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大题04 阅读理解议论文
历年考情
高考英语阅读理解议论文，通常围绕某一观点、现象或问题展开论述，作者通过摆事实、讲道理，运用逻辑推理来阐明自身看法，说服读者接受其观点。文章往往结构清晰，包含论点、论据与论证过程，选材涉及社会热点、教育理念、科技发展争议、文化现象剖析等诸多领域，旨在考查学生对复杂文本的理解、分析及批判性思维能力。
命题规律
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解、推理判断和主旨大意题为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
考向预测
预测2025年高考阅读理解议论文可能会出现且会继续考查考生快速而准确地获取和理解文中具体细节信息的能力， 对文章信息的判断能力以及对文章的整体感知能力。
【2024全国甲卷】“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be—that’s up to you and the story you’re telling—bu it might provide what you need to get there.
12. Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie
A. To discuss a novel. B. To submit a book report.
C. To argue for a writer. D. To ask for a reading list.
13. What did the author realize after seeing Gracie
A. Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B. Readers are often carried away by character.
C. Each type of literature has its unique end.
D. A story which begins well will end well.
14. What is expected of a good ending
A It satisfies readers’ taste. B. It fits with the story development.
C. It is usually positive. D. It is open for imagination.
15. Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims
A. To give examples of great novelists. B. To stress the theme of this issue.
C. To encourage writing for the magazine. D. To recommend their new books.
读题预判：快速浏览题目与选项，圈出关键信息，像主旨题中的 “main idea”、细节题里的专有名词等，预判阅读重点，带着问题意识去读文章。 通读抓论点：首次通读，定位文章开头段，多数议论文在此点明主题、抛出论点；同时留意各段首句，它们常起承上启下、引出分论点的作用，梳理出全文论述脉络。 定位找论据：碰上细节、词义类题目，依据题目关键词，精准回文定位，在定位段落中细读上下文，借助因果、对比、举例等逻辑关系锁定答案，比如出现 “for example” 后的内容大概率是在解释前面论点，对理解词义、补充细节很关键。 推理重逻辑：面对推理题，紧扣文章已知观点、事实，杜绝过度臆想，分析作者用词褒贬、论证走向来判断态度倾向；梳理段落、句子间的逻辑链条，像因果推导、让步转折后的语义走向，让推理有理有据。 核查避陷阱：选完答案后，代入原文再次核查，看选项是否契合全文主旨、对应细节是否无误，警惕偷换概念、无中生有、以偏概全这类常见陷阱选项。
When most parents of young children today were growing up, social media was not as hugely common as it is today if it existed at all. A lot of us even remember the days of being pen pals, sending paper letters with actual stamps. The fact remains that in the information age, these platforms are a huge part of daily life for everyone. However, the question is, how young is too young for social media
While most social media platforms require that members are of a certain age, that doesn’t always mean that the child is really ready for what the world of social media has to offer. For example, Snapchat requires that users be at least 13 years old, but are 13-year-olds ready for Snapchat
A lot of research has been done to try to understand when the right time is for social media. It can be compared to the debate of when to allow a child to have their first cell phone. The two are actually closely connected with each other.
A recent study published in Computers in Human Behavior shows that for the 750 middle schoolers in the Northeastern US, a majority of them who joined social media under the age of 10 had many problems. It showed that students spent extended amounts of time visiting websites that were not approved for them to visit.
Similar to Snapchat, other social media giants require users to be at least 13 years old to join, but it is pretty obvious to fake this information. The study’s lead author Linda Charmaraman shared, “Social media sites all require a minimum age of 13 to register, but the reality is that many users are younger than that: One-third of our sample had already started using social media at age 11 or 12 and another one-third had begun at age 10 or younger.”
Dr. Charmaraman continued, “This study helps us understand the risks and benefits for kids, so that parents and policymakers can make decisions that prioritize their well-being. These findings suggest that the industry-based minimum age of 13 for social media users may potentially be a good standard, if it can be enforced.”
33．What do we know about most parents today when they were young
A．They communicated by writing letters.
B．They were too young to use social media.
C．They were addicted to surfing the Internet.
D．They used to send emails to their pen friends.
34．What does Linda Charmaraman’s study show
A．Social media giants are reliable enough for the young.
B．Kids use social media without their parents’ monitoring.
C．Social media may not practice 13 as minimum registering age.
D．Many social media users often visit websites not approved for them.
35．What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to
A．A good standard. B．The minimum age of 13．
C．Dr. Charmaraman’s study. D．Kids’ well-being.
36．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Why Shouldn’t Young Children Use Social Media
B．Should Young Children Be Allowed on Social Media
C．How Should Young Children Be Guided on Social Media
D．What Is the Right Age to Allow a Child to Be on Social Media
Passage（1）
【2025届贵州新高考高端精品模拟信息卷】The landline (座机) was an impressive presence in the house where I grew up. On the rare and alarming occasions when it rang, there was an inflexible polite sentence for answering: “Sittingbourne 981, who is speaking, please ”
The phone both was and wasn`t an instrument of communication. The occasions for its use were clearly defined — and random chatting wasn’t one of them. Its situation in the front hail, from where every word could be heard throughout the house, was an effective solution to the endless conversations that are (or were) the favourite occupation of teenagers.
Later mobile phones appeared. Now only 47 per cent of households have a home phone. Times are changing, and the message from the advocates of digital technology is that we should change with them. In many ways this is a reasonable proposition. My smartphone can tell me how to get from one place to another, answer questions about unknown 19th-century artists or medical symptoms.
However, when it comes to that most basic function of a telephone — talking to people — my smartphone is rubbish. On moving into my new house, in a village 50 miles from the capital, I was unsurprised to discover almost no phone signal. In the ten days that it took for broadband (宽带) to be connected, I found myself in the bush — the only place where there was a bar of signal, trying to talk about an urgency with a doctor. It was at once blackly comic and severely frustrating. I began to understand why my son swerve (急转) phone calls in favour of messaging, socials and voice notes.
Yet long before the appearance of telecommunications, printing, or even writing, speech was the most fundamental of human interactions. Talking on the phone or in person is hard work, because it demands an ability to listen. However, it almost certainly matters a lot. Now phone calls are dying. The art of conversation may not be far behind. Smartphones are updating very quickly.
1．Why was the author’s landline improper for random chatting
A．It was usually occupied by teenagers.
B．It was monitored by the grown-ups at home.
C．It couldn’t guarantee the privacy of the conversation.
D．It was only allowed to be used in alarming occasions.
2．What does the underlined word “proposition” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Suggestion. B．Plan. C．Explanation. D．Solution.
3．What makes the author’s smartphone rubbish
A．Occasional breakdowns. B．Frequent poor signals.
C．Wrong connected broadband. D．Incomplete functional system.
4．Which statement might the author agree with
A．The landline no longer has its advantages.
B．The art of conversation is nowhere to be found.
C．The youth realize the importance of the landline.
D．The ability to have a phone conversation counts.
Passage（2）
【重庆市拔尖强基联盟2024-2025学年高三下学期2月月考】Media literacy (素养) is finally getting some late-arriving attention. Whether it’s the increasing awareness of political disinformation or the threat of AI, discussions about media literacy are on the rise. The adoption of media literacy in the classroom, however, stagnates.
The driving force for providing kids with media literacy skills often gets lost in the moral panic over technology and kids. Fear has overrun reason, and people can’t decide whether to blame social media, mobile devices, tech companies, or the Internet. They are concerned with claims that technology and social media are the causes of teenage mental health issues despite the weak associations. In response, too many solutions are “ostrich policies (鸵鸟政策)” that want to ban devices and shut down social media but don’t address more fundamental issues.
Policies that set age limits on social media access and restrict devices during school to minimize disturbance can be helpful but are incomplete solutions. Social media didn’t invent bullies (霸凌) or the enormous effect of peer pressure. Social media platforms may be a new battleground, but they are not the source. Unfortunately, many current policies ignore the need to teach kids how to manage these challenges. There is frighteningly little attention paid to preparing kids to make good decisions when they will, unavoidably, get online.
On the bright side, the rapid development of AI and increasing attention to the amount of misinformation online have helped normalize the acceptance of media literacy as a core skill. While suggestions to limit inappropriate device use, increase face-to-face socialization, and engage in outdoor play are beneficial, they do not build the core skills that will keep kids safe offline and are fundamental to well-being and life success: good citizenship, self-awareness and self-control. Those things take teaching, whether you are online or outside.
Media literacy is an essential life skill that, once learned, can be applied to any content. While waiting for public education to catch up, parents and educators can build media literacy skills at home with numerous resources, ranging from family technology contracts and discussion guides to easy activities that can be done at home with kids.
5．What does the underlined word “stagnates” in the first paragraph probably mean
A．Advances significantly. B．Collapses abruptly.
C．Underperforms substantially. D．Initiates officially.
6．What factors contribute to people’s moral panic over technology and kids
A．Widespread use of technology and social media.
B．Inability to provide kids with media literacy skills effectively.
C．Concern about the lack of parental control over tech devices.
D．Fear of the impact of technology on teenage mental health.
7．What does paragraph 3 of the text focus on
A．The importance of banning social media. B．The shortcomings of existing policies.
C．The limitations of social media platforms. D．The necessity of managing online challenges.
8．Which of the following belongs to media literacy
A．Minimizing social media usage. B．Evaluating media content critically.
C．Increasing in-person interactions. D．Recognizing the risks of social media.
Passage（3）
【2025届广东省顺德区普通高中高三教学质量检测二】Nietzsche (尼采) was wrong: When you gaze long enough into the abyss (深渊), the abyss does not gaze back into you. Instead, the cosmic void (黑洞) remains silent, relentless and frightening in its vastness.
When looking at the vast emptiness of the universe, there is a temptation (诱惑) to look at our tiny world with nihilism. To feel that our great achievements amount to nothing. That our history fails to leave a mark. That our concerns and anxieties are pointless.
I’m a cosmologist, the kind of scientist who studies the origin, history and evolution of the universe. I have spent years working to understand what cosmic voids teach us. And in the course of my studies, I have learned to reject that temptation.
