资源简介

猜押 阅读理解说明文
猜押考点 3年真题 词数 话题 考情分析 押题依据
阅读理解说明文 2024年新高考Ⅰ卷阅读CD篇 C：351 D：370 C篇纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果；D篇数字生物多样性记录存在偏见 2024年新高考阅读理解说明文特点。 英语阅读理解试题总是在CD篇设置思维能力较强的自然科学和社会科学方面的文章，试题循着“了解现状—聚焦问题—分析原因—提出建议”的逻辑进行设计，考查学生对每个环节关键内容的准确理解，引导学生培养科学探究精神，提升发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。鲜明地彰显了命题人旨在培养新一代青年学子独立思考、理性判断的教育导向。 高考说明文体裁的阅读材料通常多为科普读物(包括介绍最新科技、重大成就等)、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等等。说明文的总体结构通常分为三个部分：说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。
2024年新高考Ⅱ卷阅读CD篇 C：268 D：319 C篇介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势；D篇介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书
2023年新高考I卷阅读CD篇 C：318 D：337 C篇倡导简单的数字生活方式；D篇“群体智慧”效应
2023年新高考Ⅱ卷阅读CD篇 C：326 D：318 C篇介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义；D篇保护城市中的野生自然
2022年新高考I卷阅读BCD篇 B：339 C：293 D：335 B篇常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力；C篇改善老年人的健康状况的项目；D篇饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音
2022年新高考Ⅱ卷阅读CD篇 C：282 D：348 C篇开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题；D篇锻炼对于心脏的好处
押题预测目录
一、原理和效应类 二、人工智能类 三、环境保护类 四、社会生活类 五、科普、研究报告类 六、体育与健康类 七、发明与创造类 八、宇宙探索类 九、教育类 十、语言研究类
一、原理和效应类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
316 “口红效应”以及引起“口红效应”的心理动机 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测。 原理与效应类说明文是英语阅读理解中的重要题型，掌握其结构、语言特点和常见话题是提高成绩的关键。此类话题是高考命题常用的素材，例如：高考考过棉花糖效应、群体智慧效应等。
The “lipstick effect” refers to the idea that women purchase more lipsticks when the economy is in bad shape. A 2020 study published by the Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics investigated the spending habits of women aging 18-40 during the 2007 recession (衰退). They found a rise in make-up purchases during the years when money was the tightest. There are a few theories that try to explain this seemingly impractical trend.
In a 2021 article published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researchers theorized that the “lipstick effect” was a result of evolutionary mating psychology. “The lipstick effect reflects a strategic shift in women’s consumer behavior that is guided by the desire to attract the mates they most desire in an environment where they are rare,” the researchers concluded.
Though this paper is frequently cited, a 2020 study published in the Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics suggested that the women who contributed to the increase in cosmetic purchases included an even mixture of married and single women, employed and unemployed.
It turns out, the most popular lipstick color for women to buy is contrary to what men find the most bewitching. That said, there are various potential reasons why lipstick purchases increase when the economy is down, and they have nothing to do with mating and the male stare.
“Perhaps people simply trade down to cheaper luxury and feel-good purchases when money gets tight,” consumer psychologist at the University of the Arts, London, Dr. Paul Marsden, told Byrdie. This is a great assumption, considering a survey conducted by found that 51.8% of adult Americans purchase products when they are seeking to improve their mood.
However, there has yet to be any conclusive evidence explaining the “lipstick effect”. Whether it’s lipstick, single-use facials, or a new book, purchasing low-cost luxury items can be a pick-me-up in the face of tough times.
1．What can we know from the 2021 article
A．It did not observe single women’s behavior.
B．It showed no respect for female consumers.
C．It narrowed women’s consumption motives.
D．It just paid attention to cosmetic markets.
2．What does the underlined word “bewitching” mean in Paragraph 4
A．Economical. B．Inviting. C．Shocking. D．Luxurious.
3．What does the “lipstick effect” mainly discuss
A．Shifts of marketing strategies in recessions.
B．Consumption psychology of young adults.
C．Causes of females’ low purchasing power.
D．Preference of buying affordable products.
4．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A．People in bad economic times try to lift spirits.
B．Paul Marsden offered a conclusive explanation.
C．’s finding contradicted Paul Marsden’s view.
D．Over half of Americans suffer from economic recession.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“口红效应”以及引起“口红效应”的心理动机。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“In a 2021 article published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researchers theorized that the “lipstick effect” was a result of evolutionary mating psychology.(在2021年发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志》上的一篇文章中，研究人员推测，“口红效应”是进化的吸引配偶的心理的结果)” 可知，2021年出版的研究文章认为，“口红效应”是因为女性想要吸引配偶才出现的消费行为趋势。根据第三段中的“the women who contributed to the increase in cosmetic purchases included an even mixture of married and single women, employed and unemployed(推动化妆品消费增长的女性包括已婚和单身女性，有工作的和没有工作的女性)”可知，推动化妆品消费增长的女性包括已婚和单身女性、有工作的和无工作的女性。由此可见，这些女性的身份和婚姻状况不同，购买化妆品的动机也不仅仅是为了吸引配偶。所以2021年的文章中缩小了女性的消费动机。故选C。
2．词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“there are various potential reasons why lipstick purchases increase when the economy is down, and they have nothing to do with mating and the male gaze(经济不景气时口红销量增加的潜在原因有很多，但它们与择偶和男性目光无关)”可知，女性购买口红的动机，与择偶和吸引男性目光没有关系。因此，口红颜色对男性并不是最有吸引力的。inviting可意为“有吸引力的”，与划线词意思相近。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They found a rise in make-up purchases during the years when money was the tightest. There are a few theories that try to explain this seemingly impractical trend.(他们发现，在经济最紧张的年份，化妆品的购买量会增加。有一些理论试图解释这种看似不切实际的趋势)”以及最后一段中的“However, there has yet to be any conclusive evidence explaining the “lipstick effect”. Whether it’s lipstick, single-use facials, or a new book, purchasing low-cost luxury items can be a pick-me-up in the face of tough times.(然而，目前还没有任何确凿的证据来解释“口红效应”。无论是口红、一次性面部护理，还是一本新书，购买低成本的奢侈品都可以让你在艰难时期振作起来)”可知，在人们缺钱的时候，包含口红在内的化妆品购买量呈上升趋势，且“口红效应”的这种趋势不局限于口红，还包括了很多其他低成本的奢侈品，即，“口红效应”指代偏好购买价格合理的产品。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据第五段中的““Perhaps people simply trade down to cheaper luxury and feel-good purchases when money gets tight,” consumer psychologist at the University of the Arts, London, Dr. Paul Marsden, told Byrdie. This is a great assumption, considering a survey conducted by found that 51.8% of adult Americans purchase products when they are seeking to improve their mood.(伦敦艺术大学的消费心理学家保罗·马斯登博士告诉Byrdie网站说：“也许人们只是在手头紧的时候，转而购买更便宜的奢侈品和让自己感觉良好的东西。”考虑到进行的一项调查发现，51.8%的美国成年人在寻求改善情绪时购买产品，这是一个很好的假设)”可知，在经济不景气时期，人们试图振奋精神。故选A。
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
319 曝光效应 说明文 细节理解、推理判断。 原理与效应类说明文是英语阅读理解中的重要题型，掌握其结构、语言特点和常见话题是提高成绩的关键。此类话题是高考命题常用的素材，例如：高考考过棉花糖效应、群体智慧效应等。
Some people think they are immune to ads. They might not have heard of the mere exposure effect — a psychological phenomenon where we tend to like things the more we are exposed to them.
When we plot the mere exposure effect on a graph with preferences on one axis (轴) and repetitions on the other, we will see that it takes about 15 repeats for the effect to reach its full potential. If the exposure is too excessive (过度), people get annoyed. And if they didn't like the thing initially, repeating it can make it worse.
There are two main explanations for the phenomenon. The first is certainty. Our minds naturally learn to be careful around new things that could potentially harm us. If we see something repeatedly without bad consequences, we are led to believe it is safe. The second is perceptual fluency. We are also hardwired to prefer simple things that take little mental load. Difficult tasks like figuring out something new take lots of attention and time, which is why we try to avoid them.
Known for discovering the effect was psychologist Robert Zajonc, who tested how subjects responded to specific symbols. A group of people were shown a series of random shapes which changed so quickly that it was impossible to notice that some were repeated. When the subjects were asked which shapes they found most pleasing, they chose those to which they had been exposed the most often, even though they had no conscious awareness of that.
The results showed that changes in preferences caused by repeated exposures depend not on any prior subjective and conscious evaluations of the stimulus but rather on results from the objective history of exposures alone.
Now tell us what you think about ads. If mere exposure to them makes us like things we otherwise wouldn't, should billboards (广告牌) be banned from the public area
1．Which of the following graphs best illustrates the mere exposure effect
A． B．
C． D．
2．According to Zajonc's experiment, what drives changes in preferences
A．Random variation. B．Objective analysis.
C．Subjective judgment. D．Subconscious familiarity.
3．Which promotional activity shows the application of the mere exposure effect
A．A novelist organizes a book signing event.
B．A game studio develops a challenging mode.
C．A singer buys hot recommendations on a music app.
D．A fashion brand reintroduces certain classic designs.
4．Why does the author mention ads at the end of the text
A．To criticize fake advertising. B．To oppose outdoor advertising.
C．To point out the drawbacks of ads. D．To caution against the influence of ads.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文探讨了“曝光效应”——一种因反复接触而对事物产生好感的心理现象，解释了其背后的理论，并以广告为例引发对这一效应的思考。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“When we plot the mere exposure effect on a graph with preferences on one axis (轴) and repetitions on the other, we will see that it takes about 15 repeats for the effect to reach its full potential. If the exposure is too excessive (过度), people get annoyed. And if they didn't like the thing initially, repeating it can make it worse.(当我们以偏好为一个轴（轴）和重复次数为另一个轴在图表上绘制单纯的曝光效应时，我们将看到，大约需要15次重复才能达到效果的全部潜力。如果曝光过多，人们就会感到烦恼。如果他们一开始不喜欢这件事，重复这件事会让事情变得更糟。)”可知，A图正确显示了反复曝光次数与对事物产生好感的关系，也就是单纯的曝光效应。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The results showed that changes in preferences caused by repeated exposures depend not on any prior subjective and conscious evaluations of the stimulus but rather on results from the objective history of exposures alone.(结果表明，反复曝光引起的偏好变化不取决于任何先前的主观和有意识的刺激评估，而是取决于客观曝光历史的结果。)”可知，偏好的变化是由重复曝光的客观历史驱动的，而非主观判断。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据第一段“They might not have heard of the mere exposure effect — a psychological phenomenon where we tend to like things the more we are exposed to them.(他们可能没有听说过“单纯曝光效应”——一种心理现象，我们接触的东西越多，就越喜欢。)”可知，“mere exposure effect”是指通过重复曝光使人们更喜欢某事物。选项C“A singer buys hot recommendations on a music app”通过多次推荐让听众反复接触到某首歌，符合这一效应的应用。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now tell us what you think about ads. If mere exposure to them makes us like things we otherwise wouldn't, should billboards (广告牌) be banned from the public area (现在告诉我们你对广告的看法。如果仅仅是接触广告就会让我们喜欢上一些我们本来不会喜欢的东西，那么广告牌是否应该被禁止出现在公共区域？)”可知，作者在最后提到广告，并提问“如果仅仅是接触广告就让我们喜欢原本不喜欢的事物，广告牌是否应该被禁止？”这表明作者在提醒人们注意广告对偏好的潜在影响。故选D项。
【变式1】
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
346 Zeigarnik效应 说明文 细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测。 原理与效应类说明文是英语阅读理解中的重要题型，掌握其结构、语言特点和常见话题是提高成绩的关键。此类话题是高考命题常用的素材，例如：高考考过棉花糖效应、群体智慧效应等。
Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day.
However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards.
The psychologist Bluma Zeigarmik observed the effect of interruption on memory processing in 1927. In the experiment, she asked each participant to complete a series of separate tasks, such as solving a puzzle or assembling a flat-pack box. During around half of the assignments, participants were subtly interrupted by the experiment supervisor, while during the remaining tasks, they were allowed time to complete them uninterrupted. Following the experiment, Zeigarnik interviewed each participant, asking them to recall details of each task that they had attempted.
Zeigarnik’s initial findings revealed that participants were able to recall details of interrupted tasks around 90% better than those who had been able to complete undisturbed. These results suggest that a desire to complete a task can cause it to be retained in a person’s memory until it has been completed, and that the finality of its completion enables the process of forgetting it to take place.
One way of employing the Zeigarnik effect when attempting to memorize a detailed piece of information, such as a long phone number, or when revising a subject, might be to avoid trying to remember it in its entirety in one sitting. Take a look at the information, familiarize yourself with it, then “interrupt yourself” — look away from where it is written for a few moments and think of something else, before returning a few more times to remember chunks of the number. Finally, piece these chunks together and attempt to recall the number in its entirety.
1．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams.
B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results.
C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision.
D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory.
2．How did Zeigarnik measure the effect of interruption on participants’ memory
A．By conducting brain scans. B．By rating participants’ memory.
C．By enquiring about task details. D．By observing physical reactions.
3．Which strategy should be used to avoid forgetting when revising a subject
A．Repeated writing and recalling. B．Entire remembering in one sitting.
C．Rapid memorization without breaks. D．Breaks in review and repeating in chunks.
4．What is the passage mainly about
A．The origin of the Zeigarnik Effect. B．The discovery of the Zeigarnik Effect.
C．The evaluation of the Zeigarnik Effect. D．The application of the Zeigarnik Effect.
