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高中英语阅读理解--主旨类 层级图
问题层级图
目标层级图
【一】 识别和判断主旨题分类及命题方式 ★
1. .常考类
The best title/headline for this passage is _______
The main idea/key point of this passage is that _______
The passage is mainly about ______
The topic /subject discussed in the passage is that ______
From the passage we can learn/conclude that _____
The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with ______
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？
Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？
The purpose/intention of this passage is that ______
2. 段落文章结构类
which of the following shows the organization of the passage？
How is the passage mainly developed？
练习题
请判断下列是否为主旨题，是的请写T，不是的请写F。
What is the main idea of this passage （ ）
An employee may have a feeling of fear in the work place when ________. （ ）
The author develops the passage mainly by______ . ( )
What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean
The writer strongly believes that we should ________. ( )
Which is the best title for the passage ( )
Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage ( )
What can be inferred from the text ( )
What is the main idea of paragraph 1 ( )
From the passage we can conclude that_____. ( )
What is Paragraph 5 mainly about ( )
Some people feel guilty when taking time to rest because they _______.（ ）
The "alarm" in the first paragraph refers to "_______".（ ）
14. How is Paragraph I mainly developed ( )
15. What might be the best title for the story ( )
16. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
17. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage ( )
18. What is the test mainly about ( )
19. What can be the best title for the passage ( )
20. In Paragraph 3, the author points out that.( )
【二】 阅读题材为：议论、科普、广告、新闻的主旨题的解题方式 ★★★
在阅读理解的主旨大意题中，大部分体裁的文章的主旨都出现在比较明显的位置，可以将之归纳为一目了然型。主要包括以下几类体裁的文章：议论文，科普文，广告指南，新闻等。
通过文章的【标题、首段、尾段、段落首句、段落尾句】及【高频词】。
例题分析讲解:
A
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star". Remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
What is the main idea of paragraph 1
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D. Stories for children are easy to remember.
【解题思路】文章体裁属于议论文。通过首段第一句可知第一段的主旨就是人们对于儿时学的知识记得很清晰。因此答案选A。
B
Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit
First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.
Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.
After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.
Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start What do I really want What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.
There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.
This article is mainly about ______.
A. the lives of school children B. the cause of arguments in schools
C. how to analyze youth violence D. how to deal with school conflicts
【解题思路】本文体裁为议论文。通过文章尾段最后一句话可知文章主要讲述的内容是如何处理学校里的矛盾冲突，因此答案选D。
C
A recent study of ancient and modern elephant has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的 )species
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard University when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant, African forest elephant, and African savanna elephant.
Once they obtained DNA sequences（序列）from two fossils（化石）, mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species, but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species, despite the elephants’ significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres , the savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant, but the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species, however the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfried Roca, assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two difficult units for conservation purpose. Since 1950, all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants have been distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority（优先）for conservation purposes.”
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A. Naturalist’ Beliefs about Elephants B. Amazing Experiments about Elephants
C. An Unexpected Finding about Elephants D. A Long Scientific Debate about Elephants
【解题思路】本为题材为科普文。通过文章首段首句可知文章主要讲的是一个关于大象的出乎意料的结论，因此答案选C。
D
Close your ey ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es foe a minutes and imagine what life would be like of you had a hundred dollars less. Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with you eyes closed. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your finger-tips.
With existing medical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) knowledge and skills, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries posses most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an interna ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tional non-profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people there. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.
ORBIS tries to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elp developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs is China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS is working on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care service to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.
For just US $3 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )8,you can help one person see; for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training programme for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.21·世纪*教
What can be the best title for the passage
ORBIS in China B. Fighting Blindness
C. ORBIS Flying Hospital D. Sight-saving Techniques
【解题思路】本文体裁为新闻类。此题可通过“非常5+1法则”中的高频词进行解题。此文中的高频词是ORBIS。
E
Here is some must-know information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.
In Brazil
Brazilians are warm and friendly. They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder. People often greet each other (particularly women) with light cheek kisses. Schedules tend to be flexible, with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned. But to be safe, be on time. Meals can stretch for hours—there’s no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil. Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon. Brazilians are social, preferring face-to-face communication over mails or phone calls.
In Singapore
Singaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet each other with a small, polite bow. Business cards should be offered and received with two hands. Arriving late is considered disrespectful. So be on time. Efficiency(效率) is the goal, so meetings and dealings often are fast-paced. Singaporeans are direct in their discussions, even when the subject is about money. Rank is important and authority is respected. This determines both people interact in meetings. For example, people avoid disagreeing outright with someone with a higher rank.
In the United Arab Emirates
In the UAE, status is important, so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles. The handshake seems to be longer than elsewhere. So, do not pull away from the handshake. Women should cover themselves when it comes to dress. Men also tend to be covered from neck to elbows(肘部) and down to the knees. People do not avoid entertaining in their homes, but they also hold business meals at restaurants. Touching or passing food or eating with your left hand is to be avoided. When meetings are one-to-one, if your host offers you coffee, you should refuse. It might seem odd, but it is a cultural tradition. Coffee should only be accepted if it is always set out or presented.
In Switzerland
The Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by last name. They also are respectful of private lives. You should be careful not to ask about personal topics. Punctuality (守时) is vital, something that comes from a deep respect for others’ time. Arrive at any meeting or event a few minutes early to be safe. They also have clear structure in their companies. Higher-ups make the final decisions, even if others might disagree. Neat, clean dress is expected. The Swiss follow formal table manners. They also keep their hands visible at the table and their elbows off the table. It is polite to finish the food on your plate.
1. The passage is mainly about ________.
A. communication types B. the workplace atmosphere
C. customs and social manners D. living conditions and standards
【解题思路】本文体裁为广告指南类。根据首段首句可知文章主要介绍不同国家人们在商务中的不同表现，因此答案选C。
练习：
A
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A. How Serval found out his kids lied to him.
B. Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.
C. How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.
D. What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush
【解题思路】本文体裁为科普文。本段的中心句是第一句。Serval说他这个发明的灵感是自己做父亲的经历激发出的。所以这一段具体介绍了是什么让他有发明这种牙刷的想法，故选D。
B
One morning a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. For this busy man, it was a sort of alarm: after years of non-stop hard work, he might wear himself out and die an early death.
　　Only after a week's leave-- during which he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach-- was Rudenstine able to return to work.
　　In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Amazingly, within this world there is a universal but silly saying: "I am so busy."
　　We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax-- this has become the model of a successful life.
　　Because we do no rest, we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go, the food providing us with strength, the quiet giving us wisdom.
　　How have we allowed this to happen I believe it is this: we have forgotten the Sabbath, the day of the week-- for followers of some religions-- for rest and praying. It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest, to put our work aside, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world.
　　Rest is s spiritual and biological need; however, in our strong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact, "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.
What is the main idea of this passage
A. We should balance work with rest.
B. The Sabbath gives us permission to rest.
C. It is silly for anyone to say "I am busy."
D. We should be available to our family and friends.
【解题思路】本文体裁为议论文。根据文章结构，文章最后两个段落皆为总结段。根据总结段黑体字部分可知文章主要阐述的内容为人们需要平衡工作和休息之间的关系，因此答案选A。
C
London’s newest skyscraper (摩天大楼) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build. At a height of almost 310 metres, it is the tallest building in Europe. The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London. However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.
The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano. When he began designing the Shard for London, Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶). He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city. The sides of the building aren’t regular. So the building has an unusual shape. It looks like a very thin, sharp piece of broken glass. And that is how the building got the name: the Shard. Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition. The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts (桅杆) of the ships that were once on the river Thames.
The Shard has 87 floors. At the top, there is an observatory. At the moment the building is empty, but eventually there will be a five-star hotel. There will also be top quality restaurants, apartments and offices.
Before building work began, a lot of people didn’t want the Shard though the plans were approved. Now they are still unhappy about the Shard. Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York, but not in London. They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape. But that is the only thing. There is no decoration, only flat surfaces. The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago. They also think the Shard is too big for London. It destroys the beauty of the city.
Other critics don’t like what the Shard seems to represent. They say that the Shard shows how London is becoming more unequal. Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel. But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London. So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor.
The Shard now dominates the London skyline. It is not certain, however, that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city.
Which would be the best title for the passage
A. The Shard: Cheers and Claps
B. The Shard: Work of a Great Architect
C. The Shard: New Symbol of London
D. The Shard: A Change for the Better
【解题思路】本文体裁为新闻类。此题通过重视首段。通读全文并结合第一段最后一句话可知道答案。
D
Planning a visit to the UK Here we help with ways to cut your costs.
AVOID BIG EVENTS Big sporting events, concerts and exhibitions can increase the cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room. A standard double room at the Thistle Brighton on the final Friday of the Brighton Comedy Festival (19 Oct.) cost 169.15 at . A week later, the same room cost 118.15.
If you can be flexible and want to know dates to avoid—or you’re looking for a big event to pass your time—check out sites such as Whatsonwhen.com, which allow you to search for events in the UK by city, date and category.
STAY AWAY FROM THE STATION If traveling to your destination by train, you may want to find a good base close to the station, but you could end up paying more for the sake of convenience at the start of your holiday.
Don’t be too choosy about the part of town you stay in. Booking two months in advance, the cheapest room at Travelodge’s Central Euston hotel in London for Saturday 22 September was 95.95. A room just a tube journey away at its Covent Garden hotel was 75.75. And at Farringdon, a double room cost just 62.95.
LOOK AFTER YOURSELF Really central hotels in cities such as London, Edinburgh and Cardiff can cost a fortune, especially at weekends and during big events. As an alternative consider checking into a self-catering flat with its own kitchen. Often these flats are hidden away on the top floors of city centre buildings. A great example is the historic O’Neill Flat on Edinburgh’s Royal Mile, available for 420 for five days in late September, with room for four adults.
GET ON A BIKE London’s ‘Boris bikes’ have attracted the most attention, but other cities also have similar programmes that let you rent a bicycle and explore at your own pace, saving you on public transport or car parking costs.
Among the smaller cities with their own programmes are Newcastle (casual members pay around 1.50 for two hours) and Cardiff (free for up to 30 minutes, or 5 per day).
The main purpose of the passage is ______.
A. to tell visitors how to book in advance
B. to supply visitors with hotel information
C. to show visitors the importance of self-help
D. to offer visitors some money-saving tips
【解题思路】根据首段首句可知文章主要介绍了一些在英国旅游省钱的方法，因此答案选D。
【三】阅读题材为故事类的主旨题的解题方式 ★★★
1.看首尾段：故事开始前作者对后文有一些概括性的描述。
A
In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks, Alaska, where adventure was never far away.
We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun. All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom’s vegetable garden. Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn’t care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel（桶）of paint but couldn’t really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though, and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. I hadn’t turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school
As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder（驾雪橇者）, I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn’t realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped（包裹）heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
What is the author’s purpose of writing the text
A. To look back on his childhood with adventures.
B. To describe the extreme weather of Alaska.
C. To express how much he misses Leonhard.
D. To show off his pride in making trouble.
【解题思路】首段作者直接说明了自己曾经去阿拉斯加的经历，并说明了在那里 “adventure was never far away”，下文全是对自己在阿拉斯加的adventures，因此A选项是对着篇文章的完整概括。
2.完整概括:通过对文章的整个内容的概括，进行主旨题的思考
A
Samuel Osmond is a 19-year-old law student from Cornwall, England. He never studied the piano. However, he can play very difficult musical pieces by musicians such as Chopin and Beethoven just a few minutes after he hears them. He learns a piece of music by listening to it in parts. Then he thinks about the notes in his head. Two years ago, he played his first piece Moonlight Sonata（奏鸣曲）by Beethoven. He surprised everyone around him.
Amazed that he remembered this long and difficult piece of music and played it perfectly, his teachers say Samuel is unbelievable .They say his ability is very rare, but Samuel doesn’t even realize that what he can do is special. Samuel wanted to become a lawyer as it was the wish of his parents, but music teachers told him he should study music instead. Now, he studies law and music.
Samuel can’t understand why everyone is so surprised. “I grew up with music. My mother played the piano and my father played the guitar. About two years ago, I suddenly decided to start playing the piano, without being able to read music and without having any lessons. It comes easily to me ---I hear the notes and can bear them in mind---each and every note,” says Samuel.
Recently, Samuel performed a piece during a special event at his college. The piece had more than a thousand notes. The audience was impressed by his amazing performance. He is now learning a piece that is so difficult that many professional pianists can’t play it. Samuel says confidently,” It’s all about super memory---I guess I have that gift.”
However, Samuel’s ability to remember things doesn’t stop with music. His family says that even when he was a young boy, Samuel heard someone read a story, and then he could retell the story word for word.
Samuel is still only a teenager. He doesn’t know what he wants to do in the future. For now, he is just happy to play beautiful music and continue his studies.
Which of the following is the best title of the passage
The Qualities of a Musician B. The Story of a Musical Talent
C. The Importance of Early Education D. The Relationship between Memory and Music.
【解题思路】文章全篇介绍了Samuel的音乐天赋。
3. 故事升华到哲理
Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband ,Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.
During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.
He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.
Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.
That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.
Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. From India to Australia. B. Living in a a New Country.
