enjoyable time for all of us.
　　At the end of the activity, holding the tea bags in our hands, we took a picture to memorize the unforgettable day. It suddenly hit me that traditional culture like tea culture was of great charm and huge value. And I swelled with pride to spread our own culture to people all over the world.
【亮点说明】巧妙使用定语从句，提升了文章档次：
Last week, we took the foreign students in our school to experience the authentic tea culture, which turned out be to extremely rewarding.
使用非谓语动词，使句子表达更简洁：
On arriving at the tea house…
I gave them a vivid and informative introduction of tea culture, including its profound history, its rich variety,
Absorbed in every move of mine, the foreign students were once again amazed by this unique culture
holding the tea bags in our hands, we took a picture to memorize the unforgettable day.
使用倒装句突出重点。
Next came the moment when I asked them to have a try themselves.
使用it做形式主语，使表达更地道。
It suddenly hit me that traditional culture like tea culture was of great charm and huge value.
9
试题回顾请阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。 写作内容：1.用约30个词概括上述利用排名( ratings)进行消费的现象；
2.谈谈你如何看待消费排名，然后用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。
写作要求：
1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3.不必写标题
评分标准：
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
思路点拨
先用30词概括阅读材料，然后针对材料中的话题写一篇议论文谈看法。首先要认真阅读两段有关消费排名现象及观点的纯文字材料，然后进行比较和分析，表明态度，作出价值判断。
文章首段要简要介绍两段材料，第一段材料为一对母子买旅行箱看了网上的评论，结果买回来的旅行箱质量很好。第二段材料为一帮人去餐馆吃饭，看了on-line rating，结果饭菜很不好吃，从而凸显出online rating的不靠谱。
然后写你对online rating的看法，表明观点，注意用2-3个论据来支撑自己的看法。
文章属于议论文，要注意主题句的使用，论点之间要注意有条理。文章可主要采用一般现在时，第三人称来写。
满分范文
　　Possible version one:
　　As a major channel of consumption information, the rating is an efficient source of information for shopping in our own consumption. Interestingly, the same rating may have different influences on different consumers.
　　There is no doubt that it is unwise to depend completely on the ratings in consumption. The advantages and disadvantages of ratings are often closely related. It is necessary to hold an objective attitude towards ratings.
　　Possible version two:
　　Nowadays, most commodities or services are rated through certain channels. These ratings, easy to access, are playing an increasingly important role in customers' purchase decision. However, results are sometimes unsatisfactory.
　　There is no denying that such ratings might bring convenience to consumers, but they are often misleading and unreliable. As we all know, most of the ratings are based on others’ judgment on the product or service concerned. Every judgment comes from a specific need or a unique psychological state. Apparently, blindly following others' advice will affect our own judgment. Another fact should not be neglected that some of the ratings are the outcome of a careful manipulation of companies or sellers. It has become a common practice for some to pay
for good ratings on their products or services so as to increase their sales.　　Therefore, we should give a second thought to these ratings whenever we go shopping.字母A词性转换
able adj. 能；有能力的，能干的
--- enable v. 使可能；使能够 --- unable opp. 不能的，无法的
--- ability n. 能力；才能，才识，技能 --- disability opp. 残疾，缺陷
abnormal adj. 不正常的，反常的，变态的 --- normal adj. 正常的；典型的
absence n. 缺席，不在；缺乏 --- absent adj. 缺席的，不在的；缺乏的
absolute adj. 绝对的，完全的；确实的 --- absolutely adv. 绝对地，完全地；确实地
academic adj. 学术的，教学的 n. 高等院校教师; 高校科研人员 --- academy n. 专科学院, (美)私立学校
accept vt. & vi. 接受vt. 忍受；接纳；承担（责任/指责）--- acceptance n. 接受；认可，同意；接纳
access n. 通道，入口；进入/到达…的方法或途径；使用/接近…的权利或机会vt. 访问，获取（计算机数据）；到达；进入；使用 --- accessible adj. 可到达的，可接受的，易相处的
accident n. 事故；偶然的事，意外的事 --- accidental adj. 意外的; 偶然的 --- accidentally adv. 意外地; 出其不意地；不知不觉地
account n. 账，账目；账户，账号；叙述，描写，报道v.认为是; 视为 --- accountant n. 会计，会计师
accurate adj. 准确的，精确的 --- accuracy n. 精确(程度); 准确(性) --- accurately ad. 准确地，精确地
achieve vt. 达到，取得 --- achievement n. 成就,成绩,功绩
acknowledge vt. 承认；（公开）感谢 --- acknowledgement n. 承认；感谢
acquire v. 获得，得到 --- acquisition n. 获得，得到
act n. 法令，条例 v. 扮演（角色）；行动 --- action n. 行动--- active adj. 积极的，主动的--- activity n. 活动--- actor n. 男演员--- actress n. 女演员
actual adj. 真实的; 实际的 --- actually adv. 实际上；事实上
adapt v. 使适应，适合，改编 --- adaptation n. 适应，改编本
add vt. 增添，增加；补充说vt. & vi. （使）相加 --- addition n. 加法；增加；增加的人/物；附加物 --- additional adj. 附加的; 额外的; 外加的 --- additionally adv. 此外; 另外; 额外地; 进一步; 在更大程度上
addict n.吸毒成瘾的人;瘾君子;对…入迷的人vt. 使沉溺; 使上瘾; 使自己沾染（某些恶习） --- addicted adj. 上瘾的; 入迷的 --- addictive adj. 上瘾的; 使人入迷的 --- addiction n. 上瘾; 瘾; 入迷; 嗜好
adjust vt. 调整，调节vt. & vi. （使）适应，（使）习惯 --- adjustment n. 调整; 调节; (行为、思想的)调整，适应
admire v. 钦佩；羡慕--- admirable adj. 值得赞赏的, 可钦佩的
admit (过去式：admitted；过去分词：admitted)vt. 承认，准许（入场，入学，入会）--- admission n. 准入, 接纳
adopt vt. & vi. 收养，领养vt. 采用，采纳 --- adoption n. 采用; 收养; 领养
adore v. 崇拜; 热爱，爱慕(某人); 喜爱 --- adorable adj. 可爱的; 讨人喜爱的
advance n. 前进；进步，进展；预付款vi. （尤指士兵）前进，向前移动vt. & vi. （使）进展；（使）进步；（时间）提前；（价格）上涨；预支（钱）--- advanced adj. 先进的; 高级的; 高等的; (发展)晚期的，后期的
advantage n. 有利条件，优势；优点，好处 --- opp. disadvantage
adventure n. 冒险；冒险经历，奇遇 --- adventurous adj. 冒险的; 惊险的; 有冒险精神的
advertise vt. & vi. （为…）做广告/宣传，（为…）登广告；征聘 --- advertisement n.广告(=ad)
advice n. 忠告，建议 --- advise vt. & vi. 劝告；建议vt. 正式通知
affect vt. 影响--- affection n. 喜爱，钟爱
afford vt. 负担得起；抽得出（时间）--- affordable adj. 可担负得起的
Africa n. 非洲 --- African n. 非洲人 adj. 非洲（人）的
agency n. 代理处，经销处，代理机构；（尤指政府内的）机构，局，部，厅 --- agent n. 代理人; 经纪人; 原动力
agree v. 同意；赞成；意见一致--- agreement n. 同意，一致；协定，协议
agriculture n. 农业；农学 --- agricultural adj. 农业的; 农用的
alcohol n. 酒；酒精，乙醇 --- alcoholic adj. 酒精的; 含酒精的
amaze v. 惊奇，震惊 --- amazed adj. 惊奇的; 震惊的 --- amazing adj. 令人惊奇的；令人震惊的
ambition n.目标, 野心, 雄心, 抱负 --- ambitious adj. 有野心的；有抱负的
America n. 美洲；美国 --- American n. 美洲人; (尤指)美国人; 美国英语adj. 美洲的; (尤指)美国的
amuse vt. 给…提供娱乐/消遣；逗…乐 --- amusement n. 可笑; 愉悦; 娱乐; 娱乐活动; 游戏
analyze v. 分析 --- analysis n. 分析，分析结果 (pl. analyses) --- analyst n. 分析师
angry adj. 生气的，愤怒的--- anger n. 生气；愤怒
announce vt. 宣布，宣告；（尤指在机场或火车站）广播通知；宣布…的到来/出席 --- announcement n. 公告; (一项)布告; 通告
annoy vt. （使）恼怒，（使）生气；（使）烦恼 --- annoyed adj. 恼怒的; 生气的; 烦恼的 --- annoying adj. 烦人的; 使人恼怒的; 使人生气的
annual adj. 每年的，年度的 --- annually adv. 一年一次地
