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第7讲 文体突破——说明文
2025 高考第二轮专题 英语
说明文选材通常是科技领域的最新科研成果、人们比较关心的
社会问题和令人好奇的自然现象以及人文地理、风土人情等等。
从结构上看，说明文总体结构通常分为三个部分：说明对象、
说明过程和归纳总结；从段落组织方式上分五种结构：总分式结构、
递进式结构、并列式结构、对照式结构、连贯式结构。说明文常见
的说明方法有：定义与诠释、举例与引用、分类与比较等。
了解说明文的写作手法、理清文章结构是解题的关键之一。同
时还要善于捕捉同位语、定义句、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、
上下义词以及标点符号(如有表示解释和说明功能的破折号、冒号)等
来帮助解题。
[2024·新课标Ⅱ卷，D]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:327
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives,
we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future,
and this is where AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial
Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona
Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges
posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as
complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers
AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades'
professional experience translating the heady into the
understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a
business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide
which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the
close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already
super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the
current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.
From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant
Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness
of AI and its future now—several decades before these
developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential
that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being
sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI—
the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on
the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She
explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act
now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need
to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such
structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us
to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the
subject, this is it.
［文章大意］本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona
Campbell所著的AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial
Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南,以商业视角
阐述AI发展现状与前景,强调控制AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确保AI安
全发展,以防潜在危机。
( ) 1.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in
Paragraph 2 probably mean
A.If read by someone poorly educated.
B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C.If written by someone less competent.
D.If translated by someone unacademic.
√
[解析] 词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中“…but, thankfully, Campbell
has more than two decades' professional experience translating
the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical
angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making
for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,
by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.”可
知,Campbell是一位有着二十多年专业经验的作家,撰写的这本书是通
俗易懂的,故推测前面想表达的是如果由能力较差的人写的话,这本书
会像驱动AI的计算机代码一样复杂难懂。故选C项。
( ) 2.What is a feature of AI by Design according to the
text
A.It is packed with complex codes.
B.It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C.It provides step-by-step instructions.
D.It is intended for AI professionals.
√
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“She writes from the
practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,
making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative
and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as
AI.”可知,Campbell从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发,撰
写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南,故推测它采用了务实的写
作风格。down-to-earth意为“务实的,切合实际的”。故选B项。
( ) 3.What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI
development
A.Observe existing regulations on it.
B.Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C.Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D.Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
√
[解析] 细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句“She says it is
essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk
being sidelined and perhaps even worse.”和倒数第二段中“She
explains we are at a ‘tipping point’ in history and must act now
to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity.”可知,Campbell
敦促人们共同努力来控制AI。故选C项。
( ) 4.What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A.To recommend a book on AI.
B.To give a brief account of AI history.
C.To clarify the definition of AI.
D.To honour an outstanding AI expert.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing
potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action
to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by
Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.
√
This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical
roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI
revolution (变革).”和最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only
read one book on the subject, this is it.”可知,本文主要介绍了
Catriona Campbell所著的AI by Design: A Plan for Living with
Artificial Intelligence一书,该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南,以商
业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景,强调控制AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确
保AI安全发展,以防潜在危机,所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本
关于AI的书。故选A项。
A [2024·陕西商洛高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自我 词数:321
Jenny,18, suffering from coughing and speechlessness, came
to Sigmund Freud. She'd become depressed, even having no
desire to live. During one session, as he tried to help her
uncover the source of her sickness, Freud observed Jenny toying
with a small handbag. Interpreting the act as an expression of
controlled desire, Freud concluded, “No people can keep a
secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips; the
details reveal everything.”
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Sometimes a handbag is just a handbag, but modern
research does support the idea that secrecy can be a source of
mental and physical sadness. Keeping a secret requires constant
effort. In one recent study, subjects asked to hide their sexual
orientation performed worse on a spatial ability task, reacted
more rudely to criticism, and gave up sooner in a test of
handgrip endurance (握力耐力). And the bigger the secret, the
harder it is to keep. Another study found that subjects asked to
recall a meaningful secret believed hills to be more dangerous
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and distances to be longer than those asked to recall a small
secret. When researchers asked to help move books from their
lab, the subjects harbouring meaningful secrets lifted fewer piles.
