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抢分秘籍 03阅读理解
(主旨大意+推理判断+细节理解+词义猜测)
目录
【高考预测】（阅读理解）主旨大意+推理判断+细节理解+词义猜测.............................................................01
【思维导图】阅读理解考点考向思维导图............................................................................................................02
【应试秘籍】阅读理解常考点及应对的策略........................................................................................................02
【误区点拨】阅读理解点拨常见的易错点............................................................................................................02
【抢分通关】阅读理解押题新高考方向，讲解通关策略（含新考法）............................................................23
【模拟新题练】........................................................................................................................................................23
【押题演练】.............................................................................................................................................................32
概率预测 ☆☆☆☆☆
题型预测 阅读理解——主旨大意+推理判断+细节理解+词义猜测
考向预测 主旨大意+推理判断+细节理解+词义猜测 ☆☆☆☆☆
【思维导图】
一、主旨大意题
秘籍：主旨大意题分为归纳文章标题、段落大意和文章大意。标题归纳题属于文章中心思想的精炼表达。标题具有以下特征：①概括性：能概括全文并体现文章的主旨；②针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；③新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；④精准性：不改变原文的意思和感彩⑤简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
段落大意题解题时重点关注段落第一句，段落第一句往往是段落的主旨句，有时会和段落结尾句首尾呼应。文章大意题解答时应当重点关注文章第一段和最后一段。第一段往往会点明文章的主要内容和线索，有时在各个段落的主旨句中也可以提炼文章的大意。
易错点1：文章标题的常见错误（①断章取义；②以偏概全）
(2025年1月 浙江卷) A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular pared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
31．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A．The future of gardening is WILD． B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS.
C．Matrix gardens need more CARE. D．Old garden plots work WONDERS.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular pared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.(随着人类投入的大幅减少，花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手段：化肥、分株、定期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样性)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态，未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故A项“The future of gardening is WILD(园艺的未来是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。故选A项。
这是一个很容易做错的一个高考典例，有些同学选D．Old garden plots work WONDERS，他们从文章找到了Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.，认为Old garden plots是traditional garden plots的改写，有些相似之处，就以为找到了答案，没有认真分析哪里来的work WONDERS；有些同学从文中找到了matrix gardens就选C Matrix gardens need more CARE，但和文中的Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering.相悖，故错误。选标题时一定要从文章整体把握，切不可断章取义、以偏概全。
1.解题技巧：
关键词法 反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词
主题句法 根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题
串联法 分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题
逆向法 根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项
2.思维方法：
要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。
① 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
② 反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；
③ 研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。
易错点2：文章的段落大意定位不准
(2025年1月 浙江卷) D篇 Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance.
35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product.
C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。
解题技巧：
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。
易错点3：文章大意把握不准
(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) C篇
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
11. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
本文的文章大意需要从文中各段进行总结，最后总结概括文章大意。
文章在不同的段落里说明了巴比伦微型农场的特点：减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等，很显然这都是农场的优势。故A选项正确。它是对全文的高度概括，语言精练。
文章大意解题指导
方法1：主题句法
解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
转折词 如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。
总结词 如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。
疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。
方法2：高频词法
全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
方法3：逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。
二、推理判断题
推理判断题包括隐含意义推断题、观点态度、文章出处或写作对象、目的意图和下文预测推断题。推理判断题的命题选项采用的方法：
同义替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换，最终成为正确选项
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
语言简化 把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。
信息归纳 具有概括性，用精练的语言概括原文中分散的或复杂的信息，考查考生的概括和归纳能力
改变词性或语态 改变原文重点词性或语态，给考生制造了某些障碍。
特殊句式 使用特殊句式如虚拟语气、倒装句、双重否定等增加句子理解难度。
注意：比较级后面常有than, 有时前面会有any, much, far, even, still, a bit等修饰其程度。
易错点1： 对人物和事件的描述出错
1.(2025年1月 浙江卷)C篇 Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
30．Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens
A．Traditional. B．Odd-looking.
C．Tasteful. D．Well-protected.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.(荷兰植物学家兼设计师Piet Oudolf的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看点，还满足了野生动物的需求)”可知，Piet Oudolf的花园有艺术气息，很有品味。故选C项。
2.（2025年1月浙江卷）
I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’ re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
27. What does the author think of the strategies she has been following
A. Costly. B. Complex. C. Workable. D. Contradictory.
【答案】C　
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. 我一直在尝试这些策略，我发现当我限制时，它们确实会做出更好的决定。”可知,作者认为她采取的策略是可行的。故选C。
如何判断人物和事件的特征
（1）思维导图
（2）人物和事件特征的设问方式
1．Which of the following best describes......
2．According to the text, which words can best describe ......
3.Which of the following best describe ...... according to Paragraph ...
4.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event
5.What did the author think of ......
（3）解题技巧
把描述人物的性格特征的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事迹相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。
易错点2： 写作态度易错
1.(2024·全国甲卷)
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【答案】A
【解析】推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
2.（2023 新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇）
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
(　)35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear.
B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful.
D. Approving.
【答案】D　
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知,虽然纳瓦哈斯领导的研究有局限性,仍然存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此推知,作者对纳瓦哈斯的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。
解题方法：
做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible, impossible, seem, strange等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。
褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。
贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappointed(失望的)等。
中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。
易错点3： 对预测文章走势茫然不知所措
（2023 全国乙卷·阅读理解C篇）
What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK's obsession(痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
(　)31.What might the author continue talking about
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies of big eaters.
【答案】B　
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章尾句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it s no longer ‘uncool’ for boys to like cooking.”可知,随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上,男孩喜欢烹饪已经不再是“不酷”的事了。由此可推知,接下来作者可能会接着讨论电视节目上的男厨师们。故选B项。
如何判断文章走势
（1）思维导图
（2）文章走势的设问方式
1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph
2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph
3．What would the author most probably discuss next
4．Where does the article go next
5.What would the following paragraph talk about
（3）解题技巧
对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。
易错点4： 写作目的和意图易混易错点
1．（2024·新课标I卷）
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”
27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance.
C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection.
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ( 法伯确信，随着时间的推移，综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的:自1982年以来，美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。)”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。
2.（2023 新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B）
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fibreglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
(　)26.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans.
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了约翰·托德从小就很爱观察自然且爱思考,他利用自然可以自我修复的原理建造了生态机器等设备来净化污水。
【答案】B　
【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水)from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.”可知,多年来,约翰做了许多重要的工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施,可以处理南伯灵顿1600个家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水。由此可知,作者提及福州的目的是展示约翰的想法的应用。
如何判断写作目的和意图
（1）思维导图
（2）目的意图题的设问方式
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text
The purpose of the text is to get more people to _______.
The writer of the story wants to tell us that________.
The fact…is mentioned by the author to show________.
The author writers the last paragraph in order to ________.
（3）解题技巧：
写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。
一般来说，我们可以通过分析文章的文体特点，理解作者的词句选择和识别文章的语气来推断出作者的写作意图。
易错点5： 引申推断题易错
1．(2025年1月·浙江卷)B When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact.
