资源简介

(共58张PPT)
destruction n.破坏
destruct v.破坏
destroy v.破坏
stuck adj.被…困住的 v.stick的过去式&过去分词
stick v.粘贴；刺 n.条；枯枝
jam n.果酱；堵塞
traffic jam 交通堵塞
anxious 忧虑的
annoyed 恼怒的
stressed 有压力的
无助的
How many cars are there on the roads
32 million / 50 million / 64 million
By how much has the number of cars gone up in the last 20 years
10% / 25% / 40%
How many people die every year in vehicle accidents
1,000 / 2,500 / 3,000
How many deaths per year are caused by air pollution
10,000 / 20,000 / 30,000
√
√
√
√
stressed out
tired
Traffic accidents
global warming and climate change, death and cancer by air pollution.
Refer to Part 2
Solutions / Advice
Use public traffic
Think before you go
Share cars
Take action
The writer knows that cars have negative effects and she wants to help the environment ("We know that cars are bad for us", "All quite simple, isn't it Five easy ways to improve our environment" ) but she thinks it will be difficult for her to give up her car ( "I've got to pick up my daughter form school ... The traffic is going to be horrible, but what can I do " )
The road to destruction refers to the fact that the cars on the road will eventually lead to the destruction of our planet.
Read Part 1 of the passage. Check your predictions in Activity 2.
"This morning, it took me 40 minutes to go downtown. More roadworks on the A10!"
"Oh really It took me over an hour. There was an accident on the M11."
How often have you heard these conversations How often do we get stuck in traffic jams How often do we arrive at work or school, stressed out, tired and angry For many people, the answer is every day. But personal anger and stress are nothing compared to the real costs socially. Here are some figures about Britain:
prediction n.预测, 预言
predict v.预测, 预言
n.市区
it takes sb. sth. to do sth.
n.道路施工
n.事故
n.谈话
stuck adj.被…困住的
v.stick的过去式&过去分词
traffic jam n.堵车/ 交通阻塞
adj.做状语（此处表结果）
n.愤怒
compare v.比较；对比
cost n.成本；花费 v.需付费
过去分词做状语（表被动）
social adj.社会的
figure n.图形; 人物; 身材
v.认为；计算(figure out)
In the last 20 years, the number of cars on the roads has gone up by 25%.There are now 32 million cars.
Over the last decade, an average of 2,500 people have died every year in vehicle accidents.
Traffic is one of the major causes of global warming and climate change, as car engines produce various types of greenhouse gases.
Almost 30,000 deaths per year are caused by air pollution.
Some types of cancer are related to traffic pollution.
go up 上涨；增长
last adv.最后；最新 v.持续
n.十年
average n.平均水平; 平均数
adj.平均的
vehicle n.车辆；交通工具
major adj.主要的
minor 较小的；次要的
as prep.作为；像；
conj.随着；正如；因为
produce v.生产
produce v.生产
product n.产品
n.污染
related adj.相关的；有联系的
be related to 与…有关
related adj.相关的；有联系的
relate v. 联系
relation n.关联；联系
relative n.亲戚 adj. 相对的；相关联的
We know that cars are bad for us. But we all make excuses: "The buses are terrible"; "The trains are always late"; "I haven't got time to walk". I'm talking about myself, too. To be frank, I'm addicted to my car. When I asked Jenny Trowe of Greenpeace for advice about how to give up, she told me five things:
excuse n.借口；理由 v.原谅；宽恕
be addicted to... 沉迷于...
Use your legs. In 2014, over 55% of car journeys were under eight kilometres. Instead of taking short car journeys, we could easily walk or cycle. Leg power can save your money, keep you fit and help you live longer. Regular exercise also cuts the risk of heart disease by 50%!
journey n.旅行
trip n.旅游；绊倒 v.将…绊倒
travel n./v.旅行
regular adj.规则的；定期的
Read Part 1 more carefully. Complete the notes in the diagram. Then think about any possible solutions to the problems.