C. Turning Trash to Treasure. D. In Search of New Friends.
【解题思路】文章的故事很简单，主人公在异国他乡丢了证件，却被当地的一家人在trash can里捡到所丢证件，并予以归还。然而，从简单的故事中升华到了人与人之间的信任，也是人们需看重的珍宝。
【三】 主旨题正确和错误选项特点 ★★★
正确选项特点
是主题句、关键词。
能概括文章全部内容
3) 含义深刻或说明道理
错误选项特点
1）无中生有
2）范围过宽或过窄
3）偷换概念
例题分析讲解
A
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star". Remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
What is the main idea of paragraph 1
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood. （主题句）
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.（无中生有）
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.（偷换概念）
D. Stories for children are easy to remember. （偷换概念）
B
Close your ey ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es foe a minutes and imagine what life would be like of you had a hundred dollars less. Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with you eyes closed. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your finger-tips.
With existing medical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) knowledge and skills, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries posses most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an interna ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tional non-profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people there. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.
ORBIS tries to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elp developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs is China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS is working on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care service to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.【出处：21教育名师】
For just US $3 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )8,you can help one person see; for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training programme for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.21·世纪*教
What can be the best title for the passage
ORBIS in China (范围过窄） B. Fighting Blindness（范围过宽）
C. ORBIS Flying Hospital （高频词概括全） D. Sight-saving Techniques （范围过窄）
C
Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit
First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.
Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.
After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.
Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start What do I really want What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.
There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.
1. This article is mainly about.
A. the lives of school children （范围过宽）
B. the cause of arguments in schools （范围过窄）
C. how to analyze youth violence （范围过宽）
D. how to deal with school conflicts （主题句概括全文）
D
In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks, Alaska, where adventure was never far away.
We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun. All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom’s vegetable garden. Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn’t care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel（桶）of paint but couldn’t really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though, and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. I hadn’t turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school
As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder（驾雪橇者）, I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn’t realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped（包裹）heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
What is the author’s purpose of writing the text
A. To look back on his childhood with adventures. （概括全文主题）
B. To describe the extreme weather of Alaska. (范围过窄）
C. To express how much he misses Leonhard. （范围过窄）
D. To show off his pride in making trouble. （无中生有）
E
One morning a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. For this busy man, it was a sort of alarm: after years of non-stop hard work, he might wear himself out and die an early death.
　　Only after a week's leave-- during which he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach-- was Rudenstine able to return to work.
　　In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Amazingly, within this world there is a universal but silly saying: "I am so busy."
　　We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax-- this has become the model of a successful life.
　　Because we do no rest, we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go, the food providing us with strength, the quiet giving us wisdom.
　　How have we allowed this to happen I believe it is this: we have forgotten the Sabbath, the day of the week-- for followers of some religions-- for rest and praying. It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest, to put our work aside, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world.
　　Rest is s spiritual and biological need; however, in our strong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact, "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.
What is the main idea of this passage
A. We should balance work with rest. (概括全文主题）
B. The Sabbath gives us permission to rest. （范围过窄）
C. It is silly for anyone to say "I am busy." （偷换概念）
D. We should be available to our family and friends. （范围过窄）
F
How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings
Architects have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors, But now scientists are giving this feelings an empirical（经验的, 实证的）basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused, and lead to relaxation.
Researches show t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room’s ceiling affects how people to think. Her research indicates that the higher callings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.
In addition to ce ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant’s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.
Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design ＆Planning Laboratory at University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.
Recent study on ro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om lighting design suggests that dim（暗淡的）light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.
So far scientists hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so we’re almost looking at the problem through a straw（吸管）, ”architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them That’s what we're all struggling with. ”
Which of the following shows the organization of the passage
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
CP: Central Point P: point Sp: Sub—point（次要点）C: Conclusion
G
Find Which Direction Is South
Do you have a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )good sense of direction If not, please take with you a compass. But if you forget to take a compass, you can still find your way.
It’s never a good ide ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a to imagine that the family member who was entrusted（委托）with the job of map-reading actually knows where the family is. You can tell by the slightly confused load on their faces that nothing on the ground seems to match the map. Never mind. The shu is shining and it’s still morning. If you don’t know the exact time, you can still find out where south is, but you’ll need to be patient.
①Find a strai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ght sick and put it in the ground in a place where you can mark its shadow.
②Try to positi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on the stick as vertically（垂直）as you can. You can check this by making a simple plumb line （铅锤线）with a piece of string and weight. You haven’t got any string OK, use a thread from your clothes with a button tied at the end to act as a weight.
③Mark the end of the shadow cast by the stick.
④Wait approxim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ately half an hour and mark the end of the shadow again.
⑤Keep doing this until you have made several marks.
⑥The mark ne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arest the stick will represent the shortest shadow, which is cast at midday, when the sun is highest in the sky and pointing to the exact south.
⑦Pick a point in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the distance along the line between the shortest shadow and the stick.
⑧That point is south of where you are.
⑨Now you can tu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rn the map, like you did before, and find which way you should be travel-ling.
The author presents this passage by .
A. Telling an interesting story (无中生有）
B. describing an activity in a lively way ((t（偷换概念）偷换
C. testing an idea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) by reasoning (无中生有）
D. introducing a practical method (概括全文主题）
【四】主旨题词汇和长难句 ★★
以下词汇和长难句都是以上真题、模拟题中筛选出来的高频词和可讲度高的长难句
阅读理解主旨题词汇
A
starvation n. 饥饿 A state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of basic nutrition.
starve v. 挨饿
abandon v. 放弃 If you abandon sth., you leave this thing permanently or for a long time especially when you should not do so.
abandonment n. 放弃
conflict v. 冲突 a serious disagreement about sth important.
avoid v. 避免
avoidable adj. 可避免的
unavoidable adj. 不可避免的
incident n. 事故 sth that happens, often sth that is unpleasant.
insult n./v. 侮辱 If someone insult you, they say or do sth that is rude.
accuse v. 指控
accusation n. 指控
explode v. 爆炸 If sth explodes often, it bursts loudly causing damage or injury.
explosion n. 爆炸
accomplish v. 完成 If you accomplish sth, you succeed in doing it.
expect v. 期望
unexpected adj. 出乎意料的
distinct adj. 独特的，明显的 different or separated
convince v. 使…信服
convincing adj. 有说服力的，使人信服的
conserve v. 保护，节约 If you conserve sth, you use it carefully so that it lasts for a long time.
conservation n. 保护
priority n. 首要 the most important thing you have to do
accommodation n. 住宿，膳食 buildings or rooms where people live or stay
flexible adj. 灵活的 be able to change easily and adapt to different conditions
dominate v. 控制 If a country or person dominates another, they have power over them.
available adj. 可获得的，可得到的 If sth is available, you can find or obtain it.
permit v. 允许
permission n. 允许
custom n. 风俗 an activity, a way of behaving, or an event which is usual in a particular society.
punctual adj. 准时的 If you are punctual, you do sth or arrive somewhere at the right time.
entertain v. 娱乐 If a performer, performance, or activity entertains you, it makes you happy.
authority n. 权威 the people who have the power to make decision and to make sure that laws are obeyed.
technique n. 技巧 a skill or ability in practical activities that you develop through training and practice
possess v. 拥有 If you possess sth, you have it or own it.
possession n. 财产，所有物
B
occupy v. 占据，占用 If sth is occupied, it isn’t available for someone else.
rescue v./n. 营救 Rescue is help that gets someone out of a dangerous situation.
sob v. 啜泣 When someone sobs, they cry in a noisy way.
sympathy n. 同情 If you have sympathy for someone who is in a bad situation, you are sorry for them.
desperate adj. 绝望的 If you are desperate, you are in such a bad situation that you are willing to try anything to change it.
appointment n. 约会 If you have an appointment with someone, you have arranged to see them at a particular time
assume v. 假设 If you assume that sth is true, you imagine that it is true, sometimes wrongly.
assumption n. 假设
spray v./n. 喷， 喷雾 a liquid kept under pressure in a can or other container, which you can force out in very small drops
symptom n. 症状 a symptom of an illness is sth wrong with your body or mind
optimistic adj. 乐观的，积极的 someone who is optimistic is hopeful about future or the success of sth
pessimistic adj. 悲观的，消极的
confine v. 限制 To confine sth to a particular place means to prevent it from spreading beyond that place
confinement n. 限制
阅读理解主旨题长难句
In the mid-1950s, I was a somewhat bored early-adolescent male student who believed that doing any more than necessary was wasted effort.
【分析】该句出现在首段，划横线部分的含义是学生的理解难点，“more than...”意思为“多于...”那么“doing any more than necessary ”字面意思：“做的比必要的多”，即“多做”，因此划线部分就指“多做任何事情都是一种浪费。”
2. Mrs. Totten usually walked up and down the rows of desks requesting answers from student after student in the order the questions had appeared on our homework sheets.
【分析】本句难点在“in the order和 the questions had appeared on our homework sheets”语义如何整合和理解。“in the order”表“以...的顺序”，结合后面句子的意思就可知“以‘作业本上问题出现’的顺序”。
3.Second, in real life it isn’t always what you say but how you say it that matters.
【分析】本句是两个并列的表语从句，第二个表从嵌套了一个定语从句，让理解难度加大。主要难点在“what you say”和“how you say it that matters”上，这里涉及到中西思维的转换，“what you say”学生会直观的理解成“你说的什么”，而需理解成“你说话的（内容）”更有助于理解；同样，“how you say it (that matters)”，就意为“（重要的是）你说话的方式”，该句的内容学生就一目了然了：“重要的不总是你说话的内容而是你说话的方式”。
4. In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
【分析】本句重难点在but之后，嵌有状从“when Leonhard invited us eight years later”后面加有方式状语“by paying a visit to Idaho”及目的状语“to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska. ”由于句式的复杂性导致学生理解难。该句翻译“8年之后Leonhard邀请我们去参加以前在阿拉斯加时的邻居聚会，这又是一次冒险的经历。”
5.But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journey ---- and the best part of yourself.
【分析】重难点在于对available部分和adventurous部分的理解，方法主要是找主语和谓语动词，理清主干。主语是that trip，谓语opened 与made由and并列。其中，available to anyone 做定语修饰a world. 后面adventurous enough 修饰anyone. Realize 后面则是一个有that引导的宾语从句。
She’d look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers,beam her need, and then wait , trusting I would understand—which ,strangely, I almost always did.
【分析】She’d look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers, beam her need, and then wait , trusting I would understand—which ,strangely, I almost always did. 此句难点在于“those sad brown eyes of hers”和“which”引导的从句两处的理解，“those sad brown eyes of hers”即“her those sad brown eyes”, “它….的眼神”，“trusting I would understand—which, strangely, I almost always did”which代替understand在从句做宾语，真正从句语序应为“I almost always understand”
1高中英语阅读理解--主旨类 层级图
问题层级图
目标层级图
【一】 识别和判断主旨题分类及命题方式 ★
1. .常考类
The best title/headline for this passage is _______
The main idea/key point of this passage is that _______
The passage is mainly about ______
The topic /subject discussed in the passage is that ______
From the passage we can learn/conclude that _____
The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with ______
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？
Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？
The purpose/intention of this passage is that ______
2. 段落文章结构类
which of the following shows the organization of the passage？
How is the passage mainly developed？
练习题
请判断下列是否为主旨题，是的请写T，不是的请写F。
What is the main idea of this passage （ ）
An employee may have a feeling of fear in the work place when ________. （ ）
The author develops the passage mainly by______ . ( )
What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean
The writer strongly believes that we should ________. ( )
Which is the best title for the passage ( )
Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage ( )
What can be inferred from the text ( )
What is the main idea of paragraph 1 ( )
From the passage we can conclude that_____. ( )
What is Paragraph 5 mainly about ( )
Some people feel guilty when taking time to rest because they _______.（ ）
The "alarm" in the first paragraph refers to "_______".（ ）
14. How is Paragraph I mainly developed ( )
15. What might be the best title for the story ( )
16. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
17. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage ( )
18. What is the test mainly about ( )
19. What can be the best title for the passage ( )
20. In Paragraph 3, the author points out that.( )
【二】 阅读题材为：议论、科普、广告、新闻的主旨题的解题方式 ★★★
在阅读理解的主旨大意题中，大部分体裁的文章的主旨都出现在比较明显的位置，可以将之归纳为一目了然型。主要包括以下几类体裁的文章：议论文，科普文，广告指南，新闻等。对于这类题目的解题方法为非常5+1法则。
非常5+1法则即：通过文章的【标题、首段、尾段、段落首句、段落尾句】及【高频词】。
例题分析讲解:
A
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star". Remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
What is the main idea of paragraph 1
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D. Stories for children are easy to remember.
B
Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit
First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.
Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.
After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.
Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start What do I really want What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.
There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.
This article is mainly about ______.
A. the lives of school children B. the cause of arguments in schools
C. how to analyze youth violence D. how to deal with school conflicts
C
A recent study of ancient and modern elephant has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的 )species
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard University when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant, African forest elephant, and African savanna elephant.
Once they obtained DNA sequences（序列）from two fossils（化石）, mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species, but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species, despite the elephants’ significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres , the savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant, but the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species, however the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfried Roca, assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two difficult units for conservation purpose. Since 1950, all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants have been distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority（优先）for conservation purposes.”
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A. Naturalist’ Beliefs about Elephants B. Amazing Experiments about Elephants
C. An Unexpected Finding about Elephants D. A Long Scientific Debate about Elephants
D
Close your ey ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es foe a minutes and imagine what life would be like of you had a hundred dollars less. Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with you eyes closed. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your finger-tips.