anxious adj. 忧虑的，焦急的 --- anxiety n. 担忧，焦虑
apologize vi. 道歉，谢罪 --- apology n. 道歉；歉意
appear vi. 出现 --- appearance n. 出现，露面；容貌
applaud vt. & vi. 鼓掌；称赞；赞成 --- applause n. 掌声; 鼓掌; 喝彩
apply v. 申请 --- application n. 申请 --- applicant n. 申请人
appoint v. 任命; 委任; 安排，确定(时间、地点) --- appointment n. 约会；约定；预约；任命；任职；职位
appreciate vt. 欣赏，赏识；感激，感谢；理解，明白 --- appreciation n. 欣赏; 理解; 体谅; 同情; 感激; 感谢
approve v.赞成,同意,批准,通过--- approval n. 赞成；同意；批准
architecture n.建筑学，建筑设计，风格--- architect n. 建筑师，设计师
argue vi. 争辩， 争论--- argument n. 争论，辩论
arise (过去式：arose, 过去分词：arisen) vi. （问题或困难）出现；发生；产生；起身；起立
arm n. 手臂，胳膊；武器（常用复数）vt. 武装；装备；备战 --- army n. 陆军（部队）
arrange v. 安排; 筹备; 整理; 排列; 布置 --- arrangement n. 安排；筹备；安排方式；排列；布置；商定；约定
arrive vi. 到达；达到 --- arrival n. 到来，到达
art n. 艺术，美术；技艺 --- artist n. 艺术家 --- artificial adj. 人工的，人造的
Asia n. 亚洲 --- Asian adj. 亚洲（人）的n. 亚洲人
assess vt. 评价，评定；估价 --- assessment n. 看法; 评估; 评定; 核定; 判定
assign v.分配(某物);分派，布置(工作、任务等);指定;指派;委派;派遣 --- assignment n. 分配; (分派的)工作，任务
assist v. 帮助，协助 --- assistance n. 帮助，援助 --- assistant n. 助手，助理
associate v. 联合; 联想; 联系; 交往 n. 伙伴; 同事; 合伙人 --- association n. 协会，社团；联盟；（与人或团体的）关联；交往；联系；联想
assume v. 假定，假设--- assumption n. 假定，假设
astonish vt. 使大为惊讶，使惊骇 --- astonished adj. 感到十分惊讶的; 吃惊的 --- astonishment n. 惊讶; 惊异
athlete n. 运动员 --- athletic adj. 健壮的, 体育运动的
attain vt. & vi. （经过长时间努力）达到；得到，取得 --- attainable adj. 可达到的; 可获得的
attend vt. & vi. 出席，参加；上（学）vt. 看护，照料 --- attendant n. 服务员; 侍者 --- attendance n. 出席; 参加; 上学; 到场
attract v. 吸引，引起 --- attraction n. 吸引，爱慕 --- attractive adj. 迷人的，有吸引力的
Australia n. 澳大利亚 --- Australian adj. 澳大利亚的n.澳大利亚人
awake adj. 醒着的 vt. & vi. （使）醒来，唤醒 (过去式：awoke, 过去分词：awoken)
aware adj. 意识到的，察觉到的 --- awareness n. 知道; 认识; 意识; 兴趣
字母B词性转换
1. bad (比较级：worse, 最高级：worst) adj. 坏的；有害的，不利的；严重的 --- badly adv. 坏，恶劣地
2. bake v. 烤； 烘（面包）--- bakery n. 面包店
3. base n. 根据地，基地（棒球）垒 --- basic adj. 基本的 --- basis n. 原因，缘由，要素
4. bear vt. 忍受，容忍 --- bearable adj. 可容忍的 --- unbearable opp. 不可忍受的
5. beautiful adj. 美，美丽，美观的 --- beauty n. 美丽，美人 --- beautify v. 美化，使变美丽
6. begin(过去式：began, 过去分词：begun) v.开始,着手 --- beginning n. 开始，开端
7. behave v. 守规矩，行为 --- behaviour n. 行为，举止
8. believe v. 相信，认为 --- belief n. 信条，信念
9. bend (过去式：bent, 过去分词：bent) vt. & vi. （使）弯曲；（使）弯腰；（路）转弯 --- bent adj. 弯曲的
10. benefit n. / v. 优势, 益处, 使…受益 --- beneficial adj. 有利的，有帮助的，有用的
11. biology n. 生物学 --- biological adj. 生物的，生物学的 --- biologist n. 生物学家
12. blood n. 血，血液 --- bleed vi. 出血，流血 --- bleeding n. 流血
13. bless vt. 保佑，降福 --- blessing n. 祝福
14. boat n. 小船，小舟 --- boating n. 划船（游玩），泛舟
15. bore v. 使厌烦 n. 令人厌烦的人或事 --- bored adj. （对人，事）厌倦的，烦闷的 --- boring adj. 乏味的，无聊的 --- boredom n. 厌烦; 厌倦; 无聊
16. brave adj. 勇敢的 --- bravery n. 勇气
17. breath n. 气息；呼吸 --- breathe vi. 呼吸 --- breathless adj. 气喘吁吁的，上气不接下气的
18. broad adj. 宽阔的，广阔的 --- broaden v. 变宽; 变阔; (使)扩大影响; 增长(经验、知识等);
19. build v. 建筑；建造 --- building n. 建筑物；房屋；大楼
20. bury vt. 埋；葬 --- burial n. 埋葬
21. busy adj. 忙（碌）的 --- business n. 生意，交易；事业 --- businessman n. 商人（男）；男企业家 (pl. businessmen) --- businesswoman n. 商人（女）；女企业家 (pl. businesswomen)
字母C词性转换
1. calculate vt. 预测，估计；计算，核算 --- calculator n. 计算器 --- calculation n. 计算; 估计; 预测; 推测
2. calm adj. 平静的；（人）镇静的，沉着的 vt. & vi. （使）平静，平静下来 --- calmness n. 冷静；平静; 无风
3. Canada n. 加拿大--- Canadian adj. 加拿大的n. 加拿大人
4. capable adj 有能力的；能干的 --- capability n. 能力; 才能
5. care vt. & vi. 在乎vi. 关心n. 照顾；谨慎；忧虑 --- careful adj. 小心的，谨慎的，仔细的 --- careless adj. 粗心的，大意的，草率的 --- caring adj. 乐于助人的; 关心他人的
6. carry vt. 运送；搬；携带；承载；附有(信息) --- carriage n. 马车; 运输 --- carrier n. 载体
7. celebrate vt. & vi. 庆祝vt. 歌颂 --- celebration n. 庆典; 庆祝活动
8. centre(center) n. 中心（点）；中间 --- central adj. 中心的；中部的；重要的
9. certain adj. 确定的；某个，某种；某些 --- certainty n. 确实的事; 确实; 确定性 --- certainly adv. 必然；肯定地；当然；没问题
10. chair n. 椅子；主席（席位）vt. 使就座；使就要职；担任（会议）主持人 --- chairman n. (pl. chairmen) 主席；董事长 --- chairwoman n. (pl. chairwomen) 女主席；女董事长
11. challenge n. 挑战；具有挑战的事情；挑战（赛）vt. 向…挑战；对…质疑 --- challenging adj. 具有挑战性的; 挑战性的
12. change n. 变化；(找回的)零钱；换乘 vt. & vi. 变化，改变；替换；换乘 vt. 交换，互换；把（钱）换成（零钱）；兑换；退换，调换 --- changeable adj. 可变的; 易变的
13. character n. 性格；性质；特色；（好的）品性；人物；角色；符号；字母 --- characteristic n. 特征，特色，特点adj. 特有的，典型的
14. cheer n. 欢呼声vt. & vi. （为…）欢呼；（使）振奋 --- cheerful adj. 令人愉快的; 快乐的
15. chemist n. 化学家；药剂师 --- chemistry n. 化学 --- chemical adj. 化学的n. 化学物；化学制品
16. child n.小孩，儿童 --- pl. children
17. China n.中国 --- Chinese adj.中国的 n.中国人; 华裔; 华人; 中国话; 汉语; 中文
18. choose (过去式：chose, 过去分词：chosen) vt. & vi. 选择，挑选；宁愿；决定 --- choice n. 选择；选择权；被选中的人/物
19. civil adj. 公民的，国民的；民用的，民事的；有礼貌的 --- civilisation(-zation) n. 文明 --- civilian adj. 民间的，平民的n. （与军、警等相对的）平民，老百姓
20. clear adj. 清澈的；晴朗的清醒的；清楚的 vi. 变清澈；转晴；恢复畅通vt. 清理；清除vt. & vi. （使）变清晰；（使）变清醒--- clarity n. 清晰; 清楚 --- clarify vt. 澄清（思想、问题等），阐明
21. class n. 班，班级；（一节）课；课程；上课；阶级，社会等级；等级vt. 把…分类 --- classify v. 分类; 划分 --- classification n. 分类; 归类
22. clean adj. 干净的，清洁的vt. & vi. （把…）弄干净，清理 --- cleaning n. 打扫; 扫除; 清洁 --- cleaner n. 清洁工; 吸尘器
23. clever adj. 聪明的，机灵的；灵巧的；巧妙的；机敏的 --- cleverness n. 聪明
24. cloth n. 布，织物，衣料；布块，桌布 --- clothes n. 衣服
25. close adj. 近的，靠近的，接近的；可能要…；几乎要…；亲密的，亲近的；密切的；仔细的，周密的，严密的；相差无几的；均势的adv. 紧紧地；接近地 --- closeness n. 密闭；狭窄；闷热; 接近；亲密; 紧密
26. cloud n. 云彩，云朵 --- cloudy adj. 多云的；阴天的
27. coast n. 海岸，海滨 --- coastal adj. 沿海的，靠近海岸的，海岸的
28. collect vt. 收集，采集；收藏；取走（某物）；接走（某人）vt. & vi. 募集；收取（租金、税等）；积聚，聚集 --- collection n. 收藏品，收集物
29. colour(color) n. 颜色，色彩；脸色；肤色 vt. 上色，给…着色vi. 变色；脸红 --- colourful adj. 五颜六色的; 颜色鲜艳的
bine vt. & vi. （使）结合，（使）组合 vt. 兼备；兼顾 --- combination n. 结合体; 混合体; 结合; 联合
31. come vi. 来；到来；达到 --- coming adj. 即将发生的; 下一个的 n. (新事物的)到来，来临
32. comedy n.喜剧 --- comedian n. 滑稽演员; 喜剧演员
fort n. 舒适（感）；安慰；令人感到安慰的人或物 vt. 安慰，慰藉 --- comfortable adj. 令人舒适的；（人）舒服的，自在的；宽裕的，小康的
mit vt. 犯（错误、罪行等）；投放；使用vt. & vi. （使）承担义务；（使）作出保证 --- commitment n. 投入；奉献；承诺，许诺，保证；承诺的事/责任 --- 过去式及过去分词：committed
municate vt. & vi. （与…）交流（信息等）；传达，表达vi. 沟通（情感等）vt. 传染（疾病） --- communication n. 交流，沟通；通讯系统；交通（网）
munist n. 共产主义者 adj. 共产主义（者）的 --- communism n. 共产主义; 共产主义制度
pare vt. 比较，对比；比喻，比拟vi. 比得上；相比 --- comparison n. [C] & [U] 比较；比拟
pete vi. 竞争；对抗；参加比赛 --- competitor n. 竞争对手; 参赛者--- competence n. 能力；胜任 --- competition n. 比赛，竞赛；竞争
plain vi. & vt. 抱怨 complaint n. 抱怨; 投诉; 不满