It’s true that Earth is neither large nor long-lived, but that is only one way of measuring pared with the cosmic voids, there is something special happening on our planet. Earth is still the only known place in the entire universe where conscious beings raise their curious eyes to the sky and wonder. Earth is the only known place where humans can exist. It is the only known place where laughter, love, anger and joy exist. The only known place where we can find dance, music, and art. Our disagreements and all the beautiful complexities that make us human aren’t meaningless. The experiences in our lives are special because they will never happen in the empty expanse of most of the universe
The same lessons that cosmic voids teach us are found in the voids we encounter in our own lives. The presence of voids guarantees the opposite; they create contrast; they are full of potential. The pain we feel from loss is the last reminder of the gift of a life deeply loved. The silence before a performance is full of electric expectation. Our choice to ignore stressful news is necessary to allow us to focus on what truly matters.
Artists have long understood the power of the void. The 12th-century poet Saigyo noted that the pauses between raindrops were as important as the drops themselves. The famed architect Rem celebrated the utility of negative spaces, proclaiming, “Where there is nothing, everything is possible.”
The universe won’t do anything for us except give us the freedom to exist. It is our job to fill the universe with meaning and purpose.
9．What does the underlined word “nihilism” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Hope. B．Admiration. C．Meaninglessness. D．Purpose
10．Why does the author reject the temptation
A．He is a cosmologist who believes science.
B．Earth is the only place for human experiences.
C．Human experiences differ from those in voids.
D．Earth is special because it is small and short-lived
11．What is the author doing in paragraph 5
A．Explaining how voids in life offer meaning.
B．Stating that voids in life should be avoided.
C．Criticizing the role of voids in universe and life.
D．Arguing voids should be filed for more meaning.
12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To clarify Nietzsche’s philosophy.
B．To explore the unique significance of voids.
C．To report a scientific study of cosmic voids.
D．To criticize passive views on human achievements.
Passage（4）
【北京市中国人民大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三下学期2月统练】In 1979, Archie Cochrane published an essay criticizing his fellow doctors. “It is surely a great criticism of our profession,” he wrote, “that we have not organized a critical summary, by specialty or subspecialty, adapted periodically, of all relevant randomized controlled trials. ” The idea of “organizing a critical summary” may not seem a groundbreaking concept, yet Cochrane had struck at the heart of the matter.
The basic building block of evidence in medicine is the randomized trial, as Cochrane understood. But some trials are flawed, others may have vanished from the academic record, unpublished because they didn’t yield the hoped-for results. Even when trials are reported, the most robust evidence comes from synthesizing them. Proper synthesis can turn inconclusive trials into a conclusive result, yet to turn those trials into a structured body of knowledge takes work.
In 1993, Sir Iain Chalmers founded Cochrane, a non-profit now listing over 9, 000 systematic reviews. But in fields like education or policing, the picture is less rosy. Education is arguably of comparable importance to health for any government. Yet, the UK government spends 18 times as much on research into health than it does on research into education - or, to put it another way, education research is underfunded by 10 percent.
If anything, that paints too optimistic a picture of research into social policy, because other countries spend even less. And, perhaps, education research is probably the best of the rest when it comes to research funding. The Campbell Collaboration, which aims to do for social policy what Cochrane does for medicine, boasts just 231 systematic reviews - reflecting that social policy research enjoys a fraction of the money and attention lavished on medicine.
More than a lack of spending, there’s a reluctance to support the infrastructure of systematic reviews, or to fund their updates into “living evidence reviews”. Take the 3ie (International Initiative for Impact Evaluation), admired for its Development Evidence Portal, which struggles for steady funding. The portal could run for a year at less cost than a typical study evaluating its effectiveness, yet “public goods tend by their nature to be underfunded.”
On the bright side, more than f50mn of funding for evidence synthesis was recently announced. This modest funding could significantly contribute to building an “evidence bank” for policymakers.
Systematic reviews bridge the gap between researchers and policymakers. Researchers focus on specific interventions, while policymakers address broader problems. By synthesizing relevant research, systematic reviews can answer policymaker questions. Furthermore, evidence synthesis highlights “ known unknowns” - gaps in research that can be filled through targeted funding, rather than more studies of familiar topics.
As Eleanor Chelimsky, one of the 20th century’s great policy evaluators explained, “I hoped that synthesis could dramatize, for our legislative users, not only what was, in fact, known, but also what was not known.”
Dramatizing our ignorance is one of the most valuable things an evidence review can do.
13．What was Archie Cochrane’s major concern
A．Organizing medical summaries was seen as unworthy.
B．Doctors failed to put medical trials into summaries.
C．The medical profession received widespread criticism.
D．Medical trials were too flawed to be published.
14．What be inferred from the passage
A．Education should be the top priority in research funding.
B．Social policy research funding has increased significantly.
C．Systematic reviews help make research funding more focused.
D．The 3ie portal was underfunded due to poor effectiveness evaluation.
15．What’s the author’s attitude towards “synthesis dramatizing the unknown”
A．Torn between. B．Radically oppose.
C．Cautious optimism. D．Enthusiastic approval.
16．Which of the following would be the best title for the article
A．The Downfall of Systematic Reviews: Why They’re Outdated
B．Rethinking Systematic Reviews: A Call for Broader Application
C．Uncovering the Untold Story: The Importance of Evidence Synthesis
D．From Criticism to Collaboration: The Evolution of Evidence Synthesis
Passage（5）
【江苏省常州高级中学2024-2025学年高三下学期期初质量调研】A recent survey found children would rather be online influencers (网红) than astronauts. It made headlines and led to plenty of complaints about “kids these days”. Is influencing a promising career path The lifestyles we see advertised on social media are enticing, but under the shining appearance lie uncertain income, pay inequality, disability and mental health issues.
Successful influencers will be the first to claim that anyone can make it in the industry. However, social media economy experts uncovered a huge income gap between successful influencers and everyone else. For most people trying to become an influencer, their passion projects of content creation often become free work for brands.
Most influencers are self-employed, often experiencing inconsistent income and a lack of protection that comes with long-term employment. The risks of self-employment are increased in the influencer industry by an absence of industry standards and little pay transparency. Influencers are often forced to assess their own value and determine fees for their work. As a result, content creators often undervalue their own creative labour, and many end up working for free.
Influencers are also often at the mercy of algorithms — the behind-the-scenes computer programs that determine which posts are shown, in which order, to users. Platforms share little detail about their algorithms, yet they finally determine who and what gains visibility and influence on social media. The threat of invisibility is a constant source of insecurity for influencers, who are under constant pressure to feed platforms with content. If they don’t, they may be “punished” by the algorithm — having posts hidden or displayed lower down on search results.
Constant online presence leads to one of the most common issues in the influencer industry: mental health concerns. Influencers can connect to their platform workspaces and audience at any time of day or night, which can lead to them overworking. Coupled with the fear of online criticism, it contributes to mental and physical health issues.
Although becoming an influencer may look appealing to more and more people, the industry’s dark underside needs to be made visible and improved through enhanced employment regulation and industry-led cultural change.
17．Which of the following words cans replace “enticing” in Paragraph 1
A．Imaginative. B．Similar. C．Attractive. D．Traditional
18．What’s one of the reasons for influencers’ undervaluing their creative work
A．Standardized protection. B．Invisibility of payment.
C．Assessment of own work. D．Passion for content creation.
19．What may cause the influencers’ stress according to Paragraph 4
A．Having to work out the order of posts to be displayed.
B．Finding it difficult to create new content constantly.
C．Having little knowledge of platform algorithms.
D．Being unequally punished by platforms.
20．Why does the author write this text
A．To show the dark side of working as an online content creator.
B．To reveal relationships between platforms and influencers.
C．To stress the importance of visibility in the online world.
D．To describe the life of self-employed content creators.
Passage（6）
【山东省青岛市四区联考2024-2025学年高三上学期期末】For too long, we’ve been living on the edge of burnout, with to-do lists growing longer, calendars full, and deadlines that seem never-ending. It’s not a secret that busyness has been worn like a mark of honor, while moments of down time are seen as unproductive. But if there’s no time to breathe or room to think, how are we able to come up with new ideas, let alone carry them out
I didn’t realize how deep-rooted this lifestyle had become for me until I stepped into self-employment in 2023. Balancing busy periods with quieter ones unexpectedly brought anxiety and self-judgment instead of the anticipated relief to pause and reflect. However, the tide is turning in the world of work: there’s a growing pushback against non-stop demands, and increased awareness about the benefits — including improved concentration, creativity and job satisfaction-of doing one thing at a time.
According to Marc Zao-Sanders, author of Timeboxing, multitasking is the attempt to attend to two things at once, for example firing off a few emails while sitting in a meeting. The pity here is that you may end up doing a poor job of both, and enjoy neither. But it’s actually a little more complex than this. If one of the tasks is familiar to you and doesn’t demand too much of you cognitively (认知地), it may well be that you can take on a second task at the same time. The main issue is thinking you can do both at once for those tasks where you can’t. This is both unproductive and can easily feel frustrated.
The phrase “multitasking” has been adopted by all sorts of typically high-achieving people and a mark of status. But our brains cannot complete tasks at the same time. They are completed in a sequence. Multitasking is tiring us out more quickly and making us less efficient. So, let’s bid farewell to the era of handling a hundred things at once.
21．What’s people’s common view to busyness
A．It is a way to generate new ideas.
B．It shows that people are less productive.
C．It reflects people’s poor time-management.
D．It is a symbol of efficiency and excellence.
22．How does the author feel after she became self-employed
A．Relaxed. B．Panicked. C．Uneasy. D．Stress-free.
23．What can we learn about multitasking from paragraph 3
A．It can reduce our productivity. B．It can weaken our cognitive ability.
C．It makes us creative and concentrated. D．It is essential in today’s fast-pace world.
24．What does the author suggest in the passage
A．Following high-achieving people. B．Working one task at a time.
C．Raising the efficiency of multitasking. D．Challenging our brain capacity.
Passage（7）
【广西邕衡教育名校联盟2024-2025学年高三下学期开学考试】Some films shine brighter than others. RaMell Ross’ “Nickel Boys,” a stirring cinematic adaptation of Colson Whitehead’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, is polished to a remarkable brilliance. Its confidence comes on like a stiff breeze on a sticky Southern summer day, as it tells a boldly designed story of two Black kids named Elwood and Turner, living during the height of segregation (种族隔离) in Florida. Elwood is a smart, idealistic kid who is wrongly sent to the abusive walls of Nickel Academy, a reform school for boys, while Turner is the bright friend he makes in the dark passages of those days.
