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(共35张PPT)
人教版（2019）选择性必修四
Learning About Language
Unit 3 Sea Exploration
Build up your vocabulary
Learning objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
identify words based on their meaning in English;
grasp some phrases, including their meanings and usages;
use words and phrases you have learned to complete a passage;
learn about Zac’s adventure and analyze his spirit.
Review
Complete the passage using the words from the text.
There are many t____ and legends about how seamen explored the oceans in the past. But how many of them are reliable The fact is that seamen needed multiple ways to keep safe after s______ sail.
1. Using nature to help is the first and most useful form of exploration. This includes the North Star, Sun and clouds.
2. Using the weather. Experienced captains could see the b_______ between weather and dangers. Either they withdrew the fleets or e________ their voyage.
3. Using the sea. Skillful sailors could use tides and currents to carry ships back to the shore or pass through narrow c_________.
These skills helped seamen explore the seas and discovered new lands. They needed not only the instruments but also courage and luck.
ales
etting
onds
xtended
hannels
Practice
Write down the word that matches each definition. Then find the sentences containing these words in the text.
________ an imaginary story or an exciting description of an event
________ related to the king or queen of a country
________ to reach an agreement by discussion
________ to stop taking part in an activity
________ to make something longer or larger
________ a connection between people
________ a level of quality, ability, etc.
________ a deep passage of water used as a route for ships
Choose the appropriate words from above to complete the following sentences.
Their common experience created a strong ________ between them.
As a major figure in British politics, Churchill was in a ________ of his own.
The deadline has been ________ by two days.
I’m reading a book about folk ________ and ancient legends.
tale
royal
negotiate
withdraw
extend
bond
league
channel
bond
league
extended
tales
n. 政治；政治观点
丘吉尔
a sight to behold in hand withdraw from in return
1. Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and profession to helping people without
expecting anything .
2. Last summer we visited an island in the Indian Ocean, whose rocky coastline and long
golden beaches were .
3. The tennis player several tournaments due to injury.
4. With lots of food and drink , they set off for their picnic.
in return
a sight to behold
withdrew from
in hand
Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the phrases in the box.
n. 职业；行业
n. 锦标赛；联赛
find one’s way boredom reach out across the sea set sail form the foundation tale motivate
In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese adventurer, made the first voyage around the world. On 14 June 2008, nearly 500 years later, a 16-year-old American boy, Zac Sunderland, _________ on a similar journey. After 13 months, he returned with a new world record: the youngest person ever to sail around the world.
Zac grew up on a boat and learnt how to sail when he was four, which ___________________ of his success. As a child, Zac read a book about Robin Lee Graham who had sailed around the world alone as a teenager in 1965. Zac was greatly inspired by Graham’s _____. After his 16th birthday, Zac started making plans for his journey. Using his own money, Zac bought a boat and set off.
_______________________ is often a mixture of danger and ________. Zac had to ____________ through heavy storms and get by on little sleep on his journey. It was boring to stay on a boat all day, so Zac read lots of books! He also emailed his family using his laptop, telling them about his experiences around the world.
When the journey ended, Zac’s adventure received widespread media coverage. At his press conference, he talked about how passion and courage made his dream come true. In his opinion, there’s so much that people can achieve with the right __________ and ambition. Just go for it!
set sail
formed the foundation
tale
Reaching out across the sea
boredom
find his way
motivation
Complete the passage below with the correct forms of the words in the box.
扎克·桑德兰
罗宾·李·格雷厄姆
n. 混合；结合体；混合物
n. 笔记本电脑；便携式电脑
n. 新闻报道；覆盖范围
记者招待会；新闻发布会
Review useful structures
Learning objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
find examples of infinitives in the essay you have learnt and identify the purpose of their use;
review the usage of the infinitive;
use infinitives to complete some exercises and understand the purpose of their use;
use infinitives to write an ending for The Little Mermaid.
the infinitive
P
As the predicative
S
As the subject
Ad
As the adverbial
O
As the object
Attr
As the attributive
OC
As the object complement
Lead-in
What can an infinitive function as
时态 形式 含义 例句
一般式 主动： to do 表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。 we agree to meet at the cinema.
被动： to be done The patient asked to be operated on at once.
完成式 主动： to have done 表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。 I happened to have seen the film.
被动： to have been done He is pleased to have been praised.
进行式 to be doing 表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生。 He pretended to be sleeping.