pose vt. 构成；组成；vt. & vi. 创作(乐曲、诗歌等)；vt. 撰写 --- composition n.成分; 构成; 组合方式; (音乐、艺术、诗歌的)作品; 作曲; 创作
41. comprehension n. 理解，领悟；理解力 --- comprehensive adj. 全面的；综合 (性) 的 n. [C] 综合中学
42. concentrate vt. & vi. （使）聚集于；专心，集中（注意力、思想等）；（使）浓缩 --- concentration n. 集中; 专心; 浓度
43. concern vt. 关于；涉及；使担心；使关心，使关注n. 担心；关心；担心的事，关心的事 --- concerned adj. 担心的; 关注的 --- concerning prep. 关于；涉及
44. conclude vt. 推断出，断定vt. & vi. 结束，终止 --- conclusion n. 结论，推论；结尾
45. condition n. 状况，情况；环境；条件；条约；条款 --- conditional adj. 有条件的; 条件的
46. conduct vt. 引导，带领；实施，进行；管理 vt. & vi. 指挥（军队、乐队等）n. 行为，举止；实施；管理，经营；经营方式 --- conductor n. 导体; (管弦乐队、合唱队等的)指挥; 列车长; 售票员
47. confidence n. 信心; 信任; 信赖; 自信心; 把握; 肯定 --- confident adj. 自信的; 有自信心的
48. Confucius n. 孔子 --- Confucianism n. [U] 孔子学说；儒教
49. confused adj. 困惑的；糊涂的；混乱的；难懂的 --- confuse v. 混淆; 使糊涂; 使迷惑
50. congratulation n. 祝贺，庆贺 --- congratulate v. 向(某人)道贺; 祝贺
51. connect vt. & vi. 连接，连结vt. 把…联系起来 ；给…接通电话；（火车、航班等）衔接vi. （融洽地）沟通，相处 --- connection n. 联系，关联; 联结
52. consequence n. 结果；后果；重要（性），重大 --- consequent adj. 随之而来的; 作为结果的
53. consider vt. & vi. （仔细）考虑 vt. 认为，觉得；体谅，顾及 --- considerate adj. 考虑周到的; 为(他人)着想的 --- considerable adj. 相当大的; 相当多(或重要等)的; 值得注意的 --- consideration n. 考虑; 深思
54. consist vi. 由…组成，由…构成；在于，存在于；符合 --- consistent adj. （人、言行、文章等）前后一致的，始终如一的 --- consistency n. 一致性; 连贯性; 黏稠度; 密实度
55. consultant n. 顾问，商议者，咨询者 --- consultation n. [U] 商量；咨询 --- consult v. 咨询; 请教
56. consume vt. 消耗，耗费；消费；吃光，喝光 --- consumption n. [U] 消费(量)；消耗 (量) --- consumer n. 消费者; 顾客; 用户
57. contain vt. 包含，含有；容纳；抑制，控制 --- container n. 容器; 集装箱; 货柜
58. continue vt. & vi. 继续，延续；持续vi. 持续，维持…的情况 --- continuous adj. 不断的; 持续的; 连续的
59. contradictory adj. 相矛盾的；引起抵触的 --- contradict v. 反驳; 相矛盾; 相反
60. contribution n. 贡献；捐款，捐献物；稿件，作品 --- contributor n. 贡献者; 投稿人 --- contribute v. 贡献; 捐献
61. convenient adj. 便利的，方便的；就近的；近便的 --- convenience n. 方便; 便利
62. cook n. 炊事员，厨师 vt. & vi. 烹调，烧，煮 --- cooker n. 厨具
63. cooperate vi 合作；协作；配合 --- cooperation n. 合作; 协作; 协助; 配合
64. corporate adj. 公司的；团体的；法人的 --- corporation n. (大)公司; 法人
65. correct vt. 改正，纠正，校正，矫正adj. 正确的，无误的；恰当的，得体的，妥当的；正当的 --- correction n. 校正; 修正; 改正; 纠正
66. count vt. 把…计算在内，包括；看作，认为vi. 数数；重要，有价值vt. & vi. 计数，计算总数 --- counter n. 柜台; 计算器
67. courage n. 勇气，胆量；勇敢 --- courageous adj. 勇敢的; 无畏的 --- encourage vt. 鼓励，激励
68. cover n. 盖子，覆盖物；封面vt. 覆盖；掩饰；包括，涉及；走完（一段路程）；占地；采访；报道；足以支付，够支付 --- coverage n. [U] 覆盖 (范围)；新闻报道；保险 (范围)
69. cream n. 奶油；含乳脂食品；乳霜 --- creamy adj. 含乳脂的; 奶油色的; 淡黄色的
70. create vt. 创造；创作；创立，创设；造成 --- creation n. 创造; 创作; 创建; 作品 --- creator n. 创造者；创作者; 造物主; 上帝; 发明者 --- creative adj 有创造力的；创造性的 --- creatively adv. 创造性地; 有创造力地 --- creativity n. 创造力; 创造性
71. crime n. （泛指）犯罪活动；罪，罪行；不道德的行为，罪过 --- criminal n. 罪犯 adj. 犯罪的; 刑法的; 刑事的; 犯法的
72. criterion n. （批评、判断、检验等的）标准，准则，尺度 --- pl. criteria
73. criticise(criticize) vi & vt 批评；批判；指责；vt 评价；评论 (艺术作品等) --- critical adj 批判的；挑剔的；紧要的；关键的 --- critic n. 批评家; 评论家
74. cross vt. & vi. （使）交叉，（与）交叉；越过，横过，渡过n. 十字形，交叉形；十字形物品 adj. 恼怒的; 十分愤怒的; 生气的 --- crossing n. 十字路口; 人行横道
75. crowd n. 人群；观众 vt. 挤满，塞满vi. 聚集；涌进；蜂拥而至 --- crowded adj. 拥挤的
76. culture n. 文化；文明；教养，教化 --- cultural adj. 文化的; 与文化有关的
77. curious adj. 好奇的，爱探究的；奇异的，奇怪的 --- curiosity n. 好奇心; 求知欲
78. current adj当前的；通用的；流通的；流行的n. [C] 水流；电流；气流 --- currency n.通货; 货币; 通用; 流行; 流传
79. custom n. 风俗，传统；日常习惯 --- customer n. 顾客，主顾，客户
字母D词性转换
1. danger n. 危险，风险 --- dangerous adj. 危险的
2. dark adj. 黑暗的；黑色的n. 黑暗，暗处 --- darkness n. 黑暗；阴暗
3. data n. 数据；资料，信息 --- database n. 数据库；资料库
4. die v. 死（亡）；灭亡 --- death n. 死亡 --- dead adj. 死的 --- deadly adv. 致命地
5. decide vt. & vi. 决定，选定；判断 --- decision n. 决定；决策 --- decisive adj. 果断的; 决定性的; 关键的
6. declare vt. 宣布，声明；声称，宣称 --- declaration n. 声明；宣称
7. decorate vt. & vi. 装饰，装潢，装修 --- decoration n. 装饰；装修
8. deep adj. 深的 --- depth n. 深（度），深处 --- deepen v. 变深
9. deer n. 鹿 --- pl. deer
10. defend vt. & vi. 防御 vt. 为…辩护--- defence(defense) n. 防御；防御物，防御能力；辩护；（体育运动中的）后卫，防守队员
11. definite adj. 确切的；肯定的 --- definitely adv. 确切地；肯定地
12. define v. 下定义 --- definition n. [C] & [U] 释义；定义
13. deliver vt. 投送，传送；使发表，使表达，讲；接生，使分娩 --- delivery n. 递送，投递
14. deny vt. 否认；否定；拒绝承认；拒绝接受；拒绝给予 --- denial n. 拒绝；否定
15. departure n. 启程，离开，出发 --- depart v. 启程，离开，出发
16. depend vi. 依靠，依赖；相信，信赖；由…决定，取决于 --- dependent adj. 依靠的; 依赖的 --- dependence n. 依靠，依赖
17. depress vt. 将 (某物) 压下；推下；使抑郁；使沮丧；使萧条--- depressed adj. 抑郁的; 沮丧的; 意志消沉的
18. describe vt. 描述，叙述，形容 --- description n. 描述，描写，形容，叙述
19. destroy vt. 毁坏，摧毁，毁掉；消灭，杀死 --- destruction n. 摧毁; 毁灭; 破坏
20. detail n. [C] 细节；琐事；[U] 详情 --- detailed adj. 详细的; 细致的; 精细的
21. detect vt 察觉；发现；侦查出 --- detective n. 侦探
22. determine vt. 确定，查明；是…的决定因素，影响vt. & vi. 决心，决意 --- determination n. 决心; 测定; 果断
23. develop vt. & vi.（使）发展，加强vt. 开发，形成；出现（问题）；使显影，冲洗 --- development n. 发展，开发，成长；事态发展，进展情况，开发成果
24. devote vt. 奉献，致力，专心 --- devotion n. 关照; 奉献; 忠诚; 专心
25. differ vi. 不同，相异；不同意，意见不合 --- difference n. 差别，差异；差额；（意见的）分歧（点），不和 --- different adj. 有差异的，不同的；各种的，另外的
26. difficult adj. 困难的，难懂的；不易相处的，难以讨好的，很难满足的 --- difficulty n. 困难，艰难；难事，难题；（尤指经济上的）困境；困难程度
27. dig vt. & vi. 掘（土），挖（洞、沟等），采掘 ---过去式：dug --- 过去分词：dug
28. digest vt. & vi. 消化 vt. 理解，领会 --- digestion n. 消化; 消化能力
29. dining n. [U] 进餐 --- dinner n. 正餐，主餐；宴会
30. direct adj. 直接的，直率的，直达的vt. 给…指路；指导，负责，管理；命令 vt. & vi. 导演，指挥 --- direction n. 方向，方位；指导，指挥，管理；指示，用法说明，（行路）的指引 --- director n. 导演；校长；经理；指挥
31. disabled adj. 残废的；丧失能力的 --- disability n. 障碍；残疾
32. disappear vi. 消失，不见；灭绝 --- disappearance n. 消失; 失踪
33. disappointed a. 失望的；沮丧的 --- disappoint v. 使失望；使沮丧
34. disaster n. 灾难，不幸，彻底的失败，彻底失败的人/事 --- disastrous adj. 灾难性的
35. discover vt. 发现，发觉；找到 --- discovery n. 发现，被发现的事物/真相/人
36. discrimination n. 歧视；区别对待；识别力，辨别力 --- discriminate v. 区分，辨别; 区别对待; 歧视
37. discuss vt. 讨论，商议，辩论 --- discussion n. 讨论，商议，辩论
38. distant adj. 远离的，远处的，久远的；疏远的；远亲的 --- distance n. 距离；遥远，远处，远方；冷淡，疏远
39. distinct adj. 明显不同的；截然不同的；明显的；清楚的 --- distinction n. 差别; 区别; 杰出; 特质 --- distinctive adj. 独特的; 特别的; 有特色的
40. distinguish vt. & vi. 区别；辨认；使有别于vt. 使杰出，使显出特色 --- distinguished adj. 杰出的; 卓越的; 显得重要的
41. distribution n. [U] 分配；配送；[C] & [U] 分布 --- distribute v. 分配; 分发; 分销; 分布
42. disturb vt. 扰乱；打扰；使心神不安 --- disturbing adj. 引起烦恼的; 令人不安的
43. diverse adj. 不同的，多种多样的 --- diversity n. 差异(性); 不同(点); 多样性; 多样化