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。
1．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中“Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. (你自己复习考试的经验可能会告诉你，不间断的集中注意力可以帮助你更好地记住关键信息。)”以及第二段首句“However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study.(然而，this commonly held wisdom却被一项心理学研究的观察结果所反驳)”中的“this commonly held wisdom”指的就是前文中提到的“不间断的专注有助于有效复习”的观点。因此，选项C“Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision(不间断的专注有助于有效复习)”符合题意。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Following the experiment, Zeigarnik interviewed each participant, asking them to recall details of each task that they had attempted.(实验结束后，Zeigarnik采访了每位参与者，要求他们回忆自己尝试过的每项任务的细节。)”可知，Zeigarnik通过询问参与者任务的细节来衡量中断对参与者记忆的影响。因此，选项C“By enquiring about task details(通过询问任务细节)”符合题意。故选C。
3．细节理解题。文章第五段提到“One way of employing the Zeigarnik effect when attempting to memorize a detailed piece of information, such as a long phone number, or when revising a subject, might be to avoid trying to remember it in its entirety in one sitting. Take a look at the information, familiarize yourself with it, then ‘interrupt yourself’ — look away from where it is written for a few moments and think of something else, before returning a few more times to remember chunks of the number. Finally, piece these chunks together and attempt to recall the number in its entirety.(在尝试记忆一个详细的信息（如一个长电话号码）或复习一个科目时，运用Zeigarnik效应的一种方法可能是避免一次性全部记住。看一下信息，熟悉一下，然后“打断自己”——把目光从所写的东西上移开一会儿，去想别的事情，然后再回来几次记住数字的几个部分。最后，把这些部分拼凑起来，试着完整地回忆这个数字)”可知，为了避免在复习一个科目时忘记，应该使用在复习中穿插休息，然后分块重复的策略。因此，选项D“Breaks in review and repeating in chunks(在复习中穿插休息并分块重复)”符合题意。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards.( 现在被称为Zeigarnik效应的研究发现，在需要集中注意力的任务中被打断实际上可以提高一个人事后的记忆能力。)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。因此，文章的主要内容是关于Zeigarnik效应的发现。选项B“The discovery of the Zeigarnik Effect(Zeigarnik效应的发现)”概括文章主旨。故选B。
【变式2】
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
340 本·富兰克林效应 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测。 原理与效应类说明文是英语阅读理解中的重要题型，掌握其结构、语言特点和常见话题是提高成绩的关键。此类话题是高考命题常用的素材，例如：高考考过棉花糖效应、群体智慧效应等。
Here’s a quick quiz. Person A does a favor for you. Person B asks you to do a favor for him. Who do you tend to like more Surprisingly, the answer is Person B．This quirk (怪癖) of human nature is known as the Ben Franklin Effect.
Benjamin Franklin came across the phenomenon in 1736 when serving as a clerk to the Pennsylvania Assembly. A powerful member didn’t care for Franklin and threatened to make life miserable for him. What to do Instead of winning him over with sweet talk, Franklin asked if he could borrow a rare and valuable book the man owned. This request altered the man’s attitude and paved the way for their friendship. Franklin’s takeaway: “He that has once done you a kindness will be ready to do you another, than he whom you yourself have obliged.”
Several studies have confirmed this. But how can we explain the Ben Franklin Effect Some psychologists refer to cognitive dissonance (失调). It’s difficult to hold two contradictory thoughts at the same time. It makes us uncomfortable. We resolve this tension by changing our mind. “I don’t like Joe, but I am doing him a favor,” we might think. “So maybe I do like him.”
While cognitive dissonance explains a lot, it alone doesn’t explain the Ben Franklin Effect. One 2015 study found that it was, rather, the affiliative (亲和的) motive that the requests convey. That is, we humans want to maintain good relations with other humans, and one way to achieve this is by doing favors for others. This explains a lot about altruistic behavior. We like being useful and, by extension, we like those who give us the opportunity to do so. It’s in our genes.
Yet there is much we still don’t know about the Ben Franklin Effect. Does it apply equally across cultures Is there a point beyond which asking a favor makes you less, not more likable Asking to borrow a book is one thing; asking to borrow a car is another.
1．Why does the author mention Benjamin Franklin’s experience
A．To illustrate a dilemma in making choices. B．To suggest a way of striking up friendships.
C．To stress the importance of strategic requests. D．To introduce the origin of the Ben Franklin Effect.
2．What is a reason for people’s tendency to like those asking for favors
A．Reducing the tension caused by social contact.
B．Increasing the chance of getting help in return.
C．Avoiding the discomfort from conflicting thoughts.
D．Establishing a cooperative community of shared trust.
3．What does the underlined word “altruistic” probably mean in paragraph 4
A．Selfless. B．Impolite. C．Aggressive. D．Responsible.
4．What does the author think of the Ben Franklin Effect
A．It makes little sense. B．It applies to most cultures.
C．It has situational limitations. D．It has great practical significance.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了本·富兰克林效应。
1．D推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Surprisingly, the answer is Person B. This quirk (怪癖) of human nature is known as the Ben Franklin Effect.(令人惊讶的是，答案是B型这种人性的怪癖被称为本·富兰克林效应。)”和第二段的“Benjamin Franklin came across the phenomenon in 1736 when serving as a clerk to the Pennsylvania Assembly. A powerful member didn’t care for Franklin and threatened to make life miserable for him. What to do Instead of winning him over with sweet talk, Franklin asked if he could borrow a rare and valuable book the man owned. This request altered the man’s attitude and paved the way for their friendship. Franklin’s takeaway: “He that has once done you a kindness will be ready to do you another, than he whom you yourself have obliged.”(本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)在1736年担任宾夕法尼亚州议会书记员时遇到了这种现象。一个有权有势的成员不喜欢富兰克林，并威胁要让他的生活很痛苦。该怎么办？富兰克林没有用甜言蜜语来说服他，而是问他是否可以借他拥有的一本珍贵的书。这个请求改变了男人的态度，为他们的友谊铺平了道路。富兰克林的结论是：“曾经善待过你的人，会比你所善待的人更愿意为你做另一件事。”)”可推断，作者提到本杰明·富兰克林的经历为了介绍“本杰明·富兰克林效应”的起源。故选D。
2．C细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Some psychologists refer to cognitive dissonance (失调). It’s difficult to hold two contradictory thoughts at the same time. It makes us uncomfortable.(一些心理学家称之为认知失调。同时持有两种相互矛盾的思想是很难的。这让我们感到不舒服。)” 可知，人们倾向于喜欢寻求帮助的人是因为认知失调，即避免持有矛盾的想法带来的不适。故选C。
3．A词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“One 2015 study found that it was, rather, the affiliative (亲和的) motive that the requests convey. That is, we humans want to maintain good relations with other humans, and one way to achieve this is by doing favors for others.(2015年的一项研究发现，更确切地说，这是请求所传达的亲和动机。也就是说，我们人类希望与他人保持良好的关系，而实现这一目标的一种方式就是帮助他人。)”以及下文“We like being useful and, by extension, we like those who give us the opportunity to do so. It’s in our genes.(我们喜欢成为有用的人，推而广之，我们喜欢那些给我们这样做机会的人。这是我们的基因。)”可推断，划线词所在句说明人类希望通过帮助他人来保持良好的关系，这解释了无私的行为，因此推断画线词与selfless“无私的”意思相近。故选A。
4．D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Yet there is much we still don’t know about the Ben Franklin Effect. Does it apply equally across cultures Is there a point beyond which asking a favor makes you less, not more likable Asking to borrow a book is one thing; asking to borrow a car is another.(然而，我们对本·富兰克林效应还有很多不了解的地方。它在不同文化中都适用吗？有没有一个点，超过了这个点，请求别人帮忙会让你更不讨人喜欢，而不是更讨人喜欢？借书是一回事；向别人借车是另一回事。)”可知，作者认为本·富兰克林效应有情境限制。故选C。
二、人工智能类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
336 人工智能对我们生活的改变以及引发的道德困境 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测。 人工智能作为当今科技发展的前沿领域，其相关话题在英语说明文中具有重要的考察价值。考生应熟悉人工智能的基本概念、应用场景、伦理挑战及未来发展趋势，并掌握相关的词汇和表达方式。
AI Morality (Oxford University Press, 2024), edited by British philosopher David Edmonds, is a collection of essays exploring how AI will completely change our lives and the moral dilemmas it will set off, painting a picture of the reasons to be cheerful and to worry. In this excerpt (节选), Muriel Leuenberger, a postdoctoral researcher in the ethics (道德) of technology and AI at the University of Zurich, focuses on this very modern identity crisis.
An AI that tells you who you are and what you should do is based on the idea that your identity is something you can discover — information you or an AI may access. But this view misses an important point: we also choose who we are.
Constantly relying on AI recommendation systems might calcify your identity. By recommending products and other contents, you become more likely to consume, think, and act in the way the AI system initially considered suitable for you, gradually influencing you so much that you develop into who it took you to originally be.
This is, however, not a necessary feature of recommendation systems. In theory, they could be designed to broaden the user’s horizon, instead of maximizing involvement by showing customers what they already like. In practice, that’s not how they function.
Besides, by giving decisions to AI, you may fail to meet the moral demand to take responsibility for who you are. This concern weighs particularly heavy when making the most substantial decisions. But even in ordinary cases like selecting movies, music, books, or news, it would be good to put recommendation systems aside from time to time, which in turn, calls for research, risk, and self-reflection.
An AI might state a lot of facts about you, but it is your job to find out what they mean to you and how you let them define you. The same holds for actions. Your actions are not just a way of seeking well-being. Through your actions, you choose what kind of person you are.
1．What does the collection of essays focus on
A．Potential benefits and risks of AI. B．Various dominant roles of AI.
C．Recent policies on AI development. D．Individual estimates of AI’s future.
2．What does the underlined word “calcify” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Admit. B．Weaken. C．Remember. D．Reject.
3．What is the recommendation system designed for
A．Developing users’ broader vision. B．Prioritizing the most ideal choice.
C．Highlighting existing preferences. D．Attracting consumers’ engagement.
4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To prove the uniqueness of AI. B．To stress the huge influence of AI.
C．To present the confusion brought by AI. D．To advocate independent thinking in AI era.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了《人工智能道德》这本书中的节选内容，探讨了人工智能对我们生活的改变以及引发的道德困境，重点阐述了人工智能推荐系统对用户身份的影响，呼吁人们在人工智能时代保持独立思考。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“AI Morality (Oxford University Press, 2024), edited by British philosopher David Edmonds, is a collection of essays exploring how AI will completely change our lives and the moral dilemmas it will set off, painting a picture of the reasons to be cheerful and to worry(英国哲学家大卫 埃德蒙兹编辑的《人工智能道德》（牛津大学出版社，2024年）是一本论文集，探讨了人工智能将如何彻底改变我们的生活以及它将引发的道德困境，描绘了我们应该感到高兴和担忧的原因)”可知，这本论文集关注的是人工智能带来的潜在好处和风险。故选A项。
2．词义猜测题。根据文章第三段“By recommending products and other contents, you become more likely to consume, think, and act in the way the AI system initially considered suitable for you, gradually influencing you so much that you develop into who it took you to originally be(通过推荐产品和其他内容，你更有可能按照人工智能系统最初认为适合你的方式去消费、思考和行动，逐渐对你产生很大影响，以至于你变成了它最初认为你应该成为的样子)”可知，不断依赖人工智能推荐系统会让你逐渐变成它所认为的样子，而不是自己主动去选择和发展，这意味着你的身份会受到限制，逐渐“弱化”。所以“calcify”在这里的意思是“弱化”，与weaken含义接近，故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“This is, however, not a necessary feature of recommendation systems. In theory, they could be designed to broaden the user's horizon, instead of maximizing involvement by showing customers what they already like(然而，这并不是推荐系统的必要特征。从理论上讲，它们可以被设计成拓宽用户的视野，而不是通过向客户展示他们已经喜欢的东西来最大化参与度)”可知，推荐系统理论上的设计目的是拓宽用户的视野，故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“An AI might state a lot of facts about you, but it is your job to find out what they mean to you and how you let them define you. The same holds for actions. Your actions are not just a way of seeking well-being. Through your actions, you choose what kind of person you are(人工智能可能会陈述很多关于你的事实，但弄清楚这些事实对你意味着什么以及你如何让它们定义你是你的工作。行动也是如此。你的行动不仅仅是一种追求幸福的方式。通过你的行动，你选择了你想成为什么样的人)”可知，作者强调在人工智能时代，人们要自己去思考人工智能所提供的信息的意义，以及自己要成为什么样的人，而不是完全依赖人工智能。可推理出作者写这篇文章的目的是倡导在人工智能时代进行独立思考，故选D项。
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
317 介绍了AI与中医结合的项目及其发展情况与前景 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意。 人工智能作为当今科技发展的前沿领域，其相关话题在英语说明文中具有重要的考察价值。考生应熟悉人工智能的基本概念、应用场景、伦理挑战及未来发展趋势，并掌握相关的词汇和表达方式。
Imagine obtaining traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) services with just a click on your smartphone. The tiring hospital trip — often causing long waits and many troubles, especially for the old — can now be done easily online.
The new program is transforming TCM medical services. Users can now receive a detailed health report in under 2 minutes simply after shooting a quick photo of their tongue. Developers explain this breakthrough combines traditional TCM tongue examination methods with modern AI image analysis technology. Within half a year, the program has served over 30,000 users, with 94% reporting satisfactory outcomes.
The application of AI in TCM holds significant promise for areas with limited medical resources. In distant regions where access to experienced doctors is rare, AI-assisted tools could improve healthcare quality with their medical abilities. While AI offers great potential for TCM, accurate diagnosis (诊断) still relies heavily on the doctors' professional judgment.