Your immersion into the film’s world begins early on. From its opening scene with closeups of fruit hanging high up in a tree, cigarette smoke floating through the air and hands shuffling cards, “Nickel Boys” makes you feel like you’re taking a glance into someone’s life. You’re getting a kid’s perspective of Christmas trees and decorations from below; sheets being put onto beds and laughter ringing in the air. The simple, joyful human moments at the beginning of the film are in sharp contrast to the inhumane treatment shown later on.
Ross achieves something brilliant when he shows this first-person point of view from Elwood’s perspective. It’s as if you see through his eyes, moving along with him, but you also hear his voice in conversations. This soon shifts when Turner makes his first appearance, and his perspective is also shown throughout the rest of the film. This choice is effective in making the viewer feel every conversation, every loss, every little moment. It also shows both the boys’ very different attitudes toward whether the truth would win out.
Shot with frequent shifts in perspective, “Nickel Boys” challenges the audience to see and feel the world through Black eyes, demanding effort and empathy. This isn’t a film that holds your hand, but rather one that expects you to meet it on its own terms. Yet, as a clear masterpiece held together by visual splendor and distinctive performances, it proves that this brave, honest storytelling strategy is well worth the reward.
25．What can we learn about the film “Nickle Boys” from the first paragraph
A．It has been awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
B．Its setting reflects the reality of racism.
C．The story happened during a hot summer.
D．Both main characters were wrongly punished.
26．Why does RaMell Ross adopt shifting perspectives
A．To highlight both boys’ very different viewpoints.
B．To avoid focusing too much on one character’s story.
C．To confuse the audience and challenge their understanding.
D．To showcase the reform school’s effect on different students.
27．Which of the following best describes the film
A．Cheerful and realistic. B．Daring and immersive.
C．Heavy but inspiring. D．Heartwarming but challenging.
28．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．A film review. B．A book introduction.
C．A historical analysis. D．An online advertisement.
Passage（8）
【湖北省云学名校联盟2024-2025学年高三下学期2月联考】The next time you’re feeling depressed or angry at the world, ask yourself if you’ve really been dealt a poor hand — or if, just maybe, you were expecting too much. That’s one message that can be drawn from a recent study on entitlement, a personality trait characterized by exaggerated feelings of deservingness and superiority. Entitlement may lead to constant disappointment, say researchers from Case Western Reserve University.
The authors reached these conclusions after analyzing more than 170 academic papers. They found that people who possess high levels. of entitlement consistently fall victim to a three-part cycle: First, they don’t always get everything they think they deserve, leaving them constantly vulnerable to unmet expectations. Those unmet expectations are then perceived as injustices, leading to emotions like anger and sadness. Finally, to justify those emotions, entitled people reassure themselves of their own specialness. This helps them feel better temporarily, but ultimately starts the process all over again.
At extreme levels, entitled people repeatedly expose themselves to the risk of feeling frustrated and disappointed with life. They also tend to suffer from poor relationships, interpersonal conflicts, and depression, says co-author Julie Exline, PhD, a professor of psychological sciences at Case Western Reserve. “So much of entitlement is about competition — being better or more deserving than other people, ”she told . “It really sets in opposition to society, and it can be very isolating. ”
“It’s not easy for true narcissists (自恋者) to see themselves for what they are, or to change their way of thinking.” Exline says. But she does believe that, for many well-intentioned people, feelings of entitlement can be controlled. “Conditioning yourself to think about other people and what they deserve — and also being willing to admit your own faults and weaknesses — can help you feel more connected to others, ” she says.
We should be also aware that not all feelings of entitlement are wrong or bad: We shouldn’t just lower our standards or stop expecting things we truly do deserve, just so we can be happier. But if you do notice that you’ve developed an overblown sense of self — and it’s causing you to be annoyed or not get along with others — you can definitely try to do something about it.
29．What causes entitled people to be trapped in a three-part cycle
A．Consistent negative emotions. B．A strong sense of self-awareness.
C．Constant self-pity and helplessness. D．Unrealistic expectations and frustration.
30．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The reason for entitlement. B．The benefits of competition.
C．The negative effects of entitlement. D．The importance of connecting with others.
31．What might be Exline’s suggestion for entitled people
A．Change your mindset to one of competitiveness.
B．Focus on your own achievements and superiority.
C．Prioritize personal goals over considering others’ needs.
D．Place yourself into others’ position and reflect on yourself.
32．Which word best describes the author’s attitude to entitlement
A．Balanced. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Tolerant.
Passage（9）
【2025届河南省安阳市高三上学期一模】Think about the illegal screen (掩护) that was called against UConn in the last seconds of the NCAA women’s semifinal game. But remember to approach it without an unreasonable dislike of or preference for the team, gender considerations, or the overall skill level of the players involved. American basketball fans have come to believe that at the end of close games, we should “let the players decide the outcome”.
Do the referees (裁判) actually stop themselves from blowing their whistles at the end of close games, or is it all just a misconception While I would like to believe that it is a misconception, during my 31 years of coaching high school basketball, I have met quite a few game officials who practice that philosophy. To “let the players decide the outcome” means that the game won’t be called as strictly as it is during other parts of the match. Is that really what we want I have a very close knowledge of NFHS basketball rules, and have read NCAA basketball regulations. But I have never seen any reference to calling the game differently in the closing seconds of a tight contest. Oftentimes, the game ends with the result that would happen no matter what. But if not, who gets punished Most often, it’s the team that continues to play within the rules.
We need to abandon the belief that we should “let the players decide the outcome”. A foul (犯规) should be recognized as a foul no matter what time in the game it occurs — the first minute, the middle of the third quarter, or the final 10 seconds of a close game. But again, it’s up to the referees to make sure that happens.
Officials are human, and they sometimes miss a call, such as a close contact that could be interpreted as a block or a charge. We have to remove the idea that what is a foul committed in the third quarter is not a foul in the last 10 seconds of a close game. And we coaches and spectators have to accept and expect that!
37．Why is the scene in a basketball game described in paragraph 1
A．To lead in the topic. B．To add background information.
C．To honor the competitive players. D．To stress the importance of referees.
38．What is the common misconception among basketball fans
A．Referees have preferences for certain teams.
B．Referees stop using their whistles in close games.
C．The team playing within the rules will be the winner.
D．The coaches have too much influence on the officials’ decisions.
39．The author mentions his experience as a high school basketball coach to ______.
A．prove his expertise in basketball rules
B．illustrate the popularity of a certain referee philosophy
C．criticize the poor performance of officials in high school games
D．show how difficult it is to coach a high school basketball team
40．What is the author’s suggestion for improving the fairness of basketball games
A．Increasing the number of officials.
B．Allowing coaches to challenge referees’ decisions.
C．Observing the rules consistently throughout the game.
D．Carrying out stricter punishment for fouls in close games.
Passage（1）
【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
Passage（2）
【2024北京卷】The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis
A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison.
29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by.
30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________.
A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving
31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________.
A. compare the current models with the previous ones
B. continue exploring the classical models in history
C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation
D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up.
Passage（3）
【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】 Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there’s a kiosk (小亭) for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”
It’s that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March. Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. “We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,” Trost says. “And as of right now, we’ve received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit (交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says.
And you’ll never be without something to read.
4. Why did BART start the kiosk program
A. To promote the local culture. B. To discourage phone use.
C. To meet passengers’ needs. D. To reduce its running costs.
5. How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
A. By popularity. B. By length.
C. By theme. D. By language.
6. What has Trost been doing recently
A. Organizing a story contest. B. Doing a survey of customers.
C. Choosing a print publisher. D. Conducting interviews with artists.
7. What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future
A. It will close down. B. Its profits will decline.
C. It will expand nationwide. D. Its ridership will increase.
Passage（4）
【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.
14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
Passage（5）
【2023年全国甲卷】 I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express
A. Its views on history are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers.
D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiner’s book
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)大题04 阅读理解议论文
历年考情
高考英语阅读理解议论文，通常围绕某一观点、现象或问题展开论述，作者通过摆事实、讲道理，运用逻辑推理来阐明自身看法，说服读者接受其观点。文章往往结构清晰，包含论点、论据与论证过程，选材涉及社会热点、教育理念、科技发展争议、文化现象剖析等诸多领域，旨在考查学生对复杂文本的理解、分析及批判性思维能力。
命题规律
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解、推理判断和主旨大意题为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
考向预测
预测2025年高考阅读理解议论文可能会出现且会继续考查考生快速而准确地获取和理解文中具体细节信息的能力， 对文章信息的判断能力以及对文章的整体感知能力。
【2024全国甲卷】“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be—that’s up to you and the story you’re telling—bu it might provide what you need to get there.
12. Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie
A. To discuss a novel. B. To submit a book report.
C. To argue for a writer. D. To ask for a reading list.
13. What did the author realize after seeing Gracie
A. Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B. Readers are often carried away by character.
C. Each type of literature has its unique end.
D. A story which begins well will end well.
14. What is expected of a good ending
A It satisfies readers’ taste. B. It fits with the story development.
C. It is usually positive. D. It is open for imagination.
15. Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims
A. To give examples of great novelists. B. To stress the theme of this issue.
C. To encourage writing for the magazine. D. To recommend their new books.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’s Digest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.( “我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.( 这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.( 这就是为什么这期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’s Digest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。
读题预判：快速浏览题目与选项，圈出关键信息，像主旨题中的 “main idea”、细节题里的专有名词等，预判阅读重点，带着问题意识去读文章。 通读抓论点：首次通读，定位文章开头段，多数议论文在此点明主题、抛出论点；同时留意各段首句，它们常起承上启下、引出分论点的作用，梳理出全文论述脉络。 定位找论据：碰上细节、词义类题目，依据题目关键词，精准回文定位，在定位段落中细读上下文，借助因果、对比、举例等逻辑关系锁定答案，比如出现 “for example” 后的内容大概率是在解释前面论点，对理解词义、补充细节很关键。 推理重逻辑：面对推理题，紧扣文章已知观点、事实，杜绝过度臆想，分析作者用词褒贬、论证走向来判断态度倾向；梳理段落、句子间的逻辑链条，像因果推导、让步转折后的语义走向，让推理有理有据。 核查避陷阱：选完答案后，代入原文再次核查，看选项是否契合全文主旨、对应细节是否无误，警惕偷换概念、无中生有、以偏概全这类常见陷阱选项。
When most parents of young children today were growing up, social media was not as hugely common as it is today if it existed at all. A lot of us even remember the days of being pen pals, sending paper letters with actual stamps. The fact remains that in the information age, these platforms are a huge part of daily life for everyone. However, the question is, how young is too young for social media
While most social media platforms require that members are of a certain age, that doesn’t always mean that the child is really ready for what the world of social media has to offer. For example, Snapchat requires that users be at least 13 years old, but are 13-year-olds ready for Snapchat
A lot of research has been done to try to understand when the right time is for social media. It can be compared to the debate of when to allow a child to have their first cell phone. The two are actually closely connected with each other.