44. divide vt. 划分，分配，分开；（被）除（尽）；把…作除数 --- division n. 分割，分配；分界线；部分，部门；除（法）；分裂，分歧，差异
45. donate vt. & vi. 捐赠，赠送 --- donation n. 捐赠物; 捐赠; 赠送
46. doubt n. 怀疑，疑惑，疑虑vt. 怀疑 --- doubtful adj. 可疑的; 怀疑的; 不确定的
47. drama n. [C] (一出) 戏；戏剧性事件；[U] 戏剧；戏剧艺术；戏剧文学 --- dramatic adj. 戏剧的；戏剧性的；给人印象深刻的；巨大的
48. draw v. 画; 拖(动); 拉(动); 吸引 n. 抽奖; 抽签; 和局 --- drawer n. 抽屉; 开票人; 出票人
49. drive (过去式：drove, 过去分词：driven) vt. & vi. 驾驶，开（车）vt. 驱赶，驱动，迫使n. 驱车旅行; 驾车路程；车道；驱动力，干劲 --- driver n. 司机，驾驶员
50. dry adj. 干的，干燥的，干旱的 vt. & vi. （使）变干；（把…）弄干 --- drought n. [U] & [C] 干旱；旱灾
51. during prep. 在…期间 --- duration n. [U] 持续；期间
52. dust n. 灰尘，尘埃 --- dusty adj. 尘土飞扬的; 布满灰尘的; 土灰色的; 灰暗的; 无光泽的
字母E词性转换
eager adj. 渴望的；热切的 --- eagerness n. 渴望；殷切；热忱；热情
easy adj. 容易的；易懂的；舒适的 --- ease n. [U] 舒适；悠闲；自在
east adj. 在东方的，向东的adv. 在东方，向东方n. 东，东方，东部(地区) --- eastern adj. (在)东方的；向东的
ecology n. 生态学；生态 --- ecological adj. 生态的 --- ecologist n. 生态学者
economic adj 经济 (学) 的；经济上的 --- economical adj. 经济的;实惠的;节俭的
editor n. 编辑，编者；剪辑者 --- edit v. 编辑; 编纂 n. 编辑 --- edition n. 版本; (报纸等的)一份
education n. 教育；教育学 --- educator n. 教育家，教师 --- educate v. 教育;教导
effect n. 效果，作用，结果，影响 --- effective adj. 有效的；起作用的
eight num. 八 --- eighth num. 第八
elder adj. 年龄较大的n. 长者，长辈；年龄较大者 --- elderly adj. (人) 较老的；上了年纪的
elect v. 选举；推选 --- election n. [C] & [U] 选举；推选
electric adj. 电的; 用电的; 电动的 --- electrical adj. 电的; 与电相关的 --- electronic adj. 电子的；电子器件的 --- electricity n. 电；电流；电学
emotion n. [C] & [U] 感情；情绪；激情 --- emotional adj. 情感的，情绪的
emphasis n. [C] & [U] 强调；重视；重读 --- emphasise/emphasize v. 强调；重视
employ vt. 雇用，聘请 --- employment n. 雇用，聘请 --- employee n. 雇员；员工 --- employer n. 雇主
encourage vt. 鼓励，激励；鼓动，劝告；促进，助长 --- encouragement n. 鼓励，激励
--- opp. discourage
energy n. 精力，力量；活力，干劲；能量 --- energetic adj. 精力旺盛的，有活力的，充满活力的
engine n. 发动机，引擎；火车头 --- engineer n. 工程师；技师
England n.英格兰（英国的主要部分），（泛指）英国 --- English n. [U] & [C] 英语；英文；[U] 英语学科；(the English) 英格兰人adj 英语的；英格兰 (人) 的；英国 (人) 的
enjoy vt. 欣赏，享受…之乐趣，喜爱；享有--- enjoyable adj. 令人愉快的，有乐趣的
enter vt. & vi. 进入 --- entry n. 进入，入场，进入权；入口处，门口 --- entrance n. 入口，门口；入场；进入权，进入许可
envy n. 忌妒，羡慕，羡慕对象/目标vt. 忌妒，羡慕 --- envious adj. 羡慕的，忌妒的
equal adj. 相等的，同样的，相等的；平等的 n. 同等的人/物vt. & vi. 等，比得上 --- equality n. 均等，平等；等式 --- equally adv. 平等地; 同样地
equipment n. 装备，设备，器械，装置 --- equip (过去式：equipped；过去分词：equipped) v. 装备，配备；使有所准备
erupt vi.（火山、喷泉等）喷发；（战争、感情等）爆发；突然发生 --- eruption n. 喷发；爆发
establish vt. 建立；创立；设立；确立；立足；得到认可 --- establishment n. 建立
Europe n. 欧洲 --- European adj. 欧洲的，欧洲人的n. 欧洲人
evaluate vt. 评价；评估 --- evaluation n. 评价；评估
evidence n. 证据，迹象；（法庭上的）证据，物证，证词 --- evident adj. 清楚的，显然的
exam n. 考试；检查 --- examine vt. 检查；调查；测验
excellent adj. 极好的；优秀的；杰出的 --- excellence n. 杰出，卓越
except conj. & prep. 除…外 --- exception n. 例外，除外 --- exceptional adj 杰出的；罕见的
excite v. 使兴奋；使激动 --- excited adj 兴奋的；激动的 --- exciting adj 令人兴奋的；使人激动的 --- excitement n. 令人激动（或兴奋）的事，刺激因素；激动，兴奋
exhibit v. 展览，展出 --- exhibition n. 展览，展出；展览品，展览会
exist vi. 存在；生存，生活 --- existence n. 存在；生存 --- existent adj. 存在的; 实有的; n. 存在(或实有)的事物
expand vt. & vi. 扩展；扩大；（使）膨胀 --- expansion n. [C] & [U] 扩大；扩张；扩充
expect vt. 等待；预料，预计；要求，期望，指望；料想，认为 --- expectation n. 期待；预期；期望
expense n. 支出，费用；代价 --- expensive adj. 昂贵的
experience n. 经验，实践；经历，阅历 --- experienced adj. 熟练的，有经验的
explain vt. & vi. 解释，说明，讲解 --- explanation n. 解释，说明
explode vt. & vi. (使)爆炸vi. （感情、暴力事件）爆发，激增 --- explosion n. 爆炸; 爆发
explore vt. & vi. 探测，探索vt. 探讨，探究 --- exploration n. 探索; 探究
expose vt. 使暴露，使显露；揭露，揭发 --- exposure n. [U] 暴露；显露；[U] 揭露；揭发
express vt. 表达，表示；特快发送n. 特快列车；快送，快递服务 --- expression n. 表达
extend vt. 伸开；展开；伸出；vt & vi (使) 延伸；(使) 延长；vt & vi (使) 扩大；(使) 扩展 --- extension n. 延伸，扩大；延长期；电话分机，分机号码
external adj 外 (面) 的；外部的 --- opp. internal 内部的
extinction n. [U] 灭绝；消亡 --- extinct v. 灭绝；消亡
extreme adj. 极大的，极度的 n. 极端，极度 --- extremely adv. 极其；非常
字母F词性转换
face n. 脸，面部 --- facial adj. 面部的
facilitate vt. 促进；使便利 --- facility n. [C] [复数] 设施；设备; 场所；建筑
fail vt. & vi. 不能，未能，失败 --- failure n. 失败；失败的人/事；故障，失灵
fair adj. 合理的，公平的；相当大的，相当多的 --- fairly adv. 相当地; 一定地; 公平合理地 --- fairness n. 公平; 公正性
faith n. 信任；信仰，信念；宗教 --- faithful adj. 忠实的；忠诚的；可信任的n. 信徒
fame n. 名声; 声誉; 名气 --- famous adj. 著名的，出名的 vt. 使闻名; 使出名; 使有名望
fantasy n. 幻想，想像；幻想作品 --- fantastic adj. 极好的
far adj. 较远的；远端的；远的adv.（距离）远，（时间）久；（程度）…得多，很，极 --- 比较级和最高级：farther, farthest; further, furthest
farm n. 农场，饲养场 --- farmer n. 农民，农场主
fashion n. [U] & [C] (服饰等的) 流行式样；最新款式；[C] (谈吐、行为等的) 时尚；[U] 时装业 --- fashionable adj. 时尚的
favour(favor) n. 恩惠，善意行为；好感，喜爱，赞同 --- favourable adj. 有利的; 给人好印象的; 肯定的; 赞同的 --- favourite(favorite) n. 特别喜爱的人/物，受宠的人adj. 最喜爱的
fear n. 害怕，恐惧，担忧vt. 害怕，畏惧；担心，担忧 --- fearful adj. 担心的; 可怕的 --- fearless adj. 无畏的
feel (过去式：felt, 过去分词：felt) vt. 感觉，感到，觉得 --- feeling n. （身体部位的）感觉，知觉；（内心的）感觉，感受；情感，感情
five num. 五 --- fifth num. 第五 n. 五分之一 --- fifteen num. 十五 n. 十五人组成的橄榄球队 --- fifty num. 五十
fight (过去式：fought, 过去分词：fought) vt. & vi. (与…)作战；(与…)打架，争吵；努力争取，(为…)奋斗；(与…)斗争 n. 战斗，打斗；斗争，争吵 --- fighter n. 战士;战斗机
finally adv 最后；最终 --- final adj. (指结果)最终的; 最后的; 决定性的n. 决赛; 大学毕业考试; 期终结业考试
finance n. 财政，金融；资金，财务状况 --- financial adj. 财政的; 财务的; 金融的; 有钱的
find (过去式：found, 过去分词：found) vt.（意外）发现，找回，查明；认为，发觉 --- finding n. [C] 发现；调查 / 研究结果
firm adj. 坚硬的，牢固的，稳固的；坚决的，坚定的，强有力的n.（合作）商号，（小型的）公司 --- firmly adv. 坚决地; 坚定地; 坚固地
fish n. (pl. fish/fishes) 鱼；鱼肉vt. & vi. 钓鱼，捕鱼 --- fisherman n. (pl. fishermen) 渔民，渔夫
fit vt. & vi.（使）合适；（使）合身vt. 符合，使…一致；使合格，使胜任；可容纳，装进；安装adj. 适合的，合格的，能胜任的；健康的，强健的 --- fitness n. 健身; 健康; 健壮
flexible adj. 易弯曲的，柔韧的；可变通的，灵活的 --- flexibility n. 灵活性; 柔韧性
fluent adj. 流利的，熟练的 --- fluency n. 流利; 流畅; 熟练自如
fly(过去式：flew；过去分词：flown) vt. 驾驶（飞机等）；飞越，放飞vt. & vi. （使）飘扬；逃走vi. 飞，飞翔；航行；飞奔；（时间）飞逝n. 乘飞机旅行n. 苍蝇 --- flight n. 飞行；航班，空中旅行；逃跑
foggy adj. 有雾的，雾蒙蒙的；模糊的 --- fog n. 雾
fold vt. 折叠，合拢；包，裹vi. 折起来；可以折叠 --- opp. unfold v. (使)展开;打开;(使)逐渐展现
foot n. 足，脚；脚步；（单数）底部；（行列等的）末尾；英尺 --- pl. feet
formal adj 正式的；正式场合用的；正规的；形式 (上) 的 --- informal adj. 不拘礼节的; 非正式的; 口语体
former adj. 以前的，从前的；前任的；在前的，（两者中）前面的 --- opp. latter
fortunately adv. 幸运地；幸亏 --- fortune n. 财富; 运气; 命运 --- fortunate adj. 幸运的 --- opp. unfortunately
found vt. 创办，创立，创建 --- foundation n. [U] 创建；创办；[C] & [U] 基础；基本原则；根据；[C] 地基；房基；[C] 基金会
four num. 四 n. 四个一组之物 --- fourteen num. 十四 --- forty num. 四十 --- fourth num. 第四 n. 四分之一