With existing medical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) knowledge and skills, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries posses most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an interna ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tional non-profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people there. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.
ORBIS tries to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elp developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs is China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS is working on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care service to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.
For just US $3 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )8,you can help one person see; for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training programme for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.21·世纪*教
What can be the best title for the passage
ORBIS in China B. Fighting Blindness
C. ORBIS Flying Hospital D. Sight-saving Techniques
E
Here is some must-know information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.
In Brazil
Brazilians are warm and friendly. They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder. People often greet each other (particularly women) with light cheek kisses. Schedules tend to be flexible, with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned. But to be safe, be on time. Meals can stretch for hours—there’s no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil. Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon. Brazilians are social, preferring face-to-face communication over mails or phone calls.
In Singapore
Singaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet each other with a small, polite bow. Business cards should be offered and received with two hands. Arriving late is considered disrespectful. So be on time. Efficiency(效率) is the goal, so meetings and dealings often are fast-paced. Singaporeans are direct in their discussions, even when the subject is about money. Rank is important and authority is respected. This determines both people interact in meetings. For example, people avoid disagreeing outright with someone with a higher rank.
In the United Arab Emirates
In the UAE, status is important, so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles. The handshake seems to be longer than elsewhere. So, do not pull away from the handshake. Women should cover themselves when it comes to dress. Men also tend to be covered from neck to elbows(肘部) and down to the knees. People do not avoid entertaining in their homes, but they also hold business meals at restaurants. Touching or passing food or eating with your left hand is to be avoided. When meetings are one-to-one, if your host offers you coffee, you should refuse. It might seem odd, but it is a cultural tradition. Coffee should only be accepted if it is always set out or presented.
In Switzerland
The Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by last name. They also are respectful of private lives. You should be careful not to ask about personal topics. Punctuality (守时) is vital, something that comes from a deep respect for others’ time. Arrive at any meeting or event a few minutes early to be safe. They also have clear structure in their companies. Higher-ups make the final decisions, even if others might disagree. Neat, clean dress is expected. The Swiss follow formal table manners. They also keep their hands visible at the table and their elbows off the table. It is polite to finish the food on your plate.
1. The passage is mainly about ________.
A. communication types B. the workplace atmosphere
C. customs and social manners D. living conditions and standards
练习：
A
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A. How Serval found out his kids lied to him.
B. Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.
C. How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.
D. What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush
B
One morning a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. For this busy man, it was a sort of alarm: after years of non-stop hard work, he might wear himself out and die an early death.
　　Only after a week's leave-- during which he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach-- was Rudenstine able to return to work.
　　In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Amazingly, within this world there is a universal but silly saying: "I am so busy."
　　We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax-- this has become the model of a successful life.
　　Because we do no rest, we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go, the food providing us with strength, the quiet giving us wisdom.
　　How have we allowed this to happen I believe it is this: we have forgotten the Sabbath, the day of the week-- for followers of some religions-- for rest and praying. It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest, to put our work aside, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world.
　　Rest is s spiritual and biological need; however, in our strong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact, "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.
What is the main idea of this passage
A. We should balance work with rest.
B. The Sabbath gives us permission to rest.
C. It is silly for anyone to say "I am busy."
D. We should be available to our family and friends.
C
London’s newest skyscraper (摩天大楼) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build. At a height of almost 310 metres, it is the tallest building in Europe. The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London. However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.
The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano. When he began designing the Shard for London, Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶). He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city. The sides of the building aren’t regular. So the building has an unusual shape. It looks like a very thin, sharp piece of broken glass. And that is how the building got the name: the Shard. Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition. The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts (桅杆) of the ships that were once on the river Thames.
The Shard has 87 floors. At the top, there is an observatory. At the moment the building is empty, but eventually there will be a five-star hotel. There will also be top quality restaurants, apartments and offices.
Before building work began, a lot of people didn’t want the Shard though the plans were approved. Now they are still unhappy about the Shard. Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York, but not in London. They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape. But that is the only thing. There is no decoration, only flat surfaces. The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago. They also think the Shard is too big for London. It destroys the beauty of the city.
Other critics don’t like what the Shard seems to represent. They say that the Shard shows how London is becoming more unequal. Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel. But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London. So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor.
The Shard now dominates the London skyline. It is not certain, however, that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city.
Which would be the best title for the passage
A. The Shard: Cheers and Claps
B. The Shard: Work of a Great Architect
C. The Shard: New Symbol of London
D. The Shard: A Change for the Better
D
Planning a visit to the UK Here we help with ways to cut your costs.
AVOID BIG EVENTS Big sporting events, concerts and exhibitions can increase the cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room. A standard double room at the Thistle Brighton on the final Friday of the Brighton Comedy Festival (19 Oct.) cost 169.15 at . A week later, the same room cost 118.15.
If you can be flexible and want to know dates to avoid—or you’re looking for a big event to pass your time—check out sites such as Whatsonwhen.com, which allow you to search for events in the UK by city, date and category.
STAY AWAY FROM THE STATION If traveling to your destination by train, you may want to find a good base close to the station, but you could end up paying more for the sake of convenience at the start of your holiday.
Don’t be too choosy about the part of town you stay in. Booking two months in advance, the cheapest room at Travelodge’s Central Euston hotel in London for Saturday 22 September was 95.95. A room just a tube journey away at its Covent Garden hotel was 75.75. And at Farringdon, a double room cost just 62.95.
LOOK AFTER YOURSELF Really central hotels in cities such as London, Edinburgh and Cardiff can cost a fortune, especially at weekends and during big events. As an alternative consider checking into a self-catering flat with its own kitchen. Often these flats are hidden away on the top floors of city centre buildings. A great example is the historic O’Neill Flat on Edinburgh’s Royal Mile, available for 420 for five days in late September, with room for four adults.
GET ON A BIKE London’s ‘Boris bikes’ have attracted the most attention, but other cities also have similar programmes that let you rent a bicycle and explore at your own pace, saving you on public transport or car parking costs.
Among the smaller cities with their own programmes are Newcastle (casual members pay around 1.50 for two hours) and Cardiff (free for up to 30 minutes, or 5 per day).
The main purpose of the passage is ______.
A. to tell visitors how to book in advance
B. to supply visitors with hotel information
C. to show visitors the importance of self-help
D. to offer visitors some money-saving tips
【三】阅读题材为故事类的主旨题的解题方式 ★★★
1.看首尾段：故事开始前作者对后文有一些概括性的描述。
A
In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks, Alaska, where adventure was never far away.
We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun. All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom’s vegetable garden. Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn’t care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel（桶）of paint but couldn’t really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though, and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. I hadn’t turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school
As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder（驾雪橇者）, I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn’t realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped（包裹）heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
What is the author’s purpose of writing the text
A. To look back on his childhood with adventures.
B. To describe the extreme weather of Alaska.
C. To express how much he misses Leonhard.
D. To show off his pride in making trouble.
2.完整概括:通过对文章的整个内容的概括，进行主旨题的思考
A
Samuel Osmond is a 19-year-old law student from Cornwall, England. He never studied the piano. However, he can play very difficult musical pieces by musicians such as Chopin and Beethoven just a few minutes after he hears them. He learns a piece of music by listening to it in parts. Then he thinks about the notes in his head. Two years ago, he played his first piece Moonlight Sonata（奏鸣曲）by Beethoven. He surprised everyone around him.
Amazed that he remembered this long and difficult piece of music and played it perfectly, his teachers say Samuel is unbelievable .They say his ability is very rare, but Samuel doesn’t even realize that what he can do is special. Samuel wanted to become a lawyer as it was the wish of his parents, but music teachers told him he should study music instead. Now, he studies law and music.
Samuel can’t understand why everyone is so surprised. “I grew up with music. My mother played the piano and my father played the guitar. About two years ago, I suddenly decided to start playing the piano, without being able to read music and without having any lessons. It comes easily to me ---I hear the notes and can bear them in mind---each and every note,” says Samuel.
Recently, Samuel performed a piece during a special event at his college. The piece had more than a thousand notes. The audience was impressed by his amazing performance. He is now learning a piece that is so difficult that many professional pianists can’t play it. Samuel says confidently,” It’s all about super memory---I guess I have that gift.”
However, Samuel’s ability to remember things doesn’t stop with music. His family says that even when he was a young boy, Samuel heard someone read a story, and then he could retell the story word for word.
Samuel is still only a teenager. He doesn’t know what he wants to do in the future. For now, he is just happy to play beautiful music and continue his studies.
Which of the following is the best title of the passage
The Qualities of a Musician B. The Story of a Musical Talent
C. The Importance of Early Education D. The Relationship between Memory and Music.
3. 故事升华到哲理
Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband ,Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.
During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.
He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.
Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.
That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.
Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. From India to Australia. B. Living in a a New Country.
C. Turning Trash to Treasure. D. In Search of New Friends.
【三】 主旨题正确和错误选项特点 ★★★
正确选项特点
是主题句、关键词。
能概括文章全部内容
3) 含义深刻或说明道理
错误选项特点
1）无中生有
2）范围过宽或过窄
3）偷换概念
例题分析讲解
A
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star". Remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
What is the main idea of paragraph 1
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood. （主题句）
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.（无中生有）
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.（偷换概念）
D. Stories for children are easy to remember. （偷换概念）
B
Close your ey ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es foe a minutes and imagine what life would be like of you had a hundred dollars less. Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with you eyes closed. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your finger-tips.
With existing medical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) knowledge and skills, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries posses most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an interna ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tional non-profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people there. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.
ORBIS tries to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elp developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs is China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS is working on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care service to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.【出处：21教育名师】
For just US $3 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )8,you can help one person see; for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training programme for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.21·世纪*教
What can be the best title for the passage
ORBIS in China (范围过窄） B. Fighting Blindness（范围过宽）
C. ORBIS Flying Hospital （高频词概括全） D. Sight-saving Techniques （范围过窄）
C
Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit
First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.
Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.
After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.
Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start What do I really want What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.
There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.
1. This article is mainly about.
A. the lives of school children （范围过宽）
B. the cause of arguments in schools （范围过窄）
C. how to analyze youth violence （范围过宽）
D. how to deal with school conflicts （主题句概括全文）
D
In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks, Alaska, where adventure was never far away.
We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun. All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom’s vegetable garden. Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn’t care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel（桶）of paint but couldn’t really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though, and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. I hadn’t turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school
As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder（驾雪橇者）, I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn’t realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped（包裹）heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
What is the author’s purpose of writing the text
A. To look back on his childhood with adventures. （概括全文主题）
B. To describe the extreme weather of Alaska. (范围过窄）
C. To express how much he misses Leonhard. （范围过窄）
D. To show off his pride in making trouble. （无中生有）
E
One morning a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. For this busy man, it was a sort of alarm: after years of non-stop hard work, he might wear himself out and die an early death.
　　Only after a week's leave-- during which he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach-- was Rudenstine able to return to work.
　　In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Amazingly, within this world there is a universal but silly saying: "I am so busy."
　　We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax-- this has become the model of a successful life.
　　Because we do no rest, we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go, the food providing us with strength, the quiet giving us wisdom.
　　How have we allowed this to happen I believe it is this: we have forgotten the Sabbath, the day of the week-- for followers of some religions-- for rest and praying. It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest, to put our work aside, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world.
　　Rest is s spiritual and biological need; however, in our strong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact, "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.
What is the main idea of this passage
A. We should balance work with rest. (概括全文主题）
B. The Sabbath gives us permission to rest. （范围过窄）
C. It is silly for anyone to say "I am busy." （偷换概念）
D. We should be available to our family and friends. （范围过窄）
F
How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings
Architects have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors, But now scientists are giving this feelings an empirical（经验的, 实证的）basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused, and lead to relaxation.
Researches show t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room’s ceiling affects how people to think. Her research indicates that the higher callings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.
In addition to ce ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant’s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.
Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design ＆Planning Laboratory at University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.
Recent study on ro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om lighting design suggests that dim（暗淡的）light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.
So far scientists hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so we’re almost looking at the problem through a straw（吸管）, ”architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them That’s what we're all struggling with. ”
Which of the following shows the organization of the passage
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
CP: Central Point P: point Sp: Sub—point（次要点）C: Conclusion
G
Find Which Direction Is South
Do you have a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )good sense of direction If not, please take with you a compass. But if you forget to take a compass, you can still find your way.
It’s never a good ide ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a to imagine that the family member who was entrusted（委托）with the job of map-reading actually knows where the family is. You can tell by the slightly confused load on their faces that nothing on the ground seems to match the map. Never mind. The shu is shining and it’s still morning. If you don’t know the exact time, you can still find out where south is, but you’ll need to be patient.
①Find a strai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ght sick and put it in the ground in a place where you can mark its shadow.
②Try to positi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on the stick as vertically（垂直）as you can. You can check this by making a simple plumb line （铅锤线）with a piece of string and weight. You haven’t got any string OK, use a thread from your clothes with a button tied at the end to act as a weight.
③Mark the end of the shadow cast by the stick.
④Wait approxim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ately half an hour and mark the end of the shadow again.
⑤Keep doing this until you have made several marks.
⑥The mark ne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arest the stick will represent the shortest shadow, which is cast at midday, when the sun is highest in the sky and pointing to the exact south.