24. What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph
A. She is upset by her kids’ weight. B. She is critical of the way she was fed.
C. She is interested in making food. D. She is particular about what she eats.
【答案】B
【解析】考查推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome.（当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常被告知不要吃什么。“你不想变胖”在我的童年生活中不断重复。这真的打乱了我与食物的关系——这是我花了好几年时间才克服的。）。由此推知，作对自己的被喂养的方式持批评的态度。故选B。
2.(2024新课标I卷)C
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
如何进行引申推断
根据阅读文章整体或某一段落的内容进行引申推断得出推断结果。引申推断的方法：1.通过分析文章内容，推断出文章中事实的结论，得出新的判断；2.推理判断的结论不是文章中的原句，而是在文章基础上，通过逻辑推理得出的结论。
（1）思维导图
（2）错误选项的特点
1. 似是而非：只是对原文信息简单重述，而不是依据文章提供事实依据推断出来的结论。
2. 夸大事实：对文章的事实或证据进行夸大；有时，选项内容与原文一致无需推断。
3. 推理过度：选项往往过于绝对化或片面化(以偏概全)，有时会出现only, all等词语。
4. 掺入常识：根据考生已有常识是正确的，但不是根据文章中的证据推断出来的结论。
（3）解题技巧：
引申推断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
①定位信息：通过寻读找到相关信息点。
②字面理解：理解相关信息点字面意义。
③深层理解：进而理解作者的言外之意。
三、猜测词义
分析近三年新高考卷考查词义猜词的题目可知，对短语的考查与对生词的考查都有所涉及。我们都要运用逻辑关系、上下文、生活常识、文化背景、构词法等来猜测其含义。因此，在阅读过程中，考生需要结合语境，联系上下文进行猜测。
易错点1：词义/短语含义易混易错点
1.（2025 浙江新高考卷·阅读理解C篇节选）
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
【答案】B　
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的下文“ Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.它避开了化肥和电动工具，它基于一个优雅而简单的原则：更像自然一样种植花园。”可知,这种方法是像自然一样种植花园。也就是说，用自然生长的模式种植花园。当然就不用化肥和电动工具。由此推知,画线词所在句意为“避开，远离”,因此画线词的含义为“远离”。故选B。
2.（2023 新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇节选）
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
(　)29.What does the underlined word“declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
【答案】A　
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.”可知,这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。由此推知,画线词所在句意为“第一部分通过介绍我建议的采用这一哲学的方法:数字清理进行了总结”,因此画线词的含义为“清理”。
一、利用上下文线索猜测词义
1．重述
作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用的、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词汇有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。
2.定义
作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词语有：i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等。
3.举例
有时，画线词后会跟有一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助考生理解画线词的词义。此时常出现的信号词语有：such as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。
4.同义词或近义词
有时，在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的词汇，它往往暗示了画线词或短语的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇有：and, or, like, as well, similarly, too, also, either等。
5.反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词/词组有：(whether...) or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand等。
二、根据上下文逻辑猜测词义
有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的单词或短语的意义。
1．转折关系：利用转折关系猜测词义
2.对比关系：有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或会出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。
3.类比关系
作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性(共同特征)，它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇有：similarly, like, also, just as, as well等。
三、根据语法知识猜测词义
在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。
易错点2：代词指代易错点
（2020 新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C 节选）
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that．Hence this book, Chasing the Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
9．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
【答案】D　
【解析】考查猜测代词词义。代词that常用来指代上文提到的事情，因此推断此处that指代第一段的内容，再根据Hence this book, Chasing the Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia可知，这本书出现了，因此可以判断“that”指代第一段提到的to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea, Mr Bissell的本意是写一篇文章，结果却写成了一本书。故选D。
代词指代题旨在考查考生根据上下文猜测代词的指代意义的能力。代词多是it, that, he, him, that等，可以指代上文提到的人或物，it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。
【做题步骤】
四、细节理解
细节理解题主要考查对文章中某一特定句子的理解，解题时可以使用快速阅读的方法，找到文章中对应的关键词，然后再仔细阅读相关的句子，理解其含义。
具体步骤如下：
第一步：采用先题后文法，先仔细审读题干，标出关键词。
第二步：采用原词复现、近义词、同义词甚至反义词等方法，迅速在原文中查询关键词句，再精准翻译。
第三步：核对选项，注意细节是否有替换或曲解。
易错点：不能识别同义表达易错
2.（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C 篇节选）
C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
(　)28.What is the book aimed at
A.Teaching critical thinking skills.
B.Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C.Solving philosophical problems.
D.Promoting the use of a digital device.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
间接信息题的核心是识别同义句表达。最常用的方法是：1.采用同义词改写选项或题干；2.用反义词改写选项或题干，采用正话反说的方式；3.采用相关句式改写。
例如：本题的解题思维过程如下：
【题干定位】关键词 be aimed at
【文章定位】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
【文章中的关键词】 The goal of this book
【同义句表达手段】be aimed at =The goal of this book
【内容定位】 to make the case for digital minimalism
【选项关键词】Advocating v. 提倡( advocate的现在分词 )；为…辩护
【同义句表达手段】Advocating v. 提倡( advocate的现在分词 )；为…辩护=make the case for为…辩护；提出理由
【正确选项】B
4.（2023·全国甲卷·阅读理解B篇节选）
Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end. She adds: “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures, so, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”
26. How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented
A. By making it look like before. B. By furnishing it herself.
C. By splitting the rent with a roommate. D. By cancelling the rental agreement.
【答案】 A　
【解析】根据本段最后一句“ “So, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out. ”可知，Terri是通过粉饰房间，让它看起来像以前一样，来避免被扣除租房的押金的。
【解题的关键词】题干中的avoid losing the deposit避免损失押金 和文章中的avoid any charges 避免被扣除租房的押金，是同义句表达。
5.（2023·1月浙江卷·阅读理解C篇节选）What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.
30．What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond
A．Create rules. B．Comprehend meaning.
C．Talk fluently. D．Identify difficult words.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant.(Hammond所指的是意义的问题，而意义是区分最不聪明的人类和最聪明的机器的关键。计算机使用符号。它的程序指定了一组将一串符号转换为另一串符号的规则。但它并没有具体说明这些符号的含义。事实上，对于计算机来说，意义是无关紧要的。)”可知，根据Hammond的说法，Project Debater不能理解意义，故选B。
【解题的关键词】题干中的unable to do不能做 和文章中的does not specify未指定，是同义句表达。
间接信息题解题指导
间接信息题常出现在各种文体中，会涉及各个方面的内容。解此类试题常用“同义表达”法。
该类题的特点是试题题干或选项中的关键词语通常使用同义词或近义词甚至反义词来替换文中的相关细节信息,例如,使用conduct对文中的carry out进行同义转换,用finally对文中的eventual进行同义转换。
间接细节理解题的解题关键：
信息题的核心关键是识别同义句表达。目前高考中直接读出答案的细节理解题占的比重越来越少，很多情况下是对文章命题出处语句的不同程度的改写，因此，要想准确定位就要识别同义句表达。
最常用的方法是：1.采用同义词改写选项或题干；2.用反义词改写选项或题干，采用正话反说的方式；3.采用相关句式改写。
改写类别：1.改写阅读理解的题干。把题干中的关键词通常采用同义词的手段改写为同义句，这时，我们要找到文章中的同义词进行定位。
2.改写阅读理解中的选项。阅读理解问题中的选项很大程度上不是文章定位中的原句，大多采用了同义句表达的形式。识别选项中与原文定位中的同义句是选出正确答案的关键。
解题思路
高考模拟新题练
时间：30分钟 满分：50分 得分：__________
1.（2025·河北省保定市高三一模）
When you hear the term “classical music,” do you think of an easy-listening radio background or passions deeply connecting with your soul As a music educator, I advocate “conscious listening” to classical music that is ripe for fun, creative associations.
The first step to a conscious listening experience is learning mindfulness: being fully attentive in the moment. Mindfulness is more than letting the sound wash over us; it’s about opening up to the big picture with a nonjudgmental mind, which in the long term enhances our capacity for complex concepts and problem-solving, leading to better judgment and decisions.
Finding mindfulness in the everyday is not always easy. An audience member whispering or flipping pages from a booklet during a live performance can throw the musicians off and frustrate others. Noise pollution and social media also create an underlying disturbance to our listening powers that can threaten our health, gradually increasing our anxiety and emotional disconnection.
Breathwork is one of the most common methods of cultivating mindfulness. A better way to ease in is to first engage emotionally with rich music. Then, allow the flow of energy to lead to tension and release, creating anticipation and then fulfilling it, naturally causing inhales (吸气) and exhales after multiple listens. This is exactly what listening to musical harmony does. Research shows that music pleasure emerges from the interaction between our anticipation of upcoming sound through our reward system and the actual pleasing sound itself.
Forget easygoing “massage music.” Try following the multiple voices in J. S. Bach’s compositions that inspire mental calm and clarity through their interactions. Or sense the emotional tension and release patterns in the harmonies of Sergei Rachmaninoff. Classical music demands a higher level of awareness and offers richer rewards. Then, the surrounding noise melts away.
Listening to music can feel like having a companion on a journey who is guiding you through each moment of mindfulness. It is easier to become mindful when focusing on the flow of the music instead of seeking absolute quiet.
1．How does long-term mindfulness practice benefit listeners
A．By improving social interaction. B．By promoting issue-resolution skills.
C．By enhancing relaxation effects. D．By increasing musical appreciation.
2．What major challenge to mindful listening is highlighted in paragraph 3
A．A critic mentality about music.
B．Performers inappropriate behaviors.
C．The capacity for complex concepts.
D．Distractions from noise and technology.
3．Why does the author recommend Bach and Rachmaninoff’s works
A．Their compositions best demonstrate emotional patterns.
B．Their works are the most accessible for beginners.
C．They represent the most technically demanding pieces.
D．They are universally considered easygoing music.
4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To highlight the advantages of mindfulness.
B．To convey personal views on classical music.
C．To enable music listeners to engage deeply.
D．To introduce a new method for concentration.