What are the forms of infinitives
S
OC
Ad
P
O
Attr
S
Attr
Attr
Attr
O
Attr
Ad
Attr
OC
Presentation
Find all the sentences containing infinitives in the reading passage. Then mark their functions.
1. As the subject (S) 2. As the predicative (P) 3. As the object (O)
4. As the object complement (OC) 5. As the attributive (Attr) 6. As the adverbial (Ad)
Join the words to make sentences using infinitives. Then decide the function of each infinitive.
EXAMPLE
It is fun / visit an aquarium / in summer
It is fun to visit an aquarium in summer. (S)
He / encouraged me / participate in the surfing competition
The storm / seems / be getting closer
Magellan / was the first person / sail around the world
The UN peacekeeping force / aims / maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts
He encouraged me to participate in the surfing competition.
(OC)
The storm seems to be getting closer.
(P)
Magellan was the first person to sail around the world.
(Attr)
The UN peacekeeping force aims to maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts.
(O)
The crowd / stood / applaud / scientists / for their important ocean research work
It is a good idea / tax / plastic bottles / so that people use them less
The Jiaolong manned submersible / is said / be able / reach 7 km underwater
It remains / be seen / whether or not his capsule can work
The crowd stood to applaud scientists for their important ocean research work.
(Ad)
It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less.
(Attr)
The Jiaolong manned submersible is said to be able to reach 7 km underwater.
(O;O)
It remains to be seen whether or not his capsule can work.
(O)
vt. & vi. 鼓掌 vt. 称赞；赞赏
vt. 对……征税；使纳税 n. 税；税款
adj. 有人控制的；需人操纵的
n. 潜水器；可潜船
adv. 在水下 adj. 水下的
n. 胶囊；太空舱
Infinitives as the subject
一、动词不定式（短语）作主语的主谓一致原则
1. 单个动词不定式（短语）作主语，谓语用单数。
To improve English is the most urgent thing for me now.
提高英语对现在的我而言是最紧急的事。
2. 两个或两个以上的动词不定式（短语）作主语，若语义一致或基本一致，或动词不定式
（短语）作为一个整体，谓语用单数。
To love and to be loved is sweet to us.
爱与被爱对我们来说都是甜蜜的。
3. 两个或两个以上的动词不定式（短语）作主语，若语义不一致，谓语用复数。
To improve people’s lives and to speed up social construction are two important tasks.
改善人们的生活和加快社会建设是两项重要任务。
Grammar
动词不定式
二、 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语
1. It is + 形容词（+ for sb.）+ to do sth.
It is easy for me to learn how to drive.
学会如何开车对我而言很容易。
2. It is + 形容词（+ of sb.）+ to do sth.
It is clever of him to leave that company.
他很聪明，离开了那家公司。
3. It is + 名词（a pleasure / a pity / an honor ...）+ to do sth.
It’s our duty to take care of the old.
照顾老人是我们的责任。
4. It takes/took sb. + some time + to do sth.
It takes me an hour to do homework every day.
我每天花一个小时写作业。
Infinitives as the object
用法
1. 不定式短语作宾语时，往往放在下列动词（短语）之后：afford, decide/determine, learn,
want/expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg,
fail, happen, strive, threaten, would like等。
He has promised to take care of the matter on his own.
他已经答应自己处理这件事。
I am expecting to share the experience with you right now.
我期待着现在就和你分享这段经历。
2. 在某些动词，如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后，常用it作形式宾语，构成
“find/think ... + it+adj./n.+ to do sth. ”结构。
I find it challenging to fit in with the team.
我觉得融入这个团队很有挑战性。
We think it our duty to protect the environment.
我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
注意：下列动词或词组既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，但意义上有区别
forget/remember to do sth. 忘记/记得去做某事 forget/remember doing sth. 忘记/记得做了某事
regret to do sth. 对要做某事感到遗憾 regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事
try to do sth. 努力去做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事
mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth. 停止正在或经常做的事
go on to do sth. 接着做另一件事 go on doing sth. 继续做某事
3. 固定结构do/have/其他动词+sth.+but/except (to) do sth.中的不定式用法。此结构要遵循“前有实义
动词do，but后则无to，反之则有to”的原则。
She had no choice but to face the embarrassment.
她别无选择，只能面对尴尬。
The two brothers did nothing but blame each other.
