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英语八年级下册期中复习讲义
【语法梳理】
一、现在完成时
(一)、基本用法：
1. 定义：
(1) 表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态对现在的影响。
(2) 表示持续到现在的动作或状态。
(3) 表示到现在为止，一个动作发生了几次。
2. 结构：主语 + have / has + 动词过去分词 + 其它
3. have / has为助动词，疑问句和否定句全部由have / has进行变化。
4. 现在完成时中常用的时间介词和副词辨析：
词条 含义 句式
for 持续，指一段时间 肯 / 否定句，疑问句
since 自从....以来，加时间点或过去时句子 肯 / 否定句，疑问句
already 已经，已经发生的事情 肯定句
yet 已经，还没有发生的事情 否定句，疑问句
ever 曾经，过去的任何时间 肯定句，疑问句
never 从未，过去从不 否定句
just 刚刚，最近刚发生的事情 肯定句
recently 最近，不久以前 肯 / 否定句，疑问句
in the recent days/years意为“在最近的几天/年里”
so far=up to now意为“到目前为止”
over/in/during the past/years意为“在过去的几年”
※ 重点：根据上下文语境 实例：I have lost my key. So I can't open the door.
(二)、have gone to, have been to, have been in 辨析:
have/has gone to... 表示“去而未返” 指说话时人不在现场, 常用于“对话”
have/has been to... 表示“去而已返” 可与表示次数的状语连用，once, twice, three times, never, ever，用how many times提问
have/has been in(at)... 表示“待在某地一段时间” in+大地点; at+小地点 常与一段时间标志词连用（for/since/用how long提问）
遇到地点副词要省略介词，如：here/there/home/abroad等
(三)、since和for的用法辨析：
1. since的用法：
(1)since + 过去的一个时间点
(2)since + 一般过去时的从句
Eg. Great changes have taken place since you left.
(3)It is / has been + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时的从句
Eg. It is four years since I came here.
2. for的用法：(1). for + 一段时间
Eg. He has kept the book for two weeks.
(四)、短暂性动词和延续性动词的转化：
在有 since & for & how long 的句子中，谓语动词必须是延续性动词。
非延续性动词 延续性动词 现在完成时
买 buy have have/has had
借 borrow keep have/has kept
离开 leave be away(from) have/has been away (from)
结婚 get married/marry be married have/has been married
参加 join be in/ be a member of have/has been in have/has been a member of
开始 begin/start be on have/has been on
结束 finish/stop/end be over have/has been over
死亡 die be dead have/has been dead
(五)、动词过去分词变化规则：
① 规则变化和过去式构成相同
② 不规则变化
中文 原形 过去式 过去分词
1 是 be was/were been
2 变成 become became become
3 开始 begin began begun
4 做 do did done
5 吃 eat ate eaten
6 给 give gave given
7 去 go went gone
8 有 have/has had had
9 保持 keep kept kept
10 知道 know knew known
11 读 read read read
12 说 say said said
13 看见 see saw seen
14 拿走 take took taken
15 扔 throw threw thrown
16 叫醒 wake woke woken
17 写 write wrote written
18 学习 learn learnt learnt
19 忘记 forget forgot forgotten
20 得到 get got got
(六)、固定句型
① That/This/It is the +形容词最高级+名词+ that从句（现在完成时）
这是我看过的最好看的电影。This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
② That/This/It is the +序数词（first/second/third）time+ that从句（现在完成时）
这是我第一次参观这座城市。It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是这个男生第三次迟到了。It is the third time that the boy has been late.
③ It is/has been +一段时间+since+ that从句（一般过去时）
自从上一次我们见面到现在已经是五年了。It has been 5 years since we last met.
那人死去3个月了。It's/ It has been 3 months since the man died.
④ 一段时间+现在完成时结构 +since引导的时间状语从句
我来这儿已经两年了。Two years has passed since I came here.
(七)、两组对应关系：how long→现在完成时，延续性动词
when→一般过去时，短暂性动词
(八)、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
1. 用法的不同
(1) 现在完成时强调过去某一完成的动作对现在产生的影响或结果。
(2) 一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，与现在不发生关系。
2. 结构的不同
3. 时间状语的不同
My father isn’t here. He has gone to Shanghai. He went there last week.
二、疑问词 + 动词不定式
1. 可用疑问词：疑问代词 (what, who, which, whose, whom)，疑问副词 (where, when, how)，why不能用。
结构：
①第一种：动词+特殊疑问词+to do sth.
②第二种:动词+宾语+特殊疑问词+to do sth.【动词后接双宾语]
Eg. Mr Wu advised us which to choose as after-school activities.【S+V +IO +DO】
③第三种:动词+(宾语)+特殊疑问词+名词+ to do sth.
Eg. They are discussing which colour to paint the walls.
2. 与复合句的转换(宾语从句：陈述句语序)
Eg. Can you tell me what I should do next = Can you tell me what to do next
3. 动词不定式中动词后面是否加介词
比较：I haven’t decided who room to live in. (to live in 修饰名词 room)
I haven’t decided where to live. (to live 修饰疑问副词 where，不加介词)
Eg. Daniel did not say who to talk to/with about this book. 【★talk不及物动词,后面要加介词】
4. 动词不定式中动词后面是否加宾语
比较：I don’t know how to do it. 【how为疑问代词，不能做do的宾语，加it作do宾语】
I don’t know what to do. 【 what to do 作 decide宾语】【what疑问代词，作及物动词do的宾语】
5. ★【特别区分】①He fell over when he was running in the park.【when引导时间状从】
= He fell over when running in the park.