【答案】1．B 2.D 3．A 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是通过“有意识聆听”古典音乐来培养专注力和情感连接，以及如何克服外界干扰以实现深度聆听。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Mindfulness is more than letting the sound wash over us; it’s about opening up to the big picture with a nonjudgmental mind, which in the long term enhances our capacity for complex concepts and problem-solving, leading to better judgment and decisions.(正念不仅仅是让声音淹没我们；它是关于以一种不加评判的心态面对大局，从长远来看，这可以增强我们处理复杂概念和解决问题的能力，从而产生更好的判断和决策)”可知，长期的正念练习能够提高解决问题的技巧，从而使听众受益。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“An audience member whispering or flipping pages from a booklet during a live performance can throw the musicians off and frustrate others. Noise pollution and social media also create an underlying disturbance to our listening powers that can threaten our health, gradually increasing our anxiety and emotional disconnection.(在现场演出中，观众窃窃私语或翻动小册子，可能会让音乐家感到迷惑，也会让其他人感到沮丧。噪音污染和社交媒体也会对我们的听力造成潜在的干扰，威胁我们的健康，逐渐增加我们的焦虑和情感脱节)”可知，本段主要强调了全神贯注倾听的一个主要挑战——噪音和科技会让人分心。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Try following the multiple voices in J. S. Bach’s compositions that inspire mental calm and clarity through their interactions. Or sense the emotional tension and release patterns in the harmonies of Sergei Rachmaninoff. Classical music demands a higher level of awareness and offers richer rewards. Then, the surrounding noise melts away.(试着跟随J. S. Bach作品中的多种声音，通过它们的相互作用激发精神平静和清晰。或者感受Sergei Rachmaninoff和声中情绪的紧张和释放模式。古典音乐需要更高层次的意识，并提供更丰富的回报。然后，周围的噪音就会消失)”可知，作者推荐听Bach 和Rachmaninoff的作品是因为他们的作品最能表现情感模式。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“The first step to a conscious listening experience is learning mindfulness: being fully attentive in the moment.(有意识倾听的第一步是学习正念：在那一刻全神贯注)”和最后一段“Listening to music can feel like having a companion on a journey who is guiding you through each moment of mindfulness. It is easier to become mindful when focusing on the flow of the music instead of seeking absolute quiet.(听音乐就像在旅途中有一个同伴，他会引导你度过每一个正念的时刻。当专注于音乐的流动而不是寻求绝对的安静时，更容易变得正念)”可知，作者建议有意识地倾听古典音乐，有意识地倾听的第一步是学习正念，文章介绍了如何培养正念，故作者的目的是为了使音乐听众能够深入沉浸其中。故选C。
2.（2025·河北省石家庄市普通高中毕业年级教学质量检测（二））
King Shahryar, betrayed (背叛) by his wife, decides to marry a new woman each night and have her killed by morning to ensure he is never betrayed again. Scheherazade volunteers to marry the king. Each evening, she begins an engaging story but stops at dawn, leaving him eager for more. Night after night, she keeps him attracted with new tales, and over 1,001 nights, the king falls in love with her and abandons his cruel ways.
This ancient tale from One Thousand and One Nights highlights storytelling’s impact. Our recent research shows that strong storytelling skills can dramatically improve someone’s well-being.
At its core, storytelling helps people find meaning from life’s chaos. Studies show we shape our identities by turning experiences into personal stories. Skilled storytellers excel at two key skills: they need to connect events logically and they must learn to see the world through the eyes of their characters, understanding the “why” of what drives people. Applying these two skills to their own lives, skillful storytellers use the first to identify and pursue what gives their life meaning, while the second develops a mindset that prioritizes the “why” behind their actions over just the “how”.
To illustrate this point, we conducted studies with 800 participants. We measured storytelling ability through self-reports, friend evaluations and expert reviews on lab experiments where each participant told one story about himself and the other with three given random words. In addition to these assessments of storytelling skills, we asked participants questions to get a sense of how meaningful they found life and whether they approached decisions with a “why” mindset rather than a “how” mindset.
Results consistently linked storytelling skills to stronger life meaning and goal clarity. Personality also mattered: people open to new experiences collected more interesting life stories, while shy people used storytelling to balance out their limited social interaction.
A strong “why” mindset connects with reduced stress and extended life. Storytelling also builds social connections. By helping people express their purpose and build relationships, stories may indirectly strengthen both mental and physical health.
Storytelling workshops, now popular globally, may do more than teach communication they could help participants redefine their life’s direction.
5．Why does the author mention Scheherazade’s stories in the first paragraph
A．To show Scheherazade’s cleverness. B．To entertain readers with a classic tale.
C．To introduce the topic of storytelling. D．To compare ancient and modern stories.
6．What does the “why” mindset primarily focus on
A．Completing daily tasks efficiently. B．Avoiding stressful situations.
C．Memorizing random life events. D．Understanding life’s purpose.
7．What were participants asked to do in the lab experiment
A．Share personal interests in a group.
B．Tell a story with words provided.
C．Reflect on the “why” behind their actions.
D．Connect events into a meaningful story.
8．Which can be the best title for the text
A．Scheherazade’s Survival in an Ancient Tale
B．How People’s Storytelling Abilities Develop
C．Living a Meaningful Life through Storytelling
D．Why Shy People Attend Storytelling Workshops
【答案】5．C 6．D 7．B 8．C
【解析】这篇文章是一篇说明文。主要探讨了讲故事能力对个人幸福感和生活意义的积极影响，并结合研究数据分析了其背后的心理学机制。
5．推理判断题。根据第二段“This ancient tale from One Thousand and One Nights highlights storytelling’s impact. Our recent research shows that strong storytelling skills can dramatically improve someone’s well-being. (这个出自《一千零一夜》的古老故事彰显了讲故事的影响力。我们最新的研究表明，出色的讲故事能力能显著提升一个人的幸福感。)”可知，作者引用舍赫拉查德（Scheherazade）的故事是为了引出“讲故事”这一主题，后文内容均围绕讲故事的作用展开。故选C项。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Applying these two skills to their own lives, skillful storytellers use the first to identify and pursue what gives their life meaning, while the second develops a mindset that prioritizes the “why” behind their actions over just the “how”. (将这两种技能运用到生活中时，娴熟的讲故事者会运用第一种技能来发现并追寻生命的意义，而第二种技能则能培养一种思维方式——这种思维更关注行为背后的“为什么”，而不仅仅是“怎么做”。)”可知，“为什么思维”关注的是做某行为背后的目的和意义是什么。故选D项。
6．细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“We measured storytelling ability through self-reports, friend evaluations and expert reviews on lab experiments where each participant told one story about himself and the other with three given random words. (我们通过三种方式评估参与者的叙事能力：自我报告、朋友评价，以及在实验室实验中的专家评审——实验中每位参与者需要讲述两个故事：一个是关于自己的亲身经历，另一个则需运用三个随机提供的词语进行即兴创作。)”可知，实验要求参与者用给定词语编故事。故选B项。
8．主旨大意题。全文以舍赫拉查德（Scheherazade）的故事开篇，重点讨论讲故事如何帮助人们找到生活意义（第三段）、研究结果（第四至六段）及其对心理健康的益处（第七段）。“通过讲故事过上有意义的生活”能概括全文核心，适合用作标题。故选C项。
3.（2025·吉林省长春市高三下学期质量监测（三））
If you ever feel that the world is against you, you are not alone. We all have a tendency to assume that when anything goes wrong, the fault lies within some great intrigue (诡计) against us. If a co-worker fails the deadline, they must be trying to ruin career. When WiFi in a coffee shop is not working, the staff must be lying about having it to attract you in.
But the simple fact is that these explanations, which we tend to jump to, are barely true. Maybe your co-worker thought today was Tuesday, not Wednesday. Maybe the WiFi router was just broken. This is where Hanlon’s razor comes in — a useful mental model that never credits to intentional harm that can be fully explained by ignorance.
Applying Hanlon’s razor, a useful tool for rapid decision-making and intelligent comprehension, in our day-to-day lives allows us to become less judgmental, and improve reasoning skills. Meanwhile, Hanlon’s razor allows us to give people the benefit of the doubt, have more empathy (同理心) and teaches us not to assume the worst intention in the actions of others, the value of which is most pronounced in relationships, business matters, and personal happiness.
We all lead complex lives where things are constantly going wrong. When this occurs, a common response is to blame the nearest person and assume they have bad intention. However, when someone messes up around us, we forget how many times we, too, have done the same. Instead, the perpetrator becomes a source of intense annoyance.
To assume intention in such a situation is likely to worsen the problem. None of us can ever know what someone else wants to happen. Inability or ignorance is far more likely to be the cause than the desire to hurt. When a situation causes us to become angry or upset, it can be valuable to consider if those emotions are justified. Often, the best way to react to other people causing us problems is by seeking to educate them, not to dismiss them. In this way, we can avoid repeats of the same situation.
9．How do people typically react to failures according to the text
A．Face true ill intention. B．Shift current situations.
C．Misplace blame on others. D．Seek trustworthy persons.
10．What does Hanlon’s razor refer to
A．It identifies who is to blame. B．It is a device for router repair.
C．It avoids assuming harm by ignorance. D．It is an approach for colleague’s fault.
11．What does the underlined word “perpetrator” in paragraph 4 mean
A．An error maker. B．An issue fixer. C．A blame sharer. D．A familiar person.
12．What will probably be discussed next in the text
A．How to control the bad emotions.
B．How to instruct others effectively.
C．How to change the nervous relationship.
D．How to avoid reappearance of the same situation.