A recent study published in Computers in Human Behavior shows that for the 750 middle schoolers in the Northeastern US, a majority of them who joined social media under the age of 10 had many problems. It showed that students spent extended amounts of time visiting websites that were not approved for them to visit.
Similar to Snapchat, other social media giants require users to be at least 13 years old to join, but it is pretty obvious to fake this information. The study’s lead author Linda Charmaraman shared, “Social media sites all require a minimum age of 13 to register, but the reality is that many users are younger than that: One-third of our sample had already started using social media at age 11 or 12 and another one-third had begun at age 10 or younger.”
Dr. Charmaraman continued, “This study helps us understand the risks and benefits for kids, so that parents and policymakers can make decisions that prioritize their well-being. These findings suggest that the industry-based minimum age of 13 for social media users may potentially be a good standard, if it can be enforced.”
33．What do we know about most parents today when they were young
A．They communicated by writing letters.
B．They were too young to use social media.
C．They were addicted to surfing the Internet.
D．They used to send emails to their pen friends.
34．What does Linda Charmaraman’s study show
A．Social media giants are reliable enough for the young.
B．Kids use social media without their parents’ monitoring.
C．Social media may not practice 13 as minimum registering age.
D．Many social media users often visit websites not approved for them.
35．What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to
A．A good standard. B．The minimum age of 13．
C．Dr. Charmaraman’s study. D．Kids’ well-being.
36．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Why Shouldn’t Young Children Use Social Media
B．Should Young Children Be Allowed on Social Media
C．How Should Young Children Be Guided on Social Media
D．What Is the Right Age to Allow a Child to Be on Social Media
【答案】33．A 34．C 35．B 36．D
【来源】2025届山东省齐鲁名校大联考高三第五次学业水平联合检测英语试题
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论的是当前社交媒体对儿童开放的年龄标准及其对孩子的影响，探讨合适的孩子接触社交媒体的年龄。
33．推理判断题。根据第一段“When most parents of young children today were growing up, social media was not as hugely common as it is today if it existed at all. A lot of us even remember the days of being pen pals, sending paper letters with actual stamps.(当今天大多数孩子的父母成长的时候，社交媒体如果存在的话，也不像今天这么普遍。我们中的许多人甚至还记得作为笔友的日子，寄有真正邮票的纸质信件。)”可知，今天大多数父母年轻时通过写信交流。故选A。
34．推理判断题。根据第四段“A recent study published in Computers in Human Behavior shows that for the 750 middle schoolers in the Northeastern US, a majority of them who joined social media under the age of 10 had many problems.(最近发表在《计算机与人类行为》杂志上的一项研究表明，在美国东北部的750名中学生中，大多数在10岁以下加入社交媒体的人都有很多问题。)”及第五段“Social media sites all require a minimum age of 13 to register, but the reality is that many users are younger than that: One-third of our sample had already started using social media at age 11 or 12 and another one-third had begun at age 10 or younger.(社交媒体网站都要求注册的最低年龄为13岁，但现实情况是，许多用户都低于这个年龄：我们的样本中有三分之一的人在11岁或12岁时已经开始使用社交媒体，另有三分之一的人在10岁或更小的时候开始使用社交媒体。)”可知，Linda Charmaraman的研究表明了社交媒体不得将13岁作为最低注册年龄。故选C。
35．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“These findings suggest that the industry-based minimum age of 13 for social media users may potentially be a good standard(这些发现表明，基于行业的社交媒体用户最低年龄为13岁可能是一个很好的标准)”和“can be enforced(可以被执行)”可知，“it”指代的是上文提及的“the industry-based minimum age of 13”。故选B。
36．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“However, the question is, how young is too young for social media (然而，问题是，对于社交媒体来说，多小的年龄才算太小？)”和最后一段“These findings suggest that the industry-based minimum age of 13 for social media users may potentially be a good standard, if it can be enforced.(这些发现表明，如果能够强制执行，基于行业的社交媒体用户最低年龄为13岁可能是一个很好的标准。)”可知，本文主要讨论的是关于儿童使用社交媒体的适宜年龄问题，因此最好的题目是D选项“What Is the Right Age to Allow a Child to Be on Social Media (允许孩子使用社交媒体的合适年龄是多少？)”。故选D。
Passage（1）
【2025届贵州新高考高端精品模拟信息卷】The landline (座机) was an impressive presence in the house where I grew up. On the rare and alarming occasions when it rang, there was an inflexible polite sentence for answering: “Sittingbourne 981, who is speaking, please ”
The phone both was and wasn`t an instrument of communication. The occasions for its use were clearly defined — and random chatting wasn’t one of them. Its situation in the front hail, from where every word could be heard throughout the house, was an effective solution to the endless conversations that are (or were) the favourite occupation of teenagers.
Later mobile phones appeared. Now only 47 per cent of households have a home phone. Times are changing, and the message from the advocates of digital technology is that we should change with them. In many ways this is a reasonable proposition. My smartphone can tell me how to get from one place to another, answer questions about unknown 19th-century artists or medical symptoms.
However, when it comes to that most basic function of a telephone — talking to people — my smartphone is rubbish. On moving into my new house, in a village 50 miles from the capital, I was unsurprised to discover almost no phone signal. In the ten days that it took for broadband (宽带) to be connected, I found myself in the bush — the only place where there was a bar of signal, trying to talk about an urgency with a doctor. It was at once blackly comic and severely frustrating. I began to understand why my son swerve (急转) phone calls in favour of messaging, socials and voice notes.
Yet long before the appearance of telecommunications, printing, or even writing, speech was the most fundamental of human interactions. Talking on the phone or in person is hard work, because it demands an ability to listen. However, it almost certainly matters a lot. Now phone calls are dying. The art of conversation may not be far behind. Smartphones are updating very quickly.
1．Why was the author’s landline improper for random chatting
A．It was usually occupied by teenagers.
B．It was monitored by the grown-ups at home.
C．It couldn’t guarantee the privacy of the conversation.
D．It was only allowed to be used in alarming occasions.
2．What does the underlined word “proposition” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Suggestion. B．Plan. C．Explanation. D．Solution.
3．What makes the author’s smartphone rubbish
A．Occasional breakdowns. B．Frequent poor signals.
C．Wrong connected broadband. D．Incomplete functional system.
4．Which statement might the author agree with
A．The landline no longer has its advantages.
B．The art of conversation is nowhere to be found.
C．The youth realize the importance of the landline.
D．The ability to have a phone conversation counts.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述智能手机的进步，及人们使用语音留言、短信、社交媒体等其他的沟通方式，但是通过电话沟通的能力是非常重要的，作者担心谈话艺术会因此消失。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Its situation in the front hall, from where every word could be heard throughout the house, was an effective solution to the endless conversations that are (or were) the favourite occupation of teenagers. (它在前厅的位置，从那里可以听到整个房子里的每一个字，这是一个有效的解决方案，可以解决青少年（或曾经）最喜欢的无休止的谈话。)” 可知，作者家中的电话座机是在客厅，通话会被整个房子里面的人听到。因此，作者认为用家里的座机随意聊天不能保证谈话内容的隐私性。故选C。
2．词义猜测题。根据第三段“Times are changing, and the message from the advocates of digital technology is that we should change with them. (时代在变化，数字技术的倡导者们传递的信息是，我们应该随着时代的变化而改变。)”可知，数字技术的倡导者们传递的信息是，我们应该随着时代的变化而改变，这是一种提议、建议。由此推断proposition的含义是“提议，建议”。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“However, when it comes to that most basic function of a telephone— talking to people— my smartphone is rubbish. On moving into my new house, in a village 50 miles from the capital, I was unsurprised to discover almost no phone signal. (然而，说到电话最基本的功能——与人交谈——我的智能手机简直就是垃圾。我的新家位于距离首都50英里的一个村子里。搬进新家后，我毫不惊讶地发现几乎没有手机信号。)”可知，作者的手机没有信号，使得他的智能手机沦为垃圾。故选B。
4．细节理解题。根据最有一段“Talking on the phone or in person is hard work, because it demands an ability to listen. However, it almost certainly matters a lot. (打电话或面对面交谈是一项艰苦的工作，因为它需要倾听的能力。然而，这几乎肯定很重要。)”可知，作者认为能够通过电话沟通的能力是非常重要的。故选D。
Passage（2）
【重庆市拔尖强基联盟2024-2025学年高三下学期2月月考】Media literacy (素养) is finally getting some late-arriving attention. Whether it’s the increasing awareness of political disinformation or the threat of AI, discussions about media literacy are on the rise. The adoption of media literacy in the classroom, however, stagnates.
The driving force for providing kids with media literacy skills often gets lost in the moral panic over technology and kids. Fear has overrun reason, and people can’t decide whether to blame social media, mobile devices, tech companies, or the Internet. They are concerned with claims that technology and social media are the causes of teenage mental health issues despite the weak associations. In response, too many solutions are “ostrich policies (鸵鸟政策)” that want to ban devices and shut down social media but don’t address more fundamental issues.
Policies that set age limits on social media access and restrict devices during school to minimize disturbance can be helpful but are incomplete solutions. Social media didn’t invent bullies (霸凌) or the enormous effect of peer pressure. Social media platforms may be a new battleground, but they are not the source. Unfortunately, many current policies ignore the need to teach kids how to manage these challenges. There is frighteningly little attention paid to preparing kids to make good decisions when they will, unavoidably, get online.
On the bright side, the rapid development of AI and increasing attention to the amount of misinformation online have helped normalize the acceptance of media literacy as a core skill. While suggestions to limit inappropriate device use, increase face-to-face socialization, and engage in outdoor play are beneficial, they do not build the core skills that will keep kids safe offline and are fundamental to well-being and life success: good citizenship, self-awareness and self-control. Those things take teaching, whether you are online or outside.
Media literacy is an essential life skill that, once learned, can be applied to any content. While waiting for public education to catch up, parents and educators can build media literacy skills at home with numerous resources, ranging from family technology contracts and discussion guides to easy activities that can be done at home with kids.