②I don't know when I can play football.【when引导宾语从句】
=I don't know when to play football.
三、must和have to：
1. must意为“必须”，表示主观上的义务或责任，否定must not (mustn’t) 意为 “禁止，不准”，回答带有must的问句时，否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to.
2. must表示推测，意为 “一定，必定” Me Monitor You must be joking!
3. have to意为“必须，不得不”，强调客观需要。My mother is ill, I have to look after her.
【基础知识呈现】
Unit1 Past and present知识点
1. ★used to do, be used to do与be used to doing 辨析:
used to do sth. 曾经做某事，过去常常做某事 (现在不做了)
there used to be sth. 过去存在的状态 (现在不复存在了)
get/be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 【此句型中to 为介词】
get used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事，短暂性动词
be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事，延续性动词
be used to do sth. = be used for doing sth. (被动语态) 被用来做某事
Wood is used to make paper. =Wood is used for making paper.
补充：use ① n. 用途; 使用能力;运用头脑(或身体)的能力;
② vt. 用,使用; 行使 use sth to do = do sth. with sth.
③ adj. 有用的useful 无用的useless
2. northern (adj.) 北方的，北部的
在…的北部 in the northern part / area of... = in the north of...
[拓展]
方位名词： 东east; 西west; 南south; 北north
方位形容词：东部的eastern/西部的western/南部的southern/北部的northern（即方位名词+-ern）
3. marry vt.& vi. (使 )结婚; 娶; 嫁 (短暂性动词)
与某人结婚sb. marry sb.= sb. get married (to sb.)
把 A 嫁给 B marry sb. (to sb)
★【重点】易错点: 介词是 to 不是 with
married adj. 已婚的
A和B 结婚 A and B get married= A get(s) married to B
be married to sb. 强调状态，延续性动词，与时间段连用
get married to sb. 强调动作，短暂性动词，与时间段点连用
★【重点】表示结婚多久用 have/has been married for+一段时间
marriage n. 婚姻补充：wedding 婚礼
4. turn短语：
1. turn... into... 把......变成......； 2. turn (a)round 转身，掉头，翻转
3. turn on / off 打开 / 关上 (电视、电灯)...； 4. turn up 调高，出现
5. turn down 调低，拒绝； 6. turn out 证明是，结果是......
【原文重现】Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park.
5. pollution 不可数n. 污染
常见的短语有: water pollution水污染 noise pollution 噪污染 air pollution 空气污染
拓展： pollute v. 污染 polluted adj. 被污染的
6. waste ① un. 废料，废弃物 把废物倒进河里put the waste into the river
② n. 浪费 a waste of... ( time / water / food)
eg. It is a waste of money to buy that kind of thing.买那种东西是浪费钱。
③ v. 浪费 浪费时间在…上（做某事）waste time on sth/ doing sth
7. realize v. = realise
① 认识到，意识到
realize the problem 意识到问题
realize the importance of (doing) sth 意识到(做)某事的重要性
realize one’s mistakes 意识到某人的错误
realize + 从句 I didn’t realize that you were so unhappy.
② 实现，成为现实
sb. realize one’s dream = one’s dream come true
【原文重现】Later the government realized the problem and took action to improve the situation.
1. 政府已经意识到了这个问题并且决定采取行动来改善形势。
The government has already __realized the problem and decided to take action to improve__ the situation.
8. improve / m pru:v/ v.改善，变得更好= make …better
改善这种状况, 改变现状 improve the situation 提升我的英语improve my English
improvement / m pru vm nt / n. 改善, 改进
9. situation (n.) 形势，情况，状况，局面；condition (n.) 条件
【习惯用语/词组】
现状：present situation 生活条件：living conditions
10. way n. ① 方式；方法 ②道路
【常见搭配】in some ways在某种程度上 in this way用这种方式
on one’s way to在去某地的路上 by the way顺便
in one’s way 挡道 the way to do/of doing sth. 做某事的方式
in no way 决不
11. 副词辨析
however 然而 though/although 虽然；尽管
otherwise 否则 whether 是否
moreover 此外 anyway 尽管，无论怎样
instead 相反 unless 除非
since ①既然 ②自从 If ①如果（宾从） ② 是否（条件状语从句）
as ① 因为 ②作为 as a student ③当…时候 随着 随着时间的流逝as time goes by 正如 正如谚语所说 as the saying goes
12. 辨析 a bit 和 a little
①“稍微”、“有点” a bit =a little+形容词、副词
②“一些”a little =a bit of +不可数 n.
【原文重现】现在我感觉时不时有点孤独。Now I feel a bit lonely from time to time.
13. alone与lonely的辨析：
词条 词性 含义 例句
lonely 形容词 孤独的； 偏僻的 He feels lonely. There is only a lonely village.
alone 形容词 单独的，独自的 She watches TV when she is alone.
副词 独自地 He likes living alone. He finishes the work alone / by himself / on his own.