France n.法兰西，法国 --- French adj.法国的; 法国人的; 法语的 n.法语
free adj. 自由的，随心所欲的；空闲的，（房屋等）空余的；免费的，免税的adv. 自由地，无阻碍地；免费地，无偿地vt. 使自由，释放；免除，使摆脱 --- freedom n. 自由，自主；自由权
freeze (过去式：froze, 过去分词：frozen) vt. & vi. （使）结冰；（人）冻僵；（水管、机器等）冻住；冷冻，冷藏；僵住，不动vi. （天气）冰冷
frequency n. [U] & [C] 频繁；发生率 --- frequent adj. 频繁的；经常的--- frequently adv. 频繁地；经常地
friend n. 朋友，伙伴 --- friendly adj. 友好的；（事物）便利的；对…无害的 --- friendship n. 友谊，友爱，友情
frighten v. 吓唬; 使惊吓; 使惊恐 --- frightened adj. 受惊的；害怕的 --- fright n. 恐惧; 惊吓; 恐怖
fruit n. 水果，果实；成果，结果，产物 --- fruitful adj. 硕果累累的; 富有成效的; 成果丰硕的; 富饶的
fun n. 享乐，乐趣；有趣的人/事物，给人乐趣的行为/言语adj. 给人欢乐的；有趣的 --- funny adj. 滑稽的，有趣的；奇怪的
字母G词性转换
gather vt. & vi.（使）聚集 vt. 搜集，采集；收（庄稼等）；渐增 --- gathering n. 聚集; 聚会; 收集; 采集
general adj. 全体的，大体的；普遍的，综合的 --- generally adv. 通常地; 普遍地; 广泛地
generate vt. 产生；创造 --- generation n. 代，世代，一代人；产生
generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的 --- generosity n. 慷慨，大方
gentle adj. （性格）温和的，轻柔的 --- adv. gently 温柔地，轻柔地
genuine adj 真 (实) 的；真诚的 --- genuinely adv. 真正地;真诚地
geography n. 地理，地理学；地形，地貌，地势 --- geographic/geographical adj. 地理（学）（上）的；地区（性）的 --- geographically adv. 地理学上
Germany n. 德国 --- German adj. 德国的n. 德国人; 德语
gift n. 礼物；天赋，天资；才能 --- gifted adj. 有天赋的；有才华的
globe n. 球；球状物；地球仪；地球，世界 --- global adj 全球的；全世界的；全面的；总体的
gold n. 金，黄金；金币；金色，金黄色；金质奖章，金牌adj. 金（制）的；金色的 ；黄金般的 --- golden adj. 金的，金制的，金质的; 金色的；美好的
good adj. 好的，；愉快的；善良的；有益的；擅长的；好的 --- 比较级：better --- 最高级：best
gradual adj. 逐渐的; 渐进的 --- gradually adv. 逐渐地
graduate n. 大学毕业生; 毕业生 vt. 使…毕业；授予…学位vi. 接受学位；毕业 --- graduation n. 毕业
gravity n. 重力，地心引力；严肃，庄重；严重性 --- grave n. 坟墓; 死亡 adj. 严重的; 严肃的
greed n. 贪婪 --- greedy adj. 贪吃的；贪婪的；渴望的
greet vt. 打招呼，问候；迎接 --- greeting(s) n. 招呼; 问候; 迎接; 致意
grow (过去式：grew, 过去分词：grown) vt. 种植；栽；使生长；留（须、发等）vi. 生长，成长，发育；扩大，增加；逐渐变得，成为；逐渐形成；产生 --- growth n. 生长，成长
guide n. 向导，导游；指导者；指南，手册vt. 为…领路，带领；引导 --- guidance n. 引导，指导；咨询；导航 --- guideline n. [C] 指导方针；指导原则
guilty adj. 有罪的，犯罪的；内疚的，惭愧的 --- guilt n. 内疚; 悔恨; 犯罪; 罪行
gym n. 体育馆， 健身房 (=gymnasium)；（尤指学校的）室内体育活动 --- gymnastics n. 体操；体操训练
字母H词性转换
1. hand n. 手；（钟表的）指针；人手，雇员；协助，帮助vt. 递，给，交 --- handful adj. 一把；少量
2. hang vt. & vi. 悬挂，（使）低垂 (过去式：hung, 过去分词：hung)
vt. （被）吊死，（被）绞死(过去式：hanged, 过去分词：hanged)
3. happy adj. 幸福的；快乐的；满意的 --- happiness n. 快乐，幸福 --- happily ad. 快乐地；幸运地
4. hard adj. 硬的，坚固的；困难的，费力的；艰难的，难以忍受的；努力的，拼命的；冷酷无情的，严格的adv. 努力地，艰苦地；猛烈地，重重地 --- hardly adv. 几乎不，简直不
5. harm n. 伤害，损害，危害vt. 伤害；损害 --- harmful adj. 有害的 --- opp. harmless 无害的
6. harmony n. 和谐，和睦，融洽；和声 --- harmonious adj 协调的；和谐的；和睦的
7. health n. 健康；卫生 --- healthy adj. 健康的
8. hear (过去式：heard, 过去分词：heard) vt. & vi. 听见；听说，闻知；（注意）听，倾听，听取 --- hearing n. 听力，听觉
9. high adj. （高度）高的；（程度/数量等）高的；高级的，高尚的，重要的；剧烈的adv. 高 --- height n. 高，高度，海拔；顶点
10. help n. 帮助，帮忙；助手，帮手；有用；挽救，帮助 vt. & vi. 帮助，援助；有用，有助于，促使 --- helpful adj. 有帮助的，有益的；便利的 --- opp. helpless
11. hero (pl. heroes) n. 英雄；男主角，男主人公 --- heroine n. 女英雄；女主角，女主人公 --- heroic adj. 英雄的；矢志不渝的；男主角的
12. hesitate vi. 犹豫，踌躇，顾虑 --- hesitation n. 犹豫，踌躇
13. hide (过去式：hid, 过去分词：hidden) vt. & vi.（把…）藏起来，隐藏vt. 遮掩，遮挡；隐瞒，掩饰
14. history n. 历史 --- historic adj. [常用于名词前]历史上著名的；有历史意义的 --- historical adj. 历史的；历史学的
15. hit (过去式：hit, 过去分词：hit)vt. 敲击，打击，击中；撞击，碰撞；袭击，使受害，使遭受；偶然发现，使突然想起n. 打击，击中，（对网站的）点击；风行一时的作品，轰动一时的成功人物
16. hold (过去式：held，过去分词：held)vt. & vi 支撑（重量）；（使）保持（在某种位置）vt. 拿着，抱着，抓住；容纳，装得下；举行，进行；担任，拥有，保持；持有（见解等），认为；使（注意力或兴趣）不减；保存，保留；抑制，停住
17. honest adj. 老实的，诚实的，正直的；坦白的，直率的 --- honesty n. 诚实，正直
18. honour(honor) n. 荣誉，名誉；尊敬，敬意；荣幸，光荣；光荣的人/事；头衔，荣誉称号vt. 向…表示敬意；给予…荣誉，表彰 --- honourable adj. 可敬的；品格高尚的；体面的；尊敬的
19. hope n. 希望，可能；寄予希望的人/物 vt. & vi. 希望，期待 --- hopeful adj. 满怀希望的；有希望的 --- hopeless adj. 无望的；（感到）绝望的
20. horrible adj. 可怕的，恐怖的；极讨厌的，糟透的 --- horror n. 震惊，恐惧；惧怕--- horrify v. 使感到震惊，使产生反感
21. host n. 主人；东道主；（广播、电视的）主持人vt. 主办；主持 --- hostess n. 女主人；女主持人
22. humorous adj. 幽默的，诙谐的 --- humour/humor n. 幽默，诙谐
23. hungry adj. 饥饿的；渴望的 --- hunger n. 饥饿感；饥饿；渴望 v. 渴求，渴望；挨饿
24. hunt n. 打猎；搜索，搜寻vt. & vi. 追猎，猎取vi. 搜索 --- hunter n. 猎人，捕猎者；搜寻者
25. hurry n. 匆忙，仓促vt. & vi. （使）赶紧，匆忙（做）vt. 催促 --- hurriedly ad.匆忙地，仓促地
26. hurt (过去式：hurt, 过去分词：hurt)n. 创伤，伤痛，打击vt. & vi. （使…）疼痛；（使）痛心，（使）伤心vt. 使受伤；损害，危害
字母I词性转换
ice n. 冰，冰块 --- icy a. 冰冷的; 冰冻的
identify vt. 认出；识别；确认；找出；表明…的身份 --- identity n. 身份；（区别人或群体的）个性/特征；相同，一致 --- identification n. 识别; 鉴定; 辨认; 确定; 确认
ignore vt. 不理会，忽视 --- ignorant adj. 不了解的; 无知的; 愚昧的 --- ignorance n. 无知; 愚昧
ill (比较级：worse, 最高级：worst) adj. 生病的；坏的，有害的 --- illness n. 疾病
illegal adj. 不合法的，违法的 --- opp. legal
illustrate vt. 给…作插图；(用示例、图画等) 说明；解释 --- illustration n. 插图; 图解; 图示
image n. [C] & [U] 影像；图像；形象；印象 --- imagine vt. 想象，设想；胡思乱想，误以为；料想，认为 --- imagination n. 想象力; 想象; 想象的事物
imply vt. 含有…的意思；暗示；暗指；说明；表明 --- implication n. 可能的影响(或作用、结果); 含意; 暗指; (被)牵连，牵涉
import n. 进口物品；进口，输入 vt. 进口，输入；引进 --- opp. export
important adj. 重要的，地位高的，显要的 --- importance n. 重要性; 重要; 重大
impossible adj. 不可能的 --- opp. possible adj.
--- impossibility n. 办不到的事；不可能（性） --- opp. possibility n.
impress vt. 给…留下极深的印象，使钦佩；使意识到，使铭记 --- impressive a. adj. 给人印象深刻的; 令人赞叹的; 令人敬佩的 --- impression n. 印象，感觉；印记，压痕
improve vt. & vi. 改善，提高 --- improvement n. 改善; 改进
include vt. 包含，包括；把…列入，使…成为…一部分 --- including prep. 包括…在内
increase n. 增加，增长vt. & vi. 增加，增长 --- opp. decrease
incredible adj 难以置信的；无法相信的；极好的 --- opp. credible adj.
--- incredibly adv. 难以置信地；极其 --- opp. credibly adv. 可信地；确实地
independent adj. 独立的； 自立的 --- independence n. 独立(之日); 自主 --- opp. dependent adj.
India n. 印度 --- Indian n.印度人; 加拿大土著; 加拿大印第安人 adj. 印度的; 印第安人的
indicate vt. 指示，指出；表明，显示 --- indication n. 指示; 显示; 表明
individual adj. [只用于名词前] 单独的；个人的 n. [C] 个人；个体；人 --- individuality n. 个性; 个人(或个体)特征
industry n. 工业；产业；行业 --- industrial adj. 工业的; 产业的
infection n. [U] 传染；[C] 传染病 --- infect vt. 传染; 使携带病菌 --- infective adj. 会传染的; 传染性的
influence n. 影响；有影响的人/物vt. 影响 --- influential adj 有影响的；有势力的
information n. 信息，消息；通知 --- inform v. 报告; 知会，通知，告知; （使）了解
injury n. （身体上的）伤；损害；（情感上的）伤害 --- injure vt. 伤害，使受伤 --- injured adj. 受伤的; 有伤的; 受伤的人
inner adj. 内部的；内心的 --- opp. outer adj.
innocent adj. 无罪的，无辜的；天真的，单纯的，无知的 --- innocence n. 清白; 无罪; 天真
input n. [C] & [U] 投入 (时间、知识等)；(计算机) 输入 v. 输入 --- opp. output n.
inquire vi. & vt. 询问；打听 --- inquiry n. 调查; 查询; 询问
inside adv. 在/向里面，在/向室内，在心里prep. 在…里面 --- opp. outside