这两兄弟除了互相指责外，什么也没做。
Infinitives as the object complement
用法
1. 在某些动词后可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语，如ask, want, expect, invite, beg, encourage, order,
warn, remind, prefer, get, force, allow, permit, forbid, persuade, cause, advise, teach, wait for, call on,
depend on等。
Please remind me to attend the meeting on time.
请提醒我准时参加会议。
2. 下列动词（短语）接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：一感（feel），二听（hear, listen to），
三使（let, have, make），四看（see, notice, observe, watch），半帮助（help），但在变为被
动语态时需加to。
The thief was observed to enter the bank.
有人看见小偷进了银行。
3. with+宾语+宾补的复合结构中。
With many problems to settle, we should hold another meeting.
有许多问题要解决，我们应该再开一次会。
Infinitives as the predicative
一、 结构：主语 + am/is/are/was/were + 不定式
The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children.
教育的目的是培养儿童良好的性格。
二、表意功能及主要用法
1. 当句子的主语是不定式时，系动词后可接不定式作表语，用于解释主语所描述的行为或说明该行为带来
的结果。类似用法还包括一些格言警句：
To ask him such questions is to irritate him.
问他这样的问题会激怒他。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
2. 当不定式作表语时，能够担当句子主语的名词比较有限，它们大多用于表示某种情形或状况，如advice,
aim, ambition, custom, business, desire, difficulty, duty, experience, habit, happiness, hope, idea, intention, job,
method, plan, principle, problem, purpose, reason, risk, role, task, thing, wish等。
My ambition is to become a scientist.
我的理想是成为一名科学家。
3. 不定式结构作remain的表语：remain to be done“有待于被做”。
There are so many things remaining to be done. 有许多事情要做。
4. 有时，根据表达的需要，在作表语的不定式前，还可添加疑问代词或疑问副词，包括what, who,
how, when, where等。
The problem was how to begin. 问题是如何开始。
5. 当主语包含定语从句且其先行词为代词all或形容词最高级形式the least、the most时，后可接“系
动词+不定式”作句子的表语。
All he wanted was to be left alone. 他只想一个人待着。
The least I can expect is to have this day all to myself. 至少我能期待这一天只属于自己。
6. 当不定式作表语时，句子的主语还可以是what引导的主语从句。
What I want to do now is (to) have a rest. 我现在只想休息。
7. 省略to的用法
（1）all作主句主语，其后的定语从句含有实义动词do的某种形式时。
All we need to do is live each day with hope. 我们所需要做的就是带着希望生活每一天。
（2）what引导的从句作主语，从句中含有实义动词do的某种形式时。
What I want to do is take a holiday right away. 我想马上去度假。
（3）（主句）主语被only, first, one, last或形容词最高级修饰，且其后作定语的从句或短语中含有实
义动词do的某种形式时。
In the evening the only thing he did was read the newspaper. 晚上，他唯一做的事就是看报纸。
Infinitives as the attribute
一、 位置：动词不定式作定语，一般位于所修饰词的后面，可扩展为一个定语从句。
We are looking for an apartment to live in. = We are looking for an apartment that we can live in.
我们正在找一个可以居住的公寓。
二、用法
1. 动词不定式作定语可表示还未发生的动作。
All the teachers to attend the opening ceremony tomorrow should wear the uniforms.
明天将要出席开幕式的所有老师都应该穿制服。
The competition to be held next year will surely attract many international tourists.
明年要举行的比赛肯定会吸引许多国际游客。
2. 序数词、形容词最高级和the last/the only/the next等词语后或被这些词修饰的名词后常用动词不定
式作定语。
The next train to arrive was from New York.
下一趟抵达的火车是从纽约开来的。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个来，最后一个离开。
3. 抽象名词ability, chance, opportunity, way, right (权利), courage, decision, hope, wish等后常用动词不
定式作定语。
Thanks to your encouragement, I finally got the courage to face the challenge.
多亏了你的鼓励，我最终有了迎接挑战的勇气。
Starting a new school term is always exciting. It is a good chance to see your friends again.
开始一个新学期总是很令人兴奋，这是一个再次见到你朋友们的好机会。
4. something, nothing, anything等不定代词后常用动词不定式作定语。
We have nothing to fear but fear itself.
人最害怕的就是害怕本身。
5. 在there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接动词不定式作定语，被修饰的中心词是不定式的逻辑宾语
时，不定式用主动式或被动式均可。
There is nothing to worry about/to be worried about.