5．What does the underlined word “stagnates” in the first paragraph probably mean
A．Advances significantly. B．Collapses abruptly.
C．Underperforms substantially. D．Initiates officially.
6．What factors contribute to people’s moral panic over technology and kids
A．Widespread use of technology and social media.
B．Inability to provide kids with media literacy skills effectively.
C．Concern about the lack of parental control over tech devices.
D．Fear of the impact of technology on teenage mental health.
7．What does paragraph 3 of the text focus on
A．The importance of banning social media. B．The shortcomings of existing policies.
C．The limitations of social media platforms. D．The necessity of managing online challenges.
8．Which of the following belongs to media literacy
A．Minimizing social media usage. B．Evaluating media content critically.
C．Increasing in-person interactions. D．Recognizing the risks of social media.
【答案】5．C 6．D 7．B 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕媒体素养这一主题展开，讨论了媒体素养的重要性、当前教育体系中媒体素养教育的缺失、以及对于如何提升媒体素养的不同观点和解决方案。
5．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“Media literacy (素养) is finally getting some late-arriving attention. Whether it’s the increasing awareness of political disinformation or the threat of AI, discussions about media literacy are on the rise. The adoption of media literacy in the classroom, however, stagnates.(媒介素养终于在姗姗来迟后得到了一些关注。无论是人们对政治虚假信息的日益关注，还是人工智能带来的威胁，有关媒介素养的讨论越来越多。然而，在课堂上对媒介素养的推广却stagnates)”可知，媒介素养终于得到了一些关注，关于媒介素养的讨论也在增加，然而（however），课堂上对媒介素养的推广却呈现出与前文不同的情况。前文是积极的发展态势，所以划线部分应该指的是发展不好。选项C“Underperforms substantially(表现不佳；进展不力)”符合课堂上对媒介素养推广情况不好的语境。故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The driving force for providing kids with media literacy skills often gets lost in the moral panic over technology and kids. Fear has overrun reason, and people can’t decide whether to blame social media, mobile devices, tech companies, or the Internet. They are concerned with claims that technology and social media are the causes of teenage mental health issues despite the weak associations.(为孩子们提供媒介素养技能的驱动力，常常在对科技和孩子的道德恐慌中消失殆尽。恐惧战胜了理智，人们无法确定到底该指责社交媒体、移动设备、科技公司还是互联网。尽管科技和社交媒体与青少年心理健康问题之间的关联并不紧密，但人们还是担心它们是导致这些问题的原因)”可知，人们对于科技和孩子存在道德恐慌，其原因是人们担心科技和社交媒体是导致青少年心理健康问题的原因，尽管这种联系并不紧密，但这种担忧使得恐惧战胜了理智。所以导致人们对科技和孩子产生道德恐慌的因素是对科技对青少年心理健康影响的恐惧。故选D。
7．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Policies that set age limits on social media access and restrict devices during school to minimize disturbance can be helpful but are incomplete solutions. Social media didn’t invent bullies (霸凌) or the enormous effect of peer pressure. Social media platforms may be a new battleground, but they are not the source. Unfortunately, many current policies ignore the need to teach kids how to manage these challenges. There is frighteningly little attention paid to preparing kids to make good decisions when they will, unavoidably, get online.(制定政策，对社交媒体的使用设定年龄限制，以及在学校限制使用设备以尽量减少干扰，这些措施可能会有帮助，但并不足以解决问题。社交媒体并没有创造出霸凌行为，也不是同辈压力产生巨大影响的根源。社交媒体平台或许是一个新的战场，但并非问题的源头。不幸的是，目前的许多政策都忽视了教孩子们如何应对这些挑战的必要性。令人担忧的是，人们很少关注如何让孩子们做好准备，以便在不可避免地上网时做出正确的决定)”可知，该段先提到设置社交媒体使用年龄限制和在学校限制设备使用等政策虽有帮助，但并非完整的解决方案，接着说明社交媒体不是霸凌和同辈压力的根源，然而目前很多政策忽视了教孩子应对这些挑战的需求，很少关注让孩子为上网做好做正确决策的准备。所以第三段主要聚焦于现有政策的不足之处。故选B。
8．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“While suggestions to limit inappropriate device use, increase face-to-face socialization, and engage in outdoor play are beneficial, they do not build the core skills that will keep kids safe offline and are fundamental to well-being and life success: good citizenship, self-awareness and self-control.(虽然限制不当使用设备、增加面对面社交以及参与户外活动的建议是有益的，但它们并不能培养出那些能让孩子们在现实生活中也保持安全的核心技能，而这些核心技能对于孩子们的幸福和人生成功至关重要，比如良好的公民素养、自我认知和自我控制能力)”可知，媒介素养是指人们面对各种媒介信息时，所具备的选择、理解、质疑、评估、创造和生产等能力，以及使用媒介信息为个人生活、社会发展所用的能力。选项B“Evaluating media content critically.(批判性地评估媒体内容)”体现了媒介素养中对媒介信息进行质疑、评估的能力，属于媒介素养的内容。故选B。
Passage（3）
【2025届广东省顺德区普通高中高三教学质量检测二】Nietzsche (尼采) was wrong: When you gaze long enough into the abyss (深渊), the abyss does not gaze back into you. Instead, the cosmic void (黑洞) remains silent, relentless and frightening in its vastness.
When looking at the vast emptiness of the universe, there is a temptation (诱惑) to look at our tiny world with nihilism. To feel that our great achievements amount to nothing. That our history fails to leave a mark. That our concerns and anxieties are pointless.
I’m a cosmologist, the kind of scientist who studies the origin, history and evolution of the universe. I have spent years working to understand what cosmic voids teach us. And in the course of my studies, I have learned to reject that temptation.
It’s true that Earth is neither large nor long-lived, but that is only one way of measuring pared with the cosmic voids, there is something special happening on our planet. Earth is still the only known place in the entire universe where conscious beings raise their curious eyes to the sky and wonder. Earth is the only known place where humans can exist. It is the only known place where laughter, love, anger and joy exist. The only known place where we can find dance, music, and art. Our disagreements and all the beautiful complexities that make us human aren’t meaningless. The experiences in our lives are special because they will never happen in the empty expanse of most of the universe
The same lessons that cosmic voids teach us are found in the voids we encounter in our own lives. The presence of voids guarantees the opposite; they create contrast; they are full of potential. The pain we feel from loss is the last reminder of the gift of a life deeply loved. The silence before a performance is full of electric expectation. Our choice to ignore stressful news is necessary to allow us to focus on what truly matters.
Artists have long understood the power of the void. The 12th-century poet Saigyo noted that the pauses between raindrops were as important as the drops themselves. The famed architect Rem celebrated the utility of negative spaces, proclaiming, “Where there is nothing, everything is possible.”
The universe won’t do anything for us except give us the freedom to exist. It is our job to fill the universe with meaning and purpose.
9．What does the underlined word “nihilism” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Hope. B．Admiration. C．Meaninglessness. D．Purpose
10．Why does the author reject the temptation
A．He is a cosmologist who believes science.
B．Earth is the only place for human experiences.
C．Human experiences differ from those in voids.
D．Earth is special because it is small and short-lived
11．What is the author doing in paragraph 5
A．Explaining how voids in life offer meaning.
B．Stating that voids in life should be avoided.
C．Criticizing the role of voids in universe and life.
D．Arguing voids should be filed for more meaning.
12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To clarify Nietzsche’s philosophy.
B．To explore the unique significance of voids.
C．To report a scientific study of cosmic voids.
D．To criticize passive views on human achievements.
【答案】9．C 10．B 11．A 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过理性论证和感性表达，探讨人类存在的意义及其与宇宙的关系。
9．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“To feel that our great achievements amount to nothing. That our history fails to leave a mark. That our concerns and anxieties are pointless.(感到我们的伟大成就毫无价值。我们的历史没有留下痕迹。我们的担心和焦虑是毫无意义的)”可知，和浩瀚无垠的宇宙相比，我们这个渺小的世界是无意义的。由此推知，划线词nihilism应是“无意义”之意，和C项意思相近。故选C项。
10．细节理解题。根据第四段“It’s true that Earth is neither large nor long-lived, but that is only one way of measuring pared with the cosmic voids, there is something special happening on our planet. Earth is still the only known place in the entire universe where conscious beings raise their curious eyes to the sky and wonder. Earth is the only known place where humans can exist. It is the only known place where laughter, love, anger and joy exist. The only known place where we can find dance, music, and art. Our disagreements and all the beautiful complexities that make us human aren’t meaningless. The experiences in our lives are special because they will never happen in the empty expanse of most of the universe.(没错，地球既不大也不长，但这只是衡量意义的一种方式。与宇宙的空洞相比，我们的星球上发生了一些特别的事情。地球仍然是整个宇宙中唯一已知的地方，在那里有意识的人类抬起他们好奇的眼睛仰望天空并感到惊奇。地球是唯一已知的人类可以生存的地方。这是我们所知的唯一存在欢笑、爱、愤怒和喜悦的地方。这里是我们唯一能找到舞蹈、音乐和艺术的地方。我们的分歧和所有使我们成为人类的美丽的复杂性并非毫无意义。我们生命中的经历是特别的，因为它们永远不会发生在宇宙的大部分空间里)”可知，地球是人类唯一能体验的地方，所以作者拒绝这种诱惑。故选B项。
11．推理判断题。根据第五段“The same lessons that cosmic voids teach us are found in the voids we encounter in our own lives. The presence of voids guarantees the opposite; they create contrast; they are full of potential. The pain we feel from loss is the last reminder of the gift of a life deeply loved. The silence before a performance is full of electric expectation. Our choice to ignore stressful news is necessary to allow us to focus on what truly matters.(宇宙虚空教给我们的同样道理，也可以在我们自己生活中遇到的虚空中找到。空洞的存在保证了相反的结果；它们创造了对比；他们充满了潜力。我们因失去亲人而感到的痛苦，是对深爱生命的礼物的最后提醒。演出前的寂静中充满了令人兴奋的期待。我们选择忽略有压力的新闻是必要的，这样我们才能专注于真正重要的事情)”可推知，作者在本段解释生活中的空虚如何带来意义。故选A项。
12．推理判断题。根据第一段“Nietzsche (尼采) was wrong: When you gaze long enough into the abyss (深渊), the abyss does not gaze back into you. Instead, the cosmic void (黑洞) remains silent, relentless and frightening in its vastness.(尼采错了：当你凝视深渊的时间足够长时，深渊不会回望你。相反，宇宙的虚空在它的浩瀚中保持着沉默、无情和可怕)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讨论了尽管宇宙的虚空和广阔可能让人感到渺小和无意义，但地球上的生命和人类体验具有独特的意义。由此推知，本文目的是探讨虚空的独特意义。故选B项。
Passage（4）
【北京市中国人民大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三下学期2月统练】In 1979, Archie Cochrane published an essay criticizing his fellow doctors. “It is surely a great criticism of our profession,” he wrote, “that we have not organized a critical summary, by specialty or subspecialty, adapted periodically, of all relevant randomized controlled trials. ” The idea of “organizing a critical summary” may not seem a groundbreaking concept, yet Cochrane had struck at the heart of the matter.