inspection n. [U] & [C] 视察；检查 --- inspect v. 检查; 查看; 审视; 视察
inspire vt. 激励，鼓舞；激发，唤起；启发，给…灵感 --- inspiration n. 灵感; 启发灵感的人(或事物)
instant adj. 立刻的，马上的；即食的n. 瞬间，即刻 --- instantly adv. 立刻; 立即; 马上 conj. 一…就
institute n. （研究）所/院，学院 --- institution n. 机构；慈善机构；制度
instruction n. 指示，命令；教育，指导；用法说明，操作指南 --- instruct v. 指导; 指示; 通知; 命令 --- instructor n. 教练; 导师; (大学)讲师
insurance n. 保险；保证；保险金 --- insure v. 投保; 给…保险
integrate vi & vt (使) 结合；(使) 合并 --- integrated adj. 集成的; 综合的
intelligent adj. 聪明的；有才智的；有智力的 --- intelligence n. 智力; 才智; 智慧
intend vt. 想要，打算 --- intention n. 意图，目的
intense adj 强烈的；激烈的 --- intensely adv. 强烈地; 紧张地
interaction n. [C] & [U] 交流；互动；相互作用 --- interact v. 互动; 相互作用; 交流 --- interactive adj. 互相作用的，互相影响的; 互动的，互相交流的
interest n. 兴趣；吸引力，趣味；感兴趣的事，爱好；利息vt. 使…感兴趣 --- interesting adj. 令人感兴趣的，有意思的 --- interested adj. 感兴趣的; 关心的
internal adj 内部的；体内的；内心的 --- opp. external
interpret vt. 解释；阐述；vt & vi (口头) 翻译 --- interpreter n. 口译译员; 口译工作者 --- interpretation n. 理解; 解释; 说明; 演绎; 演奏方式; 表演方式; 口译
interrupt vt. & vi. 打扰，打断；中断，阻断 --- interruption n. 中断; 打扰; 阻断物
intervention n. [C] & [U] 干涉；干预；介入 --- intervene v. 干预; 介入; 出面; 插嘴; 打断(别人的话)
interview n. 采访；会见；面试vt. 采访；会见；面试 --- interviewer n. 主持面试者; 采访者 --- interviewee n. 受访者; 参加面试者; 接受采访者
introduce vt. 介绍，引见；引进，传入；推行，采用 --- introduction n. 引见，介绍；引进，采用；入门导读，序言
invent vt. 发明，创造；编造 --- invention n. 发明（物），创造（物） --- inventor n. 发明者; 发明家; 创造者
investigate vt. & vi. 调查；侦查；调查研究 --- investigation n. 调查; (正式的)侦查; 科学研究
investment n. [U] 投资；[C] 投资额；投资物 --- invest v. 投资; 投入(时间、精力等)
invite vt. 邀请；请求，征求 --- invitation n. 邀请; 请柬
it pron. 它；这；那 --- its pron. 它的 --- itself pron. 它自己，它本身
字母J词性转换
1. jam n. 果酱；阻塞 --- jammed adj. 卡住了; 动弹不得; 挤满的
2. Japan n.日本 --- Japanese n.日本人;日语adj.日本的;日本人的;日语的;日本文化的
3. jog (过去式：jogged；过去分词：jogged) vi. 慢跑 --- jogging n. 慢跑锻炼
4. journal n. [C] 日报；杂志；期刊；日志；日记 --- journalist n. 记者；新闻工作者
5. joy n. 欢乐，高兴；乐事，乐趣 --- joyful adj. 高兴的; 快乐的; 令人愉快的 --- enjoy v. 享受
6. judge n. 法官；裁判员；鉴定人 v. 判断；评价；裁判 vt. 估计 --- judgement n. 判断; 判断力
7. juice n. （水果、蔬菜、肉类等的）汁、液 --- juicy adj. 多汁的; 生动有趣的; 报酬丰厚的
8. junior adj. 初级的；年少的n. 年少者；等级较低者；（高中/四年制大学中）三年级的 --- opp. senior adj. 级别(或地位)高的; 成人的;（高中或大学）毕业年级的 n. 较…年长的人; 级别(或地位)较高者；毕业班学生
9. just adv. 正好，恰好；刚刚，刚才；只是，仅仅adj. 公正的，正直的，正义的 --- justice n. 正义，公正，公道；法律制裁，司法制度 --- justify vt. 证明…正当 / 有理；为…辩护；对…作出解释 --- justification n. 正当理由
字母K词性转换
10. kind adj. 仁慈的，友爱的，好意的 n. 种类 --- kindness n. 仁慈; 善良; 体贴
11. king n. 国王，大王 --- kingdom n. 王国；界，范围
12. knife n.刀，餐刀 --- pl. knives
13. know (过去式：knew, 过去分词：known) vt. & vi. 知道，认识，懂得 --- knowledge n. 知识，学问；知道，理解，认识 --- knowledgeable adj. 博学的; 有见识的; 知识渊博的
字母L词性转换
lack n. 缺乏，不足(of) vt. & vi. 缺乏，短少；没有 --- lacking (in) adj. 缺乏的，不足的；缺失的
large adj. （体积、容积、面积方面）大的；巨大的；多的，量大的 --- enlarge v. 扩大; 扩展; 增大; 放大
last adj. 最后的，仅剩的；最近的，上一个的；最不可能的，最不合适的adv. 最近，上次；最后n. （与 the 连用）最后的人/事/物 vt. & vi. （使）持续，（使）持久；（使）度过，（使）支撑，（使）活过；维持，够用 --- lasting adj. 持久的; 继续存在的; 耐久的
late adj. 晚的，迟到的；晚期的adv. 晚，迟 --- 比较级：later；最高级：latest
laugh n. 笑，笑声vt. & vi. 笑 --- laughter n. 笑; 笑声
law n. 法律（体系）；法令，法规；法学，法律界；（科学、哲学上的）原理，定律 --- lawyer n. 律师，法学家
lay (过去式：laid, 过去分词：laid)vt. 放，搁；安排，布置vt. & vi. 下（蛋），产（卵）
lazy adj. 懒惰的，懒散的 --- laziness n. 怠惰，懒散
lead (过去式：led, 过去分词：led)vt. & vi. 引路，通向；引领，率领；领先，率先vt. 过（…的生活）vi. 致使，导致n. 铅，铅笔芯；领先，领先地位 --- leader n. 领袖，领导人 --- leadership n. [U] 领导；领导力；领导
leaf n. 叶子；（书刊等的）一张（两面）--- pl. leaves
learn (过去式：learned/learnt, 过去分词：learned/learnt)vt. & vi. 学习，学会；（逐渐）领悟，认识到；获悉，听说vt. 熟记，背熟 --- learned adj. 有学问的; 学到的; 知识渊博的; 博学的
leave (过去式：left, 过去分词：left)vt. & vi. 离开，出发；使处于（某种状态）；剩下，剩余；造成，留下（某种结果）；留下（便条、口信等）；遗忘，丢下；把…交给，委托n. 休假，假期
legal adj. 法律上的；合法的，法定的 --- opp. illegal
lend (过去式：lent, 过去分词：lent) vt. 借出，把…借给
long adj.（距离、长度）长的；长时间的，长期的adv. 长久地，长期地；在整个期间vi. 渴望 --- length n. 长，长度；（时间的）长度 --- lengthen v. (使)变长
less pron.(与不可数名词连用)较少的，更少的adv. 较少; 较小; 更少; 更小; 没那么多; 少adj. 小的; 比较小的; (用在形容词的后面表示喜爱或厌恶，尤指屈尊俯就地)可爱的，可怜的，讨厌的; 年幼的; 幼小的 --- lessen v.减少; (使)变小，变少，减弱，减轻
liberation n. 解放，解脱 --- liberate v. 解放; 使自由
library n. 图书馆 --- librarian n. 图书管理员
lie vi. 平躺，平放；位于；（指抽象事物）存在，在于；处于某种状态 ---过去式：lay；过去分词：lain
lie vi. 说谎(过去式：lied, 过去分词：lied) n. 谎言
life n. (pl. lives) 生存，生命；生物，活物；一生，生涯；生活，人生；活力，生气，活跃
light adj. 明亮的；浅色的；轻的，轻柔的，轻松的；少量的，清淡的n. 光线，光（亮）；灯(过去式：lit/lighted, 过去分词：lit/lighted) vt. & vi. 点燃；照亮
like prep. 像，和…一样；比如，例如vt. 喜欢；希望，想要 --- opp. dislike vt. 不喜欢; 厌恶 n. 厌恶; 不喜爱; 不喜欢的事物 --- likely adj. 很可能的 --- likelihood n. 可能; 可能性
limit vt. 限制，限定 n. 限度；限制；限量；界限，范围--- limitation n. 限制; 控制 --- limited adj. 有限的；不多的 --- unlimited adj. 无限的; 无限制的; 尽量多的 --- limitless adj. 无限制的; 无界限的
link n. 环节；联系，关联；（交通、沟通的）连接线，（互联网的）链接vt. 连接，联系 --- linking n. 连接；联系；结合
literature n. 文学 --- literary adj. 文学（上）的 --- literally adv. 照字义；根据字面意思
little (比较级：less, 最高级：least) adj. 小的，幼小的；少的，几乎没有的；短暂的，短距离的；琐碎的，微不足道的adv. 少，几乎没有；一点儿也不
live vi. 活着，存活；居住vt. & vi. 生活，过（生活）adj. 活的，有生命的；精力充沛的，充满活力的；现场直播的，现场表演的 --- living adj. 活的；活着的；在使用的n. [C] & [U] 生活；生计 --- lively adj. 活泼的，有生气的，（思想）活跃的；（色彩）鲜艳的，（描写等）生动的 --- alive adj. 活着的; 情绪饱满的
load n. 负载（物）；工作量，负担v.装上，装入; 装载; 大量给予 --- opp. unload
locate v. 定位; 找出…的准确位置 --- location n. [C] 地点；位置
lock n. 锁 vt. & vi. 锁上，锁住 --- opp. unlock
logic n. 思维方式; 解释方法; 逻辑 --- logical adj. (符合) 逻辑的；合乎情理的 --- logically adv. 逻辑上
loose adj. 松的，松散的；自由的 --- loosen v. 放松; (使)变松; 解开(衣服、头发等); 松开(手等)
lose (过去式：lost, 过去分词：lost) vt. 失去，丢失，丧失；迷失，使迷路；错过，浪费vt. & vi. 输（去），负（于）；（使）亏损，（使）损失 --- loss n. 遗失，失去，丧失；死亡，去世；亏损，损失 --- lost adj. 迷路的; 失去的; 丢失的; 迷失的; 丧失的
loud adj. （声音）响亮的，大声的，吵闹的 --- loudly adv.
love n. 爱，热爱，爱戴；爱好，喜爱；恋爱，爱情vt. 爱，热爱，爱戴；喜欢，爱好；想，愿意 --- lovely adj. 美丽的，可爱的；令人愉快的
low adj. （高度方面）低的，矮的；（在声音、量、价值等方面）低的；情绪低落的，不高兴的adv. 低；低声地；低价地 (比较级：lower, 最高级：lowest) --- lower v. 降低; 把…放低; 使…降下
luck n. 幸运，运气；命运 --- lucky adj. 幸运的，带来好运的 --- luckily adv. 幸运地 --- opp. unluckily adv.
luxury n. [U] 奢侈；奢华；[C] 奢侈品 --- luxurious adj. 十分舒适的; 奢侈的
字母M词性转换
machine n. 机器，机械（装置）--- mechanic n. 机械师; 机械修理工; 技工; 力学; 机械学 --- mechanical adj. 机动的，机械的，发动机的 --- mechanism n. 机械装置; 机件; 方法; 机制
magic n. 魔法，魔术；魔力，魅力adj. 魔法的，魔术的；有魔力的，不可思议的 --- magician n. 魔术师
main adj. 主要的，最重要的 --- mainly adv. 主要地
major adj. 主要的，重要的，重大的；（专业课程中）主修的 --- majority n. 多数，大多数
opp. minor adj. --- minority n.