Although AI has made progress in TCM, more work is needed due to the lack of standard rules. TCM’s diverse schools and approaches, developed over thousands of years, often lead to different treatment plans for the same illness, making it difficult for AI to learn effectively. Additionally, while computers have been used in TCM since the 1980s, early systems were too simple to handle complex patient conditions with unpredictable symptoms (症状). To address these issues, China is working on standardizing TCM by establishing 180 national and 30 international standards by 2026, while researchers are developing better TCM-AI tools.
In conclusion, the integration (融合) of AI into TCM will greatly improve healthcare by making TCM more accessible and efficient. However, as the journey is only beginning, much work remains. With joint efforts from researchers and practitioners, there is every reason to believe that TCM is expected to not only enhance the quality of healthcare but also extend its benefits to communities far and wide.
1．What should users do to experience the program’s service
A．Hand in a health report. B．Examine their whole body.
C．Make changes to their diet. D．Take a photo of their tongue.
2．Which of the following is the program’s advantage
A．Health care for the elderly. B．AI’s assistance in diagnosis.
C．Full replacement of doctors. D．Accurate judgment of illnesses.
3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A．Challenges in the combination. B．Achievements of the program.
C．Technologies behind the program. D．Various schools and ideas of TCM.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the program
A．Unclear. B．Disapproving. C．Doubtful. D．Positive.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了AI与中医结合的项目及其发展情况与前景。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Users can now receive a detailed health report in under 2 minutes simply after shooting a quick photo of their tongue.(现在，用户只需快速拍一张舌头的照片，不到两分钟就能收到一份详细的健康报告)” 可知，用户体验该项目服务只需拍一张舌头的照片。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Developers explain this breakthrough combines traditional TCM tongue examination methods with modern AI image analysis technology.(开发人员解释说，这一突破将传统中医舌诊方法与现代人工智能图像分析技术相结合)”及第三段“The application of AI in TCM holds significant promise for areas with limited medical resources.(人工智能在中医中的应用为医疗资源有限的地区带来了巨大的希望)”可知，该项目的优势是AI在诊断方面的辅助作用。故选B。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Although AI has made progress in TCM, more work is needed due to the lack of standard rules. TCM’s diverse schools and approaches, developed over thousands of years, often lead to different treatment plans for the same illness, making it difficult for AI to learn effectively. Additionally, while computers have been used in TCM since the 1980s, early systems were too simple to handle complex patient conditions with unpredictable symptoms. To address these issues, China is working on standardizing TCM by establishing 180 national and 30 international standards by 2026, while researchers are developing better TCM-AI tools.(尽管人工智能在中医领域取得了进展，但由于缺乏标准规则，仍有更多工作要做。几千年来发展起来的中医流派和方法多种多样，往往导致对同一种疾病有不同的治疗方案，这使得人工智能难以有效地学习。此外，虽然自20世纪80年代以来计算机就已在中医中得到应用，但早期的系统过于简单，无法处理症状不可预测的复杂患者病情。为了解决这些问题，中国正在努力实现中医标准化，到2026年将建立180项国家标准和30项国际标准，同时研究人员正在开发更好的中医-人工智能工具)”可知，本段主要讲述了AI在中医中应用面临的问题，如缺乏标准规则、中医流派多样导致AI学习困难以及早期系统难以处理复杂病情等，即AI与中医结合面临的挑战。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In conclusion, the integration of AI into TCM will greatly improve healthcare by making TCM more accessible and efficient. However, as the journey is only beginning, much work remains. With joint efforts from researchers and practitioners, there is every reason to believe that TCM is expected to not only enhance the quality of healthcare but also extend its benefits to communities far and wide.(总之，人工智能与中医的融合将通过使中医更容易获得和更高效，极大地改善医疗保健。然而，由于这一进程才刚刚开始，还有很多工作要做。通过研究人员和从业者的共同努力，我们完全有理由相信，中医不仅有望提高医疗保健的质量，还能将其益处扩展到更广泛的社区)”可知，作者认为AI与中医的融合将极大地改善医疗保健，相信中医不仅能提高医疗质量，还能惠及更广泛的群体。由此推知，作者对该项目持积极态度。故选D。
押题3
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
281 介绍了聊天机器人的工作原理和应用 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意、词义猜测。 人工智能作为当今科技发展的前沿领域，其相关话题在英语说明文中具有重要的考察价值。考生应熟悉人工智能的基本概念、应用场景、伦理挑战及未来发展趋势，并掌握相关的词汇和表达方式。
Even if you haven’t held a conversation with Siri or Alexa, you’ve likely encountered a chatbot online. They often appear in a chat window that pops up with a friendly greeting: Thank you for visiting our site. How can I help you today Depending on the site, the chatbot is programmed to respond accordingly and even ask follow-up questions.
Chatbots communicate through speech or text. Both rely on artificial intelligence technologies like machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), which is a branch of artificial intelligence that teaches machines to read, analyze and interpret human language. This technology gives chatbots a baseline for understanding language structure and meaning. NLP, in essence, allows the computer to understand what you are asking and how to appropriately respond.
With developments in deep learning and reinforcement learning, chatbots can interpret more complexities in language and improve the dynamic nature of conversation between human and machine. Essentially, a chatbot tries to match what you’ve asked to an intent that it understands. The more a chatbot communicates with you, the more it understands and the more it learns to communicate like you and others with similar questions. Your positive responses reinforce its answers, and then it uses those answers again.
From customer service chatbots online to personal assistants in our homes, chatbots have started to enter our lives. In almost every industry, companies are using chatbots to help customers easily navigate their websites, answer simple questions and direct people to the relevant points of contact. Personal assistants like Siri and Alexa are designed to respond to a wide range of scenarios and queries, from current weather and news updates to personal calendars, music selections and random questions.
1．Why does the author mention Siri and Alexa in Paragraph 1
A．To give examples of chatbots. B．To show where to find a chatbot.
C．To explain how a chatbot works. D．To compare different chatbots.
2．What is the basis of chatbots
A．Language study. B．Data transmission.
C．Social interaction. D．Natural language processing.
3．What does the underlined word “reinforce” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Inspire. B．Strengthen.
C．Organize. D．Match.
4．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．The future trend of chatbots. B．The author’s predictions.
C．The applications of chatbots. D．The effects of chatbots.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了聊天机器人的工作原理和应用。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Even if you haven’t held a conversation with Siri or Alexa, you’ve likely encountered a chatbot online. They often appear in a chat window that pops up with a friendly greeting: Thank you for visiting our site.(即使你没有和Siri或Alexa进行过对话，你也可能在网上遇到过聊天机器人。它们经常出现在聊天窗口中，并弹出友好的问候：感谢您访问我们的网站)”可知，作者在第一段提到了Siri和Alexa是给出聊天机器人的例子。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Both rely on artificial intelligence technologies like machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), which is a branch of artificial intelligence that teaches machines to read, analyze and interpret human language.(两者均依赖诸如机器学习和自然语言处理（NLP）之类的人工智能技术，NLP 是人工智能的一个分支，它使机器能够阅读、分析和解读人类语言)”可知，聊天机器人的基础是是自然语言处理。故选D项。
3．词句猜测题。根据文中“The more a chatbot communicates with you, the more it understands and the more it learns to communicate like you and others with similar questions.(聊天机器人和你交流得越多，它就越能理解你，也就越能学会像你和其他有类似问题的人一样交流)”以及下文“then it uses those answers again.(然后它会再次使用这些答案)”可知，聊天机器人和你交流得越多，它就越能理解你，然后它会再次使用这些答案。由此可知，划线单词所在的句子表达的意思是你的积极回应“强化”了它的答案，所以划线单词的意思与“Strengthen（巩固，强化）”意思一致。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“From customer service chatbots online to personal assistants in our homes, chatbots have started to enter our lives. In almost every industry, companies are using chatbots to help customers easily navigate their websites, answer simple questions and direct people to the relevant points of contact. (从在线客服聊天机器人到家庭私人助理，聊天机器人已经开始进入我们的生活。几乎在每个行业，公司都在使用聊天机器人来帮助客户轻松浏览网站，回答简单的问题，并将人们引导到相关的联络点)”可知，聊天机器人开始进入我们的生活，结合下文对Siri和Alexa的实际运用可知，最后一段主要是关于聊天机器人的应用。故选C项。
押题4
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
328 人工智能在课堂教学中的应用 说明文 细节理解、推理判断。 人工智能作为当今科技发展的前沿领域，其相关话题在英语说明文中具有重要的考察价值。考生应熟悉人工智能的基本概念、应用场景、伦理挑战及未来发展趋势，并掌握相关的词汇和表达方式。
Productive artificial intelligence is increasingly making its presence felt in classrooms. It’s not just students who are turning to AI for help; teachers are also getting involved. Many teachers are now using new AI grading tools, which offer students speedier feedback and more opportunities to practice. When applied correctly, AI assistants are believed to bring about benefits and remove prejudice from the evaluation of student work.
Education-oriented (面向教育的) AI startups typically provide grading services mainly in writing-heavy subjects like English and history, and to some extent in math and science. These AI-based systems generate a score and offer negative comments on various elements such as topic sentences, persuasive arguments and more. Teachers have the option to use the AI-generated feedback as a guide or directly pass it on to students.
However, not everyone is convinced that AI is suitable for grading. Some people hold the view that the technology isn’t reliable enough for vital grading, which can have a significant impact on students’ college admissions and other life-changing decisions. Critics point out that current AI tools can have shortcomings or be overly strict in grading. Alex Kotran, co-founder of the AI Education Project, emphasized, “It should not be used for grading. It will weaken public trust in the education system.”
To test how these graders function, a 12th-grade English paper from a Wall Street Journal colleague was put into three different AI tools. The paper, an essay about the oppression (压迫) of Ophelia in Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” that originally received a 97% in 2013, got various scores. AutoMark gave it 97% at first and later 100%, while Class Companion rated it 62% and CoGrader judged it 85%. The results were confusing.
In conclusion, AI grading tools offer both opportunities and challenges in the classroom. As AI technology continues to grow, it will be crucial to strike a balance between getting much of its benefits and preserving the human touch that is essential for effective teaching and learning.
1．What are the favorable results brought by AI grading tools according to paragraph 1
A．Faster feedback and more chances to practice.
B．Reduced workload for teachers and increased student activity.
C．Improved student attendance and better classroom management.
D．Enhanced student-teacher interaction and reduced homework.
2．What subjects are primarily targeted by AI companies for grading services
A．Calculation-core subjects. B．Experiment-centre subjects.
C．Politics-related subjects. D．Article-writing subjects.
3．Why do some people oppose to use AI for critical grading
A．AI tools are too expensive for schools to afford.
B．AI technology decreases public trust in the education system.
C．AI grading will make teachers lose their jobs.
D．AI tools make students become over-dependent on technology.
4．What can we learn from paragraph 4
A．AI grading tools function perfectly.
B．AI grading tools should be used with great caution.
C．AI grading tools are reliable in the final assessment.
D．AI grading tools will play a key role in education.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是人工智能在课堂教学中的应用，特别是AI评分工具带来的机遇与挑战。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Many teachers are now using new AI grading tools, which offer students speedier feedback and more opportunities to practice.(许多教师正在使用新的AI评分工具，这些工具为学生提供了更快的反馈和更多的练习机会。)”可知，人工智能评分工具为学生提供了更快的反馈和更多的练习机会。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Education-oriented (面向教育的) AI startups typically provide grading services mainly in writing-heavy subjects like English and history, and to some extent in math and science.(面向教育的AI初创公司通常主要提供在写作密集型科目如英语和历史中的评分服务，并在一定程度上涉及数学和科学)”可知，AI初创公司通常主要提供在写作密集型科目如英语和历史中的评分服务，由此可知，AI公司提供的评分服务主要针对的是写作类科目。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Alex Kotran, co-founder of the AI Education Project, emphasized, “It should not be used for grading. It will weaken public trust in the education system.”(AI教育项目联合创始人亚历克斯·科特兰强调：“AI不应被用于评分，因为它会削弱公众对教育系统的信任。”)”可知，AI被用于评分会削弱公众对教育系统的信任。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The paper, an essay about the oppression (压迫) of Ophelia in Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” that originally received a 97% in 2013, got various scores. AutoMark gave it 97% at first and later 100%, while Class Companion rated it 62% and CoGrader judged it 85%. The results were confusing.(这篇关于莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中奥菲利亚压迫的论文在2013年曾获得97分，但在AI工具中得分各异：AutoMark给出97分（后来调整为100分），Class Companion评分为62分，CoGrader则给出85分。结果令人困惑。)”可知，本段通过一个测试案例展示了AI评分工具的不一致性，结果令人困惑，由此可知，AI评分工具存在不可靠性，需要谨慎使用。故选B项。
三、环境保护类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
267 介绍为了减少塑料人们所采取的行动 说明文 细节理解。 环境保护是当今全球关注的焦点问题之一。随着工业化、城市化的快速发展，环境污染、资源枯竭、气候变化等问题日益严重，威胁着人类的生存和发展。环境保护类说明文旨在探讨环境问题的成因、影响及解决方案，呼吁人们关注环境问题并采取行动。因此，环境保护类话题成为考试中的热门押题方向。
The development of plastic alternatives has become a significant trend. In Victorian London, Alexander Parkes invented the first plastic. Now, London-based Notpla is making waves with its seaweed-based material that decomposes in six weeks, unlike traditional plastics. It’s one of many companies exploring natural polymers(聚合物) like corn, mushrooms, or agricultural waste. Traceless is producing compostable (可堆肥) cutlery, C&A uses biodegradable hooks, and IKEA has experimented with mushroom packaging.
The global plastic situation is dire. The OECD reports that this year, around 500m tonnes of plastic will be produced, with only a fraction recycled or incinerated (焚烧) and the rest ending up in landfills or water bodies. Plastic production and disposal contribute 3% of global greenhouse-gas emissions, more than aviation (航空). To address this, the UN is negotiating a binding treaty (条约) to curb (遏制) plastic’s environmental impact, focusing on recycling, set to take effect next year.