14. from time to time 时不时，偶尔，有时 = sometimes = at times
time ① un. 时间 一段时间 some time
② cn. 次数；倍数 一次once 两次twice 三次及以上 数字+time
③ cn. 时期；时代 在不同的时代 at different times
[拓展]与time相关的常见短语:
at a time依次 in time及时 on time按时
at any time随时 in no time立刻，马上 all the time 一直
at the same time同时 at times有时
15. take place与happen的辨析：
词条 含义 用法
take place 举行，发生，进行 经过安排而发生
happen 发生，进行 偶然、突然发生
补充：某事发生在某人身上 sth happen to sb.
某人碰巧做某事 sb happen to do sth.
发生了什么？ What happened to you
【原文重现】Amazing changes have taken place in Sunshine Town.
16. interview ①vt. 采访;面试 ②cn. 采访,会见
interview sb. = have an interview with sb.采访某人
拓展: interviewer n. 采访者,面试官 interviewee n. 面试者
17. return ①vi．返回 从…回来 return from sp. 回到某地 return to sp. = come / go back to
为瞬间性动词，若换为延续性动词，需改为：be back
e.g. —Has your dad returned —Yes, he has been back for two days.
e.g. My father has just returned. =My father has just come back.
②vt. 归还=give back 把某物归还给某人 return sth to sb.
注意：①return 不与back 连用
②地点副词home/here/there等前面省略介词
18. keep in touch with ... 与 ... 保持联系
touch ①un. 接触 ② v. 触摸 ③ v. 感动= move 8B Unit4
补充keep 的其它短语:
1. 使…远离 keep ... away from = keep ... off
2. 阻止...做某事 keep ... from doing = stop/prevent ... (from) doing
3. 一直做某事 keep（on）doing sth.
4. 把...记在心里 keep ... in mind 5. keep a secret 保守秘密
municate (v.) 沟通，交流；communicate with... 与......沟通 / 交流；
communication (n.) 沟通，交流；have (no) communication with... 与...... (没有)沟通 / 交流
20. exactly adv. 正是，没错，精确地（常考情景交际题回答）
exact adj. 精确的
eg. 1. 口语答语，“一点不错” — Do you mean I got a full mark in the test — Exactly, my dear.
2. “正好地，恰好地” That’s exactly what I expected.
3. “确切地，精确地” Can you tell me where she lives exactly
4. not exactly “不完全是，不完全如此”
【原文重现】—The Internet makes communication much easier.—Exactly.
21. space ①可数n. 空地 开阔的空地 （large）open spaces= a large open space
② 不可数n. 空间；宇宙 生存空间living space
22. impossible adj. 不可能的 【反义词】可能的 possible n. 可能性posibility
【短语】尽…可能 as much as possible= as… as sb. can
【原文重现】It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before.
Unit2 Travelling知识点梳理
1. 旅行v. travel →旅行n. travelling → 旅行者cn. traveller
短途旅行：trip 长途旅行：journey
周游：tour → 游客cn. tourist
参观：visit → 参观者cn. Visitor
2. 短语补充
去南山度假go to South Hill for my holiday 【go to sp. for a holiday去某地度假】
名胜places of interest
在寒假期间during the winter holiday
一家室内过山车an indoor roller coaster 室外的：outdoor
自然美丽的地方places of natural beauty
给某人一些建议give sb. some advice【注：advice 不可数名词】
在每年的那个时候 at that time of year
在寒冷又有雪的日子 on cold and snowy days
3. excited adj. 兴奋的, 激动的
(1) 对某事感到兴奋 be excited about/at sth
(2) 对做某事感到兴奋be excited to do sth
(3) be excited + that从句 因……而兴奋
辨析:excited 与 exciting
excited 兴奋的，激动的 做表语，主语为人
exciting 令人兴奋的 作表语或定语，一般修饰物
做某事是令人激动的 It is exciting to do sth.
→ 感叹句：How exciting it is to do sth.
考点：形容词-ed形式与形容词ing形式
1. 形容词-ed形式：感到...的，多修饰人，以及face (脸色), looks (表情), expression (表情), smile (微笑), eye (眼神), cry (哭声), voice (声音), mood (情绪) 等与某人的情感状况的名词。
2. 形容词ing形式：令人......的，多修饰某物，若修饰某人，则表示此人具有此性质或特征。
4. miss
(1) vt. 想念，思念 思念某人miss sb
(2) vt. 错过
错过公交miss the bus 错过 (做) 某事 miss doing sth
(3) n. 错失；过失9AU1
A miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘谬以千里。
missing adj. 失踪的= lost
某物丢了 sth be missing = sth. be lost
5. fantastic /f n t st k/ (adj.) 极好的，美妙的
① (做....)玩得开心，过得愉快have a fantastic time doing sth.
= have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth
= have fun（不可数n.） doing sth
②了不起的成就 a fantastic achievement
6. speed /spi:d/
(1) n.速度、速率，常与介词at搭配
以高/低/全/最高速 at high/low/full/ top speed
以…的速度 at a speed of…
Eg. He drove his car at a speed of 80 km/h.
You’d better drive at low speed in the busy traffic.
(2) v. 急驶 (过去式) sped-sped
加速 speed up 减速 slow down
【原文重现】It moved at high speed and was really exciting!
→感叹句：What high speed the roller coaster is moving at!