make (过去式：made, 过去分词：made) vt. 制造，做，使生产；制定，写；挣得；使，使得；成为，变成
male adj. 男的，男性的；雄性的n. 男性，雄性；雄株 --- opp. female
man (pl. men) n.（成年）男子，男子汉；（不论性别的）人；人类 --- manly adj. 有男子汉气概的; 强壮的
manage vt. & vi. 管理，经营；设法做成，努力完成vt. 控制，对付；合理地利用（金钱、时间等）vi. 支撑，凑合着活下去 --- manager n. 经理 --- management n. 经营；管理；经营者；管理部门； (成功的)处理手段
many (比较级：more, 最高级：most) adj. 许多，多的pron. 许多，很多人
mark n. 污渍，痕迹；记号，（感情等的）标记，标志；成绩，分数；靶子，目标vt. 留痕迹于，作记号于；标志，表示…的特征；庆祝，纪念；（给试卷等）打分数 --- marker n. (表示方位的)标记，记号; 标志
market n. 市场，集市；（对商品而言的）市场，销路，行情 --- marketing n. 促销; 营销; 销售活动
marry vt. 娶，嫁，和…结婚vi. 结婚，结合 --- marriage n. 结婚，婚姻；结婚仪式，婚礼
mass n. 团，块，堆；众多，大量；群众，民众；（物理学）质量 --- massive adj 大而重的；大规模的；巨大的
master n.（男）主人，（男）雇主；能手，大师；硕士vt. 精通，掌握；控制住（强烈的情绪） --- mastery n. 精通; 熟练掌握; 控制
maximum n. (pl. maxima) 最大量，最大值，最大限度adj. 最大的，最大限度的 --- opp. minimum
may (过去式: might) modal v. 可能，也许；可以；祝，愿；可以，能够
me pron. 我(I的宾格) --- mine pron. 我的(I的名词性物主代词) --- my pron. 我的（I的形容词性物主代词） --- myself pron. 我自己；我亲自，我本人
mean (过去式：meant, 过去分词：meant) vt. 表示…的意思；意思是（说）；意味着；意欲，打算adj. 吝啬的，小气的；卑鄙的，刻薄的 --- meaning n. 意思，含义；意义，重要性 --- means n. 方法，手段
measure vt. & vi. 测量，测定vt. 估量，衡量vi. 有…长/宽/高等n. 措施; 方法; (一定的)量; 尺度; 标准; 程度 --- measurement n. 测量; 度量; (某物的)尺寸，长度，数量 --- measurable adj. 可测量的; 可度量的
medical adj. 医学的，医疗的 --- medicine n. 药（物），内服药；医学，医术
medium (pl. media) n. 媒质，媒介物；新闻媒体，传媒；手段，工具adj. 中等的，中间的，适中的
meet (过去式：met, 过去分词：met) vt. & vi. 偶遇，结识，碰面；（与…）交锋，（与…）交手；接触，会合vt. 迎接；经历，遭遇；满足，达到（目标等）n. 会，集会 --- meeting n. 会议，集会；会面，会见；运动会
member n. 成员，会员 --- membership n. [U] 会员身份；会员；会员数
memory n. 记性，记忆力；记忆，回忆，记忆中的人或事物；存储器，存储量 --- memorial adj. 纪念的，悼念的n. 纪念物；纪念日；纪念馆；纪念碑 --- memorise/memorize v. 记住，熟记
mental adj. 精神的，心理的；脑力的 --- mentally adv. 精神上; 智力上; 思想上
mercy n. 仁慈，怜悯，宽大 --- merciful adj. 宽大的; 仁慈的; 慈悲的
mess n. 杂乱，脏乱；困境，混乱 --- messy adj. 肮脏的; 凌乱的; 不整洁的
milk n. 奶，牛奶；（植物的）乳液vt. 挤奶；抽取（树等的）乳液 --- milky adj. 奶制的; 含奶多的; 奶的
mine n. 矿山，矿井；（知识等的）宝库vt. & vi. 开采，采掘 --- mineral n. 矿物adj. 矿物的，含矿物的
miss vt. & vi. 未击中，未得到，未赶上vt. 未看到，未听到，未察觉，未领会；未出席，缺席；逃脱，幸免；发觉遗失，感到…不在；想念，怀念，留恋 --- missing adj. 丢失的；失踪的；缺少的
mist n. 薄雾，霭 --- misty adj. 多雾的; 模糊的
mistake n. 错误，过失；误会vt. 弄错，误解(过去式：mistook, 过去分词：mistaken) --- mistaken adj. 错误的; 不正确; 判断错误的; 被误解的;
mix vt. & vi.（使）混合，（使）掺和，（使）融合vt. 调制，调配vi. 交往，相处，交际 --- mixture n. 混合，混合物
month n. 月 --- monthly adj. 每月的；按月的 adv. 每月；每月一次n. [C] 月刊
moral adj. 道德（上）的，道义上的n. 道德规范/准则，品行；寓意，教益 --- morality n. 道德; 道德准则; 道义
most adj. 最多的，最大的；大多数的adv. 最；很，十分 --- mostly adv. 主要地；多半
mount n. (缩写为Mt) 山；峰 v. 准备；安排；组织开展；逐步增加；登上；爬上；攀登 --- mountain n. 高山，山岳 --- mountainous adj. 多山的; 巨大的; 山一般的
mouse n. (pl. mice) 鼠；(pl. mice/mouses) 鼠标
motion n. [C] & [U] 动；运动；动作 --- motive n. [C] 动机；目的（*带有贬义的意思） --- motivate vt. 使有动力；激发；激励 --- motivation n. 动机; 动力; 诱因（*带有褒义的意思）
move vt. & vi. 移动；迁移，搬家vt. 使感动 n.行动；移动；活动；改变；转变；动摇 --- movement n. （身体部位的）运动，活动；（政治、社会或思想）运动
much (比较级：more, 最高级：most) adj. 许多的，大量的 adv. 经常，频繁；很，非常；…多，更
mud n. 泥，淤泥 --- muddy adj. 多泥的; 泥泞的; 含泥的
multiple adj. 多个 (人 / 事件 / 物组成) 的 n. [C] 倍数 --- multiply v. 乘; 乘以; 成倍增加; 迅速增加; (使)繁殖，增殖 adv. 复合地; 多样地; 多倍地; 多重地 adj. 多股的；多层的
murder vt. 谋杀 --- murderer n. 杀人犯; 杀人凶手
muscle n. [C] 肌肉；[U] 体力；力气 --- muscular adj. 肌肉的; 肌肉发达的
music n. 音乐，乐曲 --- musical adj. 音乐的; 有音乐天赋的; 悦耳的n. 音乐剧 --- musician n. 音乐家，作曲家
字母N词性转换
nation n. 国家；国民；民族 --- national adj. 国家的，全国性的；民族的，国民的 --- nationality n. 国籍；民族 --- native adj. 出生地的，本土的，本国的n. 出生于某国(或某地)的人；本地人；当地人；(旧时)土著
nature n. 大自然，自然界；天性，本性 --- natural adj. 大自然的；自然的，正常的；天生的
near adj.（空间、时间）近的，接近的adv.（空间、时间）接近，靠近prep.（空间、时间）接近，靠近 --- nearly adv. 几乎，差不多
necessary adj. 必需的，必要的；必然的，不可避免的 --- necessity n. 必然性; 必要
negative adj 否定的；负面的；消极的；(电) 负的；(医) 阴性的 --- opp. positive
negotiate vt. & vi. 谈判，协商 --- negotiation n. 谈判; 磋商; 协商
neighbour(neighbor) n. 邻居，邻国，邻近的人/物 --- neighbourhood(neighborhood) n. 社区，街坊，（某特定的）地段；附近地区（的居民）
nervous adj. 神经的，神经方面的；神经质的；紧张的，不安的 --- nerve n. 神经; 神经质; 神经紧张
nice adj. 美好的，极好的；宜人的，愉快的；亲切的，友好的 --- 比较级：nicer；最高级：nicest
nine num. 九 --- nineteen num. 十九 --- ninety num. 九十 --- ninth num. 第九 n. 九分之一
noble adj. 高贵的，贵族的，崇高的 --- nobly adv. 高贵地; 高尚地
nod vi. 点头vt. 点头表示，点头示意 --- 过去式：nodded；过去分词：nodded
noise n.（令人不愉快的）声音，噪声 --- noisy adj. 喧闹的，吵闹的，嘈杂的
normal adj. 正常的，平常的；智力正常的，精神健全的n. 正常状态/水平/数量等 --- opp. abnormal
north adj. 北的，北方的，北部的adv. 向北方，在北方n. 北，北方，北部 --- northern adj. 北方的，北部的
note n. 记录，笔记，草稿；注释，评注；便条，短笺；票据，纸币；单音，音符，音调vt. 注意，留意；提及，指出 --- notable adj. 值得注意的：显著的; 重要的
notice n. 注意，关注；布告，通告；通知，预告vt. & vi. 察觉（到） ，注意（到）--- noticeable a. 值得注意的; 显而易见的
novel n. （长篇）小说 adj.新颖的; 与众不同的; 珍奇的 --- novelist n. 小说家
number n. 数，数字；号码，编号，…号；数量，数目 --- numerous adj. 很多的; 众多的
nurse n. 护士，保姆 --- nursery adj. 幼儿教育的 n. 婴儿室; 苗圃; (供游戏的)儿童室
nutrition n. 营养，营养品，营养学 --- nutritious adj. 有营养的；营养丰富的
字母O词性转换
object n. 目标，目的；物体；对象；宾语vi. 反对，不赞成vt. 提出…作为反对的理由 --- objective n. [C] 目的；目标 adj. 客观的 --- objection n. 反对; 异议; 反对的理由
observe vt. 察觉到，注意到vt. & vi. 观察，观测vt. 遵守/奉行（法律、习俗等）；举行（仪式），庆祝（节日） --- observation n. 观察; 注意，觉察 --- observer n. 观察者; 观察员
obvious adj. 明显的; 显然的; 易理解的 --- obviously adv. 显而易见地
occasion n. [C] (某事发生的) 时刻；场合；时机；机会；重大 / 特殊活动；盛会 --- occasional adj. 偶尔的; 偶然的; 临时的 --- occasionally adv. 偶尔地; 偶尔; 偶然; 有时候
occupy vt. 占领，占据；占（时间、空间），占有，占用；使忙碌 --- occupation n. 职业，工作；占领，居住
occur(过去式：occurred；过去分词：occurred)vi. 发生；出现，存在 --- occurrence n. 发生的事情，事件
odd adj 奇怪的；怪异的；偶尔发生的；(一双或一套中) 不成对的；奇数的--- oddly adv. 奇怪地; 古怪地
offer n. 提供（物），提议；开价，报价；减价，特价vt. （主动）提出，给予；提供（东西/机会），供应；出（价），出售 --- offering n. 用品; 剧作; 作品; 供消遣的产品; 祭品
office n. 办公室；办事处，营业处，事务所；职务，官职 --- official adj. 公职的，公务的；官方的，正式的n. 官员，高级职员 --- officially adv. 正式地; 官方地; 公开地 --- officer n. 军官，公务员，警官
oil n. 油，石油 --- oily adj. 含油的; 油污的; 涂油的; 油滑的; 油腔滑调的
old(比较级：older；最高级：oldest) adj. …岁的；年老的，陈旧的；结识久的；以前的，原来的
open adj. 开（着）的，打开的；营业的，开门的；公开的，开放的；坦诚的，直率的；无遮盖的，开阔的n. 户外，野外，公开vt. & vi. （打）开，张开vt. 开创，开设；使通行，开放vi. 开业，开幕，（向…）开放，开始公演/公映；（花）开放 --- opening adj. 开始的; 开篇的; 第一的n. 开幕式; 开始; 开端; 落成典礼
operate v. 工作; 操作; 控制; 使运行; (被)使用; (使)运转; 营业; 动手术 --- operation n. 运转，运行，操作；经营，运营；企业；手术；行动；（计算机的）运算，操作 --- operator n. 话务员；操作员；经营者
oppose vt. 反对，抵制 --- opposed(to) adj. 强烈反对的; 截然不同的
optimistic adj. 乐观的，抱乐观看法的 --- opp. pessimistic adj.