For companies, plastic is mainly used in packaging. Many are taking steps to reduce waste. Coca-Cola switched Sprite bottles to a more recyclable transparent design. Over 250 companies, including giants like Coca-Cola, Nestle, Unilever, and Danone, have joined a coalition (联盟) supporting the UN treaty. Since 2018, coalition companies have reduced virgin plastic use by 3%, but it’s short of the 18% target. They’re exploring alternative materials, with Nestle having sustainable packaging research center. VC firms have also invested heavily in this area.
However, alternative materials are costly. Seaweed-coated trays are several times more expensive than plastic ones. While consumers express willingness to pay more for sustainable packaging, it’s uncertain if they’ll follow through.
1．What makes Notpla’s material different from traditional plastics
A．It is made from fossil fuels. B．It decomposes much faster.
C．It is more durable. D．It is cheaper.
2．Why is the UN negotiating a global treaty on plastic
A．To promote plastic production. B．To encourage more plastic recycling.
C．To reduce plastic’s environmental harm. D．To standardize plastic packaging.
3．What have companies like Coca-Cola done to reduce plastic waste
A．They have stopped using plastic bottles. B．They have increased the use of virgin plastic.
C．They have changed the design of their bottles. D．They have joined a coalition against plastic use.
4．What is the challenge for the adoption of alternative packaging materials
A．Lack of consumer demand. B．High cost.
C．Insufficient research. D．Government regulations.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了塑料替代品的发展已成为一个显著的趋势，介绍为了减少塑料人们所采取的行动。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Now, London-based Notpla is making waves with its seaweed-based material that decomposes in six weeks, unlike traditional plastics.(现在，总部位于伦敦的Notpla正在制造一种基于海藻的材料，与传统塑料不同，这种材料可以在六周内分解)”可知，Notpla的材料比传统塑料分解得快多了。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“To address this, the UN is negotiating a binding treaty (条约) to curb (遏制) plastic’s environmental impact, focusing on recycling, set to take effect next year.(为了解决这个问题，联合国正在就一项具有约束力的条约进行谈判，以遏制塑料对环境的影响，重点是回收利用，该条约将于明年生效)”可知，联合国要谈判一项关于塑料的全球条约是为了减少塑料对环境的危害。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“For companies, plastic is mainly used in packaging. Many are taking steps to reduce waste. Coca-Cola switched Sprite bottles to a more recyclable transparent design. (对于公司来说，塑料主要用于包装。许多国家正在采取措施减少浪费。可口可乐将雪碧瓶子换成了更可回收的透明设计)”可知，像可口可乐这样的公司为减少塑料垃圾改变了瓶子的设计。故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, alternative materials are costly.(然而，替代材料是昂贵的)”可知，采用替代包装材料的挑战是成本高。故选B。
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
364 囊地鼠通过挖掘富含细菌和真菌的旧土壤并将其带至地表以助力生态恢复，其对生态系统恢复产生了长期的积极影响 说明文 细节理解。 环境保护是当今全球关注的焦点问题之一。随着工业化、城市化的快速发展，环境污染、资源枯竭、气候变化等问题日益严重，威胁着人类的生存和发展。环境保护类说明文旨在探讨环境问题的成因、影响及解决方案，呼吁人们关注环境问题并采取行动。因此，环境保护类话题成为考试中的热门押题方向。
Like something straight out of a Disney movie, a study found that gophers (囊地鼠) worked to save an entire mountain. These little critters dug up bacteria and fungi that helped restore lost plant and animal life in the devastated mountain landscape.
In 1980, Mount St. Helens in Washington erupted, destroying everything around it. There was no sign of animal and plant life returning, leaving the region a totally desolate place. Out of curiosity, scientists wondered if digging up bacteria and fungi would help with soil recovery, bringing plants and, eventually, animals back to the area. Therefore scientists turned to animals that loved to dig.
“Gophers are often considered pests, but we thought they would take old soil, move it to the surface, and that would be where recovery would occur,” says study author Michael Allen, a microbiologist at the University of California, Riverside.
In 1983, scientists tested this theory and went to the lava-destroyed landscape on Mount St. Helens by helicopter. They released a few local gophers onto two plots of volcanic rock for a day, hoping these creatures would dig up old fertile soil rich in bacteria and fungi, which enter plant root cells and exchange nutrients with the plants. Additionally, they protect plants from harmful pathogens (病原体) lurking around in the soil.
Six years after the gophers were dropped in the area, the land began flourishing again with new life. About forty thousand plants grew on the gopher plots compared to the areas the gophers did not explore, which remained empty and lifeless.
“In the 1980s, we were just testing the short-term reaction,” says Allen. “Who would have predicted you could toss a gopher in for a day and see a residual (残留的) effect 40 years later ”
Meanwhile, another side of the mountain painted a different picture. This side of the forest had been chopped down for logging, leaving nothing for fungi to feed on. The result A whole lot of nothing. “There still isn’t much of anything growing in the clear-cut area,” says Emma Aronson, an environmental microbiologist at UC Riverside. “It is shocking to look at the flourishing forest soil and compare it to the dead area.”
1．What does the underlined word in the second paragraph mean
A．Deserted. B．Remote. C．Frozen. D．Dangerous.
2．Why did scientists choose gophers in their experiment
A．Gophers have excellent digging skills.
B．Gophers are able to adapt to extreme environments.
C．Gophers can bring underground microbes to the surface.
D．Gophers can be easily trained to perform assigned tasks.
3．What can bacteria and fungi in old soil do
A．Protect plant root cells. B．Supply plants with nutrients.
C．Kill harmful pathogens in the soil. D．Help plants breathe in more oxygen.
4．What does Emma Aronson think of the result of the experiment
A．Baseless. B．Suspicious. C．Reliable. D．Unexpected.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了囊地鼠在恢复受损山脉生态系统中的关键作用。科学家发现，囊地鼠通过挖掘富含细菌和真菌的旧土壤并将其带至地表以助力生态恢复，其对生态系统恢复产生了长期的积极影响。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“In 1980, Mount St. Helens in Washington erupted, destroying everything around it. There was no sign of animal and plant life returning(1980 年，华盛顿的圣海伦斯火山爆发，摧毁了周围的一切。没有动植物生命回归的迹象)”可知，这个地区变得荒芜，没有生命迹象，故划线词与A项Deserted“荒芜的，无人居住的”意义相近。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段““Gophers are often considered pests, but we thought they would take old soil, move it to the surface, and that would be where recovery would occur,” says study author Michael Allen, a microbiologist at the University of California, Riverside.(加州大学河滨分校的微生物学家、研究作者迈克尔 艾伦说：“囊地鼠通常被认为是害虫，但我们认为它们会把旧土壤带到地表，而那里将是恢复发生的地方”)”及第四段“They released a few local gophers onto two plots of volcanic rock for a day, hoping these creatures would dig up old fertile soil rich in bacteria and fungi(他们将几只当地的囊地鼠放到两块火山岩上一天，希望这些动物能挖出富含细菌和真菌的肥沃旧土壤)”可知，科学家选择囊地鼠是因为它们能把地下富含细菌和真菌的旧土壤带到地表。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“...bacteria and fungi, which enter plant root cells and exchange nutrients with the plants. Additionally, they protect plants from harmful pathogens (病原体) lurking around in the soil(细菌和真菌进入植物根部细胞并与植物交换营养物质。此外，它们保护植物免受潜伏在土壤中的有害病原体的侵害)”可知，旧土壤中的细菌和真菌能为植物提供营养。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““There still isn’t much of anything growing in the clear-cut area,” says Emma Aronson, an environmental microbiologist at UC Riverside. “It is shocking to look at the flourishing forest soil and compare it to the dead area.”(加州大学河滨分校的环境微生物学家艾玛 阿伦森说：“在砍伐区仍然没有什么东西生长。看到繁茂的森林土壤并将其与荒芜地区进行比较，令人震惊”)”可知，艾玛 阿伦森对实验结果感到惊讶，觉得出乎意料。故选D。
押题3
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
333 微塑料在食物链中的生物累积问题及其对海洋生态系统和人类健康的潜在威胁 说明文 推理判断、词义猜测。 环境保护是当今全球关注的焦点问题之一。随着工业化、城市化的快速发展，环境污染、资源枯竭、气候变化等问题日益严重，威胁着人类的生存和发展。环境保护类说明文旨在探讨环境问题的成因、影响及解决方案，呼吁人们关注环境问题并采取行动。因此，环境保护类话题成为考试中的热门押题方向。
It’s no secret that when we enjoy a delicious piece of fish or a plate of seafood, we’re not just taking in valuable nutrients like vitamin D．In reality, alongside these benefits come less appetizing elements - there’re countless microplastics.
These plastic particles (颗粒), usually measuring less than 5 millimetres, enter oceans through human waste and join the food chain. According to a study, around 24,400 billion microplastics are found in all ocean organisms, from seaweed to fish, which occupy higher levels of the food chain. This phenomenon not only threatens ocean ecosystems but also raises concerns about potential risks to human health.
Since the 1950s, plastic production has grown dramatically, reaching 58 million tons in Europe in 2022 alone. This has led to massive amounts of waste. Over time, wind, waves, sunlight, and microorganisms break down larger plastic waste into microplastics, which now contaminate all parts of the environment, including the air, soil, and water. The process by which these plastics accumulate (积累) in organisms across different levels of the food chain is known as “bioaccumulation”. Research from our laboratory reveals that in water environments, microplastics are consumed by a wide range of species, from organisms at the bottom of the food chain to animals at the top.
The consumption has serious consequences. Studies show that microplastics can do harm to ocean life. For instance, in shellfish, microplastics can block digestive systems, activate immune (免疫的) responses, cause DNA damage and interfere with the expression of genes essential to various cellular functions. The severity of these effects depends on the plastics’ size, composition, degree of degradation, and any harmful chemical additive they may contain. These chemicals can disturb natural body systems, posing risks not just to ocean life but potentially to humans as well.
The urgency to tackle plastic “bioaccumulation” in the food chain cannot be overstated. By taking swift action to limit plastic usage and improve recycling technologies, we can slow the progression of this environmental and health crisis.
1．How does the author lead in the text
A．By making assumptions. B．By describing a study.
C．By listing statistics. D．By stating a fact.
2．Which word can best describe the distribution of microplastics in the ocean
A．Concentrated. B．Limited. C．Extensive. D．Separate.
3．What does the underlined word “contaminate” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Organize. B．Pollute. C．Integrate. D．Dominate.
4．Why are shellfish mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To show microplastics’ harm to ocean life.
B．To show the ocean life’s cellular functions.
C．To show the process of microplastics’ formation.
D．To show microplastics’ impact on human health.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是微塑料在食物链中的生物累积问题及其对海洋生态系统和人类健康的潜在威胁。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“It’s no secret that when we enjoy a delicious piece of fish or a plate of seafood, we’re not just taking in valuable nutrients like vitamin D. In reality, alongside these benefits come less appetizing elements - there’re countless microplastics. (众所周知，当我们享用一块美味的鱼或一盘海鲜时，我们不仅摄入了维生素D等宝贵的营养物质。事实上，除了这些好处之外，还有一些不那么开胃的元素——微塑料。)”可知，作者是通过陈述事实来引出文章，故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“According to a study, around 24,400 billion microplastics are found in all ocean organisms, from seaweed to fish, which occupy higher levels of the food chain. (根据一项研究，在从海藻到鱼类的所有海洋生物中发现了大约244000亿个微塑料，这些生物占据了食物链的较高层次。)”可知，海洋中微塑料的分布是广泛的，故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Over time, wind, waves, sunlight, and microorganisms break down larger plastic waste into microplastics (随着时间的推移，风、浪、阳光和微生物会将较大的塑料垃圾分解成微塑料)”和“all parts of the environment, including the air, soil, and water (环境的所有部分，包括空气、土壤和水)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“随着时间的推移，风、浪、阳光和微生物将较大的塑料废物分解成微塑料，现在污染了环境的各个部分，包括空气、土壤和水”，划线词contaminate的意思是“污染”，和pollute意思相近。故选B。
4．推理判断题，根据第四段“The consumption has serious consequences. Studies show that microplastics can do harm to ocean life. For instance, in shellfish, microplastics can block digestive systems, activate immune (免疫的) responses, cause DNA damage and interfere with the expression of genes essential to various cellular functions. (这种消费带来了严重的后果。研究表明，微塑料会对海洋生物造成伤害。例如，在贝类中，微塑料会阻塞消化系统，激发免疫反应，导致DNA损伤，并干扰对多种细胞功能至关重要的基因表达。)”可知，第4段提到贝类是为了展示微塑料对海洋生物的危害。故选A。
四、社会生活类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
342 吹嘘自己压力水平的人被同事视为能力较差，也不太讨人喜欢 说明文 细节理解、词义猜测。 社会生活类阅读理解文章通常涉及人类日常生活中的各种话题。这类文章旨在考察考生对社会问题的理解、分析和批判性思维能力。随着全球化的发展，社会生活中的跨文化差异、科技进步对社会的影响、心理健康等问题成为热门话题。因此，社会生活类阅读理解在考试中占有重要地位。
A new research finds people who brag (吹嘘)about their stress levels are seen as less competent and less likable by their co-workers. “This is a behavior we’ve all seen and we all might be guilty of at some point,” says Jessica Rodell, lead author of the study in the journal Personnel Psychology. “When I was wondering about why people do this, I thought maybe we are talking about our stress because we want to prove we’re good enough. We found out that often has the opposite effect.”
360 participants compared statements from imaginary co-workers who just returned from a conference. Participants rated their imaginary co-worker on likability, competence, and the likelihood they would help the co-worker at work. In the survey, the stress-bragging colleague described the conference as “just one more thing on my full plate. And I was already stressed to the max… you have no idea the stress that I am under.” Participants rated that person as significantly less likable and less competent than someone who said work had been stressful or who just talked about how great the conference was. Participants also said they would be less likely to help the complaining co-workers if they were overburdened at work.