⑦Pick a point in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the distance along the line between the shortest shadow and the stick.
⑧That point is south of where you are.
⑨Now you can tu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rn the map, like you did before, and find which way you should be travel-ling.
The author presents this passage by .
A. Telling an interesting story (无中生有）
B. describing an activity in a lively way ((t（偷换概念）偷换
C. testing an idea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) by reasoning (无中生有）
D. introducing a practical method (概括全文主题）
【四】主旨题词汇和长难句 ★★
以下词汇和长难句都是以上真题、模拟题中筛选出来的高频词和可讲度高的长难句
阅读理解主旨题词汇
A
starvation n. 饥饿 A state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of basic nutrition.
starve v. 挨饿
abandon v. 放弃 If you abandon sth., you leave this thing permanently or for a long time especially when you should not do so.
abandonment n. 放弃
conflict v. 冲突 a serious disagreement about sth important.
avoid v. 避免
avoidable adj. 可避免的
unavoidable adj. 不可避免的
incident n. 事故 sth that happens, often sth that is unpleasant.
insult n./v. 侮辱 If someone insult you, they say or do sth that is rude.
accuse v. 指控
accusation n. 指控
explode v. 爆炸 If sth explodes often, it bursts loudly causing damage or injury.
explosion n. 爆炸
accomplish v. 完成 If you accomplish sth, you succeed in doing it.
expect v. 期望
unexpected adj. 出乎意料的
distinct adj. 独特的，明显的 different or separated
convince v. 使…信服
convincing adj. 有说服力的，使人信服的
conserve v. 保护，节约 If you conserve sth, you use it carefully so that it lasts for a long time.
conservation n. 保护
priority n. 首要 the most important thing you have to do
accommodation n. 住宿，膳食 buildings or rooms where people live or stay
flexible adj. 灵活的 be able to change easily and adapt to different conditions
dominate v. 控制 If a country or person dominates another, they have power over them.
available adj. 可获得的，可得到的 If sth is available, you can find or obtain it.
permit v. 允许
permission n. 允许
custom n. 风俗 an activity, a way of behaving, or an event which is usual in a particular society.
punctual adj. 准时的 If you are punctual, you do sth or arrive somewhere at the right time.
entertain v. 娱乐 If a performer, performance, or activity entertains you, it makes you happy.
authority n. 权威 the people who have the power to make decision and to make sure that laws are obeyed.
technique n. 技巧 a skill or ability in practical activities that you develop through training and practice
possess v. 拥有 If you possess sth, you have it or own it.
possession n. 财产，所有物
B
occupy v. 占据，占用 If sth is occupied, it isn’t available for someone else.
rescue v./n. 营救 Rescue is help that gets someone out of a dangerous situation.
sob v. 啜泣 When someone sobs, they cry in a noisy way.
sympathy n. 同情 If you have sympathy for someone who is in a bad situation, you are sorry for them.
desperate adj. 绝望的 If you are desperate, you are in such a bad situation that you are willing to try anything to change it.
appointment n. 约会 If you have an appointment with someone, you have arranged to see them at a particular time
assume v. 假设 If you assume that sth is true, you imagine that it is true, sometimes wrongly.
assumption n. 假设
spray v./n. 喷， 喷雾 a liquid kept under pressure in a can or other container, which you can force out in very small drops
symptom n. 症状 a symptom of an illness is sth wrong with your body or mind
optimistic adj. 乐观的，积极的 someone who is optimistic is hopeful about future or the success of sth
pessimistic adj. 悲观的，消极的
confine v. 限制 To confine sth to a particular place means to prevent it from spreading beyond that place
confinement n. 限制
阅读理解主旨题长难句
1. In the mid-1950s, I was a somewhat bored early-adolescent male student who believed that doing any more than necessary was wasted effort.
【分析】该句出现在首段，划横线部分的含义是学生的理解难点，“more than...”意思为“多于...”那么“doing any more than necessary ”字面意思：“做的比必要的多”，即“多做”，因此划线部分就指“多做任何事情都是一种浪费。”
2. Mrs. Totten usually walked up and down the rows of desks requesting answers from student after student in the order the questions had appeared on our homework sheets.
【分析】本句难点在“in the order和 the questions had appeared on our homework sheets”语义如何整合和理解。“in the order”表“以...的顺序”，结合后面句子的意思就可知“以‘作业本上问题出现’的顺序”。
3.Second, in real life it isn’t always what you say but how you say it that matters.
【分析】本句是两个并列的表语从句，第二个表从嵌套了一个定语从句，让理解难度加大。主要难点在“what you say”和“how you say it that matters”上，这里涉及到中西思维的转换，“what you say”学生会直观的理解成“你说的什么”，而需理解成“你说话的（内容）”更有助于理解；同样，“how you say it (that matters)”，就意为“（重要的是）你说话的方式”，该句的内容学生就一目了然了：“重要的不总是你说话的内容而是你说话的方式”。
4. In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
【分析】本句重难点在but之后，嵌有状从“when Leonhard invited us eight years later”后面加有方式状语“by paying a visit to Idaho”及目的状语“to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska. ”由于句式的复杂性导致学生理解难。该句翻译“8年之后Leonhard邀请我们去参加以前在阿拉斯加时的邻居聚会，这又是一次冒险的经历。”
5.But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journey ---- and the best part of yourself.
【分析】重难点在于对available部分和adventurous部分的理解，方法主要是找主语和谓语动词，理清主干。主语是that trip，谓语opened 与made由and并列。其中，available to anyone 做定语修饰a world. 后面adventurous enough 修饰anyone. Realize 后面则是一个有that引导的宾语从句。
6.She’d look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers,beam her need, and then wait , trusting I would understand—which ,strangely, I almost always did.
【分析】She’d look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers, beam her need, and then wait , trusting I would understand—which ,strangely, I almost always did. 此句难点在于“those sad brown eyes of hers”和“which”引导的从句两处的理解，“those sad brown eyes of hers”即“her those sad brown eyes”, “它….的眼神”，“trusting I would understand—which, strangely, I almost always did”which代替understand在从句做宾语，真正从句语序应为“I almost always understand”
24高中英语阅读理解—推断题
问题层级图
目标层级图
【一】 识别和判断推断题分类及命题方式 ★★☆☆☆
1. 细节类推断
A)明显标志词（infer/imply)类
It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that _______
The passage implies, but doesn’t directly state that _______
The last paragraph implies that ______
The writer suggests that ______
With the first paragraph, the author intends to ______
B)无明显标志词类
Why does the author use the example of ......？
Which of the following best describes ......？
Why does the author write the news？
2. 态度推断类
The author probably feels that______
What’s the author’s attitude toward ______
What does the author think of ...... ？
What would ......(某个人）agree with？
3. 文章出处推断类
In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed？
The text is meant to ______
What type of witting is this text？
练习题
请判断下列是否为主旨题，是的请写T，不是的请写F。
01. What is the main idea of this passage （ ）
02. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？（ ）
03. The author develops the passage mainly by______ . ( )
04. What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean
05. The writer strongly believes that we should ________. ( )
06. Which is the best title for the passage ( )
07. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage ( )
08. What can be inferred from the text ( )
09. The first paragraph is intended to tell us ( )
10. From the passage we can conclude that_____. ( )
11. What is Paragraph 5 mainly about ( )
12. Some people feel guilty when taking time to rest because they _______.（ ）
13. The "alarm" in the first paragraph refers to "_______".（ ）
14. How is Paragraph I mainly developed ( )
15. What might be the best title for the story ( )
16. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage ( )
17. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage ( )
18. From the passage we can infer that ______ ( )
19. What can be the best title for the passage ( )
20. In Paragraph 3, the author points out that. ( )
【二】 细节类的推断题的解题方式 ★★☆☆☆
在阅读理解的推断题当中，大部分题推断题都属于细节推断，即需要根据文章当中的某句或者某段进行细节推理，从而得出答案。因此，在做这一类推断题的时候我们往往可以结合细节题的做题方法，现在题干当中找到关键词，回到原文当中进行定位，最后抓住特定细节进行正向或者逆向推理。
【明显标志词类】例题分析讲解：
A
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
What can we infer about Serval’s children
A. They were unwilling to brush their teeth
B. They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.
C. They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.
D. They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.
【解题思路】根据题干定位回原文，找到“Serval”和“kids”，划线部分即为答案句。因此，根据孩子们撒谎这件事可以推断出他们不愿意刷牙，故答案选A。
B
Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mix of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I don’t think that my grandmother, who raised 14 children, had much of either. She did have a network of close friends and family, and maybe this is what satisfied her.
What can be inferred from Paragraph 7
A. Psychologists think satisfying work is key to happiness
B. Psychologists’ opinion is well proved by Grandma’ case
C. Grandma often found time for social gatherings
D. Grandma’s happiness came from modest expectations of life
【解题思路】定位回文章第七段，可推知答案选D（即奶奶的快乐来自于对生活适度的期盼）。
C
All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen. Mr. Basille even had a key to our house, for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors, so that the milk wouldn't freeze. And I remember Mr. Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table, having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.
What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy's house
A. He wanted to have tea there.
B. He was a respectable person.
C. He was treated as a family member.
D. He was fully trusted by the family
【解题思路】根据题干定位回原文，划线部分为答案句。因此可知送奶人士被信任的人，所以可以拥有“我”家的钥匙，以方便送奶。故答案选D。
【明显标志词类】练习：
A
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.
The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences—called light pollution—whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky.Ⅲ-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一 and light rhythms — to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural l world, some aspect or life is affected.
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We've grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh, —dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.
Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.
Living in a glare of our making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead.
It is implied in the last paragraph that .
A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals
B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages
C. human beings cannot go to the outer space
D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe
【解题思路】定位回最后一段，答案句为黑体部分。光污染让我们看不到自己在宇宙中真正的位置，由此作者暗示人类应该反思自己在宇宙中的位置。故答案选D。
B
For those who are tired doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app (application).
Strange though it may seem — “my wife already does that” was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) this week — Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install (安装) a large number of internet-connected features in machines in an effort to make them “smart”.
Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it’s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.
The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus.
Samsung says it’s not just something new — the app connection actually has some practical uses.
“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,” said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.
The company also says that with electricity rate(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money.
Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do —enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV.
We can conclude form Samsung’s statements that ___________.
A. the app connection makes life easier
B. it is better to dry clothes in the morning
C. smartphone can shorten the drying time
D. we should refresh clothes back at home
【解题思路】定位回文章第六段，由此可以推断出这种新型洗衣机给生活带来了便利。故答案选A。
【含蓄类】例题分析讲解：
A
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
How are social robots different from household robots
A. They can control their emotions.
B. They are more like humans.
C. They do the normal housework.
D. They respond to users more slowly.
【解题思路】根据题干定位回原文，可推知与家庭机器人相比，这些机器人更像人类。故答案选B。
B
Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.
Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats
A. To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.
B. To see how babies recognize sounds.
C. To carry their experiment further.
D. To keep the babies’ interest.
【解题思路】根据题干定位会文章最后一段，根据倒数第二句，可推断出答案选C。
C
One day, he gathered up all his strength and decided to attend a job interview. His appointment was at 10 am and it was already 8:30. While waiting for a bus to the office where he was supposed to be interviewed, he saw an elderly man wildly kicking the tyre of his car. Obviously there was something wrong with the car. Jimmy immediately went up to lend him a hand. When Jimmy finished working on the car, the old man asked him how much he should pay for the service. Jimmy said there was no need to pay him; he just helped someone in need, and he had to rush for an interview. Then the old man said, “Well, I could take you to the office for your interview. It’s the least I could do. Please, I insist.” Jimmy agreed.
Why did the old man offer Jimmy a ride
A. He was also to be interviewed B. He needed a travelling companion
C. He always helped people in need D. He was thankful to Jimmy
【解题思路】由第二段内容可推断出老人这么做是出自对Jimmy的感激之情。
【含蓄类】练习：
Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $ 2 (plus drinks) per session—are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论), slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels’, or ‘people think’,” Lehanne told them. “Say ‘I think’, ‘Think me’.”
A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victims to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.
The city’s “psychology cafes”, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel. “There is a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn’t exist,” she says. “If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.” But then, it wouldn’t be France.
01. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes
A. They have bigger night crowds. B. They stay open for longer hours.
C. They are less frequently visited. D. They start to serve fast food.
【解题思路】定位回文中第二段，根据划线部分可推出答案选A。
02. What are theme cafes expected to do
A. Save the cafe business. B. Supply better drinks.
C. Create more jobs. D. Serve the neighborhood.
【解题思路】定位回文中第二段，根据黑体部分可推知答案选C。
【三】 态度类的推断题的解题方式 ★★☆☆☆
阅读理解中作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。该类推断题主要可以通过文章中的情感词或者情感句进行推理解答。
1. 通过情感词进行推断
常见情感词：
正向词：support(支持），approve(赞成），approving(赞同的），favorable(支持的），optimistic(乐观的），positive(积极的）helpful(有益的），admiring(羡慕的），concerned(关心的），impressive（给人印象深刻的），sincere(真诚的）,sympathetic(同情的），humorous(幽默的），praising(赞扬的），confident(自信的），interesting（有趣的），caring(在意的，关心的），friendly(友好的）
负向词：critical(批评的），negative（消极的，否定的），defensive(防范的），skeptical（怀疑的），doubtful(怀疑的），disgusted(厌恶的），suspicious(怀疑的），intolerable(无法忍受的），disappointed(失望的），pessimistic(悲观的），depressed(沮丧的），worried(担心的），hostile(敌对的），ironic(讽刺的），sarcastic（挖苦的），cynical(愤世嫉俗的），emotional(易情绪激动的），opposed(反对的），angry(愤怒的），hesitant(犹豫的），indifferent(冷淡的，漠不关心的）
中性词：objective(客观的），serious(严肃的），casual(随意的），cautious(谨慎的），impersonal(不受个人影响的），factual(事实的），neutral(中立的），compromising(妥协的），personal(私人的）
例题分析讲解：
A
But when asked which authors they actually enjoy, people named J.k.Rowling John Grisham, Sophie Kinsella (ah, the big sellers, in other words). Forty-two percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story (I’ll come clean: I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so).