Research shows an association between keeping a
meaningful secret and illness ranging from the common cold to
chronic (慢性的) diseases. It concludes that teens who open
their mind to a parent or close friend report fewer physical
complaints and less bad behaviour, loneliness, and depression
than those who sit on their secrets.
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One reason why secret keeping is such hard work is that
secrets, like unwanted thoughts, tend to take up more brain
space.
Researchers have identified a small class of “repressors”,
who experience fewer intrusive (妨碍的) thoughts about sensitive
information they are controlling: they may keep their secrets so
tightly wrapped that they manage to hide them even from
themselves.
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［文章大意］ 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了保守秘密会对人
的身心健康造成负面影响，并引用研究结果来说明：保守秘密需要
付出不断的努力，自身的能力和身体素质会受到影响，保守的秘密
会占据大脑空间，导致身体不适和心理问题。
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( ) 1.What is Paragraph 1 aimed at
A.Providing an example of depression.
B.Showing us how Freud treated Jenny.
C.Introducing the topic of secret-keeping.
D.Presenting the importance of observing patients.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Jenny, 18, suffering from
coughing and speechlessness, came to Sigmund Freud. She'd
become depressed, even having no desire to live…Interpreting
the act as an expression of controlled desire, Freud concluded,
√
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‘No people can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters
with his fingertips; the details reveal everything.’”、第二段中
“…but modern research does support the idea that secrecy can
be a source of mental and physical sadness. Keeping a secret
requires constant effort.”以及第三段中“Research shows an
association between keeping a meaningful secret and illness
ranging from the common cold to chronic (慢性的) diseases.”可
推知，第一段通过列举Jenny的例子来说明文章的主题，即保守秘密。
故选C项。
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( ) 2.What can we infer from the second paragraph
A.Those keeping secrets didn't need constant effort.
B.Keeping secrets can only cause mental discomfort.
C.Keeping a big secret is more challenging than a smaller one.
D.Subjects were asked to keep their sexual orientation secret.
√
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据第二段中“And the bigger the secret, the
harder it is to keep. Another study found that subjects asked to
recall a meaningful secret believed hills to be more dangerous
and distances to be longer than those asked to recall a small
secret.”可推知，秘密越大越难保守，即保守大秘密比保守小秘密更
有挑战性。故选C项。
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( ) 3.What can be concluded about teenagers who tell their
secrets to parents
A.They react more rudely to criticism.
B.Their immune systems are enhanced.
C.They have less physical and emotional trouble.
D.They don't hide any secrets from themselves.
√
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[解析] 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“It concludes that teens
who open their mind to a parent or close friend report fewer
physical complaints and less bad behaviour, loneliness, and
depression than those who sit on their secrets.”可知，那些向父
母或者朋友敞开心扉的青少年们身体不适、不良行为、孤独和抑郁
的情况更少。故选C项。
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( ) 4.What does the underlined word “repressors” in the last
paragraph refer to
A.People who often open their mind to families or friends.
B.People who keep secrets so well as if they didn't exist.
C.People who are easily influenced by unwanted thoughts.
D.People who are sensitive to the information they are keeping.
√
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[解析] 词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的内容“…who experience
fewer intrusive (妨碍的) thoughts about sensitive information
they are controlling: they may keep their secrets so tightly
wrapped that they manage to hide them even from themselves.”
可知，有这样一群人，他们对自己保守的敏感信息不受其他想法的
妨碍，把秘密藏得很深，甚至连他们自己都忘了。B选项“People
who keep secrets so well as if they didn't exist.”与画线词的意思
相同。故选B项。
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B [2024·河南九师联盟高三5月联考]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:360
Artificial intelligence (AI) companies are power-hungry—in
more ways than one. A new commentary published on Tuesday
in the journal Joule argues that AI bots such as OpenAI's
ChatGPT or Google's Bard may one day soon use as much
energy as a small country. The increase in AI demand, as well
as the resources necessary to power them, will further make
climate change issues worse due to the greenhouse gas
emissions.
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“Looking at the growing demand for AI service, I find it's
very likely that energy consumption related to AI will
significantly increase in the coming years,” Alex de Vries,
founder of Digiconomist at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, said.