The researchers also found employees with co-workers who brag about stress often reported higher levels of personal stress and burnout. “Bragging about stress creates the perception that high stress levels are an expected and normal part of the work culture,” Rodell says. “When somebody is constantly talking about and bragging about their stress, it makes stress seem like a good thing,” Rodell adds. “It just spills over onto the co-workers next to them. They wind up feeling more stressed, which leads to higher burnout or withdrawal from their work.”
“It’s not the being stressed part that’s a problem,” she says. “If you really feel stressed, it’s OK to find the right person to share with and talk about it. But be mindful that stress is not an honor to be bragged about — that will have the opposite effect.”
1．What does Jessica Rodell mean by saying the underlined sentence
A．Bragging about stress levels is common.
B．Only a few people brag about their stress levels.
C．Many people like to brag about their accomplishments.
D．Researchers feel guilty about talking about stress with others.
2．Why might people talk about their stress levels according to Jessica Rodell
A．To make friends at work. B．To seek help from others.
C．To show they are very busy. D．To prove they are competent.
3．What did the participants compare in the survey
A．Different methods of stress management.
B．Their own stress levels with those of their co-workers.
C．The productivity levels before and after the conference.
D．Statements from imaginary co-workers attending the conference.
4．How does one’s constant stress bragging affect his or her co-workers
A．It motivates them to work harder. B．It lets them feel more stressed.
C．It makes them feel less competent. D．It encourages them to seek promotions.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了《人事心理学》杂志的一项新的研究发现，吹嘘自己压力水平的人被同事视为能力较差，也不太讨人喜欢。
1．句意猜测题。划线句中“This is a behavior we’ve all seen and we all might be guilty of at some point,(这是我们都见过的行为，我猜押 阅读理解说明文
猜押考点 3年真题 词数 话题 考情分析 押题依据
阅读理解说明文 2024年新高考Ⅰ卷阅读CD篇 C：351 D：370 C篇纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果；D篇数字生物多样性记录存在偏见 2024年新高考阅读理解说明文特点。 英语阅读理解试题总是在CD篇设置思维能力较强的自然科学和社会科学方面的文章，试题循着“了解现状—聚焦问题—分析原因—提出建议”的逻辑进行设计，考查学生对每个环节关键内容的准确理解，引导学生培养科学探究精神，提升发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。鲜明地彰显了命题人旨在培养新一代青年学子独立思考、理性判断的教育导向。 高考说明文体裁的阅读材料通常多为科普读物(包括介绍最新科技、重大成就等)、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等等。说明文的总体结构通常分为三个部分：说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。
2024年新高考Ⅱ卷阅读CD篇 C：268 D：319 C篇介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势；D篇介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书
2023年新高考I卷阅读CD篇 C：318 D：337 C篇倡导简单的数字生活方式；D篇“群体智慧”效应
2023年新高考Ⅱ卷阅读CD篇 C：326 D：318 C篇介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义；D篇保护城市中的野生自然
2022年新高考I卷阅读BCD篇 B：339 C：293 D：335 B篇常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力；C篇改善老年人的健康状况的项目；D篇饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音
2022年新高考Ⅱ卷阅读CD篇 C：282 D：348 C篇开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题；D篇锻炼对于心脏的好处
押题预测目录
一、原理和效应类 二、人工智能类 三、环境保护类 四、社会生活类 五、科普、研究报告类 六、体育与健康类 七、发明与创造类 八、宇宙探索类 九、教育类 十、语言研究类
一、原理和效应类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
316 “口红效应”以及引起“口红效应”的心理动机 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测。 原理与效应类说明文是英语阅读理解中的重要题型，掌握其结构、语言特点和常见话题是提高成绩的关键。此类话题是高考命题常用的素材，例如：高考考过棉花糖效应、群体智慧效应等。
The “lipstick effect” refers to the idea that women purchase more lipsticks when the economy is in bad shape. A 2020 study published by the Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics investigated the spending habits of women aging 18-40 during the 2007 recession (衰退). They found a rise in make-up purchases during the years when money was the tightest. There are a few theories that try to explain this seemingly impractical trend.
In a 2021 article published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researchers theorized that the “lipstick effect” was a result of evolutionary mating psychology. “The lipstick effect reflects a strategic shift in women’s consumer behavior that is guided by the desire to attract the mates they most desire in an environment where they are rare,” the researchers concluded.
Though this paper is frequently cited, a 2020 study published in the Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics suggested that the women who contributed to the increase in cosmetic purchases included an even mixture of married and single women, employed and unemployed.
It turns out, the most popular lipstick color for women to buy is contrary to what men find the most bewitching. That said, there are various potential reasons why lipstick purchases increase when the economy is down, and they have nothing to do with mating and the male stare.
“Perhaps people simply trade down to cheaper luxury and feel-good purchases when money gets tight,” consumer psychologist at the University of the Arts, London, Dr. Paul Marsden, told Byrdie. This is a great assumption, considering a survey conducted by found that 51.8% of adult Americans purchase products when they are seeking to improve their mood.
However, there has yet to be any conclusive evidence explaining the “lipstick effect”. Whether it’s lipstick, single-use facials, or a new book, purchasing low-cost luxury items can be a pick-me-up in the face of tough times.
1．What can we know from the 2021 article
A．It did not observe single women’s behavior.
B．It showed no respect for female consumers.
C．It narrowed women’s consumption motives.
D．It just paid attention to cosmetic markets.
2．What does the underlined word “bewitching” mean in Paragraph 4
A．Economical. B．Inviting. C．Shocking. D．Luxurious.
3．What does the “lipstick effect” mainly discuss
A．Shifts of marketing strategies in recessions.
B．Consumption psychology of young adults.
C．Causes of females’ low purchasing power.
D．Preference of buying affordable products.
4．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A．People in bad economic times try to lift spirits.
B．Paul Marsden offered a conclusive explanation.
C．’s finding contradicted Paul Marsden’s view.
D．Over half of Americans suffer from economic recession.
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
319 曝光效应 说明文 细节理解、推理判断。 原理与效应类说明文是英语阅读理解中的重要题型，掌握其结构、语言特点和常见话题是提高成绩的关键。此类话题是高考命题常用的素材，例如：高考考过棉花糖效应、群体智慧效应等。
Some people think they are immune to ads. They might not have heard of the mere exposure effect — a psychological phenomenon where we tend to like things the more we are exposed to them.
When we plot the mere exposure effect on a graph with preferences on one axis (轴) and repetitions on the other, we will see that it takes about 15 repeats for the effect to reach its full potential. If the exposure is too excessive (过度), people get annoyed. And if they didn't like the thing initially, repeating it can make it worse.
There are two main explanations for the phenomenon. The first is certainty. Our minds naturally learn to be careful around new things that could potentially harm us. If we see something repeatedly without bad consequences, we are led to believe it is safe. The second is perceptual fluency. We are also hardwired to prefer simple things that take little mental load. Difficult tasks like figuring out something new take lots of attention and time, which is why we try to avoid them.
Known for discovering the effect was psychologist Robert Zajonc, who tested how subjects responded to specific symbols. A group of people were shown a series of random shapes which changed so quickly that it was impossible to notice that some were repeated. When the subjects were asked which shapes they found most pleasing, they chose those to which they had been exposed the most often, even though they had no conscious awareness of that.
The results showed that changes in preferences caused by repeated exposures depend not on any prior subjective and conscious evaluations of the stimulus but rather on results from the objective history of exposures alone.
Now tell us what you think about ads. If mere exposure to them makes us like things we otherwise wouldn't, should billboards (广告牌) be banned from the public area
1．Which of the following graphs best illustrates the mere exposure effect
A． B．
C． D．
2．According to Zajonc's experiment, what drives changes in preferences
A．Random variation. B．Objective analysis.
C．Subjective judgment. D．Subconscious familiarity.
3．Which promotional activity shows the application of the mere exposure effect
A．A novelist organizes a book signing event.
B．A game studio develops a challenging mode.
C．A singer buys hot recommendations on a music app.
D．A fashion brand reintroduces certain classic designs.
4．Why does the author mention ads at the end of the text
A．To criticize fake advertising. B．To oppose outdoor advertising.
C．To point out the drawbacks of ads. D．To caution against the influence of ads.
【变式1】
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
346 Zeigarnik效应 说明文 细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测。 原理与效应类说明文是英语阅读理解中的重要题型，掌握其结构、语言特点和常见话题是提高成绩的关键。此类话题是高考命题常用的素材，例如：高考考过棉花糖效应、群体智慧效应等。
Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day.
However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards.
The psychologist Bluma Zeigarmik observed the effect of interruption on memory processing in 1927. In the experiment, she asked each participant to complete a series of separate tasks, such as solving a puzzle or assembling a flat-pack box. During around half of the assignments, participants were subtly interrupted by the experiment supervisor, while during the remaining tasks, they were allowed time to complete them uninterrupted. Following the experiment, Zeigarnik interviewed each participant, asking them to recall details of each task that they had attempted.
Zeigarnik’s initial findings revealed that participants were able to recall details of interrupted tasks around 90% better than those who had been able to complete undisturbed. These results suggest that a desire to complete a task can cause it to be retained in a person’s memory until it has been completed, and that the finality of its completion enables the process of forgetting it to take place.
One way of employing the Zeigarnik effect when attempting to memorize a detailed piece of information, such as a long phone number, or when revising a subject, might be to avoid trying to remember it in its entirety in one sitting. Take a look at the information, familiarize yourself with it, then “interrupt yourself” — look away from where it is written for a few moments and think of something else, before returning a few more times to remember chunks of the number. Finally, piece these chunks together and attempt to recall the number in its entirety.
1．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams.
B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results.
C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision.
D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory.
2．How did Zeigarnik measure the effect of interruption on participants’ memory
A．By conducting brain scans. B．By rating participants’ memory.
C．By enquiring about task details. D．By observing physical reactions.
3．Which strategy should be used to avoid forgetting when revising a subject
A．Repeated writing and recalling. B．Entire remembering in one sitting.
C．Rapid memorization without breaks. D．Breaks in review and repeating in chunks.
4．What is the passage mainly about
A．The origin of the Zeigarnik Effect. B．The discovery of the Zeigarnik Effect.
C．The evaluation of the Zeigarnik Effect. D．The application of the Zeigarnik Effect.
【变式2】
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
340 本·富兰克林效应 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测。 原理与效应类说明文是英语阅读理解中的重要题型，掌握其结构、语言特点和常见话题是提高成绩的关键。此类话题是高考命题常用的素材，例如：高考考过棉花糖效应、群体智慧效应等。
Here’s a quick quiz. Person A does a favor for you. Person B asks you to do a favor for him. Who do you tend to like more Surprisingly, the answer is Person B．This quirk (怪癖) of human nature is known as the Ben Franklin Effect.
Benjamin Franklin came across the phenomenon in 1736 when serving as a clerk to the Pennsylvania Assembly. A powerful member didn’t care for Franklin and threatened to make life miserable for him. What to do Instead of winning him over with sweet talk, Franklin asked if he could borrow a rare and valuable book the man owned. This request altered the man’s attitude and paved the way for their friendship. Franklin’s takeaway: “He that has once done you a kindness will be ready to do you another, than he whom you yourself have obliged.”
Several studies have confirmed this. But how can we explain the Ben Franklin Effect Some psychologists refer to cognitive dissonance (失调). It’s difficult to hold two contradictory thoughts at the same time. It makes us uncomfortable. We resolve this tension by changing our mind. “I don’t like Joe, but I am doing him a favor,” we might think. “So maybe I do like him.”
While cognitive dissonance explains a lot, it alone doesn’t explain the Ben Franklin Effect. One 2015 study found that it was, rather, the affiliative (亲和的) motive that the requests convey. That is, we humans want to maintain good relations with other humans, and one way to achieve this is by doing favors for others. This explains a lot about altruistic behavior. We like being useful and, by extension, we like those who give us the opportunity to do so. It’s in our genes.
Yet there is much we still don’t know about the Ben Franklin Effect. Does it apply equally across cultures Is there a point beyond which asking a favor makes you less, not more likable Asking to borrow a book is one thing; asking to borrow a car is another.
1．Why does the author mention Benjamin Franklin’s experience
A．To illustrate a dilemma in making choices. B．To suggest a way of striking up friendships.
C．To stress the importance of strategic requests. D．To introduce the origin of the Ben Franklin Effect.
2．What is a reason for people’s tendency to like those asking for favors
A．Reducing the tension caused by social contact.
B．Increasing the chance of getting help in return.
C．Avoiding the discomfort from conflicting thoughts.
D．Establishing a cooperative community of shared trust.
3．What does the underlined word “altruistic” probably mean in paragraph 4
A．Selfless. B．Impolite. C．Aggressive. D．Responsible.
4．What does the author think of the Ben Franklin Effect
A．It makes little sense. B．It applies to most cultures.
C．It has situational limitations. D．It has great practical significance.
二、人工智能类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
336 人工智能对我们生活的改变以及引发的道德困境 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测。 人工智能作为当今科技发展的前沿领域，其相关话题在英语说明文中具有重要的考察价值。考生应熟悉人工智能的基本概念、应用场景、伦理挑战及未来发展趋势，并掌握相关的词汇和表达方式。
AI Morality (Oxford University Press, 2024), edited by British philosopher David Edmonds, is a collection of essays exploring how AI will completely change our lives and the moral dilemmas it will set off, painting a picture of the reasons to be cheerful and to worry. In this excerpt (节选), Muriel Leuenberger, a postdoctoral researcher in the ethics (道德) of technology and AI at the University of Zurich, focuses on this very modern identity crisis.