【答案】9．C 10．C 11．A 12．B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕人们面对失败时的常见反应展开，介绍了“Hanlon’s razor”这一思维模型，阐述了该模型在日常生活决策、提升推理能力、改善人际关系等方面的作用，并指出在面对他人导致的问题时，应避免恶意揣测，尝试教育他人而非一味指责，以避免同样情况再次发生。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“If you ever feel that the world is against you, you are not alone. We all have a tendency to assume that when anything goes wrong, the fault lies within some great intrigue (诡计) against us.(如果你觉得这个世界在与你作对，你并不孤单。我们都有一种倾向，认为当事情出错时，错误在于某个针对我们的阴谋。)”可知，人们通常对失败的反应是错误地指责别人。故选C。
10．细节理解题。根据第二段“But the simple fact is that these explanations, which we tend to jump to, are barely true. Maybe your co-worker thought today was Tuesday, not Wednesday. Maybe the WiFi router was just broken. This is where Hanlon’s razor comes in — a useful mental model that never credits to intentional harm that can be fully explained by ignorance.(但简单的事实是，我们倾向于得出的这些解释几乎是不真实的。也许你的同事认为今天是星期二，而不是星期三。也许Wi-Fi路由器坏了。这就是汉隆剃刀的原理——一个有用的思维模型，它从不归因于故意伤害，而这种伤害可以通过无知来完全解释。)”可知，汉隆剃刀指的是避免因无知而假设伤害。故选C。
11．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“When this occurs, a common response is to blame the nearest person and assume they have bad intention. However, when someone messes up around us, we forget how many times we, too, have done the same.( 当这种情况发生时，一种常见的反应是责怪离自己最近的人，并认为他们怀有恶意。然而，当身边有人搞砸事情时，我们却忘记了自己也有过多少次同样的行为。)”可知，当有人把事情搞砸了，我们忘记了自己有多少次也犯了同样的错误，只是一味地认为犯错者是根源。由此可知，perpetrator意为“错误制造者”。故选A。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Often, the best way to react to other people causing us problems is by seeking to educate them, not to dismiss them. In this way, we can avoid repeats of the same situation.(通常，对别人给我们造成的问题做出反应的最好方法是寻求教育他们，而不是解雇他们。通过这种方式，我们可以避免同样的情况再次发生。)”可推知，文章接下来可能会讨论如何有效地指导他人。故选B。
4.（2025·浙江省绍兴市高三下学期二模）
It turns out patience isn’t always a virtue. By the time Nalin Kamat was 13, the Toronto teen was well on his way to becoming a working artist. He had already had his first show at a local arts hub, showcasing his series titled Dispositions, charcoal sketches of the human body as a metaphor for his own transformation during adolescence.
Yet he wanted more-specifically to start showing his work in a juried exhibition (评审展览), where art experts would evaluate and select pieces in a competitive review process. That’s when he hit an obstacle, discovering that the minimum age for submission was 18.
That rejection stimulates his creation. “There was a void in the art world, and I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. With the support of his parents, Nalin founded in 2023 Little ‘EGG Gallery, a commercial studio specially for underage artists. The gallery, which is now profitable enough to break even, charges a small hanging fee for any displayed work and takes a 15 percent commission fee on sales. In turn, Little EGG helps promote young talents by showcasing their work.
Not long after opening, Ontario College of Art and Design University professor and artist David Griffin stumbled upon the gallery while taking a casual walk with his wife in their neighbourhood. An exhibition was being installed at the time, and some of Nalin’s own work was on the walls. Upon meeting Nalin, Griffin says he understood that he was speaking with someone special: “a strong young artist with a really excellent idea, which was to provide a space for showing the local community the easy, natural genius of young people.” A connection was formed, and Nalin asked Griffin to help judge an upcoming competition.
The first juried show was last spring, and the top three winners each received a $50 cash prize. Five-year-old Jack Gamble won for his abstract painting titled Pokemon.
13．What mainly drove Nalin to start Little EGG Gallery
A．The support of his parents. B．The desire to create his own studio.
C．The wish to offer young artists chances. D．The approval from the local community.
14．What does the underlined phrase “stumbled upon” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Withdrew from. B．Came across. C．Looked around. D．Headed for.
15．Which of the following best describes Nalin Kamat
A．Patient and humble. B．Determined and sympathetic.
C．Competitive and cooperative. D．Creative and devoted.
16．What can we learn from David Griffin’s words
A．Nalin’s uniqueness impressed him a lot.
B．Nalin’s idea received wide recognition.
C．Nalin’s platform boosted young artists’ creativity.
D．Nalin’s efforts brought about the neighborhood unity.
【答案】13．C 14．B 15．D 16．A
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Nalin Kamat创立Little EGG Gallery为年轻艺术家提供展示机会的故事。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段““There was a void in the art world, and I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. (“艺术界存在一个空白，我想如果我能为更多年轻艺术家提供机会，那将非常酷，”现年15岁的Nalin说)”可知，为年轻艺术家提供机会的愿望驱使Nalin创办了Little EGG Gallery。故选C。
14．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Not long after opening, Ontario College of Art and Design University professor and artist David Griffin stumbled upon the gallery while taking a casual walk with his wife in their neighbourhood. (开业不久，安大略艺术设计大学教授兼艺术家David Griffin在与妻子在附近散步时stumbled upon这个画廊)”可知，David Griffin和妻子在附近散步，推测他们是偶然发现了这个画廊，划线短语stumbled upon意为“偶然发现”，与Came across意思相近。故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据第一段“By the time Nalin Kamat was 13, the Toronto teen was well on his way to becoming a working artist. (当Nalin Kamat 13岁时，这位多伦多少年就已经踏上了成为一名职业艺术家的道路)”以及第三段“With the support of his parents, Nalin founded in 2023 Little ‘EGG Gallery, a commercial studio specially for underage artists.(在父母的支持下，Nalin于2023年创立了Little ‘EGG Gallery，这是一家专门为未成年艺术家打造的商业工作室)”可知，他13岁就踏上了成为一名职业艺术家的道路，并于2023年创办画廊为年轻艺术家提供机会，由此可推知，Nalin Kamat是富有创造力和奉献精神的。故选D。
16．推理判断题。根据第四段“Upon meeting Nalin, Griffin says he understood that he was speaking with someone special: “a strong young artist with a really excellent idea, which was to provide a space for showing the local community the easy, natural genius of young people.” (在与Nalin会面后，Griffin表示，他明白自己正在与一位特别的人交谈：“一位强大的年轻艺术家，他有一个非常好的想法，那就是为当地社区提供一个展示年轻人轻松、自然天赋的空间。”)”可知，David Griffin认为Nalin是特别的，是强大的年轻艺术家，并且有很好的想法，为年轻艺术家提供展示的机会，由此可推知，Nalin的独特性给David Griffin留下了深刻印象。故选A。
5.（2025·浙江省绍兴市高三下学期二模）
Nursing homes have increasingly turned to robots to complete a variety of care tasks. A new study from a University of Notre Dame expert on the future of work finds that robot use is associated with increased employment and employee retention (留住), improved productivity and a higher quality of care. The research has important implications for the workplace and the long-term care industry.
Yong Suk Lee, associate professor of technology, economy and global affairs, was the lead author for the study. “Our research focused on Japan because it is a super-aging society that provides a good example of what the future could entail elsewhere-a declining population, a growing share of senior citizens and a declining share of working-age people,” Lee said. “We need to be ready for this new reality.”
In a future where there are more senior citizens requiring care, using robots in a targeted fashion could benefit workers and patients alike, Lee said. The study analyzed three types of robots that are increasingly used in assisted living facilities: Transfer robots, which nurses use to lift, move and rotate patients in beds and around rooms. Mobility robots, which patients use to move around and to bathe. Monitoring and communication robots, which include technologies such as computer vision and bed sensors that can record and examine patient data such as movement and share it with care providers.
“We found that robot adoption aids care workers by reducing quit rates. This is important because employee turnover is a big concern in nursing homes. Workers typically experience a great deal of physical pain, particularly in their knees and back. The work is hard and the pay is low. So robot use was associated with employee retention.” Lee said, “Robots can improve productivity by shifting the tasks performed by care workers to those involving human touch, empathy and dexterity (灵活性). Ultimately, robots can help workers provide a higher level of patient care.”
“This research provides critical insights into how societies can successfully navigate the challenges of caring for aging populations,” Lee said.
17．Why did Yong Suk Lee focus his research on Japan
A．It encourages the elderly care industry. B．It has a sound foundation for robot nursing.
C．Its super-aging society well reflects the trend. D．It owns the most advanced robots in the world.
18．How do the nursing robots improve patient care
A．They offer full-time chat service. B．They monitor patients’ real-time data.
C．They provide specific treatment plans. D．They move medical equipment freely.
19．Why does robot adoption reduce workers’ quit rates
A．It solves the issue of low pay.