7. hurry
① (n.) 赶快，匆忙 in a hurry 匆忙地，赶快地 eg. He got up late. So he went to school in a hurry.
② (v.) 赶快，匆忙
(1). hurry to... 匆忙去... = go to... in a hurry
(2). hurry up 快点 Hurry up, the train is coming.
9. such as, for example, like的辨析：
词条 含义 用法
such as 比如，例如 列举同类人或物中的几个例子，可与and so on或etc.连用。
for example 例如 一般只以同类人或物中的一个为例，用逗号隔开，可放于句首、句中和句末。
like 比如，比方 用来举例，可与such as互换。
★【重点】so 和 such用法区分(分四种情况)
such< adj.>这样；如此 such+名词/名词短语
①such+ a/an +adj.+可数名词单数 She is such a beautiful girl.
②such +adj.+不可数名词/可数名词复数 (考感叹句) 这么漂亮的花such beautiful flowers 这么好的天气such fine weather such useful news/information
so 这样；如此 so+形容词/副词 This question is so easy.
①so+ adj. +a/an+可数名词单数 She is so beautiful a girl.
②so+ many /much/few/little+不可数名词/可数名词复数 There are so many books in the study.
10. can’t stop doing sth. = can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁 / 禁不住做某事
注意：迫不及待做某事 can’t wait to do sth（迫切）
stop doing sth. 与 stop to do sth. 辨析：
短语 用法
stop doing sth. 意为 “停止正在做的事”
stop to do sth. 意为 “停下来去做另一件事”
11. couple / k pl/
(1) 夫妻 (CP) 一对年轻 / 老年夫妇a young/an elderly couple
(2) 两人，两件事物；几个人，几件事物
a couple of+可数名词复数 ① 一对, 一双，两个
② 几个，几件 (同= a few, several)
12. end ① n. 结束；结尾 ② v. 结束
含end 的短语
(1) at the end of在…结束时, 在…末端(尽头) 可以指地点、时间
(2) in the end=at last=finally 最后
(3) by the end of 到·····末, 只能接时间, 常与完成时态连用
13. die, death, dying和dead的辨析：
单词 词性 词义 例句
die 动词 死亡 His grandfather died last year.
death 名词 死亡 She cried after her husband’s death.
dying 形容词 奄奄一息的，垂死的 The dying man was saved finally.
dead 形容词 死的 He found a dead bird in the garden.
1. The poor boy’s parents __have been dead__ (die) for years.
2. His father __has been dead__ (die) for almost 10 years.
14. except, except for和besides的辨析：
词条 用法
except 意为“除了...”，往往与all，every，no，nobody，nothing等词连用，强调不包括其后的宾语在内，含有“减去”的意思
except for 有时可以和except互换，表示“除了...以外”，但用于句首时，不用except，而用except for
besides 表示“除...以外(还有)”的意思，强调包括其后的宾语在内，含有“加上”的意思
— Alice, would you like to go fishing with us — What a pity! I am free every day except today.
考点：A except / besides B做主语，谓语遵循就远原则，A确定谓语单复。
就远原则：except、besides、with、along with、together with、as well as、...
15. join, join in, take part in和attend的辨析：
词条 含义 例句
join “加入” (某个政党、团体、组织等)并成为其中的成员 When did your brother join the army
join in “参加，参与” (某种活动、比赛、讨论等)并在其中起积极作用。 Can I join in the game
take part in 用法与join in类似，有时可互换 How many countries will take part in the World Cup
attend 正式用语，指 “出席，参加” 会议、婚礼、典礼、报告、讲座等。 He’ll attend an important meeting tomorrow.
17. sail (v.) 航行，驾驶帆船sail to... 航行去.....；
sailing (n.) 帆船运动，航行 去航行 go sailing
18. business
(1) n. 商业，生意 出差 on business
(2) n. 事情 与你无关。It’s none of your business
【原文重现】My dad has been to Chengdu on business twice.
19. direct adj.
(1) 直达的，直接的 乘直达航班 take a direct flight
(2) 直率的，坦率的，说明人的性格
directly (adv.) 直接地 indirect (adj.) 间接的
direct v. 导向 n. director（导演） n. 方向direction
【常见短语】
四面八方 _in___ all directions= in every direction
很有方向感 have a good sense of direction
【原文重现】We are going to take a direct flight to Chengdu.
20. point
① (n.) 要点 Why is the last point so important
② (n.) 分数 He scored 47 points in this match.
③ (n.) 小数点 1.5 one point five
④ (v.) 指着 (1) point at: 指向...... The teacher pointed at the map and told me where Britain was.
(2) point out: 指出 My teacher pointed out my mistakes.
21. detail (n.) 细节；in detail 详细地
1. You should pay attention to every __detail__ (细节) in this article.
22. leave /li v/ （v.） （过）left
(1) 离开
①动身前往某地 leave for +sp.
②离开A前往B leave A for B
(2) 留下，遗忘 把某物落在某地 leave sth. sp
eg. I left my homework at home.
(3)使...处于某种状态 leave sth. + adj.
eg. Please leave the door open !
(4) left adj 剩下的，作后置定语
23. relative (cn.) 亲戚 复数： relatives
relationship n. 关系
24. last
① (adv.) 上一次，最后；最后 at last 最后，终于
② (adj.) 最后的，最近的，上一次的 be the last to do sth.