An AI that tells you who you are and what you should do is based on the idea that your identity is something you can discover — information you or an AI may access. But this view misses an important point: we also choose who we are.
Constantly relying on AI recommendation systems might calcify your identity. By recommending products and other contents, you become more likely to consume, think, and act in the way the AI system initially considered suitable for you, gradually influencing you so much that you develop into who it took you to originally be.
This is, however, not a necessary feature of recommendation systems. In theory, they could be designed to broaden the user’s horizon, instead of maximizing involvement by showing customers what they already like. In practice, that’s not how they function.
Besides, by giving decisions to AI, you may fail to meet the moral demand to take responsibility for who you are. This concern weighs particularly heavy when making the most substantial decisions. But even in ordinary cases like selecting movies, music, books, or news, it would be good to put recommendation systems aside from time to time, which in turn, calls for research, risk, and self-reflection.
An AI might state a lot of facts about you, but it is your job to find out what they mean to you and how you let them define you. The same holds for actions. Your actions are not just a way of seeking well-being. Through your actions, you choose what kind of person you are.
1．What does the collection of essays focus on
A．Potential benefits and risks of AI. B．Various dominant roles of AI.
C．Recent policies on AI development. D．Individual estimates of AI’s future.
2．What does the underlined word “calcify” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Admit. B．Weaken. C．Remember. D．Reject.
3．What is the recommendation system designed for
A．Developing users’ broader vision. B．Prioritizing the most ideal choice.
C．Highlighting existing preferences. D．Attracting consumers’ engagement.
4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To prove the uniqueness of AI. B．To stress the huge influence of AI.
C．To present the confusion brought by AI. D．To advocate independent thinking in AI era.
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
317 介绍了AI与中医结合的项目及其发展情况与前景 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意。 人工智能作为当今科技发展的前沿领域，其相关话题在英语说明文中具有重要的考察价值。考生应熟悉人工智能的基本概念、应用场景、伦理挑战及未来发展趋势，并掌握相关的词汇和表达方式。
Imagine obtaining traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) services with just a click on your smartphone. The tiring hospital trip — often causing long waits and many troubles, especially for the old — can now be done easily online.
The new program is transforming TCM medical services. Users can now receive a detailed health report in under 2 minutes simply after shooting a quick photo of their tongue. Developers explain this breakthrough combines traditional TCM tongue examination methods with modern AI image analysis technology. Within half a year, the program has served over 30,000 users, with 94% reporting satisfactory outcomes.
The application of AI in TCM holds significant promise for areas with limited medical resources. In distant regions where access to experienced doctors is rare, AI-assisted tools could improve healthcare quality with their medical abilities. While AI offers great potential for TCM, accurate diagnosis (诊断) still relies heavily on the doctors' professional judgment.
Although AI has made progress in TCM, more work is needed due to the lack of standard rules. TCM’s diverse schools and approaches, developed over thousands of years, often lead to different treatment plans for the same illness, making it difficult for AI to learn effectively. Additionally, while computers have been used in TCM since the 1980s, early systems were too simple to handle complex patient conditions with unpredictable symptoms (症状). To address these issues, China is working on standardizing TCM by establishing 180 national and 30 international standards by 2026, while researchers are developing better TCM-AI tools.
In conclusion, the integration (融合) of AI into TCM will greatly improve healthcare by making TCM more accessible and efficient. However, as the journey is only beginning, much work remains. With joint efforts from researchers and practitioners, there is every reason to believe that TCM is expected to not only enhance the quality of healthcare but also extend its benefits to communities far and wide.
1．What should users do to experience the program’s service
A．Hand in a health report. B．Examine their whole body.
C．Make changes to their diet. D．Take a photo of their tongue.
2．Which of the following is the program’s advantage
A．Health care for the elderly. B．AI’s assistance in diagnosis.
C．Full replacement of doctors. D．Accurate judgment of illnesses.
3．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A．Challenges in the combination. B．Achievements of the program.
C．Technologies behind the program. D．Various schools and ideas of TCM.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the program
A．Unclear. B．Disapproving. C．Doubtful. D．Positive.
押题3
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
281 介绍了聊天机器人的工作原理和应用 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意、词义猜测。 人工智能作为当今科技发展的前沿领域，其相关话题在英语说明文中具有重要的考察价值。考生应熟悉人工智能的基本概念、应用场景、伦理挑战及未来发展趋势，并掌握相关的词汇和表达方式。
Even if you haven’t held a conversation with Siri or Alexa, you’ve likely encountered a chatbot online. They often appear in a chat window that pops up with a friendly greeting: Thank you for visiting our site. How can I help you today Depending on the site, the chatbot is programmed to respond accordingly and even ask follow-up questions.
Chatbots communicate through speech or text. Both rely on artificial intelligence technologies like machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), which is a branch of artificial intelligence that teaches machines to read, analyze and interpret human language. This technology gives chatbots a baseline for understanding language structure and meaning. NLP, in essence, allows the computer to understand what you are asking and how to appropriately respond.
With developments in deep learning and reinforcement learning, chatbots can interpret more complexities in language and improve the dynamic nature of conversation between human and machine. Essentially, a chatbot tries to match what you’ve asked to an intent that it understands. The more a chatbot communicates with you, the more it understands and the more it learns to communicate like you and others with similar questions. Your positive responses reinforce its answers, and then it uses those answers again.
From customer service chatbots online to personal assistants in our homes, chatbots have started to enter our lives. In almost every industry, companies are using chatbots to help customers easily navigate their websites, answer simple questions and direct people to the relevant points of contact. Personal assistants like Siri and Alexa are designed to respond to a wide range of scenarios and queries, from current weather and news updates to personal calendars, music selections and random questions.
1．Why does the author mention Siri and Alexa in Paragraph 1
A．To give examples of chatbots. B．To show where to find a chatbot.
C．To explain how a chatbot works. D．To compare different chatbots.
2．What is the basis of chatbots
A．Language study. B．Data transmission.
C．Social interaction. D．Natural language processing.
3．What does the underlined word “reinforce” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Inspire. B．Strengthen.
C．Organize. D．Match.
4．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．The future trend of chatbots. B．The author’s predictions.
C．The applications of chatbots. D．The effects of chatbots.
押题4
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
328 人工智能在课堂教学中的应用 说明文 细节理解、推理判断。 人工智能作为当今科技发展的前沿领域，其相关话题在英语说明文中具有重要的考察价值。考生应熟悉人工智能的基本概念、应用场景、伦理挑战及未来发展趋势，并掌握相关的词汇和表达方式。
Productive artificial intelligence is increasingly making its presence felt in classrooms. It’s not just students who are turning to AI for help; teachers are also getting involved. Many teachers are now using new AI grading tools, which offer students speedier feedback and more opportunities to practice. When applied correctly, AI assistants are believed to bring about benefits and remove prejudice from the evaluation of student work.
Education-oriented (面向教育的) AI startups typically provide grading services mainly in writing-heavy subjects like English and history, and to some extent in math and science. These AI-based systems generate a score and offer negative comments on various elements such as topic sentences, persuasive arguments and more. Teachers have the option to use the AI-generated feedback as a guide or directly pass it on to students.
However, not everyone is convinced that AI is suitable for grading. Some people hold the view that the technology isn’t reliable enough for vital grading, which can have a significant impact on students’ college admissions and other life-changing decisions. Critics point out that current AI tools can have shortcomings or be overly strict in grading. Alex Kotran, co-founder of the AI Education Project, emphasized, “It should not be used for grading. It will weaken public trust in the education system.”
To test how these graders function, a 12th-grade English paper from a Wall Street Journal colleague was put into three different AI tools. The paper, an essay about the oppression (压迫) of Ophelia in Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” that originally received a 97% in 2013, got various scores. AutoMark gave it 97% at first and later 100%, while Class Companion rated it 62% and CoGrader judged it 85%. The results were confusing.
In conclusion, AI grading tools offer both opportunities and challenges in the classroom. As AI technology continues to grow, it will be crucial to strike a balance between getting much of its benefits and preserving the human touch that is essential for effective teaching and learning.
1．What are the favorable results brought by AI grading tools according to paragraph 1
A．Faster feedback and more chances to practice.
B．Reduced workload for teachers and increased student activity.
C．Improved student attendance and better classroom management.
D．Enhanced student-teacher interaction and reduced homework.
2．What subjects are primarily targeted by AI companies for grading services
A．Calculation-core subjects. B．Experiment-centre subjects.
C．Politics-related subjects. D．Article-writing subjects.
3．Why do some people oppose to use AI for critical grading
A．AI tools are too expensive for schools to afford.
B．AI technology decreases public trust in the education system.
C．AI grading will make teachers lose their jobs.
D．AI tools make students become over-dependent on technology.
4．What can we learn from paragraph 4
A．AI grading tools function perfectly.
B．AI grading tools should be used with great caution.
C．AI grading tools are reliable in the final assessment.
D．AI grading tools will play a key role in education.
三、环境保护类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
267 介绍为了减少塑料人们所采取的行动 说明文 细节理解。 环境保护是当今全球关注的焦点问题之一。随着工业化、城市化的快速发展，环境污染、资源枯竭、气候变化等问题日益严重，威胁着人类的生存和发展。环境保护类说明文旨在探讨环境问题的成因、影响及解决方案，呼吁人们关注环境问题并采取行动。因此，环境保护类话题成为考试中的热门押题方向。
The development of plastic alternatives has become a significant trend. In Victorian London, Alexander Parkes invented the first plastic. Now, London-based Notpla is making waves with its seaweed-based material that decomposes in six weeks, unlike traditional plastics. It’s one of many companies exploring natural polymers(聚合物) like corn, mushrooms, or agricultural waste. Traceless is producing compostable (可堆肥) cutlery, C&A uses biodegradable hooks, and IKEA has experimented with mushroom packaging.
The global plastic situation is dire. The OECD reports that this year, around 500m tonnes of plastic will be produced, with only a fraction recycled or incinerated (焚烧) and the rest ending up in landfills or water bodies. Plastic production and disposal contribute 3% of global greenhouse-gas emissions, more than aviation (航空). To address this, the UN is negotiating a binding treaty (条约) to curb (遏制) plastic’s environmental impact, focusing on recycling, set to take effect next year.
For companies, plastic is mainly used in packaging. Many are taking steps to reduce waste. Coca-Cola switched Sprite bottles to a more recyclable transparent design. Over 250 companies, including giants like Coca-Cola, Nestle, Unilever, and Danone, have joined a coalition (联盟) supporting the UN treaty. Since 2018, coalition companies have reduced virgin plastic use by 3%, but it’s short of the 18% target. They’re exploring alternative materials, with Nestle having sustainable packaging research center. VC firms have also invested heavily in this area.
However, alternative materials are costly. Seaweed-coated trays are several times more expensive than plastic ones. While consumers express willingness to pay more for sustainable packaging, it’s uncertain if they’ll follow through.
1．What makes Notpla’s material different from traditional plastics
A．It is made from fossil fuels. B．It decomposes much faster.
C．It is more durable. D．It is cheaper.
2．Why is the UN negotiating a global treaty on plastic
A．To promote plastic production. B．To encourage more plastic recycling.
C．To reduce plastic’s environmental harm. D．To standardize plastic packaging.
3．What have companies like Coca-Cola done to reduce plastic waste
A．They have stopped using plastic bottles. B．They have increased the use of virgin plastic.
C．They have changed the design of their bottles. D．They have joined a coalition against plastic use.
4．What is the challenge for the adoption of alternative packaging materials
A．Lack of consumer demand. B．High cost.
C．Insufficient research. D．Government regulations.
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
364 囊地鼠通过挖掘富含细菌和真菌的旧土壤并将其带至地表以助力生态恢复，其对生态系统恢复产生了长期的积极影响 说明文 细节理解。 环境保护是当今全球关注的焦点问题之一。随着工业化、城市化的快速发展，环境污染、资源枯竭、气候变化等问题日益严重，威胁着人类的生存和发展。环境保护类说明文旨在探讨环境问题的成因、影响及解决方案，呼吁人们关注环境问题并采取行动。因此，环境保护类话题成为考试中的热门押题方向。
Like something straight out of a Disney movie, a study found that gophers (囊地鼠) worked to save an entire mountain. These little critters dug up bacteria and fungi that helped restore lost plant and animal life in the devastated mountain landscape.
In 1980, Mount St. Helens in Washington erupted, destroying everything around it. There was no sign of animal and plant life returning, leaving the region a totally desolate place. Out of curiosity, scientists wondered if digging up bacteria and fungi would help with soil recovery, bringing plants and, eventually, animals back to the area. Therefore scientists turned to animals that loved to dig.
“Gophers are often considered pests, but we thought they would take old soil, move it to the surface, and that would be where recovery would occur,” says study author Michael Allen, a microbiologist at the University of California, Riverside.
In 1983, scientists tested this theory and went to the lava-destroyed landscape on Mount St. Helens by helicopter. They released a few local gophers onto two plots of volcanic rock for a day, hoping these creatures would dig up old fertile soil rich in bacteria and fungi, which enter plant root cells and exchange nutrients with the plants. Additionally, they protect plants from harmful pathogens (病原体) lurking around in the soil.
Six years after the gophers were dropped in the area, the land began flourishing again with new life. About forty thousand plants grew on the gopher plots compared to the areas the gophers did not explore, which remained empty and lifeless.
“In the 1980s, we were just testing the short-term reaction,” says Allen. “Who would have predicted you could toss a gopher in for a day and see a residual (残留的) effect 40 years later ”
Meanwhile, another side of the mountain painted a different picture. This side of the forest had been chopped down for logging, leaving nothing for fungi to feed on. The result A whole lot of nothing. “There still isn’t much of anything growing in the clear-cut area,” says Emma Aronson, an environmental microbiologist at UC Riverside. “It is shocking to look at the flourishing forest soil and compare it to the dead area.”
