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(共62张PPT)
Discovering Useful
Structures
什么是定语？
形容词
介词短语
不定式
非谓语动词
从句
修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。
1. a kind girl
2. a book on the desk
3. I have something to do
4. the fallen leaves
5.Amy is a woman teacher.
6. the boy who is very smart
名词
定语
形容词
名词
介词短语
非谓语动词
从句
(定语从句）
定语：“定”语相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，常译为“的”
什么可以做定语
找出下列句中的定语，并说出什么做定语及位置
① Please give me the blue pen .
② People in Qingdao are friendly.
③ The smiling man bought a car made in China.
④ I like music that I can dance to.
( )
形容词
介词短语
( )
( )
( )
( )
现在分词
过去分词
定语从句
CONTENT
定语从句定义
01
关系词作用和分类
02
如何选择关系词
03
定语从句种类
04
定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词，在句子中起定语作用的从句。
Bobby is a boy who is very fat..
先行词
关系代词
定语从句
1. 定义
1. 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句(句意: ……的）作用相当于形容词
2. 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。
3. 引导定语从句的词叫“ 关系词 ”。
He is the boy who/that often goes to school late.
先行词
关系词
These are the trees which/that were planted last year.
先行词
关系词
定语从句的一般结构是：先行词+关系词+从句
指出下列句子中的先行词和关系词
定语从句修饰______和______，且位于被修饰的名词和代词 。翻译为 ，作用相当于一个 词。
“...的”
之后
形容
名词
代词
We prefer to make friends who share our interests.
friends
先行词
关系词
定语从句
who
share our interests
+
+
The activity which I took part in aimed to improve learners’ speaking and listening abilities.
思考: 如何划分主句与从句？
1. 定义
2. 关系词
This is the car which he brought last year.
关系词的三个作用:
1.连接作用：连接___句和定语从句。
2.替代作用：替代_____词。
3.成分作用：在定语从句中充当_____。（关系代词后的定从缺成分，关系副词后的定从不缺成分）
成分
主
先行
关系词又分为两派：
看成分
关系代词 指代 在定语从句中充当的成分 人 物 句子 主语 宾语 表语 定语
who
whom
that
which
whose
as
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√
√
√
√
√
√
√
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√
√
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关系代词在从句中充当主语或者宾语。
关系代词后的谓语动词，即从句的谓语动词，应与先行词保持人称和数的一致。
主要有以下几个词：
who, that, whom, whose, which，as
关系代词
先行词 关系词在定语从句中的成分 关系词
人 主 that/who
人 宾 that/who/whom//
物 主 that/which
物 宾 that/which//
人/物 定 whose
注：关系词在从句中做宾语时关系词可以省略。
词汇辨析
关系代词 先行词 在定从中成分
who 人 主语/宾语
whom 人 宾语
例：I met a girl ___ knew your sister.
主句
先行词
从句
关系词作主语
who
词汇辨析
关系代词 先行词 在定从中成分
who 人 主语/宾语
whom 人 宾语
例：I met a girl ____ I want to marry.
主句
先行词
从句
关系词
作宾语
whom
who
不填
注：关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
词汇辨析
The person to ______ I complained is the manager.
用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常会被省略或用who或that代之。如：
The person ______ I complained to is the manager.
whom
whom
who
that
/
The person is the manager.
I complained to the person.
词汇辨析
关系代词 先行词 在定从中成分
whose 人/物 定语
主句
先行词
从句
关系词
作定语
whose在定语从句中作定语，表示引导词与后面的名词为所属关系，可以指人也可以指物，可以与of which和of whom互换使用。
例：I like the room window faces north.
whose
词汇辨析
遇到以下情况只能用who，不能用that。
1. 当先行词是one，ones，anyone，those时，只能用who
God helps those who help themselves.
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
Those who have any difficulties with pronunciation should practice.
2. 当先行词是人称代词时，只能用who
词汇辨析
关系代词 先行词 在定从中成分
which 物 主语/宾语
that 人/物 主语/宾语
注：一般在先行词为物体的时候，that和which都可以互换。
主句
先行词
从句
关系词
作主语
例：She was not on the train _____ arrived just now.
which
that
词汇辨析
关系代词 先行词 在定从中成分
which 物 主语/宾语
that 人/物 主语/宾语/表语
注：关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
主句
先行词
从句
关系词
作宾语
例：Is this the book _____ you are looking for
which
不填
that
用 法 区 别
1. 当先行词是anything，everything，nothing（something除外），few，all，none，little等代词时，或者是由any，every，all，some，no，little，few，much，each等修饰时：
Abby told me everything (that) she knew.
All that can be done has been done.
There is little (that) I can do for you.
Any man that/who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.
在下列情况下，关系词用that而不用which。
用 法 区 别
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
This is the best movie that I have ever seen.
This is the very good magazine that I left on the playground.
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时：
4. 当先行词被the very/only/same/last 修饰时：
在下列情况下，关系词用that而不用which。
用 法 区 别
在下列情况下，关系词用that而不用which。
5. 当先行词前有who,which等疑问代词时：
Who is the man that is standing there
He talked happily of the things and persons that he remembered studying in the school.
The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago.
Which is the T-shirt that fits me the most
6. 当先行词既有人，又有动物或者物体时：
7. 当先行词在定语从句中做表语时：
用 法 区 别
在下列情况下，关系词只能用which。
1. 介词前置时，关系代词只能用which：
I attend such activities regularly, from which I benefit a lot.
Bruce doesn’t listen to any advice, which makes his mother very annoyed.
2. 引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时，只能用which
【考点一】
1. (2019全国Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters ____ had great experience with caring for these animals.