option n. [C] & [U] 选择 --- optional adj. 随意的，任选的，可选择的，非强制的; 选修的
order n. 顺序，次序；条理，秩序；命令，指示；订购，订单，点菜；汇票，汇单vt. 命令，指示；排列，整理vt. & vi. 订购，点（饭菜等） --- orderly adj. 有秩序的; 整洁的; 有条理的; 表现良好的 adv. 依次地; 有规则地; 有条理地 --- ordered adj. 精心安排的; 组织有序的
ordinary adj. 普通的，平常的 --- opp. extraordinary
organ n. 器官；风琴，管风琴 --- organic adj 器官的；有机的；不使用化肥的
organise(organize) v. 组织; 安排; 筹备; 处理 --- organisation(organization) n. 组织，团体，机构；组织工作 --- organised(organized) adj. 有组织的; 系统的; 有条理的
origin n. 起源，根源；出身，血统 --- originate v. 起源; 发源; 发端于; 创立; 创建; 发明 --- original adj 最初的；原先的；原创的；原作的；新颖的；创新的；独特的n [C] 原文；原作；原稿
our pron. 我们的（we的形容词性物主代词）--- ours pron. 我们的（we的名词性物主代词）--- ourselves pron. 我们自己；我们亲自，我们本人
out adv. & prep. 出外，在外，向外；尽，完；出现，盛开；大声地 --- opp. in
output n. 产量，输出量 --- opp. input
overcome (过去式：overcame；过去分词：overcome) vt. 战胜，克服；受到…的极大影响
own adj. 自己的，靠自己的vt. 有，拥有 --- owner n. 物主; 所有权人; 主人 --- ownership n. 所有权; 产权; 物主身份
字母P词性转换
pack n. （一）包，（一）捆，包裹；（商品的）纸包，纸盒；背包；一群，一帮，一堆vt. & vi. （把…）打包，（把…）装进（箱子等）；塞满，挤满 --- package n. 包裹，包
pain n.（肉体上的）痛，疼痛；（精神上的）痛苦，苦恼 --- painful adj. 痛苦的; 令人疼痛的; 令人痛苦的
paint n. 油漆，涂料；绘画颜料vt. & vi. 涂油漆（于）；（用颜料等）画，绘 --- painting n. 绘画; 油画; 作画; 涂漆; 刷油漆 --- painter n. 油漆匠; 画家; (系船的)缆绳
panic (过去式：panicked, 过去分词：panicked) vt. & vi. （使）恐慌n. 恐慌，惊慌
park n. 公园vt. & vi. 停放（车辆） vt. 临时安顿，寄放 --- parking n. 停车，停车场地
part n. 部分，一部分；（机器的）零件，（人、动植物的）器官；地区；角色vt. & vi. （使）分开，（使）分离vi. 分手，告别adv. 部分地，某种程度上 --- partial adj. 部分的，不完全的; 偏向一方的
participate vi. 参与，参加 --- participation n. 参加; 参与 --- participant n. 参与者; 参加者
particular adj. 特定的；特别的，格外的；特有的；讲究的，挑剔的 --- particularly adv. 尤其; 特别
passion n. [C] & [U] 激情；热爱 --- passionate adj. 热情的; 热诚的; 狂热的 --- passionately adv. 热情地; 激动地; 非常
passive adj. 消极的，被动的 --- opp. active
patient n. 病人 adj. 有耐心的，容忍的 --- patiently adv. 耐心地 --- patience n. 耐心，容忍
pay (过去式：paid, 过去分词：paid) vt. & vi. 付（钱），支付vt. 给予（注意），进行（访问）n. 工资，薪水 --- payment n. 付款; 支付; 收款
peace n. 和平；安静，清静；平静，安宁 --- peaceful adj. 平静的; 和平的; 安静的; 和睦的 --- peacefully adv. 安详地; 无痛苦地
perceive vt. 察觉；发觉；看待；理解 --- perception n. 知觉; 感知; 洞察力; 悟性; 看法; 见解 --- perceptive adj. 感性的; 知觉的; 理解力强的; 有洞察力的
percent n. (=per cent) 百分之… --- percentage n. 百分率，百分比
perform v. 表演; 执行; 履行; 演出; 做; 工作，运转 --- performance n. 表演，演出；表现，业绩 --- performer n. 表演者; 演出者; 演员
permit (过去式：permitted 过去分词：permitted)vt. 许可，准许vt. & vi. （使）成为可能n. 许可证，执照 --- permission n. 准许; 许可; 批准; 许可证
person n.（作为个体的）人；人称 --- personal adj. 个人的，私人的；本人亲自的 --- personality n. [C] & [U]个性；人格
persuade vt. 说服，劝服；使相信，使信服 --- persuasion n. 说服; 劝说 --- persuasive adj. 有说服力的，能使人信服的; 劝说的
pessimistic adj 悲观的 --- opp. optimistic
phenomenon n. (pl. phenomena) 现象，奇观，杰出人才
philosophy n. [U] 哲学；[C] 哲学体系；[U] & [C] 人生哲学；(生活、工作的) 准则 --- philosophical adj. 哲学的; 达观的; 处乱不惊的 --- philosophically adv. 哲学上的
photo n. 照片 --- pl. photos
photograph n. 照片 --- photographer n. 摄影师，摄影者 --- photography n. 照相术; 摄影 --- photographic adj. 摄影的; 摄制的; 照片的 --- photographically adv. 摄影般地， 逼真地
physics n. 物理学 --- physicist n. 物理学家; 物理学研究者 --- physical adj. 身体的; 肉体的; 现实的; 物质的; 符合自然法则的; 物理学的 --- physically adv. 身体上; 肉体上; 依据自然规律; 按自然法则; 根本上
piano n. (pl. pianos) 钢琴 --- pianist n. 钢琴弹奏者; 钢琴家
pick vt. 摘，采；摘掉，剔除；挑选，选择 --- picky adj. 挑剔的; 难伺候的
picture n. 图片，照片，画像；影片 --- picturesque adj. 古雅的; 优美的; 古色古香的; 生动的; 栩栩如生的
pig n. 猪；（指贪吃等）猪一般的人 --- piggy adj. 像猪一样的 n. (儿童用语)猪猪，小猪;
pity n. 同情，怜悯；可惜的事，憾事 --- pitiful adj. 令人同情的; 可怜的
plan(过去式：planned 过去分词：planned)vt. & vi. 计划，筹划；打算；设计n. 图样，平面图；计划，打算，方案
plant n. 植物；工厂；设备vt. 种植，栽种，播种 --- plantation n. 种植园; 种植场
play vt. & vi. 做（游戏），玩耍，娱乐；参加（体育活动、比赛等）；弹奏，演奏；扮演，演出；播放（唱片、磁带等）n. 玩耍，游戏，嬉戏；戏剧；剧本 --- player n. [C] 比赛者；选手；演员；演奏者；播放机 --- playful adj. 有趣的; 爱嬉戏的; 爱玩的
please vt. & vi. （使）高兴，（使）满意，讨好vi. 喜欢，愿意int. 请，劳烦 --- pleasure n. 快乐，娱乐；乐事，乐趣 --- pleasing adj. 令人愉悦的; 令人高兴的 --- pleased adj. 高兴的; 满意的; 愉快的 --- pleasant adj. 令人愉快的，舒适的，礼貌而友善的
plenty pron. 丰富，大量，充足 --- plentiful adj. 大量的; 众多的; 充足的; 丰富的
poem n. 诗；韵文 --- poet n. 诗人 --- poetry n. [U] 诗歌
poison n. 毒，毒药，毒物 --- poisonous adj. 引起中毒的; 有毒的; 分泌毒素的
pole n. 杆，柱；地极，磁极，电极 --- polar adj 极地的；近极地的
policeman n.男警察 --- pl. policemen
policewoman n. 女警察 --- pl. policewomen
polite adj. 有礼貌的，有教养的，客套的 --- opp. impolite
politics n. 政治，政治学，政治活动；政治主张，政治见解 --- political adj. 政治的，政治上的 --- politician n. 政治家，政客
pollute vt. 弄脏，污染 --- pollution n. 污染；污染物
poor adj. 贫穷的，贫困的；可怜的，不幸的；贫乏的，差的，体弱的 --- poverty n. 贫穷; 贫困; 贫乏; 短缺; 劣质
popular adj. 流行的，受欢迎的；公众的，大众化的，通俗的 n. 流行音乐，流行歌曲，流行（歌曲等）唱片 --- popularity n. 人气; 普及; 流行; 受欢迎
positive adj. 正面的，积极乐观的，有益的；确实的，确信的；正的，阳性的 --- opp. negative
possess v. 有; 拥有; 具有(特质) --- possession n. 拥有，占有；所有物，财产
possible adj. 可能的；合理的，可接受的；最…的 --- opp. impossible
--- possibly adv. 可能地; 可能; 或许 --- opp. impossibly adv.
--- possibility n. 可能; 可能性; 可选择的方法 --- opp. impossibility n.
post n. 邮政，邮寄；柱，杆；（网上的）帖子；职位，要职；（军警的）岗位vt. 邮寄；张贴，宣布；任命，派驻 --- poster n. 海报，招贴画 --- postman n. (pl. postmen) 邮递员
potato n. 土豆，马铃薯 --- pl. potatoes
potential adj. 可能的，潜在的n. 潜能，可能性 --- potentially adv.
power n. 能力，（生理）机能；力量，威力；控制力，影响力；统治，政权；权力，职权；大国，强国；动力，电力，功率 --- powerful adj. 强大的; 有权势的; 力量大的; 很有效的 --- powerless adj. 无影响力的; 无权的; 无能为力
practice n.（反复）训练，练习；实践，实际行动；惯例，习惯做法，习俗 vt. & vi. 实践，练习；（医生、律师等）执业，从事 --- practical adj.（事物）实际的，实践的；实用的，可实施的；（人、想法）实际的，现实的 --- practically adv. 几乎; 差不多; 很接近; 实事求是地; 实际地
pray vt. & vi. 祈祷，祈求 --- prayer n. 祈祷(的行为); 祈祷文; 祷告(的内容); 经文; 祈祷会
precious adj. 宝贵的, 珍贵的 --- preciously adv. 仔细地; 过分讲究地; 昂贵地
precise adj. 准确的; 确切的; 精确的; 明确的 --- precisely adv 精确地；确切地；恰好
predict vt. 预言，预计 --- prediction n. 预言; 预测; 预告 --- predictable adj. 可预测的; 可预见的; 可预料的
prefer vt. 更喜欢，更愿意 --- preference n. 偏爱，优先（权）；偏爱的事物/人
prepare vt. & vi. （做）准备；（使…）做好准备，（把…）准备好 --- preparation n. 准备; 预备; 准备工作
present n. 礼物，礼品vt. 颁发，授予，赠送；提出，呈递；呈现；招致，带来 n. 目前，现在 adj. 现在的，如今的；在场的，出席的 --- presence n. 在场; 出席; 存在; 出现 --- presentation n. 介绍，展示；授予，颁发
preserve vt. 保护，保存 --- preservation n. 保护; 维护; 保存; 保留; 维持; 保持
president n. 总统；总裁；大学校长 --- presidential adj. 总统的; 与总统有关的
press vt. & vi. 按，压，推，挤；催促，逼迫n. 按，压，推，挤；出版社，印刷厂；报刊新闻业，出版界 --- pressure n. 压，按；（物理学）压力；（精神上的、外界施加的）压力
prevent vt. 阻止，防止 --- prevention n. 预防; 防止; 防范
previous adj. 以前的，先前的 --- previously adv. 先前; (一段时间)以前
price n. 价格，价钱；代价，牺牲 --- priceless adj. 无价的; 极珍贵的; 极重要的; 极有趣的 --- pricy adj. 价格高的; 昂贵的
print vt. & vi. 打印，印刷vt. 刊登；印（照片） --- printer n. 打印机(尤指与计算机相连的); 印刷商; 印刷工人; 印刷公司; 印刷厂
prior adj. 先前的; 较早的; 在前的; 优先的; 占先的; 较重要的; 在前面的(to) --- priority n. [C] 优先事项； [U] 优先权
prison n. 监狱 --- prisoner n. 囚犯; 犯人
private adj. 私人（用）的，个人的，私有的；不公开的，私密的；私立的，民营的 --- privacy n. 隐私; 私密; 不受公众干扰的状态
probable adj. 可能的; 很可能发生(或存在等)的 --- probably adv. 很可能，大概
proceed vi. 继续；继续做；继续进行 --- procedure n. 步骤，手续，程序
produce vt. 产生，引起；生产，创作；出产，生育；监制，制作（电影、戏剧等） --- product n. 产品，制品；产物，结果 --- production n. 生产; 制造; 制作; 产量
profession n. 职业，行业 --- professional adj. 职业的；专业的n. [C] 专业人士；职业选手 --- professor n. 教授
profit n. 利润，赢利；好处，利益 --- profitable adj. 有利可图的; 赢利的 --- profitably adv. 有利地，有益地
prohibit vt. 禁止 --- prohibition n. 禁止，阻止; 禁令; 禁律
promise n. 诺言，许诺，承诺；（有）指望，（有）前途vt. & vi. 许诺，保证，答应vt. 有…的希望，有…的可能 --- promising adj. 有希望的; 有前途的; 有出息的
promote vt. 促进，增进；提升，晋升；推销，促销 --- promotion n. 晋升; 提升; 提拔
pronounce vt. 发…音，读（音）--- pronunciation n. 读音，发音
propose v. 提议; 建议; 打算; 计划 --- proposal n. [C] & [U] 建议；提议
prospect n. [U] 可能性；预期；设想；[C] 前景；前途；[C]视野；景色 --- prospective adj. 预期的; 潜在的; 有望的; 可能的; 即将发生的
protect vt. & vi. 保护；防护 --- protection n. 保护; 防卫; 保护物; 护身符 --- protective adj. 防护的，保护的; （对人）关切保护的，爱护的
prove vt. 证明，证实； 证明是，被发现是 --- proof n. [U] & [C] 证明；证据
provide vt. 提供，供应 --- provided/providing (that) conj. 假如，如果; 只要; 在…条件下
province n. 省；行政区 --- provincial adj. 省的; 一级行政区的; 首都以外的; 心胸狭隘的
psychology n. 心理学 --- psychologist n. 心理学家 --- psychological adj. 心灵的; 心理的; 精神上的; 心理学的 --- psychologically adv. 心理上地；心理学地
publish vt. 出版，发行vt. & vi. 刊登/发表（作品） --- publication n. 出版; 发表; 出版物; 公布; (书刊等的)发行; 刊登 --- publisher n. 出版商; 出版人(或机构); 发行人(或机构)
pull vt. & vi. 拉，拖；拔（出），抽（出）；（

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