B．It eases the抢分秘籍 03阅读理解
(主旨大意+推理判断+细节理解+词义猜测)
目录
【高考预测】（阅读理解）主旨大意+推理判断+细节理解+词义猜测.............................................................01
【思维导图】阅读理解考点考向思维导图............................................................................................................02
【应试秘籍】阅读理解常考点及应对的策略........................................................................................................02
【误区点拨】阅读理解点拨常见的易错点............................................................................................................02
【抢分通关】阅读理解押题新高考方向，讲解通关策略（含新考法）............................................................19
【模拟新题练】........................................................................................................................................................19
【押题演练】.............................................................................................................................................................25
概率预测 ☆☆☆☆☆
题型预测 阅读理解——主旨大意+推理判断+细节理解+词义猜测
考向预测 主旨大意+推理判断+细节理解+词义猜测 ☆☆☆☆☆
【思维导图】
一、主旨大意题
秘籍：主旨大意题分为归纳文章标题、段落大意和文章大意。标题归纳题属于文章中心思想的精炼表达。标题具有以下特征：①概括性：能概括全文并体现文章的主旨；②针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；③新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；④精准性：不改变原文的意思和感彩⑤简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
段落大意题解题时重点关注段落第一句，段落第一句往往是段落的主旨句，有时会和段落结尾句首尾呼应。文章大意题解答时应当重点关注文章第一段和最后一段。第一段往往会点明文章的主要内容和线索，有时在各个段落的主旨句中也可以提炼文章的大意。
易错点1：文章标题的常见错误（①断章取义；②以偏概全）
(2025年1月 浙江卷) A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular pared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
31．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A．The future of gardening is WILD． B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS.
C．Matrix gardens need more CARE. D．Old garden plots work WONDERS.
这是一个很容易做错的一个高考典例，有些同学选D．Old garden plots work WONDERS，他们从文章找到了Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.，认为Old garden plots是traditional garden plots的改写，有些相似之处，就以为找到了答案，没有认真分析哪里来的work WONDERS；有些同学从文中找到了matrix gardens就选C Matrix gardens need more CARE，但和文中的Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering.相悖，故错误。选标题时一定要从文章整体把握，切不可断章取义、以偏概全。
1.解题技巧：
关键词法 反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词
主题句法 根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题
串联法 分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题
逆向法 根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项
2.思维方法：
要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。
① 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
② 反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；
③ 研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。
易错点2：文章的段落大意定位不准
(2025年1月 浙江卷) D篇 Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance.
35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product.
C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women.
解题技巧：
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。
易错点3：文章大意把握不准
(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) C篇
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
11. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
本文的文章大意需要从文中各段进行总结，最后总结概括文章大意。
文章在不同的段落里说明了巴比伦微型农场的特点：减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等，很显然这都是农场的优势。故A选项正确。它是对全文的高度概括，语言精练。
文章大意解题指导
方法1：主题句法
解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
转折词 如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。
总结词 如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。
疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。
方法2：高频词法
全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
方法3：逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。
二、推理判断题
推理判断题包括隐含意义推断题、观点态度、文章出处或写作对象、目的意图和下文预测推断题。推理判断题的命题选项采用的方法：
同义替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换，最终成为正确选项
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
语言简化 把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。
信息归纳 具有概括性，用精练的语言概括原文中分散的或复杂的信息，考查考生的概括和归纳能力
改变词性或语态 改变原文重点词性或语态，给考生制造了某些障碍。
特殊句式 使用特殊句式如虚拟语气、倒装句、双重否定等增加句子理解难度。
注意：比较级后面常有than, 有时前面会有any, much, far, even, still, a bit等修饰其程度。
易错点1： 对人物和事件的描述出错
1.(2025年1月 浙江卷)C篇 Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
30．Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens
A．Traditional. B．Odd-looking.
C．Tasteful. D．Well-protected.
2.（2025年1月浙江卷）
I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’ re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
27. What does the author think of the strategies she has been following
A. Costly. B. Complex. C. Workable. D. Contradictory.
如何判断人物和事件的特征
（1）思维导图
（2）人物和事件特征的设问方式
1．Which of the following best describes......
2．According to the text, which words can best describe ......
3.Which of the following best describe ...... according to Paragraph ...
4.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event
5.What did the author think of ......
（3）解题技巧
把描述人物的性格特征的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事迹相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。
易错点2： 写作态度易错
1.(2024·全国甲卷)
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
2.（2023 新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇）
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
(　)35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear.
B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful.
D. Approving.
解题方法：
做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible, impossible, seem, strange等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。
褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。
贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappointed(失望的)等。
中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。
易错点3： 对预测文章走势茫然不知所措
（2023 全国乙卷·阅读理解C篇）
What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK's obsession(痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
(　)31.What might the author continue talking about
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies of big eaters.
如何判断文章走势
（1）思维导图
（2）文章走势的设问方式
1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph
2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph
3．What would the author most probably discuss next
4．Where does the article go next
5.What would the following paragraph talk about
（3）解题技巧
对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。
易错点4： 写作目的和意图易混易错点
1．（2024·新课标I卷）
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”
27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance.
C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection.
2.（2023 新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B）
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fibreglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
(　)26.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans.
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
如何判断写作目的和意图
（1）思维导图
（2）目的意图题的设问方式
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text
The purpose of the text is to get more people to _______.
The writer of the story wants to tell us that________.
The fact…is mentioned by the author to show________.
The author writers the last paragraph in order to ________.
（3）解题技巧：
写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。
一般来说，我们可以通过分析文章的文体特点，理解作者的词句选择和识别文章的语气来推断出作者的写作意图。
易错点5： 引申推断题易错
1．(2025年1月·浙江卷)B When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact.
24. What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph
A. She is upset by her kids’ weight. B. She is critical of the way she was fed.
C. She is interested in making food. D. She is particular about what she eats.
【答案】B
2.(2024新课标I卷)C
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
如何进行引申推断
根据阅读文章整体或某一段落的内容进行引申推断得出推断结果。引申推断的方法：1.通过分析文章内容，推断出文章中事实的结论，得出新的判断；2.推理判断的结论不是文章中的原句，而是在文章基础上，通过逻辑推理得出的结论。
（1）思维导图
（2）错误选项的特点
1. 似是而非：只是对原文信息简单重述，而不是依据文章提供事实依据推断出来的结论。
2. 夸大事实：对文章的事实或证据进行夸大；有时，选项内容与原文一致无需推断。
3. 推理过度：选项往往过于绝对化或片面化(以偏概全)，有时会出现only, all等词语。
4. 掺入常识：根据考生已有常识是正确的，但不是根据文章中的证据推断出来的结论。
（3）解题技巧：
引申推断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
①定位信息：通过寻读找到相关信息点。
②字面理解：理解相关信息点字面意义。
③深层理解：进而理解作者的言外之意。
三、猜测词义
分析近三年新高考卷考查词义猜词的题目可知，对短语的考查与对生词的考查都有所涉及。我们都要运用逻辑关系、上下文、生活常识、文化背景、构词法等来猜测其含义。因此，在阅读过程中，考生需要结合语境，联系上下文进行猜测。
易错点1：词义/短语含义易混易错点
1.（2025 浙江新高考卷·阅读理解C篇节选）
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
2.（2023 新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇节选）
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
(　)29.What does the underlined word“declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
一、利用上下文线索猜测词义
1．重述
作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用的、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词汇有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。
2.定义
作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词语有：i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等。
3.举例
有时，画线词后会跟有一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助考生理解画线词的词义。此时常出现的信号词语有：such as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。
4.同义词或近义词
有时，在画线单词或短语的上下文会出现与之同义或近义的词汇，它往往暗示了画线词或短语的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇有：and, or, like, as well, similarly, too, also, either等。
5.反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见的表示对比或反义的信号词/词组有：(whether...) or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand等。
二、根据上下文逻辑猜测词义
有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的单词或短语的意义。
1．转折关系：利用转折关系猜测词义
2.对比关系：有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或会出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。
3.类比关系
作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性(共同特征)，它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇有：similarly, like, also, just as, as well等。
三、根据语法知识猜测词义
在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。
易错点2：代词指代易错点
（2020 新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C 节选）
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that．Hence this book, Chasing the Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
9．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
代词指代题旨在考查考生根据上下文猜测代词的指代意义的能力。代词多是it, that, he, him, that等，可以指代上文提到的人或物，it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。
【做题步骤】
四、细节理解
细节理解题主要考查对文章中某一特定句子的理解，解题时可以使用快速阅读的方法，找到文章中对应的关键词，然后再仔细阅读相关的句子，理解其含义。
具体步骤如下：
第一步：采用先题后文法，先仔细审读题干，标出关键词。
第二步：采用原词复现、近义词、同义词甚至反义词等方法，迅速在原文中查询关键词句，再精准翻译。
第三步：核对选项，注意细节是否有替换或曲解。
易错点：不能识别同义表达易错
2.（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C 篇节选）
C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
(　)28.What is the book aimed at
A.Teaching critical thinking skills.