2. (2018全国Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ____ showed a mere five to 10 minutes day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
3. (2018全国Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ____ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
4. (2015全国Ⅰ)I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ____ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
that +动词
that
that
that
that
【考点二】
1. (2018全国Ⅰ)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ____ is not good for the health.
2. (2017全国Ⅲ)But Sarah, ____ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
3. (2016全国Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ____ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
名词/代词, which/who +动词
which
who
who
【考 点三】
1. (2019全国Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ____ she opened with her late husband Les.
名词/代词, which +句子（不完整）
which
【考点四】
1. (2020全国卷III)In ancient China lived an artist, ____ paintings were almost lifelike.
whose +名词
whose
关系副词
关系副词在从句中引导时间状语从句。
关系副词=介词+关系代词。
主要有以下几个词：
where (=in/at/on which)
when (=on/during/in which)
why (=for which)
关系副词 先行词 句中成分
where 地点 地点状语
when 时间 时间状语
why 原因 原因状语
常见抽象地点：point, case, activity, situation, position, occasion, job, race, platform, policy, environment 等
关系副词where
where在定语从句中作地点状语。
关系副词 先行词 句中成分 介词＋关系代词
where 地点 地点状语 in / from which
主句
先行词
从句
作状语
例: Shanghai is the city where I was born.
改: Shanghai is the city in which I was born.
关系副词where
where在定语从句中作地点状语。
关系副词 先行词 句中成分
where 地点 地点状语
主句
先行词
从句
作状语
例: The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
主句
改: The house in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
关系副词when
when在定语从句中作时间状语。
关系副词 先行词 句中成分
when 时间 时间状语
主句
先行词
从句
作状语
例: The time when we got together finally came.
主句
改: The time at which we got together finally came.
when在定语从句中时间状语。
关系副词 先行词 句中成分
when 时间 时间状语
主句
先行词
从句
作状语
例: I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
关系副词when
改: I still remember the day on which I first came to the school.
关系副词why
why在定语从句中作原因状语。
关系副词 先行词 句中成分
why 原因 原因状语
主句
先行词
从句
作状语
例: Please tell me the reason why you are late.
改: Please tell me the reason for which you are late.
【考点四】
1. (2016全国Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ____ I was the first Western TV reporter.
【考点五】
1. (2020全国卷I)Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ____ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
时间, when +句子(完整)
地点, where +句子(完整)
when
where
介词+关系代词
“介词+关系代词” 结构也可以引导定语从句。有以下几种结构：
1. 介词+whom/which
The woman general still can remenber the day on which she joined the army.
2. 介词短语+whom/which
The man has a house, in front of which is the sea.
3. 不定代词或/数词 +whom/which
China has a lot of famous writers, one of whom is Luxun.
4. 名词 + of which
She mentioned a magazine, the title of which I have written on my notebook.
介词的选用
1. 选用介词时要注意与先行词的搭配
I will never forget the day on which I joined the army.
I will never forget the days during which I worked in the school.
I will never forget the year in which my son went to college.
I got home at 7:00 p.m. yesterday, by which most people had had supper.
介词的选用
2. 选用介词时要注意与谓语动词的搭配习惯
Have you found the book for which I paid 29 dollars
Have you found the book on which I spent 29 dollars
Have you found the book from which we learnt a lot
Have you found the book about which she often talks
1.The woman __________ is shaking hands with my sister is a doctor.
2.Those _______ want to see the film set down your names, please.
3.I like these books _______ topics are about history.
4. Look, here are some people ___________________ I want you to meet.
who/that
who
whose
who/whom/that/ /
心灵手巧
5.Tina felt diasppointed because the watch, ______ which she was proud, was missing.
of
6. Do you still remember the chicken farm _____________ we visited three months ago
7. I will never forget the days ________ we stayed together.
8.The reason ________ he was late was that he missed his train.
10. This is the camera ________ which he often takes photos.
that/which
when
why
where
心灵手巧
9. Keep the book in a place ________ you ca find it easily.
with
定语从句
THE ATRIBUTIVE CLAUSE
CHAPTER 2
定从的分类
是指先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语。
如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者失去意义。
这种从句和主句关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。
非限制性定语从句和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词做些附加说明。
如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。
这种从句，写时往往用逗号隔开。
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
1. 从句修饰先行词，关系词在从句中做成分，且在从句中作宾语时可以省略；
I'll never forget the day (that) we spent together.
2. 可以用that引导；
That is the very tool that are looking for.
3.省去定从则句子意思不完整。
限制性定语从句
1. 从句修饰先行词或者前面的整个句子，或其中一部分。
He suddenly fell ill, which kept him from school.
2. 不可以用that引导，主句和从句要用逗号隔开；
His dog, which he liked very much, died yesterday.
3.从句只是作为主句意义的补充，可以省去。
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
as和which都可以引导非限定从，但有些区别。
as which
位置 句首、句中、句末 常在主句之后
修饰内容 先行词或主句 主句
as引导非限定从时应被译为“正如…..那样”，且已形成固定结构。　
如：as is known, as is said,
as is reported, as is often the case,
as is expected
As引导的非限定从
Einstein, as is known, is a famous scientist.
As is reported, China has become an important country in the world.
He didn't come to attend the meeting, as is expected.
as和which都可以引导非限定从，但有些区别。
as which
位置 句首、句中、句末 常在主句之后
修饰内容 先行词或主句 主句
蓝色标记部分为被修饰内容。
which引导的非限定从
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.
My son now goes to the school, which I used to go to when I was a child.
as和which都可以引导非限定从，但有些区别。
as which
位置 句首、句中、句末 常在主句之后
修饰内容 先行词或主句 主句
注：蓝色标记部分为被修饰内容。

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