没什么可担心的。
注意：在there be句型中，如果动词不定式有逻辑主语，则动词不定式只能用主动形式。
三、构成动词不定式的动词与被修饰词之间的关系
1. 主谓关系：主谓关系指的是被修饰词是构成动词不定式的动词的逻辑主语。此时的动词不定式在
意义上相当于一个定语从句。
We need someone to help with the work. = We need someone that can help with the work.
我们需要有人来帮忙做这项工作。
2. 动宾关系：动宾关系指的是被修饰词是构成动词不定式的动词的逻辑宾语，所以作定语的不定式
不能带宾语。
Do you have anything to send
你有什么东西要寄吗？
3. 同位关系：同位关系指的是不定式对所修饰的名词的内容起解释、说明作用。这类被修饰词有两
类，一种是由动词派生出来的抽象名词，如plan, decision等，另一种是如campaign, evidence,
opportunity, position, power, project, reason, right等的抽象名词。
My plan to go abroad has failed.
我出国的计划没能实现。
We don’t have enough evidence to prove that he was wrong.
我们没有充足的证据来证明他是错的。
Infinitives as the adverbial
功能 例句
表示目的，可以放在句末，也可以放在句首。目的状语还可用in order to或so as to。 He worked day and night to get the money.
表示结果，往往是与预期愿望相反的结果，常放在never, only等词后。结果状语还可用so … as to …, such … as to …, enough to …, too … to …, only to …等结构来表示。 He hurried to the station only to find the train had gone.
表示原因，常放在形容词后面。不定式在作表语/补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。 They were very sad to hear the news.
表示程度，常用结构是too ... to ..., enough to ...。 It’s too dark for us to see anything.
5. 作独立成分。有些不定式短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：To tell you the truth …（说实话），To make a long story short（长话短说），To make matters worse/To make things worse（更糟糕的是），To sum up/To conclude（总而言之）。 To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.
1. A: Will your parents be back from their holiday tomorrow
B: No, they decided _________ (extend) their trip.
2. A: Have you got the test result on the new medicine
B: Yes, it has proved ______ (be) somewhat effective, but further testing remains __________ (do).
3. A: Wow! I didn’t expect Pete ______ (be) such a good swimmer!
B: _____________ (spend) the past summer practising almost every day, he is now able _________ (swim) much
faster than before.
4. A: What happened You were supposed ___________________ (be) in Beijing by now!
B: I overslept and rushed to the airport, only ________ (find) that the check-in counter had closed.
5. A: Which season do you like most
B: Winter. Because the city looks very beautiful when ________ (cover) with snow.
6. A: Who is considered _______ (be) the father of the computer: Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, John Vincent
Atanasoff, or John von Neumann
B: Well, they are all believed _____________ (make) important contributions to computer science.
to extend
to be
to be done
to be
Having spent
to swim
to have been (to be)
to find
covered
to be
to have made
Practice
Complete the dialogues with the correct forms of the words in brackets. (Workbook P76-1)
1. To be or not to be, that is the question.
2. It is better to give than to take.
3. You’re never too old to learn.
4. To know everything is to know nothing.
5. To save time is to lengthen life.
生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。
(S)
施比受有福。
(Ad; Ad)
活到老学到老。
什么都知道等于什么都不知道。
节约时间就是延长生命。
(Ad)
(S; P)
(S; P)
Tell the function of the infinitive in each sentence. Then translate them into Chinese. (Workbook P76-2)
Named after a mythical dragon, Jiaolong is China’s first manned deep-sea research submersible. It was developed by Chinese designers _________ (start) from 2002 and entered service in 2010, ________ (make) China the fifth country in the world with deep-sea exploration technology.
In 2017, during a 138-day expedition that _______ (start) in February, the submersible’s mother ship, Xiangyanghong 09 sailed nearly 34,000 km into the South China Sea, the northwestern Indian Ocean, and the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Jiaolong conducted 30 dives _________ (make) scientific investigations and (collect) __________ samples. The submersible made five dives in the Mariana Trench and the Yap Trench, both in the western Pacific Ocean. These operations have enabled scientists _____________________ (better understand) geographical and biological conditions deep under the oceans.