1．What does the underlined word in the second paragraph mean
A．Deserted. B．Remote. C．Frozen. D．Dangerous.
2．Why did scientists choose gophers in their experiment
A．Gophers have excellent digging skills.
B．Gophers are able to adapt to extreme environments.
C．Gophers can bring underground microbes to the surface.
D．Gophers can be easily trained to perform assigned tasks.
3．What can bacteria and fungi in old soil do
A．Protect plant root cells. B．Supply plants with nutrients.
C．Kill harmful pathogens in the soil. D．Help plants breathe in more oxygen.
4．What does Emma Aronson think of the result of the experiment
A．Baseless. B．Suspicious. C．Reliable. D．Unexpected.
押题3
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
333 微塑料在食物链中的生物累积问题及其对海洋生态系统和人类健康的潜在威胁 说明文 推理判断、词义猜测。 环境保护是当今全球关注的焦点问题之一。随着工业化、城市化的快速发展，环境污染、资源枯竭、气候变化等问题日益严重，威胁着人类的生存和发展。环境保护类说明文旨在探讨环境问题的成因、影响及解决方案，呼吁人们关注环境问题并采取行动。因此，环境保护类话题成为考试中的热门押题方向。
It’s no secret that when we enjoy a delicious piece of fish or a plate of seafood, we’re not just taking in valuable nutrients like vitamin D．In reality, alongside these benefits come less appetizing elements - there’re countless microplastics.
These plastic particles (颗粒), usually measuring less than 5 millimetres, enter oceans through human waste and join the food chain. According to a study, around 24,400 billion microplastics are found in all ocean organisms, from seaweed to fish, which occupy higher levels of the food chain. This phenomenon not only threatens ocean ecosystems but also raises concerns about potential risks to human health.
Since the 1950s, plastic production has grown dramatically, reaching 58 million tons in Europe in 2022 alone. This has led to massive amounts of waste. Over time, wind, waves, sunlight, and microorganisms break down larger plastic waste into microplastics, which now contaminate all parts of the environment, including the air, soil, and water. The process by which these plastics accumulate (积累) in organisms across different levels of the food chain is known as “bioaccumulation”. Research from our laboratory reveals that in water environments, microplastics are consumed by a wide range of species, from organisms at the bottom of the food chain to animals at the top.
The consumption has serious consequences. Studies show that microplastics can do harm to ocean life. For instance, in shellfish, microplastics can block digestive systems, activate immune (免疫的) responses, cause DNA damage and interfere with the expression of genes essential to various cellular functions. The severity of these effects depends on the plastics’ size, composition, degree of degradation, and any harmful chemical additive they may contain. These chemicals can disturb natural body systems, posing risks not just to ocean life but potentially to humans as well.
The urgency to tackle plastic “bioaccumulation” in the food chain cannot be overstated. By taking swift action to limit plastic usage and improve recycling technologies, we can slow the progression of this environmental and health crisis.
1．How does the author lead in the text
A．By making assumptions. B．By describing a study.
C．By listing statistics. D．By stating a fact.
2．Which word can best describe the distribution of microplastics in the ocean
A．Concentrated. B．Limited. C．Extensive. D．Separate.
3．What does the underlined word “contaminate” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Organize. B．Pollute. C．Integrate. D．Dominate.
4．Why are shellfish mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To show microplastics’ harm to ocean life.
B．To show the ocean life’s cellular functions.
C．To show the process of microplastics’ formation.
D．To show microplastics’ impact on human health.
四、社会生活类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
342 吹嘘自己压力水平的人被同事视为能力较差，也不太讨人喜欢 说明文 细节理解、词义猜测。 社会生活类阅读理解文章通常涉及人类日常生活中的各种话题。这类文章旨在考察考生对社会问题的理解、分析和批判性思维能力。随着全球化的发展，社会生活中的跨文化差异、科技进步对社会的影响、心理健康等问题成为热门话题。因此，社会生活类阅读理解在考试中占有重要地位。
A new research finds people who brag (吹嘘)about their stress levels are seen as less competent and less likable by their co-workers. “This is a behavior we’ve all seen and we all might be guilty of at some point,” says Jessica Rodell, lead author of the study in the journal Personnel Psychology. “When I was wondering about why people do this, I thought maybe we are talking about our stress because we want to prove we’re good enough. We found out that often has the opposite effect.”
360 participants compared statements from imaginary co-workers who just returned from a conference. Participants rated their imaginary co-worker on likability, competence, and the likelihood they would help the co-worker at work. In the survey, the stress-bragging colleague described the conference as “just one more thing on my full plate. And I was already stressed to the max… you have no idea the stress that I am under.” Participants rated that person as significantly less likable and less competent than someone who said work had been stressful or who just talked about how great the conference was. Participants also said they would be less likely to help the complaining co-workers if they were overburdened at work.
The researchers also found employees with co-workers who brag about stress often reported higher levels of personal stress and burnout. “Bragging about stress creates the perception that high stress levels are an expected and normal part of the work culture,” Rodell says. “When somebody is constantly talking about and bragging about their stress, it makes stress seem like a good thing,” Rodell adds. “It just spills over onto the co-workers next to them. They wind up feeling more stressed, which leads to higher burnout or withdrawal from their work.”
“It’s not the being stressed part that’s a problem,” she says. “If you really feel stressed, it’s OK to find the right person to share with and talk about it. But be mindful that stress is not an honor to be bragged about — that will have the opposite effect.”
1．What does Jessica Rodell mean by saying the underlined sentence
A．Bragging about stress levels is common.
B．Only a few people brag about their stress levels.
C．Many people like to brag about their accomplishments.
D．Researchers feel guilty about talking about stress with others.
2．Why might people talk about their stress levels according to Jessica Rodell
A．To make friends at work. B．To seek help from others.
C．To show they are very busy. D．To prove they are competent.
3．What did the participants compare in the survey
A．Different methods of stress management.
B．Their own stress levels with those of their co-workers.
C．The productivity levels before and after the conference.
D．Statements from imaginary co-workers attending the conference.
4．How does one’s constant stress bragging affect his or her co-workers
A．It motivates them to work harder. B．It lets them feel more stressed.
C．It makes them feel less competent. D．It encourages them to seek promotions.
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
331 人们对数码生活越来越失去控制以及数字极简主义这个概念 说明文 细节理解推理判断。 社会生活类阅读理解文章通常涉及人类日常生活中的各种话题。这类文章旨在考察考生对社会问题的理解、分析和批判性思维能力。随着全球化的发展，社会生活中的跨文化差异、科技进步对社会的影响、心理健康等问题成为热门话题。因此，社会生活类阅读理解在考试中占有重要地位。
We are often so attracted by the promises of modern digital life that we fail to notice its dangers. It’s that feeling of losing control that we get a dozen times a day, from when we tune out a discussion with our phones to when we lose our capacity to appreciate a private moment without feeling forced to document it for a virtual audience.
In my first attempt to get control over my technology use, I turned off my phone’s notifications (通知) and set it to vibrate (振动) rather than ring. Soon after, despite the fact that my device was set to mute (静音), the act of continually checking for notifications became a habit, and I realized I had created a new problem.
I knew then that using only tips and strategies to permanently reform your digital life is difficult. To regain control, we must go beyond modifications and reconstruct our relationship with technology from the ground up.
We should go past the notification settings on our devices or apps and consider the more essential topic of why we use so many apps in the first place. What all of us who are struggling with these challenges need is a technology usage philosophy, something that addresses which digital tools we allow into our lives, why, and under what conditions.
Cal Newport, who is an associate professor of computer science at Georgetown University, defines Digital Minimalism as a “philosophy of technology use in which you focus your online time on a small number of carefully selected and optimized (最优化的) activities that strongly support things you value, and then happily miss out on everything else.”
Digital minimalists transform technology from a source of distraction into instruments to support a life well lived by working backwards from their inner values to their technology choices. They break the spell (魔咒) that has caused so many people to feel as though they are losing control of their screens by doing so.
1．What problem did the author face after turning off phone notifications
A．The phone still rang sometimes for notifications. B．The phone’s vibration was a little too disturbing.
C．The author couldn’t receive important messages. D．The author constantly checked for notifications.
2．According to the text, what do we need to do to regain control over our digital life
A．Just turn off all notifications. B．Use many more tips and strategies.
C．Reconstruct our concept of technology. D．Delete most apps on our devices.
3．What does the text tell us about digital minimalists
A．They don’t use digital devices at all. B．They only use digital tools for their values.
C．They spend a lot of time on the internet. D．They aren’t affected by modern digital life.
4．What is the purpose of the text
A．To give an example. B．To share an experience.
C．To explain a concept. D．To compare different ways.
五、科普、研究报告类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
344 成长型思维对个人成功的益处 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意。 科普类阅读理解说明文旨在向读者普及科学知识，内容涵盖自然科学、技术、医学、环境科学等多个领域。这类文章通常以简洁明了的语言解释复杂的科学概念，帮助读者理解科学现象及其背后的原理。随着科技的快速发展，科普类文章在考试中越来越受到重视，成为阅读理解的重要题型之一。
A growth mindset is the belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through hard work,dedication, and learning. In contrast, a fixed mindset is the belief that intelligence and abilities are fixed traits that cannot be changed. Developing a growth mindset can be a valuable tool for achieving success in both personal and professional life.
One of the benefits of having a growth mindset is that it allows individuals to embrace challenges and view them as opportunities for growth. Instead of avoiding challenges, individuals with a growth mindset approach them with a positive attitude, seeing them as a chance to learn and improve. This mindset helps individuals push themselves outside of their comfort zone, which can lead to personal growth and development. Another benefit of a growth mindset is that it allows individuals to persist in the face of setbacks and failures. When faced with obstacles, individuals with a growth mindset don’t give up or view them as a reflection of their abilities. Instead, they see setbacks as temporary and an opportunity to learn and grow from their mistakes. This mindset helps individuals develop resilience and d grit, which are essential qualities for achieving success.
Developing a growth mindset can also lead to increased creativity and innovation. When individuals believe that their abilities can be developed, they are more likely to take risks and try new things. This mindset allows individuals to approach problems with an open mind, which can lead to creative solutions and new ideas. Finally, a growth mindset can lead to increased motivation and achievement. When individuals believe that their abilities can be developed, they are more likely to set goals and work towards them. This mindset helps individuals stay focused and motivated, even in the face of challenges and setbacks.
In conclusion, developing a growth mindset can be a valuable tool for achieving success in both personal and professional life. By embracing challenges, persisting in the face of setbacks, and approaching problems with an open mind, individuals with a growth mindset can achieve their goals and reach their full potential.
1．How many benefits of a growth mindset are mentioned in the text
A．3. B．4. C．5. D．6.
2．How does a growth mindset fuel a person’s creativity
A．It enables a person to readily accept and face challenges.
B．It assists a person in maintaining perseverance despite setbacks.
C．It inspires a person to take chances and explore new possibilities.
D．It drives a person to establish attainable goals and pursue them.
3．Which of the following people has a growth mindset
A．The one who keeps blaming others for failures.
B．The one who seeks advice after making mistakes at work.
C．The one who is completely discouraged after being criticized.
D．The one who quits learning the musical instrument halfway easily.
4．What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph
A．Individuals with a growth mindset are more likely to set realistic goals.
B．The growth mindset is mainly beneficial for achieving success in professional life.
C．Embracing a growth mindset can help realize ambitions and fulfill one’s capabilities.
D．A fixed mindset is essential for sustainable development and environmental awareness.
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
340 音乐与情感、记忆的联系及相关实验和发现 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、词句猜测。 科普类阅读理解说明文旨在向读者普及科学知识，内容涵盖自然科学、技术、医学、环境科学等多个领域。这类文章通常以简洁明了的语言解释复杂的科学概念，帮助读者理解科学现象及其背后的原理。随着科技的快速发展，科普类文章在考试中越来越受到重视，成为阅读理解的重要题型之一。
I’m a psychology researcher. Along with my teacher Thackery Brown and music experts Sophia Mehdizadeh and Grace Leslie, our recently published research uncovered interesting connections between music, emotion and memory.
When you listen to music, it transcends mere hearing engagement. The areas of your brain responsible for emotion and memory also become active. The hippocampus, which is essential for storing and retrieving (检索) memories, works closely with the amygdala, the brain’s emotional center. This is partly why certain songs are not only memorable but also deeply emotional.
While music’s ability to evoke emotions and memories is well known, we wondered whether it could also change the emotional content of existing memories. Our theory was rooted in the concept of memory reactivation—the idea that when you recall a memory, it becomes temporarily changeable, allowing new information to be included.
We then developed a three-day experiment. On the first day, participants memorized a series of short, emotionally neutral (中性的) stories. The next day, they recalled these stories while listening to either positive music, negative music or silence. We also recorded their brain activity with fMRI scans, which measure brain activity. On the final day, we asked participants to recall the stories again, this time without any music.
The results were striking. When participants listened to emotionally charged music while recalling the neutral stories, they were more likely to include new emotional elements in the story. Even more interesting were the brain scans. When participants recalled stories while listening to music, there was increased activity in the amygdala and hippocampus. This is why a song associated with a significant life event can feel so powerful—it activates both emotion-processing and memory-processing regions.
Memories, much like your favorite songs, can be remixed and remastered by music. The music you listen to while looking back or even while going about your daily routines might be subtly (不易察觉地) shaping how you remember those experiences in the future. While further research is needed, our findings have exciting implications for both everyday life and for medicine.
1．What does the underlined word “transcends” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Attends to. B．Goes beyond. C．Depends on. D．Relates to.
2．What did the participants do on the second day of the experiment
A．They memorized new stories without any interruptions.
B．They reviewed stories in a quiet environment without music.
C．They wrote down their feelings about the stories they had heard.
D．They recalled stories in different music with brain activity measured.
3．What can we infer based on the passage
A．Music has a clear impact on people’s daily lives.