What is the author’s attitude to 58% of readers
A. favorable. B. uncaring C. doubtful D. friendly
【解题思路】本段的末尾句中“I’ll come clean : I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so”有一个形容词astonished（惊讶的），从这个词中，我们可以推断出作者对于这58%的读者的态度是doubtful（怀疑的），因此答案选C。
B
Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’t make us tire. It sounds absurd. But a years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue (疲劳). To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer, we would find it full of fatigue toxins(毒素) and fatigue products. But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.
What’s the author’s attitude towards the scientists’ idea
A. He agrees with them. B. He doubts them.
C. He argues against them. D. He hesitates to accept them.
【解题思路】在本段的首句” Here is an astonishing and significant fact”中出现两个形容词astonishing（令人感到惊讶）和significant（有意义的）可推断知作者对这个事实的内容是肯定的，所以我们的正确答案为A选项。
练习题：
A
It’s a cruel but entertaining trick which does a highly effective job of promoting LG’s ‘Ultra HD’ televisions. However, some comments online by those who have seen the ad claim(声称) the whole process was not real. They claim actors are playing the parts of applicants and interviewers to promote the company’s latest television.
What’s the author’s attitude towards the TV advertisement
A. Doubtful B. Objective C. Unfavorable D. Passive
B
Inside the pleasingly fragrant cafe, So All May Eat(SAME) in downtown Denver, the spirit of generosity(慷慨)is instantly noticeable: A donation box stands in place of a cash register. Customers here pay only what they can afford, no questions asked.
A risky business plan, perhaps, but SAME Café has done one unchangeable thing in the Mile High City for six years: Open only at midday, the restaurant provides poor local people with healthy, delicious lunches six days a week. Those unable to pay for their meals can instead volunteer as waiters and waitresses, and dishwashers, or look after the buildings and equipment for the cafe.
“It’s based on trust, and it’s working all right,” says co-owner Brad Birky, who started the café in 2006 with his wife Libby. Previously volunteering at soup kitchens, the Birkys were dissatisfied with the often unhealthy meals they served there.
“We wanted to offer quality food in a restaurant where everyone felt comfortable, regardless of their circumstances,” Birky says. SAME’s special lunch menu changes daily and most food materials are natural and grown by local farmers.
The café now averages 65 to 70 customers (and eight volunteers) a day. And the spirit of generosity behind the project appears to be spreading. In early 2007,one volunteer who had cleared snow for his meals during the long winter said goodbye to the Birkys. “He said he was going to New Orleans to help with the hurricane cleanup,” says Birky.
The author’s attitude towards running such a café is_______
A. unfavorable B. approving
C. doubtful D. cautious
例题分析讲解：
A
The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid--we simply weigh too much, and all our mm pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.
However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water's surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we'd need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate "hitting. “
But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a "non-Newtonian" liquid that doesn't behave like normal water. Now, if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles(微粒) in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.
Fun though all this may sound, it's still rather messy md better mad about in theory than carried out in practice, if you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink and take a shower afterward!
What is the author's attitude toward the idea of humans' walking on water
A, It is risky but beneficial.
B. It is interesting and worth trying.
C. It is crazy md cannot become a reality.
D. It is impractical thigh theoretically possible.
【解题思路】通过文章前3段可知文章在讨论人类在水中行走的可能性，然后通过文章最后一句可知作者认为人类在水中行走的可能性目前只停留在理论意义上，因此答案选的是D。
B
One morning, Ann’s neighbor Tracy found a lost dog wandering around the local elementary school. She asked Ann if she could keep an eye on the dog. Ann said that she could watch it only for the day.
Tracy took photos of the dog and printed off 400 FOUND fliers（传单）, and put them in mailboxes. Meanwhile, Ann went to the dollar store and bought some pet supplies, warning her two sons not to fall in love with the dog. At the time, Ann’s son Thomas was 10 years old, and Jack, who was recovering from a heart operation, was 21 years old.
Four days later Ann was still looking after the dog, whom they had started to call Riley. When she arrived home from work, the dog threw itself against the screen door and barked madly at her. As soon as she opened the door, Riley dashed into the boys’ room where Ann found Jack suffering from a heart attack. Riley ran over to Jack, but as soon as Ann bent over to help him the dog went silent.
If it hadn’t come to get me, the doctor said Jack would have died, Ann reported to a local newspaper. At this point, no one had called to claim the dog, so Ann decided to keep it.
What was Ann’s attitude to the dog according to Paragraph 4
A. Sympathetic B. Doubtful C. Tolerant D. Grateful
【解题思路】通过本篇文章最后一段的内容，可以知道如果没有那只狗的及时出现，Jack会死。因此我们可以推断出Ann对这只狗的态度是感激的，答案选错D选项。
练习题:
A
A month after Hurricane Katrina, I returned home in New Orleans. There lay my house, reduced to waist-high rains, smelly and dirty.
Before the trip, I’d had my car fixed. When the office employee of the garage was writing up the bill, she noticed my Louisiana license plate. “You from New Orleans ” she asked. I said I was, “No charge.” She said, and firmly shook her head when I reached for my wallet. The next day I went for a haircut, and the same thing happened.
The garage employee’s attitude toward the author was that of _____ .
unconcern B. sympathy C. doubt D. tolerance
B
At exactly eleven Sir Percival knocked and entered, with anxiety and worry in every line of his face. This meeting would decide his future life, and he obviously knew it.
“You may wonder, Sir Percival,” said Laura calmly, “if I am going to ask to be released (免除）from ray promise to marry you. I am not going to ask this. I respect my father's wishes too much. ”
His face relaxed a little, but one of his feet kept beating the carpet.
“No, if we are going to withdraw. (退出）from our planned marriage, it will be because of your wish, not mine. ”
“Mine ” he said in great surprise. ”What reason could I have for withdrawing ”
“A reason that is very hard to tell you,” she answered. “There is a change in me.”
His face went so pale that even his lips lost their color. He turned his head to one side.
“What change ” he asked, trying to appear calm.
“When the promise was made two years ago”, she said, “my love did not belong to anyone. Will you forgive me, Sir Percival, if I tell you that it now belongs to another person ”
“I wish you to understand”, Laura continued, “that I will never see this person again, and that if you leave me, you only allow me to remain a single woman for the rest of my life. All I ask is that you forgive me and keep my secret.”
“I will do both those things,” he said. Then he looked at Laura, as if he was waiting to hear more.
“I think I have said enough to give you reason to withdraw from our marriage”, she added quietly.
“No. You have said enough to make it the best wish of my life to marry you,” he said.
How did Percival feel during his meeting with Laura
A. Angry. B. Calm. C. Nervous. D. Excited.
【四】 出处类的推断题的解题方式 ★★☆☆☆
对于阅读理解中的处处类推断题，首先可以先对文章的体裁进行分析，再通过文章的高频词和主旨大意推断出文章的出处。
例题分析讲解：
A
The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert (警觉)。Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze(凝视) starts to lose its focus - until a third, with three black spots, is presented. Her gaze returns；she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world
Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.
Where does this text probably come from
A. Science fiction. B. Children’s literature.
C. An advertisement. D. A science report.
【解题思路】文章出处推断题，根据文章内容，文章体裁属于科普文。文章在阐述关于新生儿的感知能力的实验过程和结果，通过高频词和关键句（加黑词语）可知我们最可能在一篇科学报告上读到这篇文章，所以正确答案为D。
B
Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someone's life If yes, don't care about sex or age! Come and join us, then you'll make it!
Position: Volunteer Social Care Assistant
(No Pay with Free Meals)
Place: Manchester
Hours: Part Time
We are now looking for volunteers to support people with learning disabilities to live active lives! Only 4 days left. Don't miss the chance of lending your warm hands to help others!
Role:
You will provide people with learning disabilities with all aspects of their daily lives. You will help them to develop new skills. You will help them to protect their rights and their safety. But your primary concern is to let them know they are valued.
Skills and Experience Required:
You will have the right values and great listening skills. You will be honest and patient. You will have the ability to drive a car and to communicate in fluent written and spoken English since you'll have to help those people with different learning disabilities. Previous care-related experience will be a great advantage for you.
The text is meant to ________
A. leave a note B. send an invitation
C. present a document D. carry an advertisement
【解题思路】文章目的推断，通过加黑词句及全文大意我们很容易发现这是一则招聘志愿者的广告，那么这篇文章的目的就是来发布一则广告。所以正确答案为D. A. 留言条，B .发邀请 C. 发布文件都不对。
C
A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those who use laptops（笔记本电脑）.
Students are increasingly using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility（清晰度）. But the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts they have been taught.
Researchers performed experiments that aimed to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to make notes “mindlessly” by taking down word for word what the professors said.
In the first experiment, students were given either a laptop or pen and paper. They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills. Thirty minutes after the talk, they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts.
The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand. However, the typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts. Both groups scored similarly when it came to memorizing facts.
The researchers’ report said, “While more notes arc beneficial, if the notes are taken mindlessly, as is more likely the case on a laptop, the benefit disappears.”
In another experiment aimed at testing long-term memory, students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture. This time, the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the exam.
These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.
The passage is likely to appear in .
A. a newspaper advertisement B. a computer textbook
C. a science magazine D. a finance report
【解题思路】出处判断题，根据文章内容及加黑的高频词，重点句子可知，这是一篇科普文，所以A、D肯定错误，通过两个实验，它比较的是使用电脑做笔记和手写笔记对笔记内容的理解吸收效果，而并没有只是针对computer做实验， 所以B不对，正确答案为C, 这篇文章最可能出现在科学杂志上。
练习题：
A
Most rain forests lie close to the equator where the climate is often mild and there are long hours of sunshine. The warmth of the land heats the air above, causing it to rise and tiny drops of water to fall as rain. The rainfall can reach at least 98 inches a year. This wet, warm world with plenty of sunlight is perfect for plants to grow so the trees grow fast with green leaves all the year round. The trees themselves also have an effect on the climate. They gather water from the soil and pass it out into the air through their leaves. The wet air then forms clouds, which hang over the treetops like smoke. These clouds protect the forest from the daytime heat and nighttime cold of nearby deserts, keeping temperatures fit for plant growth
Rain forests slightly farther away from the equator remain just as warm, but they have a dry season of three months or morn when little rain falls. Tree leaves fall during this dry season and new leaves grow when the wet season or monsoon (雨季) begins. Thus these areas are known as the “monsoon forest”.
Another type of rain forest grows on tropical mountains. It is often called the “cloud forest” because clouds often hang over the trees like fog.
The rain forest is the ideal place for the growth of many different trees. Most of them depend on animals to eat their fruits and spread their seeds. When the fruits are eaten, the seeds inside them go undamaged through animals’ stomachs and arc passed out in their droppings. The seeds lying on the forest floor then grow into new trees.
This passage is most likely to be found in ______
A. a travel guide B. a story book
C. a technical report D. a geography book
B
Michael Fish may soon be replaced as a weather forecaster by something truly fishier—the shark(鲨鱼).
Research by a British biology student suggests that sharks could be used to predict storms.
Lauren Smith, 24, is close to completing her study on shark’s ability to sense pressure.
If her studies prove the theory, scientists may be able to monitor the behaviour of sharks to predict bad weather.
Miss Smith had previously studied the behaviour of lemon sharks in the Bahamas.
She then used their close relatives, lesser spotted dogfish, for further research at Aberdeen University.
Her work—thought to be the first of its kind to test the pressure theory—resulted from the observation that juvenile blacktip sharks off Florida moved into deeper water ahead of a violent storm in 2001.
Miss Smith said: “I’ve always been crazy about traveling and diving and this led me to an interest in sharks.”
“I was delighted to have been able to research in the area for my degree. I know there’s so much more we need to understand—but it certainly opens the way to more research.”
It has been discovered that a shark senses pressure using hair cells in its balance system.
At the Bimini Shark Lab in the Bahamas, Miss Smith fixed hi-tech sensors to sharks to record pressure and temperature, while also tracking them using GPS (Global Positioning System) technology.
In Aberdeen, she was able to study the effects of tidal(潮汐的) and temperature changes on dogfish—none of which were harmed. She also used a special lab which can mimic(模拟) oceanic pressure changes caused by weather fronts.
She is due to complete her study and graduate later this year. She says she will be looking for a job which will give her the chance to enrich her experience of shark research.
The passage is most probably taken from _____.
A. a short-story collection B. a popular science magazine
C. a research paper D. a personal diary
C
A volcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe. Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports.