READ AND EXPLORE
Traffic
problems
Effects: personal
·angry
stressed out, tired
Effects: social
traffic accidents, global warming and climate change, deaths and cancer by air pollution
Possible solutions:
Read Part 2 and complete the notes
READ AND EXPLORE
Traffic
problems
walk/
cycle more
Solutions/ Advice
Use public transport
Think before you go
Share cars
Take action
Pair Work
Talk about the effects of traffic problems at the personal and social level, as well as the solutions proposed. Then discuss whether the solutions will help solve the problem. Give your reasons. Use the notes in Activities 4 and 5 to help you.
Pair Work
Suggested Answers:
Nobody likes being in a traffic jam. The personal effects like getting angry or being stressed out can lead to more serious problems, like becoming sick or losing your job. Being on the road can also be dangerous as there are many accidents, and the amount of pollution that traffic causes can also give us health problems. Then, there are the environmental effects to our planet, such as global warming. The solutions could be to try to use the car less. We can cycle, walk or use public transport. We can also share our cars. These are simple solutions that we can all do.
Group Work
Think and share
1. What is the writer's attitude towards cars Find some evidence from the passage.
The writer knows that cars have negative effects and she wants to help the environment ("We know that cars are bad for us", "All quite simple, isn't it Five easy ways to improve our environment") but she thinks it will be difficult for her to give up her car ("I've got to pick up my daughter form school... The traffic is going to be horrible, but what can I do ")
Group Work
Think and share
2. How do you understand the title "The Road to Destruction"
The road to destruction refers to the fact that the cars on the road will eventually lead to the destruction of our planet.
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE: COLLOCATIONS (2)
Look at the Word Builder. Match the words (1–8) with the endings (a-h) to form common collocations. Then use the collocations to complete the summary.
Answers: 1 g 2 d 3 a 4 f 5 b 6 e 7 h 8 c
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE: COLLOCATIONS (2)
Many people often 1 ______________________ when they go to work. How annoyed and stressful they often feel! But the problem is that the number of cars is still going up. Traffic pollution has been found to 2 ____________________ and climate change to a large degree.
Too many cars 3 _______________ to the environment and our health. Some advice has been given for people
get stuck in a traffic jam
cause global warming
do a lot of harm
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE: COLLOCATIONS (2)
to help 4 _______________________, for example, using public transport or 5 _______________, doing your shopping in the shop just around the corner instead of driving to the other side of town. However, people 6 __________________ using cars. They 7 ______________ for using their cars, "I need to 8 ___________ my daughter. What can I do "
protect the environment
sharing cars
are addicted to
make excuses
pick up
EXPRESS YOURSELF
Make a poster based on what you have learnt to encourage people in your neighbourhood to use their vehicles wisely. Search for facts and data to make your poster convincing. Then share your work in groups.
语法：it的用法
1. it用作虚词
虚词it常用于充当没有具体语义的主语，表示时间、天气、距离、温度、环境等概念。
It is cooler in Tianjin than in Beijing.
天津比北京更凉快。
It is only about half an hour's ride from here to my home.
从这里到我家坐车只有半个小时的路程。
语法：it的用法
1. it用作虚词
虚词it常用于充当没有具体语义的主语，表示时间、天气、距离、温度、环境等概念。
It's three o'clock now.
现在是3点钟。
It looks as if the college is very small.
这所大学看上去似乎很小。
It is very quiet at the moment.
目前很安静。
语法：it的用法
2. it用作指示代词
it的基本用法是用来指代上文所提到的事物，同时也可以用于代替指示代词this和that。
My dictionary is missing; I can't find it anyway.
我的字典不见了，我哪儿也找不着它。
Tom has failed in the exam. Have you heard about it
汤姆考试不及格。你听说了这件事了吗？
语法：it的用法
2. it用作指示代词
it的基本用法是用来指代上文所提到的事物，同时也可以用于代替指示代词this和that。
-What's this 这是什么？
-I's a computer. 这是一台电脑。
-Whose bicycle is that 那是谁的自行车？
-It's hers. 是她的。
语法：it的用法
it和one用于指代事物时的区别：
it代替上文提及的原物（复数用they）；one指代与上文提及的原物为同一类的事物（复数用ones）。
it还可以指代不明身份或性别的人，有时可以用来指婴儿，有时还可以指引起某种情况产生的事物。
-Who is making such a noise
是谁这么吵闹？
-It must be the children.