③ (v.) 持续，继续
24. life ① 生活 ②生命 复数：lives
短语：
all one’s life 终身，毕生，一辈子 lose one’s life 丧生
save one’s live 挽救某人的生命 one’s way of life 某人的生活方式
live / lead a + adj. + life 过着......的生活
25. over
1. “在....期间”，= during，throughout/ over the years 这些年里
2. “在.....正上方” Look! The plane is flying over our head.
3. “遍及” all over the world 世界各地
4. “超过，多于” ，= more than She has been in Changzhou for over ten years.
5. 结束，完 The film has been over for 10 minutes, why are you still here
26. hear from 收到...来信；hear of/about 听说...；hear out 听完
27. put相关的短语
put... into... 把.....放入.....； put away 放好，收好；
put down 放下，记下；put off 推迟，延期；
put out 扑灭；put through 接通电话；
put on 穿上，上演，增加 (体重)
Unit3 Online tours知识点梳理
1. online
(1) adj. 联网的；在线的
在线旅游 an online tour/online tours 网购 online shopping
进行在线旅游 take an online tour = take a tour on the Internet
在网上 on the website
(2) adv. 在线地
在线聊天 chat online 在线支付pay online
2. receive v.收到，接到
从某人哪里收到某物 receive sth. __from__ sb.
收到某人的来信 receive a letter from sb. = hear from sb.
听说 hear of/about
区分：receive 客观收到, 但不一定愿意接受
accept 主观接受，承认或赞同 (反义词：__refuse__) 拒绝做某事 refuse to do sth.
3. What ... for？“为了什么？”，强调做某事的目的或用途。
Why... “为什么？”，询问原因，通常用because来引出答句。
— Why do you come here so late — Because my watch is broken.
【原文重现】—What do you usually use your computer for —I usually use it to search for information.
4. how特殊疑问词组
how often 对频率提问 how many times 对次数提问
how long 对一段时间提问
how soon 多久之后，对将来的时间提问，如in three days, in five years等。
Eg. Sandy多久一次用电脑搜索有用信息？
5. 介词 + 时间:
1. for + 一段时间: “持续...时间”
2. by + 一段时间: “到...为止”
3. in + 一段时间: “在...之后”, 与一般将来时连用，或“在...之内” He will leave his office in ten minutes.
4. after + 一段时间:“在...之后”, 与一般过去时连用He left his office after ten minutes.
5. after + 时间点: “在...之后”, 与一般将来时连用He will leave his office after 2 p. m..
6. 寻找某物 / 某人 search for sth. / sb. =look for
在某地搜寻某物 search sp for sth
拓展：research v./n. 研究；调查 做一些关于…的研究 do some research on sth.
7. 过去分词作后置定语
① The girl is called Lucy. 【被动语态】
② The girl called Lucy is my sister. 【过去分词作后置定语】
= The girl who is called Lucy is my sister. 【定语从句】
拓展：后置定语
① 介词短语
那个穿着红色衣服的女孩是我的妹妹。 The girl in red is my sister.
② 形容词短语
我有一个满是花的花园。I have a garden full of flowers.
③ 不定式
我想要一些吃的东西。I want something to eat.
④ 现在分词（表示主动）
那个戴眼镜的女孩是我的妹妹。 The girl wearing glasses is my sister.
看！地上躺着一只狗。 Look! There is a dog lying on the ground.
⑤ 过去分词 （表示被动）
8. guide (n.) 向导，导游，指南，入门书，手册；
guide (v.) 指导，指引，给......引路
1. It’s easy to lose your way in such a big city without a __guide__ (导游).
9. notice
(1) v. 注意；注意到
① 注意到某人/某事 notice sb/sth
② 注意到某人做某事 notice sb __do_ sth （强调动作发生的全过程或经常发生, 标志词often）
notice sb _doing_ sth. （强调动作正在发生,标志词when/look/listen）
同用法： 三看一听一发现一感觉 _see/watch/look/hear/find/feel___
③ notice + 从句
(2) un. 注意 注意到… take notice of
(3) cn. 通知，布告，公告牌
10. at the top of 在…顶端
反义短语：在……底部 __at the bottom of___
补充：at 相关的短语
在…的脚下 ___at the foot of __ 在多少岁的时候 ___at the age of __
在…的尽头/末端 __at the end of __ 在…的开始 __at the beginning of ___
11. 单击某物 click on sth.
12. 国家表达
Asia 亚洲 Asian n.亚洲人 adj.亚洲（人）的 an Asian country
Africa 非洲 African n.非洲人 adj.非洲（人）的
Europe 欧洲 European n.欧洲人 adj.欧洲（人）的 __a__ European country __an___ old European country
America 美洲/美国 American n.美国人 adj.美国（人）的 the USA→the United States of America
Australia 澳大利亚 Australia n.澳大利亚 adj.澳大利亚人的
Germany 德国 German n.德国人 adj.德国人(的), 德国的 (复数 Germans) German 德语
France 法国 French n.法国人=Frenchman (复数Frenchmen) adj. 法国人(的), 法国的 French 法语
Canada 加拿大 Canadian n. 加拿大人 adj. 加拿大人(的)
13. world-famous adj. 世界著名的，举世闻名的
famous adj. 著名的 = well-known
① 因为...而举世闻名 be world-famous __for__..+原因
② 作为...而举世闻名 be world-famous __as_...+身份/职业
③ 对于…来说出名 be world-famous __to_...+对象
1. Since Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize, he has become __world-famous__ (世界闻名的).
2. 这个小镇自二十世纪初以来就因它的自然美景而闻名。
The small town __has been famous for its natural beauty since the early twentieth century__.