Grirmsvom is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Europe. What makes Grimsvom different is that it lies under a huge glacier（冰川） of ice up to 12 maters thick. The hot volcano heats up the ice above it, which then forms a layer（层）of water between the glacier and the volcano This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable, As the water flows out from under the glacier, the pressure lifts. The lava（岩浆） from the volcano then comes up to the surface. This is exactly what happened today.
Now, airlines have to make changes to their flights so as not to fly through the clouds of volcanic ash. According to KLM, one of Europe’s biggest airlines, airplanes cannot go under the cloud or over it. Going through the cloud can result in ash getting stuck in the airplane’s engines, causing damage to the plane.
The eruption has also caused problems for animals in Iceland. The volcano left ash and sharp. Glass-like rocks all over the countryside. Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash- covered grass to the sharp object.
This text is most probably taken from
A. a research paper B. a newspaper report
C. a class presentation D. a geography textbook.
D
Have you ever wondered
1. Why do airplanes take longer to fly west than east
It can take five hours to go west-east from New York (NY) to London bur seven hours to travel east-west from London to NY. The reason for the difference is an atmospheric phenomenon known as the jet (喷射) stream. The jet stream is a very high altitude wind which always blows from the west to the east across the Atlantic. The planes moving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the west-east direction when they are moving with the wind than in the opposite direction.
2. What would happen if the gravity on Earth was suddenly turned off
Supposing we could magically turn off gravity. Would buildings and other structures (建筑物) float away What happened would depend on how strongly the things were attached to the Earth. The Earth is moving at quite a speed, moving at over a thousand miles per hours. If you turn something around your head on a string（细绳）, it goes around in a circle until you let go of the string. Then it flies off in a straight line. ‘Switching off’ gravity would be like letting go of the string. Things not attached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line. People in buildings would suddenly shoot upwards at a great speed until they hit the ceiling. Most things outside would fly off into space.
Where can we most probably read the text
A. In a research paper B. In a short story
C. In a travel magazine D. In a student’s book
【四】 推断题的选项特征 ★★★☆☆
正确选项特征
1）忠实原文
2）合理推断
错误选项特点
1）无中生有
2）范围过宽或过窄
3）偷换概念
4）是原文信息
5）过度推断
6）主观臆断
7）答非所问
【明显标志词类】例题分析讲解：
A
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
What can we infer about Serval’s children
A. They were unwilling to brush their teeth
B. They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.（ 过度推断）
C. They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head. （过度推断）
D. They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home. （主观臆断）
B
Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mix of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I don’t think that my grandmother, who raised 14 children, had much of either. She did have a network of close friends and family, and maybe this is what satisfied her.
What can be inferred from Paragraph 7
A. Psychologists think satisfying work is key to happiness （原文内容）
B. Psychologists’ opinion is well proved by Grandma’ case （ 偷换概念）
C. Grandma often found time for social gatherings （主观臆断）
D. Grandma’s happiness came from modest expectations of life
C
All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen. Mr. Basille even had a key to our house, for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors, so that the milk wouldn't freeze. And I remember Mr. Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table, having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.
What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy's house
A. He wanted to have tea there. （过度推断）
B. He was a respectable person. （过度推断）
C. He was treated as a family member. （ 过度推断）
D. He was fully trusted by the family
【明显标志词类】练习：
A
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.
The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences—called light pollution—whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky.Ⅲ-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一 and light rhythms — to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural l world, some aspect or life is affected.
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We've grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh, —dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.
Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.
Living in a glare of our making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead.
It is implied in the last paragraph that .
A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals （原文信息）
B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages （过度推断）
C. human beings cannot go to the outer space （过度推断）
D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe
B
For those who are tired doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smart phone app (application).
Strange though it may seem — “my wife already does that” was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) this week — Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install (安装) a large number of internet-connected features in machines in an effort to make them “smart”.
Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it’s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.
The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smart phone through a download able application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus.
Samsung says it’s not just something new — the app connection actually has some practical uses.
“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,” said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.
The company also says that with electricity rate(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money.
Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do —enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV.
We can conclude form Samsung’s statements that ___________.
A. the app connection makes life easier
B. it is better to dry clothes in the morning（主观臆断）
C. Smart phone can shorten the drying time (过度推断）
D. we should refresh clothes back at home （过度推断）
【含蓄类】例题分析讲解：
A
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
How are social robots different from household robots
A. They can control their emotions.（偷换概念）
B. They are more like humans.
C. They do the normal housework. （偷换概念）
D. They respond to users more slowly. （无中生有）
B
Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.
Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats
A. To reduce the difficulty of the experiment. （无中生有）
B. To see how babies recognize sounds. （偷换概念）
C. To carry their experiment further.
D. To keep the babies’ interest. （答非所问）
C
One day, he gathered up all his strength and decided to attend a job interview. His appointment was at 10 am and it was already 8:30. While waiting for a bus to the office where he was supposed to be interviewed, he saw an elderly man wildly kicking the tyre of his car. Obviously there was something wrong with the car. Jimmy immediately went up to lend him a hand. When Jimmy finished working on the car, the old man asked him how much he should pay for the service. Jimmy said there was no need to pay him; he just helped someone in need, and he had to rush for an interview. Then the old man said, “Well, I could take you to the office for your interview. It’s the least I could do. Please, I insist.” Jimmy agreed.
Why did the old man offer Jimmy a ride
A. He was also to be interviewed （无中生有）
B. He needed a traveling companion.（偷换概念）
C. He always helped people in need（主观臆断）
D. He was thankful to Jimmy
【含蓄类】练习：
Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $ 2 (plus drinks) per session—are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论), slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels’, or ‘people think’,” Lehanne told them. “Say ‘I think’, ‘Think me’.”
A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victims to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.
The city’s “psychology cafes”, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel. “There is a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn’t exist,” she says. “If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.” But then, it wouldn’t be France.
01. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes
A. They have bigger night crowds.
B. They stay open for longer hours.（偷换概念）
C. They are less frequently visited. （答非所问）
D. They start to serve fast food.（答非所问）
02. What are theme cafes expected to do
A. Save the cafe business.（无中生有） B. Supply better drinks. （偷换概念）
C. Create more jobs. D. Serve the neighborhood.（偷换概念）
阅读理解推断题词汇
01. remove v. 移动
【英英解释】If you remove sth, you take it away from the place where it was.
【例句】The tea-ladies came in to remove the cups.
02. likewise adv. 同样地
【英英解释】You use likewise when you are comparing two methods, states, etc. and saying that they are similar.
【例句】In Yugoslavia there was a special local way of doing it, likewise in Italy.
03. gather v. 聚集
【英英解释】If people or animals gather, they come together in a group.
【例句】The children gathered around their teacher.
04. erupt v. （火山）喷发，爆发
【英英解释】When a volcano erupts, it throws out a lot of hot ash and steam in a violent and destructive way.
【变形】eruption n. 爆发
【例句】…a volcano on the point of eruption
05. admit v. 承认
【英英解释】If you admit sth, you agree often reluctantly, that it is true.
【例句】I must admit I had my doubts.
【变形】admission n. 承认，允许进入
06. astonish v. 使…惊讶
【英英解释】If sth or someone astonishes you, they surprise you very much.
【例句】We have found much to astonish and delight us.
【变形】astonishment n. 惊讶
07. generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的
【英英解释】Someone who is generous gives or offers to give more of sth, especially money, than is usual or expected.
【例句】You can give more if you are feeling generous
【变形】generosity n. 大方
08. cautious adj. 小心的，谨慎的
【英英解释】Someone who is cautious acts very carefully in order to avoid possible danger.
【例句】My mother was a very cautious driver.
09. favorable adj. 赞成的
【英英解释】If your opinion about sth or your reaction to sth is favorable, you like or agree with that thing.
【例句】Her request met with a favorable reponse.
【变形】unfavorable
10. artificial adj. 人造的，人工的
【英英解释】Artificial objects or materials do not occur naturally and are created by people.
【例句】artificial flowers 假花
11. adequate adj. 足够的
【英英解释】If the amount of sth is adequate, there is enough of it, but there is only just enough.
【例句】The pay was adequate.
12. sympathy n. 同情
【英英解释】If you feel or show sympathy for someone who has had a misfortune, you are sorry for them and show it in the way that you behave towards them, especially by being kind to them.
【例句】These people need our help and sympathy.
【变形】sympathetic adj. 同情的
13. indifferent adj. 冷漠的
【英英解释】 If you are indifferent to sth, you have no interest in it and show that you don’t care at all.
【例句】Her eyes assumed a strange indifferent look.
14. essential adj. 必要的，不可或缺的
【英英解释】Sth that is essential is considered to be extremely important or extremely necessary for a particular situation or activity.
【例句】Land is essential for food and for work.
15. evolve v. （生物）进化
【英英解释】When animals, plants, insects, etc. evolve, they gradually change and develop into different forms.
【例句】The early fish have evolved into some thirty thousand different species.
【变形】evolution n. 进化 evolutionary adj. 进化的
16. distinguish v. 辨别，分辨
【英英解释】If you can distinguish one thing from another thing or distinguish between two things, you can see or understand the difference between them.
【例句】The child was unable to distinguish between the letters b and p.
17. victim n. 受害者
【英英解释】A victim is someone who has been heard or killed by someone or sth.
【例句】Most of the victims were children.
18. appropriate adj. 适当的，合适的
【英英解释】Sth that is appropriate is correct, suitable, or acceptable.
【例句】It seemed appropriate to end with a joke.
【变形】inappropriate adj. 不适合的
19. optimistic adj. 乐观的，积极的
【英英解释】Someone who is optimistic is hopeful about future, and believes that things will happen in the best possible way.
【例句】He is an optimistic man.
【反义词】pessimistic adj. 悲观的，消极的
20. disabled adj. 残疾的
【英英解释】Someone who is disabled has an illness or an injury that restricts the way that they can live their life, especially by making it difficult for them to move about.
【例句】She has to look after a disabled relative.
阅读理解推断题题长难句
01. UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.
【分析】本句中的动词explain后面含有一个how引导的宾语从句how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.这个从句中有一个比较从句most of us ever imagined。
02. For humans to do this, we’d need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate “hitting”.
【分析】本句用For 来引出对象和行为，“对于人类要做到这个”。 we’d=we would, 后面用that引导的一个定语从句，先行词为huge feet., that 关系代词在后面从句中做bring up 的宾语，in order to 表目的。“adequate”的意思为“足够的”。
03. The planes moving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the west-east direction when they are moving with the wind than in the opposite direction.
【分析】重点单词短语：constant不变的，恒定的，经常的；thus因此，opposite相反的，对立的。moving是由非谓语做定语修饰the planes，when引导的时间状语从句，从句中包含一个比较级。
04. Her work—thought to be the first of its kind to test the pressure theory—resulted from the observation that juvenile blacktip sharks off Florida moved into deeper water ahead of a violent storm in 2001.
【分析】重难点单词短语：result from：起因于，由….造成。juvenile青少年的，ahead提前，violent猛烈的，暴力的。本句中间破折号所引内容“thought to be the first….”为插入语，observation后“that juvenile…2001”引导的是一个定语从句，修饰observation。
05. If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet.
【分析】本句先是一个“主句为一般过去式从句为过去将来时的”条件状语从句， if we were......, we would go ....... ， 这个条件为“If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars”，结果为后面两个分句。第二个分句又是一个使用了as... as来表示同级比较，表示“午夜对我们的可见性与对大量的夜视动物是一样的。”
24高中英语阅读理解—推断题
问题层级图
目标层级图
【一】 识别和判断推断题分类及命题方式 ★★☆☆☆
1. 细节类推断
A)明显标志词（infer/imply)类
It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that _______
The passage implies, but doesn’t directly state that _______
The last paragraph implies that ______
The writer suggests that ______
With the first paragraph, the author intends to ______
B)无明显标志词类
Why does the author use the example of ......？
Which of the following best describes ......？
Why does the author write the news？
2. 态度推断类
The author probably feels that______
What’s the author’s attitude toward ______
What does the author think of ...... ？
What would ......(某个人）agree with？
3. 文章出处推断类
In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed？
The text is meant to ______
What type of witting is this text？
练习题
请判断下列是否为主旨题，是的请写T，不是的请写F。
01. What is the main idea of this passage （ ）
02. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？（ ）
03. The author develops the passage mainly by______ . ( )
04. What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean
05. The writer strongly believes that we should ________. ( )
06. Which is the best title for the passage ( )
07. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage ( )
08. What can be inferred from the text ( )
09. The first paragraph is intended to tell us ( )
10. From the passage we can conclude that_____. ( )
11. What is Paragraph 5 mainly about ( )
12. Some people feel guilty when taking time to rest because they _______.（ ）
13. The "alarm" in the first paragraph refers to "_______".（ ）
14. How is Paragraph I mainly developed ( )
15. What might be the best title for the story ( )
16. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage ( )
17. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage ( )
18. From the passage we can infer that ______ ( )
19. What can be the best title for the passage ( )
20. In Paragraph 3, the author points out that. ( )
【二】 细节类的推断题的解题方式 ★★☆☆☆
在阅读理解的推断题当中，大部分题推断题都属于细节推断，即需要根据文章当中的某句或者某段进行细节推理，从而得出答案。因此，在做这一类推断题的时候我们往往可以结合细节题的做题方法，现在题干当中找到关键词，回到原文当中进行定位，最后抓住特定细节进行正向或者逆向推理。
【明显标志词类】例题分析讲解：
A
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
What can we infer about Serval’s children
A. They were unwilling to brush their teeth
B. They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.
C. They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.
D. They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.
B
Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mix of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I don’t think that my grandmother, who raised 14 children, had much of either. She did have a network of close friends and family, and maybe this is what satisfied her.