一定是孩子们。
语法：it的用法
it和one用于指代事物时的区别：
it代替上文提及的原物（复数用they）；one指代与上文提及的原物为同一类的事物（复数用ones）。
it还可以指代不明身份或性别的人，有时可以用来指婴儿，有时还可以指引起某种情况产生的事物。
It's the wind shaking the window.
是风在使玻璃颤动。
Look at that lovely baby in the cradle! Oh, dear. It is crying.
瞧瞧摇篮中的那个可爱的婴儿！天哪，他在哭。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
不定式、动名词以及从句做主语或宾语时，为避免“头重脚轻”，要将真正的主语或宾语后置。包含该用法的常见句型如下：
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(1) It is clear (obvious, true, possible, certain...) that…
该句型中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。
It is very clear that he's lying.
= That he's lying is very clear.
显然，他在撒谎。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(2) It is important (necessary, right, strange, natural...) that....
该句型和上一个句型同属一个类型。由于主句的形容词不同，that后的从句要用虚拟语气（"should + 动词原形"结构，should可以省略）。建议记住该句型中的形容词。It is important that we (should) learn English well.
我们学好英语很重要。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(3) It is said (reported, learned...) that...
该句型中的it仍是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。该结构表示“据说（据报道，据悉……)……”。It is said that he has come to Beijing.
据说他已来到了北京。
It is reported that another man-made satellite has been put into orbit.
据报道，另一颗人造卫星已被送入轨道。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(4) It is suggested (ordered, required...) that....
该句型和上一个句型同属一个类型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求、建议、命令等的词时，that引导的从句要用虚拟语气（"should+动词原形"结构，should可以省略）。它表示“据建议；有命令……”。
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
有人建议推迟会议。
It was ordered that we (should) arrive there in two hours.
我们接到命令，要在两小时内到达那里。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(5) It is a pity (a shame...) that…
在该句型中，that 引导的从句一般用虚拟语气（"should +动词原形"结构，should可省略）。表示出乎意料，意为“竟然……”。不包含这种意义时，不用虚拟语气。
It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class.
这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真遗憾！
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(6) It is time (about time, high time) that...
在该句型中，that引导的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是：
① 常用过去时态表示虚拟。② 有时也用“should + 动词原形”结构，should不能省略。它表示“是（正是）……的时候”。
It is time that children should go to bed.
= It is time that children went to bed.
现在该是孩子们睡觉的时候了。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(7) It is the first (second...) time that...
该句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的that从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，这由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中的that可以省去，而it有时用this替换。它表示“第一（二）……次……”。
It is the first time I have been here.= This is the first time I have been here. 这是我第一次来这儿。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(8) It is...since…
该句型主要用于处理瞬间动词和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题。主句中表示时间的名词短语做表语，其时态常为一般现在时或现在完成时，而since引导的从句通常用一般过去时，且谓语动词常为瞬间动词。如果主句用一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。
It is (has been) 5 years since his father died.
他父亲过世已有5年了。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(9) It is...when...
该句型中的when引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的it指时间，表语由表示时间的名词短语充当。
It was 5 o'clock when he came here.
他来这儿的时候是五点钟。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(10) It is...before...
该句型中的it指时间，主句的时态常是一般将来时或一般过去时两种时态，主句中的表语多是long, not long, 3 days, 2 weeks等表示时间的词或短语。
It was 3 days before he went to Beijing.
过了三天他才去北京。
It will not be long before he finishes his job.
用不了多久他就会完成他的工作。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(11) It happens (seems, looks, appears) that...
该句型中的it是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen, seem等词是不及物动词。
It happened (so happened) that he met his teacher in the street.
他碰巧在街上遇见了他的老师。
It seems that he will be back in a few days.
看起来他会在几天内回来。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(12) It takes sb. some time to do sth.
该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，it是形式主语，takes的直接宾语是some time，它表示“做某事要花费某人多少时间”。
It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.
建长城花了成千上万的人许多年的时间。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(13) It is no good (use) doing sth.
在该句型中，真正的主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是no good, no use等。
It is no good learning English without speaking English.
学英语却不将它说出来是没有用的。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(14) It doesn't matter whether (if) ...
在该句型中，whether (if) 引导的从句是真正的主语，该句型表示“不论（是否）没关系”。
It doesn't matter if they are old.
他们年龄大不大无所谓。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(15) It is kind (of sb.) to do sth.