The basic building block of evidence in medicine is the randomized trial, as Cochrane understood. But some trials are flawed, others may have vanished from the academic record, unpublished because they didn’t yield the hoped-for results. Even when trials are reported, the most robust evidence comes from synthesizing them. Proper synthesis can turn inconclusive trials into a conclusive result, yet to turn those trials into a structured body of knowledge takes work.
In 1993, Sir Iain Chalmers founded Cochrane, a non-profit now listing over 9, 000 systematic reviews. But in fields like education or policing, the picture is less rosy. Education is arguably of comparable importance to health for any government. Yet, the UK government spends 18 times as much on research into health than it does on research into education - or, to put it another way, education research is underfunded by 10 percent.
If anything, that paints too optimistic a picture of research into social policy, because other countries spend even less. And, perhaps, education research is probably the best of the rest when it comes to research funding. The Campbell Collaboration, which aims to do for social policy what Cochrane does for medicine, boasts just 231 systematic reviews - reflecting that social policy research enjoys a fraction of the money and attention lavished on medicine.
More than a lack of spending, there’s a reluctance to support the infrastructure of systematic reviews, or to fund their updates into “living evidence reviews”. Take the 3ie (International Initiative for Impact Evaluation), admired for its Development Evidence Portal, which struggles for steady funding. The portal could run for a year at less cost than a typical study evaluating its effectiveness, yet “public goods tend by their nature to be underfunded.”
On the bright side, more than f50mn of funding for evidence synthesis was recently announced. This modest funding could significantly contribute to building an “evidence bank” for policymakers.
Systematic reviews bridge the gap between researchers and policymakers. Researchers focus on specific interventions, while policymakers address broader problems. By synthesizing relevant research, systematic reviews can answer policymaker questions. Furthermore, evidence synthesis highlights “ known unknowns” - gaps in research that can be filled through targeted funding, rather than more studies of familiar topics.
As Eleanor Chelimsky, one of the 20th century’s great policy evaluators explained, “I hoped that synthesis could dramatize, for our legislative users, not only what was, in fact, known, but also what was not known.”
Dramatizing our ignorance is one of the most valuable things an evidence review can do.
13．What was Archie Cochrane’s major concern
A．Organizing medical summaries was seen as unworthy.
B．Doctors failed to put medical trials into summaries.
C．The medical profession received widespread criticism.
D．Medical trials were too flawed to be published.
14．What be inferred from the passage
A．Education should be the top priority in research funding.
B．Social policy research funding has increased significantly.
C．Systematic reviews help make research funding more focused.
D．The 3ie portal was underfunded due to poor effectiveness evaluation.
15．What’s the author’s attitude towards “synthesis dramatizing the unknown”
A．Torn between. B．Radically oppose.
C．Cautious optimism. D．Enthusiastic approval.
16．Which of the following would be the best title for the article
A．The Downfall of Systematic Reviews: Why They’re Outdated
B．Rethinking Systematic Reviews: A Call for Broader Application
C．Uncovering the Untold Story: The Importance of Evidence Synthesis
D．From Criticism to Collaboration: The Evolution of Evidence Synthesis
【答案】13．B 14．C 15．D 16．C
【导语】本文是议论文。文章主要讨论了系统化综述在医学和社会政策领域的重要性，以及当前在资金支持和基础设施建设方面存在的问题。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1979, Archie Cochrane published an essay criticizing his fellow doctors. “It is surely a great criticism of our profession,” he wrote, “that we have not organized a critical summary, by speciality or subspecialty, adapted periodically, of all relevant randomized controlled trials. ” The idea of “organizing a critical summary” may not seem a groundbreaking concept, yet Cochrane had struck at the heart of the matter. (1979年，阿奇·科克伦发表了一篇批评他的医生同行的文章。他写道：“这无疑是对我们这一专业的一大批评，我们没有按专业或亚专业组织一份批评性的总结，定期改编所有相关的随机对照试验。”“组织一篇批判性摘要”的想法似乎不是一个开创性的概念，但科克伦击中了问题的核心。)”可知，阿奇·科克伦最关心的是医生们没有把医学试验总结出来。故选B项。
14．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Systematic reviews bridge the gap between researchers and policymakers. Researchers focus on specific interventions, while policymakers address broader problems. By synthesizing relevant research, systematic reviews can answer policymaker questions. Furthermore, evidence synthesis highlights “ known unknowns” - gaps in research that can be filled through targeted funding, rather than more studies of familiar topics. (系统评价弥合了研究人员和决策者之间的差距。研究人员关注具体的干预措施，而政策制定者则关注更广泛的问题。通过综合相关研究，系统评价可以回答决策者的问题。此外，证据综合强调了“已知的未知”——可以通过有针对性的资助来填补的研究空白，而不是对熟悉的主题进行更多的研究。)”可知，系统评价有助于使研究资金更加集中。故选C项。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Dramatizing our ignorance is one of the most valuable things an evidence review can do. (把我们的无知戏剧化是证据审查能做的最有价值的事情之一。)”可知，作者对“合成揭示未知”持热情支持的态度。故选D项。
16．主旨大意题。根据倒数第三段“Systematic reviews bridge the gap between researchers and policymakers. Researchers focus on specific interventions, while policymakers address broader problems. By synthesizing relevant research, systematic reviews can answer policymaker questions. Furthermore, evidence synthesis highlights “ known unknowns” - gaps in research that can be filled through targeted funding, rather than more studies of familiar topics. (系统评价弥合了研究人员和决策者之间的差距。研究人员关注具体的干预措施，而政策制定者则关注更广泛的问题。通过综合相关研究，系统评价可以回答决策者的问题。此外，证据综合强调了“已知的未知”——可以通过有针对性的资助来填补的研究空白，而不是对熟悉的主题进行更多的研究。)”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要讨论了证据合成（即系统评价）的重要性，包括其在医学和社会政策领域的应用，以及它如何帮助政策制定者做出更明智的决策。因此，C项“揭示未说出的故事：证据合成的重要性”是最适合这篇文章的标题。故选C项。
Passage（5）
【江苏省常州高级中学2024-2025学年高三下学期期初质量调研】A recent survey found children would rather be online influencers (网红) than astronauts. It made headlines and led to plenty of complaints about “kids these days”. Is influencing a promising career path The lifestyles we see advertised on social media are enticing, but under the shining appearance lie uncertain income, pay inequality, disability and mental health issues.
Successful influencers will be the first to claim that anyone can make it in the industry. However, social media economy experts uncovered a huge income gap between successful influencers and everyone else. For most people trying to become an influencer, their passion projects of content creation often become free work for brands.
Most influencers are self-employed, often experiencing inconsistent income and a lack of protection that comes with long-term employment. The risks of self-employment are increased in the influencer industry by an absence of industry standards and little pay transparency. Influencers are often forced to assess their own value and determine fees for their work. As a result, content creators often undervalue their own creative labour, and many end up working for free.
Influencers are also often at the mercy of algorithms — the behind-the-scenes computer programs that determine which posts are shown, in which order, to users. Platforms share little detail about their algorithms, yet they finally determine who and what gains visibility and influence on social media. The threat of invisibility is a constant source of insecurity for influencers, who are under constant pressure to feed platforms with content. If they don’t, they may be “punished” by the algorithm — having posts hidden or displayed lower down on search results.
Constant online presence leads to one of the most common issues in the influencer industry: mental health concerns. Influencers can connect to their platform workspaces and audience at any time of day or night, which can lead to them overworking. Coupled with the fear of online criticism, it contributes to mental and physical health issues.
Although becoming an influencer may look appealing to more and more people, the industry’s dark underside needs to be made visible and improved through enhanced employment regulation and industry-led cultural change.
17．Which of the following words cans replace “enticing” in Paragraph 1
A．Imaginative. B．Similar. C．Attractive. D．Traditional
18．What’s one of the reasons for influencers’ undervaluing their creative work
A．Standardized protection. B．Invisibility of payment.
C．Assessment of own work. D．Passion for content creation.
19．What may cause the influencers’ stress according to Paragraph 4
A．Having to work out the order of posts to be displayed.
B．Finding it difficult to create new content constantly.
C．Having little knowledge of platform algorithms.
D．Being unequally punished by platforms.
20．Why does the author write this text
A．To show the dark side of working as an online content creator.
B．To reveal relationships between platforms and influencers.
C．To stress the importance of visibility in the online world.
D．To describe the life of self-employed content creators.