【原文重现】Further on is Times square. Every year, thousands of people gather here on New Year’s Eve. It is exciting to see the huge glass ball falling through the darkness!
14. further （far的最高级）更进一步
固定搭配：进一步学习/研究/讨论 further study/research/discussion
再往前走 further on
15. 倒装句 考察：①主谓一致 ② there/here使用就近原则 ③ 谓语动词无进行时态
eg. On the desk are a couple of cups.
【原文重现】With several lakes, hills and a large green lawn, it’s a good place to relax after a hard day’s work.
16. several
(1) 作限定词，几个，数个, =a few=a couple of
几年 _several years___ 几千 _several thousand__
(2) 作代词，several of…+可数名词复数 …当中的数几个
Eg. Several of the paintings were bought by a German.
17. relax /r l ks/ v. 放松；休息 三单relaxes 现在分词 relaxing 过去式 relaxed
放松某人自己 __relax oneself__
(1) adj. 令人放松的 __relaxing_
(2) adj. 感到放松的 __relaxed__
He felt ___relaxed__(放松的) after listening to the __relaxing__（放松的）music.
18. 在…世纪 in +the + 序数词 +century
20世纪早期the early twentieth century 20世纪晚期the __late__ twentieth century
19. 关于…就说这么多了；….到此为止 so much for sth. =That’s all for sth.
【原文重现】Ok, so much for New York. There’s a “Back” icon at the bottom of the page.
20. dream
(1) v. 做梦；梦见 （dreamed/ dreamt，dreamed/ dreamt）
梦想做某事 dream of/about doing sth.
(2) cn. 梦；梦想
① 实现某人的梦想 realize one's dream= one's dream come true
② 放弃某人的梦想 give up one’s dream
③ 你做梦 in your dreams
eg. 你有没有梦想过和你的家人一起环游世界
___Have you ever dreamt of travelling around the world with your family ___
【原文重现】Have you ever dreamt of travelling around the world without a passport
21. opposite
(1) cn. 对立的人或物；反义词
与…相反， …的反义词 be the opposite of
Eg. The colour black and white are __opposites__(对立物).
Cold is the opposite of hot. 冷与热相对。
(2) adj. 对面的；另一边的；相反的
在…对面；与…对立 be opposite to
Eg. They live on the opposite side of the road.
(3) prep. 在…对面 8B U4
Eg. 这两个朋友面对面坐着。The two friends sit opposite each other.
(4) adv. 在对面
Eg. There’s a married couple living opposite.
【原文重现】Australian seasons are the opposite of ours.
22.mind
(1) vi. & vt. 介意
① 介意做某事 mind __doing__ sth.
② 介意某人做某事 mind sb. (宾格)/ sb.’s __doing_ sth.
③ Would/ Do you mind doing… 回答
介意：You’d better not ./Certainly./Of course./I’m sorry, but....../I’m afraid...
不介意：Not at all. /Certainly _not_./ Of course __not_. / No, do as you like.
(2) n. 理智，头脑；思想
记住某事 __keep sth in mind___=remember sth.
有良好的思考能力have a good mind
下定决心去做某事 make up one’s mind(s) __to do_ sth. = __decide_ to do sth
改变某人的注意 _change_ one’s mind
(3) 词组拓展：
不要紧。 Never mind.= It doesn’t matter.
【原文重现】—Would you mind showing me how to start this online tour
23. pleasure / ple (r)/ n. 高兴， 乐意
e.g. 阅读给我带来很大快乐。Reading gives me great pleasure.
please v. 请；使…满意；愉快 某事令某人愉快 sth. please sb.
pleased adj.高兴的；满意的（修饰人） 很开心做某事be pleased to do sth.
对…感到满意be pleased with= be happy with
pleasant adj.令人愉快的，令人满意的，宜人的（修饰人）
一次令人愉快的旅程 a pleasant trip 宜人的气候 pleasant weather
eg. My parent are pleased with the pleasant trip.
【交际用语归纳复习】
Eg. —Thanks for helping me. —My pleasure.
Eg. —Could you post the letter for me —With pleasure.
① （回答道谢）不客气。My pleasure. = It’s my pleasure.
=You’re welcome.= Don’t mention it.
= Not at all. =That’s all right.
② （回答求助）乐意效劳。With pleasure. = Sure. / Of course.= No problem.
③ （回答道歉） 没关系。Never mind.=It doesn’t matter.=Don’t mention it.
Not at all.=That’s all right.
24. 辨析 book 和order的用法
book v. 预订（房间，车票） 常与住行相关 预定票和酒店 book tickets and hotels
order v. 订购；点（酒菜等） 常与衣食相关 订餐order meals
为某人点某物 order sb sth = order sth for sb
补充：order 的其他用法
① v. 命令，要求 命令某人（不）做某事 order sb (not) to do sth
② n. 订单 eg. The factory got a big order.
顺序 eg. 把…整理的井井有条put sth. in order.