该句型中的不定式短语是真正的主语，不定式的逻辑主语可由of引出，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常用于此句型的形容词有：bad, brave, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, good, honest, horrible, kind, lazy, modest, naughty, nice, polite, rude, silly, stupid, wise, wrong等。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(15) It is kind (of sb.) to do sth.
这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth.
It is kind of you to say so.
= You are kind to say so
你这么说真是太好了。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(16) It is necessary (for sh.) to do sth.
该句型与上一个句型同属一个类型。如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for引出，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性、紧迫性，频繁程度、难易、安全等含义的形容词。常见的形容词有：
① important, necessary, natural
② easy, safe, common, normal, hard, difficult, dangerous, unusual, rare, impossible, pleasant等
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(16) It is necessary (for sh.) to do sth.
① 中的形容词做表语时可以用从句改写句子，如：
It is important for her to come to the party.
= It is important that she (should) come to the party.
重要的是她来参加聚会
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(17) It looks/ seems as if...
该句型中的it无实际意义。as if引导一个状语从句。它表示“看起来好像……”。如果与事实不符合，则用虚拟语气。
It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）
It looks as if he were ill.（没有生病）
看上去他好像病了。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(18) Sb. think it important (easy, useless...) to do sth.
该句型中的it做形式宾语。为了方便记忆我们可称该句型为“6123”结构。
6 指主句中常用的动词：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel；
1 指的是形式宾语it；
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(18) Sb. think it important (easy, useless...) to do sth.
该句型中的it做形式宾语。为了方便记忆我们可称该句型为“6123”结构。
2 指的是宾语补足语的两种形式：形容词或名词；
3 指的是真正的宾语的三种形式：不定式短语、动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。
语法：it的用法
3. it用作形式主语和形式宾语
(18) Sb. think it important (easy, useless...) to do sth.
Airplanes have made it easy and comfortable for us to travel.
飞机使得出行对于我们来说轻松且舒适。
I took it for granted that you would stay with us.
我想当然地以为你会和我们待在一起。
We found it useless learning a theory without practice.
我们觉得光学理论而不实践是没有用的。
语法：it的用法
4. it用于强调句型
It is +被强调部分+ that…
该句型是强调句型，将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语、宾语、表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉，即去掉It is (was) 和that (who)，剩下的应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它句型的方法。
语法：it的用法
4. it用于强调句型
It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
第一个带有钟面和时针的钟是在大约600年前的时候被制作出来的。
It was they that/ who cleaned the classroom yesterday.
昨天是他们打扫了教室。
It was in the street that I met her father.
我是在街上遇到她父亲的。
语法：it的用法
4. it用于强调句型
(2) It is not until +被强调部分+ that...
该句型也是强调句型。它主要用于强调时间状语，意为“直到……才……”，可以说是not…until…的强调形式。
语法：it的用法
4. it用于强调句型
(2) It is not until +被强调部分+ that...
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
= Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star.
= I didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
直到她摘下墨镜，我才意识到她是一位著名影星。
语法：it的用法
4. it用于强调句型
(2) It is not until +被强调部分+ that...
注意：
（1）强调时间时不能用when，而强调地点时不用where；
（2）不能用此句型强调谓语，应使用助动词do的适当形式。
（3）在强调由until构成的状语时，如果主句中有not，not要提前并与until连用。
语法：it的用法
4. it用于强调句型
(2) It is not until +被强调部分+ that...
I did meet an old friend in the street last week.
上周我确实在街上遇到了一位老朋友。
The teacher didn't begin his class until everybody took their places.
=It was not until everybody took their places that the teacher began his class.
直到所有人已就座，老师才开始讲课。
练习
1. I'd appreciate _____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.
2. I like this house with a beautiful garden, but I don't have enough money to buy _____.
3. The doctor thought _____ would be good for you to have a holiday.
4. _____ is reported in the newspapers, the new president will take office next week.
it
it
it
As
练习
5. -There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow _____
-No. I'd rather buy _____ in the bookstore.
6. _____ is no use to persuade him to have a holiday because he is a workaholic.
7. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made _____ her duty to look after all the other people's affairs in that town.
8. We've been looking at houses but haven't found _____ we like yet.
it
one
It
it
one

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