【答案】17．C 18．B 19．C 20．A
【导语】本文体裁为议论文，文章大意是讨论了网红作为一种职业的吸引力及其背后的挑战和问题。
17．词句猜测题。由文章第一段中“The lifestyles we see advertised on social media are enticing, but under the shining appearance lie uncertain income, pay inequality, disability and mental health issues. (我们在社交媒体上看到的那些网红宣传的生活方式很enticing，但在这光鲜亮丽的外表之下，存在着收入不稳定、薪酬不平等、身体伤残以及心理健康等问题。)”可知，网光鲜亮丽的外表说明网红宣传的生活方式很诱人，enticing的意思是“诱人的，吸引人的”。可以用Attractive“吸引人的”来替换。故选C。
18．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“The risks of self-employment are increased in the influencer industry by an absence of industry standards and little pay transparency. Influencers are often forced to assess their own value and determine fees for their work. As a result, content creators often undervalue their own creative labour, and many end up working for free. (由于网红行业缺乏行业标准，薪酬透明度也很低，个体经营的风险在这个行业里进一步增加了。网红们常常不得不自己评估自身价值，并确定自己工作的报酬。结果，内容创作者们常常低估自己的创造性劳动价值，很多人最终都是无偿工作。)”可知，第三段指出行业缺乏薪酬透明度（little pay transparency），导致创作者需自行评估劳动价值，最终低估自身工作，说明网红低估自己创作价值的原因之一是薪酬不透明。故选B。
19．细节理解题。由文章第四段中“Influencers are also often at the mercy of algorithms — the behind-the-scenes computer programs that determine which posts are shown, in which order, to users. Platforms share little detail about their algorithms, yet they finally determine who and what gains visibility and influence on social media. The threat of invisibility is a constant source of insecurity for influencers, who are under constant pressure to feed platforms with content. (网红们还常常受算法的支配 —— 算法就是幕后的计算机程序，它们决定着哪些帖子会展示给用户，以及展示的顺序。社交媒体平台很少透露其算法的细节，但这些算法最终决定了在社交媒体上谁以及什么内容能获得关注和影响力。对于网红们来说，可能会被算法忽视的威胁一直是他们不安全感的来源，他们一直承受着要不断为平台提供内容的压力。)”可知，第四段强调平台不公开算法细节，创作者因无法预测内容曝光机制而被迫持续产出内容，导致压力，说明网红压力的来源之一是对平台算法缺乏了解。故选C。
20．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“The lifestyles we see advertised on social media are enticing, but under the shining appearance lie uncertain income, pay inequality, disability and mental health issues. (我们在社交媒体上看到的那些网红所宣传的生活方式很诱人，但在光鲜亮丽的外表之下，存在着收入不稳定、薪酬不平等、身体损伤以及心理健康等问题。)”和最后一段“Although becoming an influencer may look appealing to more and more people, the industry’s dark underside needs to be made visible and improved through enhanced employment regulation and industry-led cultural change. (尽管成为网红对越来越多的人来说可能很有吸引力，但这个行业的阴暗面需要被曝光，并且需要通过加强就业监管和行业引领的文化变革来加以改善。)”可知，文章通过分析网红职业的吸引力及其背后的挑战，揭示了这一行业的负面影响，例如收入不稳定、算法控制、心理健康问题等。因此，作者写作的目的是展示作为在线内容创作者的黑暗面。故选A。
Passage（6）
【山东省青岛市四区联考2024-2025学年高三上学期期末】For too long, we’ve been living on the edge of burnout, with to-do lists growing longer, calendars full, and deadlines that seem never-ending. It’s not a secret that busyness has been worn like a mark of honor, while moments of down time are seen as unproductive. But if there’s no time to breathe or room to think, how are we able to come up with new ideas, let alone carry them out
I didn’t realize how deep-rooted this lifestyle had become for me until I stepped into self-employment in 2023. Balancing busy periods with quieter ones unexpectedly brought anxiety and self-judgment instead of the anticipated relief to pause and reflect. However, the tide is turning in the world of work: there’s a growing pushback against non-stop demands, and increased awareness about the benefits — including improved concentration, creativity and job satisfaction-of doing one thing at a time.
According to Marc Zao-Sanders, author of Timeboxing, multitasking is the attempt to attend to two things at once, for example firing off a few emails while sitting in a meeting. The pity here is that you may end up doing a poor job of both, and enjoy neither. But it’s actually a little more complex than this. If one of the tasks is familiar to you and doesn’t demand too much of you cognitively (认知地), it may well be that you can take on a second task at the same time. The main issue is thinking you can do both at once for those tasks where you can’t. This is both unproductive and can easily feel frustrated.
The phrase “multitasking” has been adopted by all sorts of typically high-achieving people and a mark of status. But our brains cannot complete tasks at the same time. They are completed in a sequence. Multitasking is tiring us out more quickly and making us less efficient. So, let’s bid farewell to the era of handling a hundred things at once.
21．What’s people’s common view to busyness
A．It is a way to generate new ideas.
B．It shows that people are less productive.
C．It reflects people’s poor time-management.
D．It is a symbol of efficiency and excellence.
22．How does the author feel after she became self-employed
A．Relaxed. B．Panicked. C．Uneasy. D．Stress-free.
23．What can we learn about multitasking from paragraph 3
A．It can reduce our productivity. B．It can weaken our cognitive ability.
C．It makes us creative and concentrated. D．It is essential in today’s fast-pace world.
24．What does the author suggest in the passage
A．Following high-achieving people. B．Working one task at a time.
C．Raising the efficiency of multitasking. D．Challenging our brain capacity.
【答案】21．D 22．C 23．A 24．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了现代社会中人们普遍存在的过度忙碌和“多任务处理”现象，以及这种生活方式对个人创造力和工作效率的负面影响。
21．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“It’s not a secret that busyness has been worn like a mark of honor, while moments of down time are seen as unproductive.(忙碌一直被当作一种荣誉的象征，而闲暇时光则被视为毫无成效，这早已不是什么秘密。)”可知，忙碌一直被当作一种荣誉的象征，而闲暇时光则被视为毫无成效。这意味着在人们的普遍观念中，忙碌是一种值得骄傲的事情，可理解为忙碌象征着效率和优秀。故选D。
22．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“I didn’t realize how deep-rooted this lifestyle had become for me until I stepped into self-employment in 2023. Balancing busy periods with quieter ones unexpectedly brought anxiety and self-judgment instead of the anticipated relief to pause and reflect.(直到2023年我开始自主创业，我才意识到这种生活方式在我身上已经根深蒂固到了何种程度。原本预期在忙碌时段与清闲时段之间取得平衡后，能获得喘息和反思的机会，从而感到轻松，可没想到却带来了焦虑和自我评判。)”可知，作者在2023年开始自主创业后，原本预期在忙碌和清闲之间取得平衡能获得喘息和反思的轻松感，但没想到却带来了焦虑和自我评判，作者自主创业后感到不安。故选C。
23．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“According to Marc Zao-Sanders, author of Timeboxing, multitasking is the attempt to attend to two things at once, for example firing off a few emails while sitting in a meeting. The pity here is that you may end up doing a poor job of both, and enjoy neither.(根据《时间箱管理》一书的作者Marc Zao-Sanders的说法，“多任务处理”指的是试图同时处理两件事情，例如在开会时快速发送几封电子邮件。遗憾的是，这样做的结果可能是两件事都没做好，而且两件事都体验不佳。)”以及“This is both unproductive and can easily feel frustrated.(这样做不仅效率低下，还很容易让人感到沮丧。)”可知，多任务处理可能导致两件事都做不好，既没有效率还容易让人沮丧，所以会降低我们的工作效率。故选A。
24．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Multitasking is tiring us out more quickly and making us less efficient. So, let’s bid farewell to the era of handling a hundred things at once.(多任务处理让我们更快地感到疲惫，也降低了我们的效率。所以，让我们告别一次处理一百件事情的时代吧。)”可知，作者强调了多任务处理的坏处，结合最后一句告别一次处理多项任务的时代，可推断出作者建议一次只做一项任务。故选B。
Passage（7）
【广西邕衡教育名校联盟2024-2025学年高三下学期开学考试】Some films shine brighter than others. RaMell Ross’ “Nickel Boys,” a stirring cinematic adaptation of Colson Whitehead’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, is polished to a remarkable brilliance. Its confidence comes on like a stiff breeze on a sticky Southern summer day, as it tells a boldly designed story of two Black kids named Elwood and Turner, living during the height of segregation (种族隔离) in Florida. Elwood is a smart, idealistic kid who is wrongly sent to the abusive walls of Nickel Academy, a reform school for boys, while Turner is the bright friend he makes in the dark passages of those days.
Your immersion into the film’s world begins early on. From its opening scene with closeups of fruit hanging high up in a tree, cigarette smoke floating through the air and hands shuffling cards, “Nickel Boys” makes you feel like you’re taking a glance into someone’s life. You’re getting a kid’s perspective of Christmas trees and decorations from below; sheets being put onto beds and laughter ringing in the air. The simple, joyful human moments at the beginning of the film are in sharp contrast to the inhumane treatment shown later on.
Ross achieves something brilliant when he shows this first-person point of view from Elwood’s perspective. It’s as if you see through his eyes, moving along with him, but you also hear his voice in conversations. This soon shifts when Turner makes his first appearance, and his perspective is also shown throughout the rest of the film. This choice is effective in making the viewer feel every conversation, every loss, every little moment. It also shows both the boys’ very different attitudes toward whether the truth would win out.
Shot with frequent shifts in perspective, “Nickel Boys” challenges the audience to see and feel the world through Black eyes, demanding effort and empathy. This isn’t a film that holds your hand, but rather one that expects you to meet it on its own terms. Yet, as a clear masterpiece held together by visual splendor and distinctive performances, it proves that this brave, honest storytelling strategy is well worth the reward.
25．What can we learn about the film “Nickle Boys” from the first paragraph
A．It has been awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
B．Its setting reflects the reality of racism.
C．The story happened during a hot summer.
D．Both main characters were wrongly punished.
26．Why does RaMell Ross adopt shifting perspectives
A．To highlight both boys’ very different viewpoints.
B．To avoid focusing too much on one character’s story.
C．To confuse the audience and challenge their understanding.
D．To showcase the reform school’s effect on different students.
27．Which of the following best describes the film
A．Cheerful and realistic. B．Daring and immersive.
C．Heavy but inspiring. D．Heartwarming but challenging.
28．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．A film review. B．A book introduction.
C．A historical analysis. D．An online advertisement.