命令 eg. 给…下命令give a order to
点菜 eg. 我能帮你点菜吗？May I take you order
25. daily ① 形容词 每日的；日常的 = everyday 在日常生活中 in daily life
在日常交流中使用英语 use English in daily communication
拓展：每周的 weekly 每月的 monthly
② 可数名词 日报 中国日报 China Daily
③ 副词 每日；每天= every day
26. ruler (cn.) ①统治者；管理者； …的统治者 the ruler of… ② 尺子
rule ①(cn.) 规则 ② (v.) 统治
交通规则 traffic rules 班级规则 __class rules_
遵守规则 __follow___ the rule 违反规则 __break_ the rule = be against the rule
27. 由…组成 be made up of…+组成部分
由…制成（看得见原材料） be made _of_ + 材料
由…制成（看不出原材料） be made _from__ + 材料
在某地制造 be made _in_+地点
用…制作 be made __with__ +工具
由谁制作 be made __by_ + 人
1. 我们班由30个男生和20个女生组成。
Our class __is made up of__ 30 boys and 20 girls.
2. 我们学校有六幢楼、一个操场。
Our school __is made up of six buildings and a playground__.
28. natural / n t r l/ adj. 自然的, 天然的
nature / ne t (r)/n. 自然；性质
同：nation culture tradition
national cultural traditional
29. prepare v. 准备
为…做准备 prepare for = get ready for= make preparation for...
为…准备… prepare sth for
准备做某事 prepare to do sth
30. 短语补充：
1. 了解有关世界各地的名胜 learn about places of interest around the world
2. 一个岛国 an island country a European country
3. 有悠久的历史 have a long history
中国是一个有着悠久历史的国家。China is a great country with a long history.
4. 许多有自然美景的地方 many places of natural beauty
5. 了解许多世界的文化 learn a lot about the world’s culture
6. 参观英国的最佳时间是从五月到九月。 The best time to visit the UK is from May to September.
Unit4 A good read
【原文重现】Have you decided what to do with these books, Hobo
decide v. 决定 后面加名词/代词/动词不定式或从句
决定做某事decide to do sth = make up one’s mind to do sth
eg. Let’s first decide where we should go(宾语从句：陈述句语序).
n. 决定 decision
做决定（做某事）make a decision (to do sth.)
do with 处理；处置，常与疑问词 _ what _ 连用
同义词组 deal with, 但 deal with 常与疑问词_ how _连用
如何处理... What to do with…=How to deal with…
【原文重现】I'm interested in history books. They improve my knowledge of the past.
knowledge / n l d / un. 知识
众所周知，知识就是力量。As we all know，knowledge is power.
spare ①adj.空闲的；多余的 在某人的空闲时间 in one’s spare/free time
②v. 匀出 让给；腾出 spare…for…
ugly adj. 丑陋的 （比较级为uglier；最高级为ugliest）
一个丑陋的男人 an ugly man
touch /t t /
(1) vt. 触动，感动 = move 某事令某人感动 sth. touches sb.
① adj. touching令人感动的 = moving
② adj. touched感动的 = moved
eg. From their _ touched _ (touch) looks, I know they were all deeply touched __ (touch) by this _ touching __ (touch) film.
(2) vt. 接触，触摸 Don't touch the tigers! They are very dangerous.
(3) n. 触碰；联系
① 一个温柔的触摸a gentle touch
② 与...保持联系keep in touch with...
【原文重现】After our ship crashed against the rocks, I swam as far as I could.
against prep.
① 紧靠 8BU4 靠在墙上against the wall
② 碰；撞 撞击 crash against
③ 反对，其反义词：for 反对做某事 against doing sth. 投票反对vote against 投票支持 vote for
④ 对抗9AU4 常与 fight, argue, play 等连用 与…作斗争 fight against 与…比赛argue against
⑤ 违反 违背某人的意愿 against one’s mind/will/wish 违背法律 against the law
⑥ 与…相反 逆流而上 swim against the tide
8. as… as one can/could “尽某人所能…”，相当于as…. as possible
【原文重现】By the time I finally felt the land under my feet, I was tired out.
9. tire v. 使…疲劳；使..厌倦 eg. The long journey _tires__ (tire) her a lot.
tired adj. 感到疲劳的
be tired out 精疲力竭 be tired of 对…感到厌烦
tiring (adj.) 令人疲劳的，累人的 E.g. It’s tiring to climb the steps.
10. 辨析：raise & rise
① raise (过去式：raised 过去分词：raised)
作及物动词，① 抚养；饲养；
② 募集 raise money for
③提出；举起；提高 raise one’s voice
raising n. 上升 看升国旗仪式 watch the raising of the national flag
② rise (过去式：rose 过去分词：risen)
作不及物动词，①温度上升；价格增长；② 日月星辰的升起
11. tie ①v. 系；栓 现在分词：tying 过去式：tied
②n.领带，绳； 把…系在... tie…to… 被…系在 be tied to…
12. over prep. ①翻越；从一边到另一边； 翻越围墙 climb over the wall
②在正上方 横跨河面的桥a bridge over the river
③在…期间=during 在过去的几年over the past few years
④落下；倒下；摔倒 fall over The loud noise made them all fall over.