From the very beginning of its development, AI consumes a
large amount of energy. Some research has estimated that
simply training ChatGPT required 1,287 MWh of energy. That's
more than what 120 US families use in an entire year. AI lab
Hugging Face reported that training its own AI chatbot required
roughly 433 MWh, which is the equivalent to 40 US homes.
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De Vries notes the energy consumption is likely to worsen
as more and more companies begin to incorporate (使并入) AI
models into their products. For example, Google recently
announced a host of AI tools to its products such as Gmail. De
Vries estimates Google alone will require 29.2 TWh of power
annually—the equivalent of the annual power consumption of
Ireland. By 2027, he says, AI power consumption will increase by
as much as 134 TWh, meaning these systems will be consuming
as much energy as countries like Argentina, the Netherlands and
Sweden each year.
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Interestingly, even though companies are attempting to
make their AI systems more energy-efficient, demand will simply
increase as a result. “The result of making these tools more
efficient and accessible can be that we just allow more
applications of it and more people to use it,” De Vries said.
“The potential growth highlights we need to be very
mindful of what we use AI for,” he said. “It's energy-intensive,
so we don't want to put it in all kinds of things where we
don't actually need it.”
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［文章大意］ 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能对能源
的需求非常大，从发展之初人工智能就消耗了大量的能源，随着这
种服务的日益增多，相关的能源消耗很可能会大幅增加，这将会进
一步加剧气候变化问题，而我们应当谨慎地使用人工智能，避免不
必要的消耗。
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( ) 5.How is Paragraph 3 mainly developed
A.By listing figures. B.By analysing causes.
C.By reasoning. D.By comparing.
√
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据第三段“From the very beginning of its
development, AI consumes a large amount of energy. Some
research has estimated that simply training ChatGPT required
1,287 MWh of energy. That's more than what 120 US families
use in an entire year. AI lab Hugging Face reported that
training its own AI chatbot required roughly 433 MWh, which is
the equivalent to 40 US homes.”可知，本段首先指出人工智能消
耗大量的能源，然后通过列举训练ChatGPT和Hugging Face的人工
智能聊天机器人所需能量的具体数字来佐证该论断。故选A项。
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( ) 6.What does the author mainly stress in Paragraph 4
A.The development of the AI models.
B.The difficulty of using AI products.
C.AI's large consumption of energy.
D.Many countries' demands for energy.
√
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[解析] 段落大意题。根据第四段中“For example, Google recently
announced a host of AI tools to its products such as Gmail. De
Vries estimates Google alone will require 29.2 TWh of power
annually—the equivalent of the annual power consumption of
Ireland. By 2027, he says, AI power consumption will increase by
as much as 134 TWh, meaning these systems will be consuming
as much energy as countries like Argentina, the Netherlands and
Sweden each year.”可知，在本段作者强调了人工智能消耗大量能
源。故选C项。
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( ) 7.What does the author suggest people do in the last
paragraph
A.Focus on the energy-efficiency of AI service.
B.Avoid working in energy-intensive industries.
C.Explore alternative sources of power.
D.Be cautious about using the AI system.
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘The potential growth
highlights we need to be very mindful of what we use AI for,’
he said. ‘It's energy-intensive, so we don't want to put it in all
kinds of things where we don't actually need it.’”可知，我们应当
注意使用人工智能的目的，避免将它用于不必要的地方。因此，作
者建议人们在使用人工智能系统时要谨慎。故选D项。
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( ) 8.What's the author's purpose in writing the text
A.To appeal for revolution. B.To show a crisis.
C.To promote AI companies. D.To introduce AI.
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[解析] 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“The increase
in AI demand, as well as the resources necessary to power
them, will further make climate change issues worse due to the
greenhouse gas emissions.”可知，文章主要围绕人工智能对能源的
巨大需求展开，介绍了从发展之初人工智能就消耗了大量的能源，
随着这种服务的日益增多，相关的能源消耗很可能会大幅增加，这
将会进一步加剧气候变化问题。由此可知，作者的写作目的在于呈
现人工智能消耗大量能源带来的气候危机。故选B项。
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