【答案】25．B 26．A 27．B 28．A
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章属于影评，主要介绍了电影“Nickel Boys”的背景、内容、拍摄手法以及其独特之处等，对电影进行了评价。
25．推理判断题。根据第一段“Its confidence comes on like a stiff breeze on a sticky Southern summer day, as it tells a boldly designed story of two Black kids named Elwood and Turner, living during the height of segregation (种族隔离) in Florida. (它的自信就像南方闷热夏日里凛冽的微风，讲述了一个设计大胆的故事：两个名叫Elwood和Turner的黑人孩子生活在种族隔离最严重的佛罗里达州。)” 可知，电影讲述了两个黑人孩子在佛罗里达州种族隔离最严重时期的故事，故推断其背景反映了种族主义的现实。故选B。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段“This choice is effective in making the viewer feel every conversation, every loss, every little moment. It also shows both the boys’ very different attitudes toward whether the truth would win out. (这种选择有效地让观众感受到每一次对话、每一次失落、每一个小小的时刻。这也显示了两个男孩对于真相是否会胜出的截然不同的态度。)” 可知，采用转换视角的方式不仅能让观众感受到每一次对话、每一次失落、每一个小小的时刻，还能展示两个男孩对真理是否会胜出的截然不同的态度，也就是突出了两个男孩非常不同的观点。故选A。
27．细节理解题。根据第一段“Its confidence comes on like a stiff breeze on a sticky Southern summer day, as it tells a boldly designed story of two Black kids named Elwood and Turner, living during the height of segregation (种族隔离) in Florida. (它的自信就像南方闷热夏日里凛冽的微风，讲述了一个设计大胆的故事：两个名叫Elwood和Turner的黑人孩子生活在种族隔离最严重的佛罗里达州。)”可知，电影的设计大胆的，再根据第三段“Your immersion into the film’s world begins early on. From its opening scene with closeups of fruit hanging high up in a tree, cigarette smoke floating through the air and hands shuffling cards, “Nickel Boys” makes you feel like you’re taking a glance into someone’s life. (你很早就开始沉浸在电影世界里了。从电影开场的特写镜头来看，水果高悬在树上，香烟烟雾在空气中飘浮，人们在洗牌，“Nickel Boys”让你觉得你在窥视某人的生活。)”可知电影能让我们沉浸其中，也就是身临其境。故选B。
28．推理判断题。通读全文可知文章主要介绍了电影“Nickel Boys”的背景、内容、拍摄手法以及其独特之处等，对电影进行了评价，所以最有可能来自一篇电影评论。故选A。
Passage（8）
【湖北省云学名校联盟2024-2025学年高三下学期2月联考】The next time you’re feeling depressed or angry at the world, ask yourself if you’ve really been dealt a poor hand — or if, just maybe, you were expecting too much. That’s one message that can be drawn from a recent study on entitlement, a personality trait characterized by exaggerated feelings of deservingness and superiority. Entitlement may lead to constant disappointment, say researchers from Case Western Reserve University.
The authors reached these conclusions after analyzing more than 170 academic papers. They found that people who possess high levels. of entitlement consistently fall victim to a three-part cycle: First, they don’t always get everything they think they deserve, leaving them constantly vulnerable to unmet expectations. Those unmet expectations are then perceived as injustices, leading to emotions like anger and sadness. Finally, to justify those emotions, entitled people reassure themselves of their own specialness. This helps them feel better temporarily, but ultimately starts the process all over again.
At extreme levels, entitled people repeatedly expose themselves to the risk of feeling frustrated and disappointed with life. They also tend to suffer from poor relationships, interpersonal conflicts, and depression, says co-author Julie Exline, PhD, a professor of psychological sciences at Case Western Reserve. “So much of entitlement is about competition — being better or more deserving than other people, ”she told . “It really sets in opposition to society, and it can be very isolating. ”
“It’s not easy for true narcissists (自恋者) to see themselves for what they are, or to change their way of thinking.” Exline says. But she does believe that, for many well-intentioned people, feelings of entitlement can be controlled. “Conditioning yourself to think about other people and what they deserve — and also being willing to admit your own faults and weaknesses — can help you feel more connected to others, ” she says.
We should be also aware that not all feelings of entitlement are wrong or bad: We shouldn’t just lower our standards or stop expecting things we truly do deserve, just so we can be happier. But if you do notice that you’ve developed an overblown sense of self — and it’s causing you to be annoyed or not get along with others — you can definitely try to do something about it.
29．What causes entitled people to be trapped in a three-part cycle
A．Consistent negative emotions. B．A strong sense of self-awareness.
C．Constant self-pity and helplessness. D．Unrealistic expectations and frustration.
30．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The reason for entitlement. B．The benefits of competition.
C．The negative effects of entitlement. D．The importance of connecting with others.
31．What might be Exline’s suggestion for entitled people
A．Change your mindset to one of competitiveness.
B．Focus on your own achievements and superiority.
C．Prioritize personal goals over considering others’ needs.
D．Place yourself into others’ position and reflect on yourself.
32．Which word best describes the author’s attitude to entitlement
A．Balanced. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Tolerant.
【答案】29．D 30．C 31．D 32．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨了“配得感”(entitlement)这一人格特质，它以过分的应得感和优越感为特征。文章强调，虽然配得感可能导致问题，但并非所有配得感都是错误的，关键在于平衡期望与现实，以及学会考虑他人的需求和感受。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段“They found that people who possess high levels. of entitlement consistently fall victim to a three-part cycle: First, they don’t always get everything they think they deserve, leaving them constantly vulnerable to unmet expectations. Those unmet expectations are then perceived as injustices, leading to emotions like anger and sadness. Finally, to justify those emotions, entitled people reassure themselves of their own specialness. This helps them feel better temporarily, but ultimately starts the process all over again.(他们发现拥有高水平的人。他们总是会陷入一个由三部分组成的循环：首先，他们并不总是得到他们认为应得的一切，这让他们总是容易受到无法实现的期望的伤害。这些未满足的期望被认为是不公平的，导致愤怒和悲伤等情绪。最后，为了证明这些情绪是合理的，有权利的人对自己的特殊性进行了自我安慰。这会让他们暂时感觉好一些，但最终还是会重新开始这个过程)” 可知，是不切实际的期望和挫折感导致了他们落入三部曲循环中。故选D。
30．主旨大意题。根据第三段“At extreme levels, entitled people repeatedly expose themselves to the risk of feeling frustrated and disappointed with life. They also tend to suffer from poor relationships, interpersonal conflicts, and depression, says co-author Julie Exline, PhD.(在极端情况下，配得感的人往往反复让自己感到沮丧和对生活失望。他们还有糟糕的人际关系、冲突以及抑郁问题)”可知，第三段主要讨论了配得感的负面影响，包括导致人际关系差、人际冲突和抑郁。故选C。
31．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Conditioning yourself to think about other people and what they deserve — and also being willing to admit your own faults and weaknesses—can help you feel more connected to others.(让自己去思考他人及他们的需要，同时愿意承认自己的缺点和弱点，可以帮助你与他人建立更深的联系。）可知，Exline的建议是要站在他人立场上思考问题，并进行自我反思。故选D。
32．推理判断题。根据最后一段“We should be also aware that not all feelings of entitlement are wrong or bad: We shouldn’t just lower our standards or stop expecting things we truly do deserve, just so we can be happier. But if you do notice that you’ve developed an overblown sense of self — and it’s causing you to be annoyed or not get along with others — you can definitely try to do something about it.(我们也应该意识到，并非所有的配得感都是错误的或不好的：我们不应该降低我们的标准或停止期待我们真正应得的东西，只是为了让我们更快乐。但是，如果你确实注意到你已经形成了一种过度的自我意识，并且它导致你感到烦恼或无法与他人相处——你绝对可以尝试做些什么)”可知，作者提倡对配得感有一个全面的看法，既不全盘否定，也不盲目肯定，而是寻求一个平衡点。故选A。
Passage（9）
【2025届河南省安阳市高三上学期一模】Think about the illegal screen (掩护) that was called against UConn in the last seconds of the NCAA women’s semifinal game. But remember to approach it without an unreasonable dislike of or preference for the team, gender considerations, or the overall skill level of the players involved. American basketball fans have come to believe that at the end of close games, we should “let the players decide the outcome”.
Do the referees (裁判) actually stop themselves from blowing their whistles at the end of close games, or is it all just a misconception While I would like to believe that it is a misconception, during my 31 years of coaching high school basketball, I have met quite a few game officials who practice that philosophy. To “let the players decide the outcome” means that the game won’t be called as strictly as it is during other parts of the match. Is that really what we want I have a very close knowledge of NFHS basketball rules, and have read NCAA basketball regulations. But I have never seen any reference to calling the game differently in the closing seconds of a tight contest. Oftentimes, the game ends with the result that would happen no matter what. But if not, who gets punished Most often, it’s the team that continues to play within the rules.
We need to abandon the belief that we should “let the players decide the outcome”. A foul (犯规) should be recognized as a foul no matter what time in the game it occurs — the first minute, the middle of the third quarter, or the final 10 seconds of a close game. But again, it’s up to the referees to make sure that happens.
Officials are human, and they sometimes miss a call, such as a close contact that could be interpreted as a block or a charge. We have to remove the idea that what is a foul committed in the third quarter is not a foul in the last 10 seconds of a close game. And we coaches and spectators have to accept and expect that!
37．Why is the scene in a basketball game described in paragraph 1
A．To lead in the topic. B．To add background information.
C．To honor the competitive players. D．To stress the importance of referees.
38．What is the common misconception among basketball fans
A．Referees have preferences for certain teams.
B．Referees stop using their whistles in close games.
C．The team playing within the rules will be the winner.
D．The coaches have too much influence on the officials’ decisions.
39．The author mentions his experience as a high school basketball coach to ______.
A．prove his expertise in basketball rules
B．illustrate the popularity of a certain referee philosophy
C．criticize the poor performance of officials in high school games
D．show how difficult it is to coach a high school basketball team
40．What is the author’s suggestion for improving the fairness of basketball games
A．Increasing the number of officials.
B．Allowing coaches to challenge referees’ decisions.
C．Observing the rules consistently throughout the game.
D．Carrying out stricter punishment for fouls in close games.
【答案】37．A 38．B 39．B 40．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕篮球比赛中 “让球员决定结果” 这一观念展开，批判该观念，主张比赛全程严格按规则判罚以保公平。
37．推理判断题。根据第一段“Think about the illegal screen (掩护) that was called against UConn in the last seconds of the NCAA women’s semifinal game. But remember to approach it without an unreasonable dislike of or preference for the team, gender considerations, or the overall skill level of the players involved. American basketball fans have come to believe that at the end of close games, we should ‘let the players decide the outcome’.(想想NCAA女子半决赛最后几秒钟对阵康涅狄格大学的非法屏幕。但请记住，在处理这件事时，不要对球队、性别因素或相关球员的整体技能水平有不合理的厌恶或偏好。美国篮球迷们开始相信，在势均力敌的比赛结束时，我们应该‘让球员决定结果’)”可知，本段描述了 NCAA女子半决赛最后几秒UConn队被吹罚非法掩护的场景，接着引出关于比赛最后时刻裁判是否应 “让球员决定比赛结果” 这一话题。所以描述篮球比赛场景是为了引出话题。故选A项。
38．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Do the referees actually stop themselves from blowing their whistles at the end of close games, or is it all just a misconception (裁判们真的会在比

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