B.Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C.Solving philosophical problems.
D.Promoting the use of a digital device.
间接信息题的核心是识别同义句表达。最常用的方法是：1.采用同义词改写选项或题干；2.用反义词改写选项或题干，采用正话反说的方式；3.采用相关句式改写。
例如：本题的解题思维过程如下：
【题干定位】关键词 be aimed at
【文章定位】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
【文章中的关键词】 The goal of this book
【同义句表达手段】be aimed at =The goal of this book
【内容定位】 to make the case for digital minimalism
【选项关键词】Advocating v. 提倡( advocate的现在分词 )；为…辩护
【同义句表达手段】Advocating v. 提倡( advocate的现在分词 )；为…辩护=make the case for为…辩护；提出理由
【正确选项】B
4.（2023·全国甲卷·阅读理解B篇节选）
Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end. She adds: “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures, so, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”
26. How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented
A. By making it look like before. B. By furnishing it herself.
C. By splitting the rent with a roommate. D. By cancelling the rental agreement.
【解题的关键词】题干中的avoid losing the deposit避免损失押金 和文章中的avoid any charges 避免被扣除租房的押金，是同义句表达。
5.（2023·1月浙江卷·阅读理解C篇节选）What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.
30．What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond
A．Create rules. B．Comprehend meaning.
C．Talk fluently. D．Identify difficult words.
【解题的关键词】题干中的unable to do不能做 和文章中的does not specify未指定，是同义句表达。
间接信息题解题指导
间接信息题常出现在各种文体中，会涉及各个方面的内容。解此类试题常用“同义表达”法。
该类题的特点是试题题干或选项中的关键词语通常使用同义词或近义词甚至反义词来替换文中的相关细节信息,例如,使用conduct对文中的carry out进行同义转换,用finally对文中的eventual进行同义转换。
间接细节理解题的解题关键：
信息题的核心关键是识别同义句表达。目前高考中直接读出答案的细节理解题占的比重越来越少，很多情况下是对文章命题出处语句的不同程度的改写，因此，要想准确定位就要识别同义句表达。
最常用的方法是：1.采用同义词改写选项或题干；2.用反义词改写选项或题干，采用正话反说的方式；3.采用相关句式改写。
改写类别：1.改写阅读理解的题干。把题干中的关键词通常采用同义词的手段改写为同义句，这时，我们要找到文章中的同义词进行定位。
2.改写阅读理解中的选项。阅读理解问题中的选项很大程度上不是文章定位中的原句，大多采用了同义句表达的形式。识别选项中与原文定位中的同义句是选出正确答案的关键。
解题思路
高考模拟新题练
时间：30分钟 满分：50分 得分：__________
1.（2025·河北省保定市高三一模）
When you hear the term “classical music,” do you think of an easy-listening radio background or passions deeply connecting with your soul As a music educator, I advocate “conscious listening” to classical music that is ripe for fun, creative associations.
The first step to a conscious listening experience is learning mindfulness: being fully attentive in the moment. Mindfulness is more than letting the sound wash over us; it’s about opening up to the big picture with a nonjudgmental mind, which in the long term enhances our capacity for complex concepts and problem-solving, leading to better judgment and decisions.
Finding mindfulness in the everyday is not always easy. An audience member whispering or flipping pages from a booklet during a live performance can throw the musicians off and frustrate others. Noise pollution and social media also create an underlying disturbance to our listening powers that can threaten our health, gradually increasing our anxiety and emotional disconnection.
Breathwork is one of the most common methods of cultivating mindfulness. A better way to ease in is to first engage emotionally with rich music. Then, allow the flow of energy to lead to tension and release, creating anticipation and then fulfilling it, naturally causing inhales (吸气) and exhales after multiple listens. This is exactly what listening to musical harmony does. Research shows that music pleasure emerges from the interaction between our anticipation of upcoming sound through our reward system and the actual pleasing sound itself.
Forget easygoing “massage music.” Try following the multiple voices in J. S. Bach’s compositions that inspire mental calm and clarity through their interactions. Or sense the emotional tension and release patterns in the harmonies of Sergei Rachmaninoff. Classical music demands a higher level of awareness and offers richer rewards. Then, the surrounding noise melts away.
Listening to music can feel like having a companion on a journey who is guiding you through each moment of mindfulness. It is easier to become mindful when focusing on the flow of the music instead of seeking absolute quiet.
1．How does long-term mindfulness practice benefit listeners
A．By improving social interaction. B．By promoting issue-resolution skills.
C．By enhancing relaxation effects. D．By increasing musical appreciation.
2．What major challenge to mindful listening is highlighted in paragraph 3
A．A critic mentality about music.
B．Performers inappropriate behaviors.
C．The capacity for complex concepts.
D．Distractions from noise and technology.
3．Why does the author recommend Bach and Rachmaninoff’s works
A．Their compositions best demonstrate emotional patterns.
B．Their works are the most accessible for beginners.
C．They represent the most technically demanding pieces.
D．They are universally considered easygoing music.
4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To highlight the advantages of mindfulness.
B．To convey personal views on classical music.
C．To enable music listeners to engage deeply.
D．To introduce a new method for concentration.
2.（2025·河北省石家庄市普通高中毕业年级教学质量检测（二））
King Shahryar, betrayed (背叛) by his wife, decides to marry a new woman each night and have her killed by morning to ensure he is never betrayed again. Scheherazade volunteers to marry the king. Each evening, she begins an engaging story but stops at dawn, leaving him eager for more. Night after night, she keeps him attracted with new tales, and over 1,001 nights, the king falls in love with her and abandons his cruel ways.
This ancient tale from One Thousand and One Nights highlights storytelling’s impact. Our recent research shows that strong storytelling skills can dramatically improve someone’s well-being.
At its core, storytelling helps people find meaning from life’s chaos. Studies show we shape our identities by turning experiences into personal stories. Skilled storytellers excel at two key skills: they need to connect events logically and they must learn to see the world through the eyes of their characters, understanding the “why” of what drives people. Applying these two skills to their own lives, skillful storytellers use the first to identify and pursue what gives their life meaning, while the second develops a mindset that prioritizes the “why” behind their actions over just the “how”.
To illustrate this point, we conducted studies with 800 participants. We measured storytelling ability through self-reports, friend evaluations and expert reviews on lab experiments where each participant told one story about himself and the other with three given random words. In addition to these assessments of storytelling skills, we asked participants questions to get a sense of how meaningful they found life and whether they approached decisions with a “why” mindset rather than a “how” mindset.
Results consistently linked storytelling skills to stronger life meaning and goal clarity. Personality also mattered: people open to new experiences collected more interesting life stories, while shy people used storytelling to balance out their limited social interaction.
A strong “why” mindset connects with reduced stress and extended life. Storytelling also builds social connections. By helping people express their purpose and build relationships, stories may indirectly strengthen both mental and physical health.
Storytelling workshops, now popular globally, may do more than teach communication they could help participants redefine their life’s direction.
5．Why does the author mention Scheherazade’s stories in the first paragraph
A．To show Scheherazade’s cleverness. B．To entertain readers with a classic tale.
C．To introduce the topic of storytelling. D．To compare ancient and modern stories.
6．What does the “why” mindset primarily focus on
A．Completing daily tasks efficiently. B．Avoiding stressful situations.
C．Memorizing random life events. D．Understanding life’s purpose.
7．What were participants asked to do in the lab experiment
A．Share personal interests in a group.
B．Tell a story with words provided.
C．Reflect on the “why” behind their actions.
D．Connect events into a meaningful story.
8．Which can be the best title for the text
A．Scheherazade’s Survival in an Ancient Tale
B．How People’s Storytelling Abilities Develop
C．Living a Meaningful Life through Storytelling
D．Why Shy People Attend Storytelling Workshops
3.（2025·吉林省长春市高三下学期质量监测（三））
If you ever feel that the world is against you, you are not alone. We all have a tendency to assume that when anything goes wrong, the fault lies within some great intrigue (诡计) against us. If a co-worker fails the deadline, they must be trying to ruin career. When WiFi in a coffee shop is not working, the staff must be lying about having it to attract you in.
But the simple fact is that these explanations, which we tend to jump to, are barely true. Maybe your co-worker thought today was Tuesday, not Wednesday. Maybe the WiFi router was just broken. This is where Hanlon’s razor comes in — a useful mental model that never credits to intentional harm that can be fully explained by ignorance.
Applying Hanlon’s razor, a useful tool for rapid decision-making and intelligent comprehension, in our day-to-day lives allows us to become less judgmental, and improve reasoning skills. Meanwhile, Hanlon’s razor allows us to give people the benefit of the doubt, have more empathy (同理心) and teaches us not to assume the worst intention in the actions of others, the value of which is most pronounced in relationships, business matters, and personal happiness.