⑤结束 The meeting was over. 会议结束了。
13. stomach 可数n.腹部；胃 复数：stomachs
14. ①用于肯定句，until/till “直到…为止”，表示动作或状态的持续，常与延续性动词连用，如：stay/wait/work/live
② 用于否定句，not …until “直到…才”, 强调动作在某个时间点才发生，常与短暂性动词连用，如：arrive/finish/start/come/buy
eg. I slept until 11 o’clock.
eg. I didn’t realize my mistake until I finished my exam.
注意：until和not...until后时间状语从句的时态遵循“主将从现、主过从过”。
15. continue /k n t nju:/ (vi. & vt.) 继续
①继续某事 继续求学 continue one’s education
②继续去做另一件事continue to do sth.= go on to do sth
继续做同一件某事 continue doing sth.= go on doing sth.
16. manage
①vt. 设法完成
设法完成某事 manage to do sth. = do sth. successfully，强调成功做成
② vi. & vt. 管理(公司；组织)
同义词：govern v. 治理国家 government n. 政府
拓展：n. 管理 management 班级管理 classroom management
n. 经理 manager
17. break ① 及物动词， 打破 过去式：broke 过去分词：broken 形容词：broken
(汽车)抛锚；出故障 break down (战争)爆发break out 闯入(屋子)break into
② 名词，（短暂的）休息 休息一下 have a break/rest
【原文重现】I looked down and saw a huge army of tiny people.
18. army 名词 ① 大批；大群 复数：armies 一群an army of + 名词复数，
② 军队 参军join the army
【原文重现】Gulliver found himself unable to move!
19. able (adj.)能够 能够做某事be able to do sth.
反义词：unable (adj.)不能够 不能够做某事be unable to do sth.
ability ① (cn) 技能 复数: abilities ②（un）能力
有做某事的能力 have the ability to do sth.
20. fall相关的短语
从…摔下来 fall off= fall down from 向前摔倒fall over
落后fall behind(反：take the lead 处于领先地位) 爱上fall in love with sb.
睡着fall asleep 生病fall ill
21. advise v. 建议
① 建议做某事 advise _ doing _ sth.
② 建议某人 (不) 做某事 advise sb. _(not) to do _ sth.
advice 不可数n. 建议，忠告
一条建议 a piece of advice 采纳建议 take the advice
多么有用的建议！ What useful advice!
向某人寻求建议 ask sb. for advice= turn to sb for advice
22. hand vi. 交，递，给 n. 手 三单：hands 过去式：handed
上交 hand in 递交（某物）hand it on (代词放中间, 名词可中可后)
分发 hand/give out
在一方面，另一方面 on one hand, on the other hand 伸出援助之手 give a helping hand
【原文重现】 Mr Wu has recommend so many interesting books.
23. recommend
①(v.) 推荐
recommend sth. 推荐…
recommend sth to sb. = recommend sb sth.推荐……给某人
recommend sb. for ...推荐某人做…… recommend sb. as ... 推荐某人担任……
②(v.)劝告；建议 recommend sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事
recommend doing sth.建议做某事
24. 辨析
review cn. 评论 复数 reviews 读一些关于…的评论read some reviews about
renew v. 续借；更新；重新开始 线上续借书 renew books online
return①及物动词，归还 ② 不及物动词，返回 把某物归还给 return sth to …= give back to
refuse v. 拒绝；回绝 拒绝做某事 refuse to do sth.
25. success (un.)成功；(cn.)成功的人或事 一个巨大的成功 （be）a great success
adj. 成功的successful adv. 成功地successfully
v. 成功 succeed 成功地做某事 succeed in doing sth.
26. translate (v.) 翻译；translate ... into ... 把.....翻译为.....；be translated by sb. 被某人翻译；
translator (n.) 译者，翻译家；translation (n.) 翻译
27. sale
1. sale (n.) “销售量”，常用复数 The newspaper has sales of over 1.55 million.
2. sale (n.) “销售” (1). salesman = sales rep 销售员，推销员
(2). on sale 促销，打折
(3). for sale 出售，待售 There are many things on sale in that shop.
3. sell (v.) 卖，出售 过去式：sold sell sth. out 卖光，售完
28. copy ①(n.) 一本 (份 / 册)，副本
②(v.) 抄写，复制，模仿
1. Please give me three __copies__ (份) of magazines.
【原文重现】For example, Treasure Island tells the story of a young boy who sailed the sea to look for hidden treasure.
29. hidden adj. 隐藏的; 难以发现的
hide v.躲藏 过去式：hid 现在分词：hiding
隐患 hidden trouble 捉迷藏hide-and-seek
30. confidence un. 信任;信心
对…有信心 have confidence in 满怀信心地 with confidence
confident adj. 自信的；有信心的 对…充满信心 feel/ be confident about/of
confidently adv. 自信地
31. experience ①cn. 经历 ②un. 经验 ③v. 经历;体验
有许多有趣的经历 have many exciting experiences
教学经验teaching experience 生活经验life experience
experienced adj. 有经验的，老练的 一个有经验的老师 an experienced teacher
32. lift (n.) 电梯； take a lift 乘电梯，坐顺风车=give sb a ride；
lift (v.) 举起，拿起 (= raise)
33. open up 开拓，开办，开设；
put up 张贴，竖起，搭建；
make up 组成，化妆，编造；
look up 抬头看，查阅

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