Afterwards, Jiaolong underwent maintenance before ________ (start) its next adventure. In 2019, Jiaolong had a new mother ship, which is _________ (name) Deep Sea No. 1. Their grand mission was intended _____________ (strengthen) China’s capacity in __________ (survey) deep-sea environments and would increase the nation’s influence in this field.
starting
making
started
making
collecting
to better understand
starting
named
to strengthen
surveying
Complete the news report below with the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets. What else do you know about Jiaolong (Workbook P76-3)
Far out in the ocean, where the water is as clear as glass, lives the Sea King. The ocean is too deep ___________ (measure). We may imagine there is nothing except yellow sand under the sea, but actually it is not rare ______ (see) the most unique flowers and plants ________ (dance) in the fast-moving water. In the deepest spot of all stands the Sea King’s castle, which has walls of coral and a roof _______ (form) of beautiful shells. The mother of the king, a wise woman who is proud _____________ (be) born into the royal family, takes care of his six daughters. Among the six sea-princesses, the youngest is the prettiest. Although she has delicate skin like a rose-leaf and eyes as blue as the
to see
to measure
dancing
deepest sea, she has no feet but a fish tail just like her sisters. The most common way for the princesses _______ (play) all day long is __________________ (swim) in the halls of the castle or among the flowers growing out of the walls, feeding and touching the fish ___________ (swim) up to their hands through the windows. They seem ___________ (not worry) about anything, except for the youngest, who ...
to have been
formed
to play
swimming / to swim
swimming
not to worry
Read the beginning of The Little Mermaid and use the proper forms of the verbs in brackets to fill in the blanks. What do you think happens next
n. 珊瑚
Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and profession to helping people without
expecting anything in return. (P28)
亨利·诺尔曼·白求恩把他的一生和事业都献给了帮助别人而不求任何回报。
profession /pr fe n/ n. 职业；行业
搭配
by profession 在职业上；就职业来说
拓展
professional adj. 专业的，职业的 professor n. 教授
例句
Professor Smith, who is famous in the medical profession, is paying a temporary professional visit to our college.
史密斯教授是医学界的名人，他正在对我们学院进行短暂的专业访问。
Language points
1
Reaching out across the sea is often a mixture of danger and boredom. (P28)
跨越海洋往往既危险又无聊。
mixture / m kst (r)/ n. 混合；结合体；混合物
搭配
a mixture of ... ……的混合
a mixture of emotions 百感交集
例句
That kind of ice cream tasting like a mixture of banana and strawberry is delicious.
那种尝起来像香蕉和草莓的混合味道的冰淇淋很好吃。
The chemistry teacher put his finger into the mixture in the glass and took it out immediately.
化学老师把一个指头伸进玻璃杯内的混合液里，立即又拿了出来。
2
拓展
mix vt. & vi. （使）混合 vt. 调配 vi. 交往，相处
mix (...) with/and ... （把……）和……混合在一起
mix with sb 与某人交往/相处
mix up 弄乱；混淆
mixed adj. 混合的
例句
I have got used to mixing with exchange students from different cultures.
我已经习惯了与来自不同文化的交换生相处。
I’m sorry that I have mixed up all the application forms.
很抱歉，我把所有的申请表都弄混了。
Ann had mixed feelings about giving up her job. 安妮对辞去工作心情很复杂。
When the journey ended, Zac’s adventure received widespread media coverage. (P28)
当旅程结束时，扎克的冒险经历得到了媒体的广泛报道。
coverage / k v r d / n. 新闻报道；覆盖范围
搭配
media/newspaper/press coverage 媒体/报纸/报刊的报道
live coverage 现场直播 coverage rate 覆盖率
例句
It is the premier task for the company to expand the current network coverage.
扩大当前网络覆盖是该公司的首要任务。
拓展
cover v. 覆盖；包括；足以支付；行走（一段路程）；占（一片面积）；报道
cover ... with ... 用……覆盖…… be covered with/by 被……覆盖
3
The crowd stood to applaud scientists for their important ocean research work. (P29)
观众们站起来为科学家们鼓掌，因为他们做了重要的海洋探索工作。
applaud / pl d/ vt. & vi. 鼓掌 vt. 称赞；赞赏
搭配
applaud ... for (doing) sth 因（做）某事而赞赏……
拓展
applause n. 鼓掌，喝彩
thunderous applause 爆发出雷鸣般的掌声
例句
We rose to applaud the actors when the performance came to an end, and the applause lasted for a handful of minutes.
演出结束时，我们起立为演员们鼓掌，掌声持续了几分钟。
4
Homework
Summarize the usage of the infinitive.
Use the infinitives to make an interview to Jiaolong’s researchers. The interview should cover:
the brief introduction of Jiaolong;
Jiaolong’s missions and the purpose;
the result of the missions.

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