We all lead complex lives where things are constantly going wrong. When this occurs, a common response is to blame the nearest person and assume they have bad intention. However, when someone messes up around us, we forget how many times we, too, have done the same. Instead, the perpetrator becomes a source of intense annoyance.
To assume intention in such a situation is likely to worsen the problem. None of us can ever know what someone else wants to happen. Inability or ignorance is far more likely to be the cause than the desire to hurt. When a situation causes us to become angry or upset, it can be valuable to consider if those emotions are justified. Often, the best way to react to other people causing us problems is by seeking to educate them, not to dismiss them. In this way, we can avoid repeats of the same situation.
9．How do people typically react to failures according to the text
A．Face true ill intention. B．Shift current situations.
C．Misplace blame on others. D．Seek trustworthy persons.
10．What does Hanlon’s razor refer to
A．It identifies who is to blame. B．It is a device for router repair.
C．It avoids assuming harm by ignorance. D．It is an approach for colleague’s fault.
11．What does the underlined word “perpetrator” in paragraph 4 mean
A．An error maker. B．An issue fixer. C．A blame sharer. D．A familiar person.
12．What will probably be discussed next in the text
A．How to control the bad emotions.
B．How to instruct others effectively.
C．How to change the nervous relationship.
D．How to avoid reappearance of the same situation.
4.（2025·浙江省绍兴市高三下学期二模）
It turns out patience isn’t always a virtue. By the time Nalin Kamat was 13, the Toronto teen was well on his way to becoming a working artist. He had already had his first show at a local arts hub, showcasing his series titled Dispositions, charcoal sketches of the human body as a metaphor for his own transformation during adolescence.
Yet he wanted more-specifically to start showing his work in a juried exhibition (评审展览), where art experts would evaluate and select pieces in a competitive review process. That’s when he hit an obstacle, discovering that the minimum age for submission was 18.
That rejection stimulates his creation. “There was a void in the art world, and I thought it’d be really cool if I could provide the opportunity for more young artists,” says Nalin, now 15. With the support of his parents, Nalin founded in 2023 Little ‘EGG Gallery, a commercial studio specially for underage artists. The gallery, which is now profitable enough to break even, charges a small hanging fee for any displayed work and takes a 15 percent commission fee on sales. In turn, Little EGG helps promote young talents by showcasing their work.
Not long after opening, Ontario College of Art and Design University professor and artist David Griffin stumbled upon the gallery while taking a casual walk with his wife in their neighbourhood. An exhibition was being installed at the time, and some of Nalin’s own work was on the walls. Upon meeting Nalin, Griffin says he understood that he was speaking with someone special: “a strong young artist with a really excellent idea, which was to provide a space for showing the local community the easy, natural genius of young people.” A connection was formed, and Nalin asked Griffin to help judge an upcoming competition.
The first juried show was last spring, and the top three winners each received a $50 cash prize. Five-year-old Jack Gamble won for his abstract painting titled Pokemon.
13．What mainly drove Nalin to start Little EGG Gallery
A．The support of his parents. B．The desire to create his own studio.
C．The wish to offer young artists chances. D．The approval from the local community.
14．What does the underlined phrase “stumbled upon” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Withdrew from. B．Came across. C．Looked around. D．Headed for.
15．Which of the following best describes Nalin Kamat
A．Patient and humble. B．Determined and sympathetic.
C．Competitive and cooperative. D．Creative and devoted.
16．What can we learn from David Griffin’s words
A．Nalin’s uniqueness impressed him a lot.
B．Nalin’s idea received wide recognition.
C．Nalin’s platform boosted young artists’ creativity.
D．Nalin’s efforts brought about the neighborhood unity.
5.（2025·浙江省绍兴市高三下学期二模）
Nursing homes have increasingly turned to robots to complete a variety of care tasks. A new study from a University of Notre Dame expert on the future of work finds that robot use is associated with increased employment and employee retention (留住), improved productivity and a higher quality of care. The research has important implications for the workplace and the long-term care industry.
Yong Suk Lee, associate professor of technology, economy and global affairs, was the lead author for the study. “Our research focused on Japan because it is a super-aging society that provides a good example of what the future could entail elsewhere-a declining population, a growing share of senior citizens and a declining share of working-age people,” Lee said. “We need to be ready for this new reality.”
In a future where there are more senior citizens requiring care, using robots in a targeted fashion could benefit workers and patients alike, Lee said. The study analyzed three types of robots that are increasingly used in assisted living facilities: Transfer robots, which nurses use to lift, move and rotate patients in beds and around rooms. Mobility robots, which patients use to move around and to bathe. Monitoring and communication robots, which include technologies such as computer vision and bed sensors that can record and examine patient data such as movement and share it with care providers.
“We found that robot adoption aids care workers by reducing quit rates. This is important because employee turnover is a big concern in nursing homes. Workers typically experience a great deal of physical pain, particularly in their knees and back. The work is hard and the pay is low. So robot use was associated with employee retention.” Lee said, “Robots can improve productivity by shifting the tasks performed by care workers to those involving human touch, empathy and dexterity (灵活性). Ultimately, robots can help workers provide a higher level of patient care.”
“This research provides critical insights into how societies can successfully navigate the challenges of caring for aging populations,” Lee said.
17．Why did Yong Suk Lee focus his research on Japan
A．It encourages the elderly care industry. B．It has a sound foundation for robot nursing.
C．Its super-aging society well reflects the trend. D．It owns the most advanced robots in the world.
18．How do the nursing robots improve patient care
A．They offer full-time chat service. B．They monitor patients’ real-time data.
C．They provide specific treatment plans. D．They move medical equipment freely.
19．Why does robot adoption reduce workers’ quit rates
A．It solves the issue of low pay.
B．It eases their heavy working burden.
C．It helps to treat their occupational injuries.
D．It switches their focus from human touch to technology.
20．What’s the passage mainly about
A．Japan’s exploration exemplifies the care industry.
B．High quality care for the elderly should be advocated.
C．Nursing robots benefit staff retention and patient care.
D．Robot adoption in nursing requires critical examination.
押题演练
时间：30分钟 满分：50分 得分：__________
A
Jamie Carter’s story is a shining example of how one person’s determination can bring meaningful change to a community. At 16, Jamie has already changed lives in her community. Her journey began at 13 when she volunteered at a local food shelter. While helping to pack boxes of canned goods, Jamie noticed one pressing issue: there was a lack of fresh vegetables. This realization inspired her to address the problem, eventually leading to a community-wide gardening initiative.
Jamie proposed turning a part of her family’s 150-acre farm into a garden dedicated to providing fresh produce for local families. While her mother, Sarah Carter, supported the idea, she also understood the effort it would require. Although the family had experience growing crops like wheat and barley, raising vegetables was new to them. However, Jamie was determined to make a difference and reduce the nutritional gap she had observed.
To overcome her lack of experience, Jamie conducted thorough research and applied for a grant from the National Agriculture and Youth Organization to fund her project. She worked tirelessly, spending two to three hours every day watering her crops during the hot summers of Kansas while balancing her other commitments, like soccer practices. Additionally, she managed challenges such as weeds and particularly demanding crops like green beans.
With help from her younger siblings, Jamie’s half-acre garden produced 15 types of vegetables in its first year, yielding 40 pounds of produce that benefited food banks, nursing homes, and soup kitchens. Inspired by this success, Jamie expanded the garden to double its size. Over time, her project has donated more than 7,000 pounds of fresh produce, valued at around $15,000, earning her widespread respect within her community. Her efforts deeply moved many, including a mother from a local shelter who expressed gratitude for food that reminded her children of home.
Jamie’s motivation is simple yet profound. “I wanted to create something that could make a real impact,” she explained to KNC News. Her belief in community power and the joy of helping others continues to inspire her future efforts.
1．What motivated Jamie to start her gardening project
A．Her love for growing plants.
B．A desire to learn farming techniques.
C．The need for fresh vegetables at shelters.
D．The chance to become well-known locally.
2．How did Jamie tackle her lack of farming experience
A．By combing study with practice.
B．By balancing her other activities.
C．By working tirelessly on her own.
D．By seeking advice from organizations.
3．Which of the following can best describe Jamie
A．Observant and cautious. B．Ambitious and conventional.
C．Emotional and persistent. D．Purposeful and devoted.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Jamie’s Garden: A New Way of Planting
B．From Field to Family: A Teen’s Vision
C．Growing Together: A Community Initiative
D．Jamie: A Girl Who Sows Seeds of Change and Care
B
No! That’s the only word we hear in the latest cute baby video to go viral. But it’s not the words that baby Orla says that has made this video so popular. It’s the fact that her babbling (咿呀声) clearly copies the unique Scouse accent from Liverpool.
This now-famous infant may only have been born in 2022, but the different accents of babbling babies have been investigated for many years. A study from 2009 found that French babies tend to cry with a rising intonation,while German babies’ cries often have a falling intonation. Other studies have shown American and French babies reflecting syllables (音节) from English and French respectively, and that babies with parents who speak a tonal language, like Mandarin, had a greater range of tones in their crying.