What can be inferred from Paragraph 7
A. Psychologists think satisfying work is key to happiness
B. Psychologists’ opinion is well proved by Grandma’ case
C. Grandma often found time for social gatherings
D. Grandma’s happiness came from modest expectations of life
C
All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen. Mr. Basille even had a key to our house, for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors, so that the milk wouldn't freeze. And I remember Mr. Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table, having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.
What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy's house
A. He wanted to have tea there.
B. He was a respectable person.
C. He was treated as a family member.
D. He was fully trusted by the family
【明显标志词类】练习：
A
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.
The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences—called light pollution—whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky.Ⅲ-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一 and light rhythms — to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural l world, some aspect or life is affected.
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We've grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh, —dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.
Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.
Living in a glare of our making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead.
It is implied in the last paragraph that .
A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals
B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages
C. human beings cannot go to the outer space
D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe
B
For those who are tired doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app (application).
Strange though it may seem — “my wife already does that” was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) this week — Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install (安装) a large number of internet-connected features in machines in an effort to make them “smart”.
Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it’s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.
The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus.
Samsung says it’s not just something new — the app connection actually has some practical uses.
“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,” said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.
The company also says that with electricity rate(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money.
Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do —enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV.
We can conclude form Samsung’s statements that ___________.
A. the app connection makes life easier
B. it is better to dry clothes in the morning
C. smartphone can shorten the drying time
D. we should refresh clothes back at home
【含蓄类】例题分析讲解：
A
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
How are social robots different from household robots
A. They can control their emotions.
B. They are more like humans.
C. They do the normal housework.
D. They respond to users more slowly.
B
Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.
Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats
A. To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.
B. To see how babies recognize sounds.
C. To carry their experiment further.
D. To keep the babies’ interest.
C
One day, he gathered up all his strength and decided to attend a job interview. His appointment was at 10 am and it was already 8:30. While waiting for a bus to the office where he was supposed to be interviewed, he saw an elderly man wildly kicking the tyre of his car. Obviously there was something wrong with the car. Jimmy immediately went up to lend him a hand. When Jimmy finished working on the car, the old man asked him how much he should pay for the service. Jimmy said there was no need to pay him; he just helped someone in need, and he had to rush for an interview. Then the old man said, “Well, I could take you to the office for your interview. It’s the least I could do. Please, I insist.” Jimmy agreed.
Why did the old man offer Jimmy a ride
A. He was also to be interviewed B. He needed a travelling companion
C. He always helped people in need D. He was thankful to Jimmy
【含蓄类】练习：
Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $ 2 (plus drinks) per session—are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论), slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels’, or ‘people think’,” Lehanne told them. “Say ‘I think’, ‘Think me’.”
A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victims to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.
The city’s “psychology cafes”, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel. “There is a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn’t exist,” she says. “If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.” But then, it wouldn’t be France.
01. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes
A. They have bigger night crowds. B. They stay open for longer hours.
C. They are less frequently visited. D. They start to serve fast food.
02. What are theme cafes expected to do
A. Save the cafe business. B. Supply better drinks.
C. Create more jobs. D. Serve the neighborhood.
【三】 态度类的推断题的解题方式 ★★☆☆☆
阅读理解中作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。该类推断题主要可以通过文章中的情感词或者情感句进行推理解答。
1. 通过情感词进行推断
常见情感词：
正向词：support(支持），approve(赞成），approving(赞同的），favorable(支持的），optimistic(乐观的），positive(积极的）helpful(有益的），admiring(羡慕的），concerned(关心的），impressive（给人印象深刻的），sincere(真诚的）,sympathetic(同情的），humorous(幽默的），praising(赞扬的），confident(自信的），interesting（有趣的），caring(在意的，关心的），friendly(友好的）
负向词：critical(批评的），negative（消极的，否定的），defensive(防范的），skeptical（怀疑的），doubtful(怀疑的），disgusted(厌恶的），suspicious(怀疑的），intolerable(无法忍受的），disappointed(失望的），pessimistic(悲观的），depressed(沮丧的），worried(担心的），hostile(敌对的），ironic(讽刺的），sarcastic（挖苦的），cynical(愤世嫉俗的），emotional(易情绪激动的），opposed(反对的），angry(愤怒的），hesitant(犹豫的），indifferent(冷淡的，漠不关心的）
中性词：objective(客观的），serious(严肃的），casual(随意的），cautious(谨慎的），impersonal(不受个人影响的），factual(事实的），neutral(中立的），compromising(妥协的），personal(私人的）
例题分析讲解：
A
But when asked which authors they actually enjoy, people named J.k.Rowling John Grisham, Sophie Kinsella (ah, the big sellers, in other words). Forty-two percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story (I’ll come clean: I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so).
What is the author’s attitude to 58% of readers
A. favorable. B. uncaring C. doubtful D. friendly
B
Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’t make us tire. It sounds absurd. But a years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue (疲劳). To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer, we would find it full of fatigue toxins(毒素) and fatigue products. But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.
What’s the author’s attitude towards the scientists’ idea
A. He agrees with them. B. He doubts them.
C. He argues against them. D. He hesitates to accept them.
练习题：
A
It’s a cruel but entertaining trick which does a highly effective job of promoting LG’s ‘Ultra HD’ televisions. However, some comments online by those who have seen the ad claim(声称) the whole process was not real. They claim actors are playing the parts of applicants and interviewers to promote the company’s latest television.
What’s the author’s attitude towards the TV advertisement
A. Doubtful B. Objective C. Unfavorable D. Passive
B
Inside the pleasingly fragrant cafe, So All May Eat(SAME) in downtown Denver, the spirit of generosity(慷慨)is instantly noticeable: A donation box stands in place of a cash register. Customers here pay only what they can afford, no questions asked.
A risky business plan, perhaps, but SAME Café has done one unchangeable thing in the Mile High City for six years: Open only at midday, the restaurant provides poor local people with healthy, delicious lunches six days a week. Those unable to pay for their meals can instead volunteer as waiters and waitresses, and dishwashers, or look after the buildings and equipment for the cafe.
“It’s based on trust, and it’s working all right,” says co-owner Brad Birky, who started the café in 2006 with his wife Libby. Previously volunteering at soup kitchens, the Birkys were dissatisfied with the often unhealthy meals they served there.
“We wanted to offer quality food in a restaurant where everyone felt comfortable, regardless of their circumstances,” Birky says. SAME’s special lunch menu changes daily and most food materials are natural and grown by local farmers.
The café now averages 65 to 70 customers (and eight volunteers) a day. And the spirit of generosity behind the project appears to be spreading. In early 2007,one volunteer who had cleared snow for his meals during the long winter said goodbye to the Birkys. “He said he was going to New Orleans to help with the hurricane cleanup,” says Birky.
The author’s attitude towards running such a café is_______
A. unfavorable B. approving
C. doubtful D. cautious
例题分析讲解：
A
The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid--we simply weigh too much, and all our mm pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.
However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water's surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we'd need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate "hitting. “
But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a "non-Newtonian" liquid that doesn't behave like normal water. Now, if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles(微粒) in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.
Fun though all this may sound, it's still rather messy md better mad about in theory than carried out in practice, if you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sin kand take a shower afterward!
What is the author's attitude toward the idea of humans' walking on water
A, It is risky but beneficial.
B. It is interesting and worth trying.
C. It is crazy md cannot become a reality.
D. It is impractical thigh theoretically possible.
B
One morning, Ann’s neighbor Tracy found a lost dog wandering around the local elementary school. She asked Ann if she could keep an eye on the dog. Ann said that she could watch it only for the day.
Tracy took photos of the dog and printed off 400 FOUND fliers（传单）, and put them in mailboxes. Meanwhile, Ann went to the dollar store and bought some pet supplies, warning her two sons not to fall in love with the dog. At the time, Ann’s son Thomas was 10 years old, and Jack, who was recovering from a heart operation, was 21 years old.
Four days later Ann was still looking after the dog, whom they had started to call Riley. When she arrived home from work, the dog threw itself against the screen door and barked madly at her. As soon as she opened the door, Riley dashed into the boys’ room where Ann found Jack suffering from a heart attack. Riley ran over to Jack, but as soon as Ann bent over to help him the dog went silent.
If it hadn’t come to get me, the doctor said Jack would have died, Ann reported to a local newspaper. At this point, no one had called to claim the dog, so Ann decided to keep it.
What was Ann’s attitude to the dog according to Paragraph 4
A. Sympathetic B. Doubtful C. Tolerant D. Grateful
练习题:
A
A month after Hurricane Katrina, I returned home in New Orleans. There lay my house, reduced to waist-high rains, smelly and dirty.
Before the trip, I’d had my car fixed. When the office employee of the garage was writing up the bill, she noticed my Louisiana license plate. “You from New Orleans ” she asked. I said I was, “No charge.” She said, and firmly shook her head when I reached for my wallet. The next day I went for a haircut, and the same thing happened.
The garage employee’s attitude toward the author was that of _____ .
A. unconcern B. sympathy C. doubt D. tolerance
B
At exactly eleven Sir Percival knocked and entered, with anxiety and worry in every line of his face. This meeting would decide his future life, and he obviously knew it.
“You may wonder, Sir Percival,” said Laura calmly, “if I am going to ask to be released (免除）from ray promise to marry you. I am not going to ask this. I respect my father's wishes too much. ”
His face relaxed a little, but one of his feet kept beating the carpet.
“No, if we are going to withdraw. (退出）from our planned marriage, it will be because of your wish, not mine. ”
“Mine ” he said in great surprise. ”What reason could I have for withdrawing ”
“A reason that is very hard to tell you,” she answered. “There is a change in me.”
His face went so pale that even his lips lost their color. He turned his head to one side.
“What change ” he asked, trying to appear calm.
“When the promise was made two years ago”, she said, “my love did not belong to anyone. Will you forgive me, Sir Percival, if I tell you that it now belongs to another person ”
“I wish you to understand”, Laura continued, “that I will never see this person again, and that if you leave me, you only allow me to remain a single woman for the rest of my life. All I ask is that you forgive me and keep my secret.”
“I will do both those things,” he said. Then he looked at Laura, as if he was waiting to hear more.
“I think I have said enough to give you reason to withdraw from our marriage”, she added quietly.
“No. You have said enough to make it the best wish of my life to marry you,” he said.
How did Percival feel during his meeting with Laura
A. Angry. B. Calm. C. Nervous. D. Excited.
【四】 出处类的推断题的解题方式 ★★☆☆☆
对于阅读理解中的处处类推断题，首先可以先对文章的体裁进行分析，再通过文章的高频词和主旨大意推断出文章的出处。
例题分析讲解：
A
The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert (警觉)。Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze(凝视) starts to lose its focus - until a third, with three black spots, is presented. Her gaze returns；she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world
Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.
Where does this text probably come from
A. Science fiction. B. Children’s literature.
C. An advertisement. D. A science report.
B
Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someone's life If yes, don't care about sex or age! Come and join us, then you'll make it!
Position: Volunteer Social Care Assistant
(No Pay with Free Meals)
Place: Manchester
Hours: Part Time
We are now looking for volunteers to support people with learning disabilities to live active lives! Only 4 days left. Don't miss the chance of lending your warm hands to help others!
Role:
You will provide people with learning disabilities with all aspects of their daily lives. You will help them to develop new skills. You will help them to protect their rights and their safety. But your primary concern is to let them know they are valued.
Skills and Experience Required:
You will have the right values and great listening skills. You will be honest and patient. You will have the ability to drive a car and to communicate in fluent written and spoken English since you'll have to help those people with different learning disabilities. Previous care-related experience will be a great advantage for you.
The text is meant to ________
A. leave a note B. send an invitation
C. present a document D. carry an advertisement
C
A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those who use laptops（笔记本电脑）.
Students are increasingly using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility（清晰度）. But the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts they have been taught.
Researchers performed experiments that aimed to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to make notes “mindlessly” by taking down word for word what the professors said.
In the first experiment, students were given either a laptop or pen and paper. They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills. Thirty minutes after the talk, they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts.
The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand. However, the typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts. Both groups scored similarly when it came to memorizing facts.
The researchers’ report said, “While more notes arc beneficial, if the notes are taken mindlessly, as is more likely the case on a laptop, the benefit disappears.”
In another experiment aimed at testing long-term memory, students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture. This time, the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the exam.
These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.
The passage is likely to appear in .
A. a newspaper advertisement B. a computer textbook
C. a science magazine D. a finance report
练习题：
A
Most rain forests lie close to the equator where the climate is often mild and there are long hours of sunshine. The warmth of the land heats the air above, causing it to rise and tiny drops of water to fall as rain. The rainfall can reach at least 98 inches a year. This wet, warm world with plenty of sunlight is perfect for plants to grow so the trees grow fast with green leaves all the year round. The trees themselves also have an effect on the climate. They gather water from the soil and pass it out into the air through their leaves. The wet air then forms clouds, which hang over the treetops like smoke. These clouds protect the forest from the daytime heat and nighttime cold of nearby deserts, keeping temperatures fit for plant growth
Rain forests slightly farther away from the equator remain just as warm, but they have a dry season of three months or morn when little rain falls. Tree leaves fall during this dry season and new leaves grow when the wet season or monsoon (雨季) begins. Thus these areas are known as the “monsoon forest”.