B．Music won’t affect people’s memories when they listen to it.
C．People may unconsciously change their memories when listening to music.
D．The hippocampus and amygdala are the essential parts of the brain related to emotion.
4．What might further research focus on
A．Whether music can completely erase bad memories.
B．How different types of music affect memory in various age groups.
C．What kind of music is most popular among people with good memories.
D．If music can be used as a treatment for memory disorders in clinical settings.
六、体育与健康类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
339 爱好对个人生活和健康的益处 说明文 主旨大意、推理判断、词义猜测。 体育与健康类说明文主要围绕体育运动、身体健康、心理健康以及健康生活方式展开。这类文章旨在普及体育与健康知识，帮助读者理解运动对身心健康的积极影响，并倡导健康的生活方式。随着人们对健康意识的提高，体育与健康类话题在考试中越来越受到重视，成为阅读理解的重要题型之一。
Standing on a stage, belting out a ballad at a local Chinese festival is a core memory for Kien Vuu. When he was just 6 years old, he was the youngest member of his family band — one of its star singers. While he was too young to understand the words he was singing — from Part of the Game, a 1970s song about heartbreak by Hong Kong pop group The Wynners, he did understand how much he loved performing music, especially with his family.
Vuu did not grow up to become a professional singer. Instead, he chose medical school and became Kien Vuu, MD, a longevity doctor and assistant professor of health sciences at UCLA．Yet he never lost his love for singing, so he made time regularly for karaoke sessions with his own children.
“Singing with people has always been one of my favorite hobbies,” he says. “Karaoke is one of those things that just lights me up and brings me joy. In my work as a doctor and researcher, I’ve become convinced that having hobbies is an essential part of living and aging well.”
Sanam Hafeez, a neuropsychologist at New York’s Columbia University, agrees. “I feel very strongly about the importance of having hobbies,” she says, “My hobbies include practicing Pilates and learning Italian. The benefits are immense, both physically and cognitively.”
Dr. Vuu easily rattles off the benefits he gets from singing. In addition to boosting his mood, singing helps him bond with his family and feel connected with his Chinese heritage, improves his memory and mental health, lowers his stress and even gives him a bit of cardio.
For a small investment, that’s a lot of return. And the best news is that all these great mental and physical health benefits can come from any activity that lights you up, as Dr. Vuu puts it. But how do you find and nurture a hobby that truly sets y your soul on fire The journey begins with curiosity and a willingness to explore new experiences.
1．What does the first paragraph emphasize about Kien Vuu
A．His lack of understanding of song lyrics. B．His desire to become a professional singer.
C．His love for performing music. D．His connection with family and heritage.
2．Why does the author mention Sanam Hafeez
A．To provide additional expert support.
B．To stress the role of hobbies in professional success.
C．To introduce a different perspective on singing.
D．To contrast her views on hobbies with Dr. Vuu’s.
3．What does the underlined phrase “rattles off” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Says. B．Denies. C．Skips. D．Notices.
4．What will probably be discussed in the following paragraph
A．The history of karaoke in Chinese culture. B．Approaches to cultivating engaging hobbies.
C．Dr. Vuu’s medical research on longevity. D．Sanam Hafeez’s career achievements.
押题2
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
375 通过体育锻炼改善了自己的身体健康，强调了运动带来的好处 说明文 主旨大意、推理判断、词义猜测。 体育与健康类说明文主要围绕体育运动、身体健康、心理健康以及健康生活方式展开。这类文章旨在普及体育与健康知识，帮助读者理解运动对身心健康的积极影响，并倡导健康的生活方式。随着人们对健康意识的提高，体育与健康类话题在考试中越来越受到重视，成为阅读理解的重要题型之一。
Over the past few weeks, I’ve been experiencing a bad fall, largely attributed to my ADHD (多动障碍) drugs running out. This has made it challenging for me to find the motivation to tackle daily tasks, including regular exercise.
However, a recent workout led to an epiphany: neglecting physical activity was actually worsening my condition. It appears that engaging in physical activity could be an effective strategy for managing my ADHD symptoms while l await a prescription refill.
After a workout, my mind feels quieter, much like when I take my medication. This makes sense as ADHD drugs increase levels of a brain medical called noradrenaline (去甲肾上腺素), enhancing focus, memory, and impulse control. Exercise also increases this chemical.
While these insights are promising, I’m not ready to stop my medication. Research on exercise and ADHD has mixed results. A 2023 review of 106 studies showed exercise significantly improves impulse control, attention, and task-switching in young people with ADHD．However, its impact on regulating emotions and working memory is less pronounced, and the benefits are even less for adults. In another study, 10 minutes of exercise improved impulse control in 82 adults with ADHD but had no effect on other symptoms.
These findings suggest that exercise has a modest effect on ADHD but highlight additional benefits beyond physical health. The evidence is particularly strong for depression and anxiety. A 2023 review of nearly 300 trials involving over 15, 800 adults found physical activity as effective as talk therapy and medications in reducing symptoms. The benefit was stronger when combined with these treatments.
Exercise may also alleviate symptoms of other mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. It appears protective as well. A 2018 study of over 12 million adults found that those who exercised experienced 43 percent fewer days of poor mental health than those who didn’t. The link was strongest for team sports, cycling, and aerobic and gym activities.
I’m relieved to have found a strategy for managing my ADHD symptoms without medication. Even though exercising is the last thing I want to do when overwhelmed, I now realize its importance. The benefits of exercise for mental health are clear, and I’m committed to making it a priority in my life.
1．What does the underlined part “an epiphany” most likely mean in paragraph 2
A．A rush resolution or decision.
B．A sense of disappointment.
C．A sudden realization or insight.
D．A moment of great happiness.
2．What role does exercise play according to the research findings presented in the passage
A．Exercise is a perfect replacement for ADHD medication.
B．Exercise has no effect on mental health conditions other than ADHD．
C．Exercise can complement medication in managing ADHD symptoms.
D．Exercise benefits physical health more than obsessive-compulsive disorder.
3．Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards exercise
A．Reluctant but importance-aware.
B．Casual but focused.
C．Inconsistent but passionate.
D．Negative but disciplined.
4．What can we learn from the experience with exercise and ADHD
A．Prevention is better than cure.
B．Every cloud has a silver lining.
C．A healthy outside starts from the inside.
D．The body is a temple; The mind is a palace.
押题3
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
339 人们为何偏爱这些不健康的食物 说明文 主旨大意、推理判断、细节理解。 体育与健康类说明文主要围绕体育运动、身体健康、心理健康以及健康生活方式展开。这类文章旨在普及体育与健康知识，帮助读者理解运动对身心健康的积极影响，并倡导健康的生活方式。随着人们对健康意识的提高，体育与健康类话题在考试中越来越受到重视，成为阅读理解的重要题型之一。
In the times when our ancestors lived, the foods that were available might have been fruits, nuts, seeds. These foods were nutrient-dense (营养丰富的), not energy-dense. What has happened in modern times is that previously healthy wholefoods have been largely replaced by ultra-processed foods, which are high in pure sugar, high fructose corn syrup, salt, and the wrong types of fats.
The reason why our bodies desire these foods is that they are loaded with ingredients which can activate the pleasure center in our brain, namely the so-called dopamine (多巴胺) reward pathway. When we consume ultra-processed foods that are highly delicious, such as highly sugary foods or sodas, the dopamine, which is the feel-good neurotransmitter (神经递质), makes us feel better in the short term, and it makes us want to eat them again.
Junk food damages the gut microbiome and harms our mental health. It causes diseases, lowers our mood, and increases our anxiety. These problems are worsened when people suffer from stress and anxiety, and they reach out for a bag of candy or a bag of chips. The stress contributes to habit circuits in the brain.
When we desire junk food, along with the release of dopamine in the brain in advance, our stomach is producing ghrelin, known as the hunger hormone, which makes us seek out the calorie-dense junk food. And after we satisfy our desire, dopamine is released again.
There is another neurotransmitter at play, serotonin, also called the happiness hormone. Some of the foods that we desire are full of carbohydrates, which can increase serotonin. In the short term, these foods can make us feel slightly better, but it’s a temporary mood boost and after a short while we’ll feel depressed and anxious.
Another chemical in action is the hormone leptin, which signals that we should stop eating. But ultra-processed foods can interfere with the signaling. When people consume ultra-processed foods all the time, the hormone leptin will stop working. People can develop something called leptin resistance, which can lead to overeating.
1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph
A．To lead in the topic. B．To show how ancient life was.
C．To reveal a conclusion. D．To compare two types of foods.
2．What may happen if you turn to junk food to relieve your stress
A．You will feel better in the long run. B．You may be addicted to the junk food.
C．Your gut microbiome will be improved. D．The quality of your sleep will get worse.
3．What is the primary physiological factor behind one’s overeating
A．The habit of eating large meals. B．Limitless emotional eating.
C．Leptin’s failure to work. D．The delicious flavor of food.
4．What is the best title for the passage
A．Why Do We Resist the Junk Food Diet
B．What Happens in Our Brain When We Eat
C．How Does Junk Food Affect Our Body and Mind
D．How Can We Ease Negative Feelings by Eating
押题4
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
337 在周末安排相应的运动锻炼同样具有好处 说明文 主旨大意、推理判断、细节理解。 体育与健康类说明文主要围绕体育运动、身体健康、心理健康以及健康生活方式展开。这类文章旨在普及体育与健康知识，帮助读者理解运动对身心健康的积极影响，并倡导健康的生活方式。随着人们对健康意识的提高，体育与健康类话题在考试中越来越受到重视，成为阅读理解的重要题型之一。
Struggling to fit workouts into your busy week You’re not alone. New research suggests that “weekend warriors (勇士)” who pack at least 150 minutes of exercise into one or two days enjoy similar health benefits to those who spread workouts throughout the week.
Another recent study found that being a weekend warrior reduced the risk of cognitive conditions such as dementia, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and depressive disorders.
Living a sedentary (久坐不动的) lifestyle raises a person’s risk of a range of ailments, including cardiovascular disease, Type-2 diabetes, stroke, cancer, depression, and anxiety. About half of all Americans have chronic diseases that could be prevented with the help of regular physical activity, according to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The nearly 90, 000 people whose data the researchers analyzed in the new study were divided into three categories: regular exerciser, weekend warrior, and the pared to those who didn’t exercise, regular exercisers and weekend warriors had a lower risk of more than 260 diseases over six years. The protective benefits for Type-2 diabetes were highest, with 43 percent lower risk for the weekend warrior and 46 percent lower risk for the regular exerciser, respectively.
“No time to exercise Just 5 minutes still has a big impact. The research adds to earlier studies that show that any amount of physical activity counts and allows people some flexibility, ” says SaraK. Rosenkranz, an exercise physiologist and associate professor of kinesiology and nutrition sciences at the University of Nevada Las Vegas. “If you’re not regularly getting moderate-to-vigorous (中度到剧烈的) physical activity throughout the week but have time to do it on the weekend, you can do something you enjoy, like a bike ride or a hike, ” she says. “The thing to keep in mind is that it doesn’t take much. Even if it’s just a few minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity here or there, you’re going to get a benefit. Working out even one or two days a week also lower the risk of mood disorders, which is another major benefit, ” adds Rosenkranz.
1．What does the new study tell us
A．Weekend workouts are also beneficial to us.
B．Most people choose to exercise on weekends.
C．Weekend warriors are healthier than regular exercisers.
D．Few people can keep working out daily and consistently.
2．Which can probably replace the underlined word “ailments” in paragraph 3
A．Injuries. B．Consequences. C．Emotions. D．Illnesses.
3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A．The result of the research. B．The process of the research.
C．The health status of Americans. D．The data of the research objects.
4．What does Rosenkranz probably agree with
A．The time of exercising matters a lot. B．We had better exercise every weekday.
C．As long as we exercise, it counts a lot. D．Taking exercise doesn’t take much energy.
七、发明与创造类
押题1
词数 话题 体裁 考点 押题理由
376 一种用粗棉布制作过滤器来收集树袋熊栖息环境中的DNA的新方法，以帮助更高效地追踪这些难以发现的动物 说明文 细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测。 发明与创造类阅读理解文章主要围绕科技创新、发明创造、技术突破及其对社会的影响展开。这类文章旨在普及科技知识，帮助读者理解发明创造的过程、原理及其对人类社会的重要意义。
Known for their hairy ears, round faces and big black noses, koalas (树袋熊) spend most of their time napping in the thick forests. Their love for perching (栖息) high up and moving very little makes these Australian icons difficult to trace. But that could soon change thanks to a new technique that can “sniff” out koalas’ whereabouts.
The method, described on October 13 in the Journal of Applied Ecology, captures DNA floating around the koala’s natural environment using filters (过滤器) made of cheesecloth, a thin fabric commonly found in kitchens. Secured between two stainless steel plates, the cheesecloth filters were tested at 26 sites in four nature reserves across Queensland, Australia. Each site received two filters — one placed about 1.5 meters above the ground with a fan that mechanically drew in air, and another placed closer to the ground to trap any debris (碎片). After a few days, researchers retook the filters and analyzed the genetic material trapped within. To their delight, the scientists identified koalas’ DNA as well as DNA from eleven other species that are known to inhabit the area.
Populations of koalas have sharply decreased in recent years due to bushfires and diseases. In 2022, the Australian government declared that koalas are endangered in some parts of the country. Conservation efforts have relied on advanced instruments including thermal imaging drones and acoustic recorders to detect koalas. “The new DNA sampler is less expensive and requires fewer technical skills to operate,” the researchers say.
“It is very simple,” says evolutionary biologist Celine Frere of The University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. “The idea is to get citizen scientists, private property owners and school students to go out and use the filters.”
The work adds yet another tool that scientists can use to detect environmental DNA(eDNA). Othe

展开更多......

收起↑