So why does this happen As children develop, they practise making the sounds of the language that they hear around them. It’s natural that they pick up the sounds and rhythms that surround them. In fact, babies start to learn language from their mother from three months before birth. However, it’s not just the language of immediate family and caregivers that has an impact. Professor of developmental psychology, Caroline Floccia, highlights studies suggesting that children are more likely to acquire the accent of their environment than that of a parent who has an accent that is foreign to that location.
Why is this important to know Well, what it shows us is that babies are learning language through practice,and that the more time that parents spend interacting with their children, the greater the opportunity for this there is. While babbling babies may not be able to say many words, studies estimate that they can understand many times the number of words than those that they can actually say. Giving babies exposure to a greater number of words allows them to better build their vocabulary.
5．Why is baby Orla mentioned in paragraph 1
A．To offer background information. B．To introduce a topic.
C．To explain a phenomenon. D．To prove the fact.
6．How is paragraph 2 developed
A．By listing data. B．By analyzing causes.
C．By providing definitions. D．By making comparisons.
7．Why do babies tend to pick up the sounds and rhythms of their environment
A．Because they are born with an ability to follow a foreign parent.
B．Because it’s a natural part of their language acquisition process.
C．Because they are forced to do so by their caregivers.
D．Because it helps them develop their musical talent.
8．What does the text suggest to parents
A．Talking more to their babies. B．Understanding their babies.
C．Getting rid of their accents. D．Staying with their babies occasionally.
C
ChatGPT and other generative AI tools have raised concerns that chatbots will replace many kinds of workers. Writers, editors, and customer service representatives are among the jobs that could be affected.
Supporters reason that AI might destroy some jobs while creating others. They also say that the technology will probably make workers more productive, benefiting themselves, their employers and the economy. Sam Altman is the chief of OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT. He said that he believes “AI is going to eliminate a lot of current jobs, and this is going to change the way that a lot of current jobs function.” Nick Bunker is an economist at the Indeed Hiring Lab, part of a job search website. He said that he does not believe the technology is going to lead to a lot of unemployment. “We have seen other big technological events in our history, and those didn’t lead to a large rise in unemployment. Technology destroys but also creates. There will be new jobs that come about,” he said.
Erik Brynjolfsson of Stanford University, Danielle Li and Lindsey Raymond of MIT studied 5,200 customer-support agents at a large company. The researchers found that those who used the chatbot were 14 percent more productive than workers who did not use the chatbot. The workers who used AI took more calls and completed them faster.
However, the fear that AI is a threat to some kinds of jobs has a basis in reality. Suumit Shah is an Indian business owner who announced last year that he had replaced 90 percent of his customer-support workers with a chatbot named Lina. Shah’s company, Dukaan, helps customers set up e-commerce sites to sell goods online. Shah said the average amount of time it took to answer a customer’s question shrank from 1 minute and 44 seconds to “instant”. The chatbot also cut the time needed to resolve problems from more than two hours to just over three minutes.
9．What does the underlined word “eliminate” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Bring about. B．Turn out. C．Fit in with. D．Get rid of.
10．What’s Bunker’s attitude to AI like chatbots
A．Confused. B．Amazed. C．Acceptable. D．Concerned.
11．What does the study in paragraph 3 tell us
A．Chatbots make workers more efficient.
B．AI is a big threat to some kinds of jobs.
C．Chatbots will destroy lots of human jobs.
D．AI is much more productive than humans.
12．How does the author organize the text
A．By giving examples. B．By making comparisons.
C．By offering suggestions. D．By listing research results.
D
Years after my art history class, I am insufferable at museums. “That’s definitely a Matisse,” I say. “You can telI because of the brushwork and the use of colour.” Sometimes it is not a Matisse but oftentimes it is.
It is unsettling to learn, then, that for all of my carefully won art appreciation, I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, honeybees — whose brains are the size of grass seeds — were shown Picassos and Monets paired side by side. Below the prints were two small containers, one containing sugar water and the other nothing at all.
Which to enter Bees couldn’t see or smell whether a given container held the treat until they’d already flown inside it. But they could let the masterpieces guide them: for some bees, the reward was always under the Picasso, while for the rest it was under the Monet. Over the course of many trials, the bees learned to fly straight for the correct container. Indeed, they even performed slightly better than chance when faced with pairs of paintings they’d never seen before. The bees had learned to discriminate, however modestly, between the two artists’ styles.
To be sure, humans still have the edge. Last year a team of researchers led by Liane Gabora found that art students were perfectly capable of identifying which well-known artist was behind which unknown painting. Creative writing students were similarly excellent at spotting little-read passages by Hemingway or Dickens — a skill I can only assume no honeybee has yet demonstrated.
Even more impressively, though, the students could recognize as-yet-unseen samples of each other’s work, including work in entirely different mediums. Creative writers could identify their fellow writers’ paintings and sketches; painters had a pretty good idea who’d brought which poem or clay pot.
It’s clear what the bees were doing: picking up and categorizing complex visual patterns in the pairs of images. But recognizing differences across mediums is altogether different. Whether we’re writing poems or building sculptures, Gabora argues, we’re doing so with the same mind: one that structures information in the same way, has been shaped by the same experiences, and longs to express the same ideas. Naturally, our techniques and preoccupations in one domain should “out” us in another.
But still I wonder: Just what about these techniques and preoccupations did the trick The researchers did their best to keep subject matter from ruling the day by instructing, for instance, artists who happened to be surfers not to bring in art that depicted (描绘) surfing. But what of less obvious subject matter — like Western landscapes And what of the obsessions that come into our work unawares A correlational study like this one will not answer these questions.
Perhaps my biggest question has to do with people who don’t identify as artists, and haven’t settled — or at least would claim so-on a personal style. Are their creations also a reflection of their worldview It seems likely that, at least to some extent, bad art is all alike, while only good art is good in its own way.
13．Why does the author mention bees
A．To present an example. B．To put forward a theory.
C．To draw out a comparison. D．To highlight a research finding.
14．Why does the author think humans still have the edge
A．Because we can transfer our experiences.
B．Because we can discriminate styles.
C．Because we can categorize patterns.
D．Because we can learn from trials.
15．What does the underlined word “out” in Paragraph 6 probably mean
A．Assist. B．Trick. C．Beat. D．Expose.
16．What might be the best title for the passage
A．Will Bees Beat Humans
B．How Will You View a View
C．Why Good Art Works Wonders
D．What Makes Hemingway Hemingway
E
Scientists from Argentina are working to understand more about microorganisms (微生物) found in Antarctica that may be able to help clean up pollutants like plastic and diesel (柴油) fuel, anticipating the study results could be useful for wider environmental issues.
Scientists have a reason for wanting to reduce pollution in Antarctica. The continent is protected by a rule that says it can be used for research only if it is left in good condition. The scientists found that the microorganisms can digest the waste created by diesel fuel, which is a common source of heat and electricity at research bases in Antarctica.
Dr Lucas Ruberto is a biochemist working on the study. He and other scientists went to the Carlini research base in December. The team carried out tasks related to bioremediation — returning something to it’s natural state. They cleaned soil affected by diesel fuel by using native microorganisms and plants.
The scientists found that the process, which can be used during Antaretica’s warm season, removed up to 80 percent of pollutants in the soil. Ruberto said the team used microorganisms by adding nitrogen (氮), wetness and airflow to improve soil conditions. “Basically, with that, we get the microorganisms to biologically reduce, with a very low environmental impact, the level of pollutants,” Ruberto told reporters.
The scientists are now looking into whether the microorganisms native to Antarctica can eat plastic waste. They are collecting pieces of plastic from Antarctic waters and looking to see if the microorganisms are degrading (分解) the plastic. Nathalie Bernard, a scientist in the team, is an expert in plastic biodegradation. She said, “If we find that it is indeed degrading plastic, the next step will be to understand how it does that.” “The long-term goal,” she added, “is to create a process in which microorganisms can help clean up plastic and fuel pollution in other parts of the world.”
17．Why do scientists have to reduce pollution in Antarctica
A．More microorganisms are found there.
B．It can help solve many environmental problems.
C．There is too much waste there created by diesel fuel.
D．They should follow the rule in order to do research there.
18．What do we know about the scientists’ research
A．Their research has no impact on the environment.
B．They used foreign microorganisms and plants to clean soil.
C．They could remove over half of pollutants in soil in Antarctica’s warm season.
D．They have already improved water condition greatly by using microorganisms.
19．What will the team do first in the future
A．Do more research in other parts of the world.
B．Master how microorganisms break down the plastic.
C．Clean up all the plastic and fuel pollution in the world.
D．Find out whether microorganisms can degrade the plastic.
20．What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage
A．To discuss. B．To inform. C．To educate. D．To entertain.
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