Another type of rain forest grows on tropical mountains. It is often called the “cloud forest” because clouds often hang over the trees like fog.
The rain forest is the ideal place for the growth of many different trees. Most of them depend on animals to eat their fruits and spread their seeds. When the fruits are eaten, the seeds inside them go undamaged through animals’ stomachs and arc passed out in their droppings. The seeds lying on the forest floor then grow into new trees.
This passage is most likely to be found in ______
A. a travel guide B. a story book
C. a technical report D. a geography book
B
Michael Fish may soon be replaced as a weather forecaster by something truly fishier—the shark(鲨鱼).
Research by a British biology student suggests that sharks could be used to predict storms.
Lauren Smith, 24, is close to completing her study on shark’s ability to sense pressure.
If her studies prove the theory, scientists may be able to monitor the behaviour of sharks to predict bad weather.
Miss Smith had previously studied the behaviour of lemon sharks in the Bahamas.
She then used their close relatives, lesser spotted dogfish, for further research at Aberdeen University.
Her work—thought to be the first of its kind to test the pressure theory—resulted from the observation that juvenile blacktip sharks off Florida moved into deeper water ahead of a violent storm in 2001.
Miss Smith said: “I’ve always been crazy about traveling and diving and this led me to an interest in sharks.”
“I was delighted to have been able to research in the area for my degree. I know there’s so much more we need to understand—but it certainly opens the way to more research.”
It has been discovered that a shark senses pressure using hair cells in its balance system.
At the Bimini Shark Lab in the Bahamas, Miss Smith fixed hi-tech sensors to sharks to record pressure and temperature, while also tracking them using GPS (Global Positioning System) technology.
In Aberdeen, she was able to study the effects of tidal(潮汐的) and temperature changes on dogfish—none of which were harmed. She also used a special lab which can mimic(模拟) oceanic pressure changes caused by weather fronts.
She is due to complete her study and graduate later this year. She says she will be looking for a job which will give her the chance to enrich her experience of shark research.
The passage is most probably taken from _____.
A. a short-story collection B. a popular science magazine
C. a research paper D. a personal diary
C
A volcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe. Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports.
Grirmsvom is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Europe. What makes Grimsvom different is that it lies under a huge glacier（冰川） of ice up to 12 maters thick. The hot volcano heats up the ice above it, which then forms a layer（层）of water between the glacier and the volcano This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable, As the water flows out from under the glacier, the pressure lifts. The lava（岩浆） from the volcano then comes up to the surface. This is exactly what happened today.
Now, airlines have to make changes to their flights so as not to fly through the clouds of volcanic ash. According to KLM, one of Europe’s biggest airlines, airplanes cannot go under the cloud or over it. Going through the cloud can result in ash getting stuck in the airplane’s engines, causing damage to the plane.
The eruption has also caused problems for animals in Iceland. The volcano left ash and sharp. Glass-like rocks all over the countryside. Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash- covered grass to the sharp object.
This text is most probably taken from
A. a research paper B. a newspaper report
C. a class presentation D. a geography textbook.
D
Have you ever wondered
1. Why do airplanes take longer to fly west than east
It can take five hours to go west-east from New York (NY) to London bur seven hours to travel east-west from London to NY. The reason for the difference is an atmospheric phenomenon known as the jet (喷射) stream. The jet stream is a very high altitude wind which always blows from the west to the east across the Atlantic. The planes moving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the west-east direction when they are moving with the wind than in the opposite direction.
2. What would happen if the gravity on Earth was suddenly turned off
Supposing we could magically turn off gravity. Would buildings and other structures (建筑物) float away What happened would depend on how strongly the things were attached to the Earth. The Earth is moving at quite a speed, moving at over a thousand miles per hours. If you turn something around your head on a string（细绳）, it goes around in a circle until you let go of the string. Then it flies off in a straight line. ‘Switching off’ gravity would be like letting go of the string. Things not attached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line. People in buildings would suddenly shoot upwards at a great speed until they hit the ceiling. Most things outside would fly off into space.
Where can we most probably read the text
A. In a research paper B. In a short story
C. In a travel magazine D. In a student’s book
【四】 推断题的选项特征 ★★★☆☆
正确选项特征
1）忠实原文
2）合理推断
错误选项特点
1）无中生有
2）范围过宽或过窄
3）偷换概念
4）是原文信息
5）过度推断
6）主观臆断
7）答非所问
【明显标志词类】例题分析讲解：
A
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
What can we infer about Serval’s children
A. They were unwilling to brush their teeth
B. They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.
C. They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.
D. They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.
B
Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mix of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I don’t think that my grandmother, who raised 14 children, had much of either. She did have a network of close friends and family, and maybe this is what satisfied her.
What can be inferred from Paragraph 7
A. Psychologists think satisfying work is key to happiness
B. Psychologists’ opinion is well proved by Grandma’ case
C. Grandma often found time for social gatherings
D. Grandma’s happiness came from modest expectations of life
C
All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen. Mr. Basille even had a key to our house, for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors, so that the milk wouldn't freeze. And I remember Mr. Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table, having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.
What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy's house
A. He wanted to have tea there.
B. He was a respectable person.
C. He was treated as a family member.
D. He was fully trusted by the family
【明显标志词类】练习：
A
If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.
The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences—called light pollution—whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky.Ⅲ-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels 一 and light rhythms — to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural l world, some aspect or life is affected.
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We've grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh, —dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further form the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.
Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint including most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.
Living in a glare of our making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching overhead.
It is implied in the last paragraph that
A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals
B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages
C. human beings cannot go to the outer space
D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe
B
For those who are tired doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smart phone app (application).
Strange though it may seem — “my wife already does that” was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) this week — Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install (安装) a large number of internet-connected features in machines in an effort to make them “smart”.
Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it’s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.
The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smart phone through a download able application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus.
Samsung says it’s not just something new — the app connection actually has some practical uses.
“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,” said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.
The company also says that with electricity rate(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money.
Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do —enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV.
We can conclude form Samsung’s statements that ___________.
A. the app connection makes life easier
B. it is better to dry clothes in the morning
C. Smart phone can shorten the drying time
D. we should refresh clothes back at home
【含蓄类】例题分析讲解：
A
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
How are social robots different from household robots
A. They can control their emotions.
B. They are more like humans.
C. They do the normal housework.
D. They respond to users more slowly.
B
Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.
Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats
A. To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.
B. To see how babies recognize sounds.
C. To carry their experiment further.
D. To keep the babies’ interest.
C
One day, he gathered up all his strength and decided to attend a job interview. His appointment was at 10 am and it was already 8:30. While waiting for a bus to the office where he was supposed to be interviewed, he saw an elderly man wildly kicking the tyre of his car. Obviously there was something wrong with the car. Jimmy immediately went up to lend him a hand. When Jimmy finished working on the car, the old man asked him how much he should pay for the service. Jimmy said there was no need to pay him; he just helped someone in need, and he had to rush for an interview. Then the old man said, “Well, I could take you to the office for your interview. It’s the least I could do. Please, I insist.” Jimmy agreed.
Why did the old man offer Jimmy a ride
A. He was also to be interviewed
B. He needed a traveling companion.
C. He always helped people in need
D. He was thankful to Jimmy
【含蓄类】练习：
Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $ 2 (plus drinks) per session—are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论), slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels’, or ‘people think’,” Lehanne told them. “Say ‘I think’, ‘Think me’.”
A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victims to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.
The city’s “psychology cafes”, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel. “There is a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn’t exist,” she says. “If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.” But then, it wouldn’t be France.
01. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes
A. They have bigger night crowds.
B. They stay open for longer hours.
C. They are less frequently visited.
D. They start to serve fast food.
02. What are theme cafes expected to do
A. Save the cafe business. B. Supply better drinks.
C. Create more jobs. D. Serve the neighborhood.
阅读理解推断题词汇
01. remove v. 移动
【英英解释】If you remove sth, you take it away from the place where it was.
【例句】The tea-ladies came in to remove the cups.
02. likewise adv. 同样地
【英英解释】You use likewise when you are comparing two methods, states, etc. and saying that they are similar.
【例句】In Yugoslavia there was a special local way of doing it, likewise in Italy.
03. gather v. 聚集
【英英解释】If people or animals gather, they come together in a group.
【例句】The children gathered around their teacher.
04. erupt v. （火山）喷发，爆发
【英英解释】When a volcano erupts, it throws out a lot of hot ash and steam in a violent and destructive way.
【变形】eruption n. 爆发
【例句】…a volcano on the point of eruption
05. admit v. 承认
【英英解释】If you admit sth, you agree often reluctantly, that it is true.
【例句】I must admit I had my doubts.
【变形】admission n. 承认，允许进入
06. astonish v. 使…惊讶
【英英解释】If sth or someone astonishes you, they surprise you very much.
【例句】We have found much to astonish and delight us.
【变形】astonishment n. 惊讶
07. generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的
【英英解释】Someone who is generous gives or offers to give more of sth, especially money, than is usual or expected.
【例句】You can give more if you are feeling generous
【变形】generosity n. 大方
08. cautious adj. 小心的，谨慎的
【英英解释】Someone who is cautious acts very carefully in order to avoid possible danger.
【例句】My mother was a very cautious driver.
09. favorable adj. 赞成的
【英英解释】If your opinion about sth or your reaction to sth is favorable, you like or agree with that thing.
【例句】Her request met with a favorable response.
【变形】unfavorable
10. artificial adj. 人造的，人工的
【英英解释】Artificial objects or materials do not occur naturally and are created by people.
【例句】artificial flowers 假花
11. adequate adj. 足够的
【英英解释】If the amount of sth is adequate, there is enough of it, but there is only just enough.
【例句】The pay was adequate.
12. sympathy n. 同情
【英英解释】If you feel or show sympathy for someone who has had a misfortune, you are sorry for them and show it in the way that you behave towards them, especially by being kind to them.
【例句】These people need our help and sympathy.
【变形】sympathetic adj. 同情的
13. indifferent adj. 冷漠的
【英英解释】 If you are indifferent to sth, you have no interest in it and show that you don’t care at all.
【例句】Her eyes assumed a strange indifferent look.
14. essential adj. 必要的，不可或缺的
【英英解释】Sth that is essential is considered to be extremely important or extremely necessary for a particular situation or activity.
【例句】Land is essential for food and for work.
15. evolve v. （生物）进化
【英英解释】When animals, plants, insects, etc. evolve, they gradually change and develop into different forms.
【例句】The early fish have evolved into some thirty thousand different species.
【变形】evolution n. 进化 evolutionary adj. 进化的
16. distinguish v. 辨别，分辨
【英英解释】If you can distinguish one thing from another thing or distinguish between two things, you can see or understand the difference between them.
【例句】The child was unable to distinguish between the letters b and p.
17. victim n. 受害者
【英英解释】A victim is someone who has been heard or killed by someone or sth.
【例句】Most of the victims were children.
18. appropriate adj. 适当的，合适的
【英英解释】Sth that is appropriate is correct, suitable, or acceptable.
【例句】It seemed appropriate to end with a joke.
【变形】inappropriate adj. 不适合的
19. optimistic adj. 乐观的，积极的
【英英解释】Someone who is optimistic is hopeful about future, and believes that things will happen in the best possible way.
【例句】He is an optimistic man.
【反义词】pessimistic adj. 悲观的，消极的
20. disabled adj. 残疾的
【英英解释】Someone who is disabled has an illness or an injury that restricts the way that they can live their life, especially by making it difficult for them to move about.
【例句】She has to look after a disabled relative.
阅读理解推断题题长难句
01. UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.
【分析】本句中的动词explain后面含有一个how引导的宾语从句how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.这个从句中有一个比较从句most of us ever imagined。
02. For humans to do this, we’d need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate “hitting”.
【分析】本句用For 来引出对象和行为，“对于人类要做到这个”。 we’d=we would, 后面用that引导的一个定语从句，先行词为huge feet., that 关系代词在后面从句中做bring up 的宾语，in order to 表目的。“adequate”的意思为“足够的”。
03. The planes moving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the west-east direction when they are moving with the wind than in the opposite direction.
【分析】重点单词短语：constant不变的，恒定的，经常的；thus因此，opposite相反的，对立的。moving是由非谓语做定语修饰the planes，when引导的时间状语从句，从句中包含一个比较级。
04. Her work—thought to be the first of its kind to test the pressure theory—resulted from the observation that juvenile blacktip sharks off Florida moved into deeper water ahead of a violent storm in 2001.
【分析】重难点单词短语：result from：起因于，由….造成。juvenile青少年的，ahead提前，violent猛烈的，暴力的。本句中间破折号所引内容“thought to be the first….”为插入语，observation后“that juvenile…2001”引导的是一个定语从句，修饰observation。
05. If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet.
【分析】本句先是一个“主句为一般过去式从句为过去将来时的”条件状语从句， if we were......, we would go ....... ， 这个条件为“If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars”，结果为后面两个分句。第二个分句又是一个使用了as... as来表示同级比较，表示“午夜对我们的可见性与对大量的夜视动物是一样的。”
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