资源简介

(共61张PPT)
Unit 1 People of Achievement
Learning About Language
Build up Your Vocabulary
Write down the word that matches each definition. Then find the
sentences containing these words in the text.
1. __________ cook something in very hot water
2. __________ relating to plants
3. __________ qualities or characteristics of something
4. __________ a kind of substance that flows freely, such as water or milk
5. __________ physical material that exists
boil
botanical
properties
liquid
substance
They then tried boiling fresh wormwood ... but this did not work either.
In 1969, she ... to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease.
Her team examined ... for their medical properties.
They then tried ... using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, ...
Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked.
Guess the meaning of the underlined words. Then fill in the blanks
with words that have the same roots.
1. The two flowers are quite distinct from one another, so it is easy to make a
__________ between them.
2. Scientists need to __________ how the new material stands up to wear and
tear to prove how valuable it is.
3. A talented scientist well known for his __________ to his country, Huang
Danian committed himself to his research in geophysics.
4. A: Did you come to any conclusions
B: Yes, we __________ that by drawing out the extract at a low temperature,
we could find the substance that we needed to complete the experiment.
5. She spends a lot of time __________ her patients’ dreams. This analysis is
very helpful, explaining their daily behaviour very well.
distinction
evaluate
commitment
concluded
analysing
Read the passage about Lu Xun. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms
of the words in the box.
insist obtain objective acknowledge apparently crucial
Lu Xun, ___________ as one of the greatest modern writers in China, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province in 1881. In 1904, he went to Japan and became a medical student, with the __________ of improving people’s health and saving lives. However, he changed his mind when he saw in a photo a Chinese man about to be killed by a Japanese soldier. It struck him that the other Chinese men in the photo __________ did not care about what was happening to their fellow countrymen. From this, he concluded that the __________ problem in China was not physical illness, but the spiritual illness of people at that time. Following this, he quit medical school. When he returned to China in 1908, he __________ a teaching job. In 1917, a friend __________ that he help write for a magazine called New Youth. That was how his first famous short story A Madman’s Diary got published.
acknowledged
objective
apparently
crucial
obtained
insisted
In pairs, discuss how people can achieve success, using words and
expressions you have learnt in this unit.
A: In order to achieve success in life, I think it is crucial to work hard.
B: I agree, but I think it is vital to also work hard doing the right things.
A: What do you mean
B: Well, some people apparently try to get ahead by being dishonest and lying. Even
though they are working hard, what good will it do
A: That’s right. And even more people are working hard with wrong objectives. They
just want to obtain money or become famous.
B: But what is a good reason
A: I think it is good to work to make the world a better place, or to help other people
with difficulties.
B: I see what you mean.
Sample
Discover Useful Structures
In this class, you will
1. Learn how to analyse and identify the uses of attributive clauses.
2. Use what you have learnt in the previous activities to combine sentences using non-restrictive attributive clauses.
3. Use what you have learnt in the previous activities to express your own ideas or opinions by using non-restrictive attributive clauses.
Learning objectives
1. They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against the disease.
2. Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the highest international honours a person can receive.
3. Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.
4. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered.
Read the following sentences and underline the relative clauses. Then name the two types of clauses and state their functions.
restrictive, describe the kind of medical treatments they tested
non-restrictive, give extra information about Nobel Prize
non-restrictive, give extra information about Hainan
non-restrictive, give extra information about the patients
1. 非限制性定语从句和它的先行词之间是比较松散的关系。在口语中有停顿，在书写中常用逗号隔开。
Basic usage of non-restrictive clauses
Tom came to the party in patched jeans, which surprised the other guests for they were all wearing evening suits.
汤姆穿着打补丁的牛仔裤来参加了宴会，这把其他客人都惊到了，因为他们穿的都是晚礼服。
2. 非限制性定语从句的引导词通常是who, whom, whose和which等wh-词，不用that和why来引导非限制性定语从句。如果表原因，要用for which来替代why引导的从句。
The sailor’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a patient smile.
那个水手的女儿耐心地冲着我微笑，她的名字叫安。
3. 关系副词where和when也能引导非限制性定语从句。
I’m seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York.
我明天要去见经理，他明天要从纽约回来。
Differences between restrictive relative clauses and non-restrictive relative clauses.
Aspect Restrictive Relative Clause Non-restrictive Relative Clause
形式上 主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿。 与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。
功能上 用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清。 用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
翻译上 翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，如： He is the student whose leg was broken. 他就是那个一条腿骨折了的学生。 从句与主句分开翻译，如：
I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat.
我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
含义上 I have a brother who is a police. 我有一个当警察的哥哥。（哥哥不止一个） I have a brother, who is a police.
我有个哥哥，他是名警察。（只有一个哥哥）
先行词 只能是名词或代词 可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子
引导词 that, why, which, who, whom有时可以省略 which, who, whom, whose, when, where一律不省略
as & which
1. 用于非限制性定语从句时，可以指代整个主句的内容，as和which可以换用。
He left her, as/which was strange. 他离开了她，这很奇怪。
2. as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句可置于句首、句中和句尾。
As everyone knows, Tom is good at English. 大家都知道，汤姆擅长英语。
3. 非限制性定语从句中谓语为被动时，常用as作主语。如as is said/known/ announced/reported/mentioned/expected/discussed等。
As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China. 众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。
4. as引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如”的含义，如下列句式：as has been said above, as anybody can see, as we had expected, as (it) appears等。
Things are not always as they appear. 事情并不总是像表面那样。
5. which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句只能置于句尾。
The decision was postponed, which was exactly what he wanted.
决定被推迟了，这正是他想要的。
6. which引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句中的一个词（先行词），从句置于先行词后，可在句中或句尾。
The football match, which I watched yesterday, is very interesting.
我昨天看的那场足球赛很有趣。
7. which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句的谓语带有宾语，有的还带宾语补足语。
Water changes into steam, which is known to be a physical change.
水变成蒸汽，这是众所周知的物理变化。
8. which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句意思可与主句相反。
He can write a letter in English, which I cannot.
他会用英语写信，而我不会。
Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses. How do the sentences flow differently
The book tells us about Alexander Fleming. He discovered penicillin.
The book tells us about Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin.
Example
1. We were very impressed by the old man. He was not willing to acknowledge defeat.
We were very impressed by the old man, who was not willing to acknowledge defeat.
2. Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany. Hitler was in power there.
Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany, where Hitler was in power.
3. There is nothing we can do to help Linda. Her circumstances are beyond our control.
There is nothing we can do to help Linda, whose circumstances are beyond our control.
4. The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J.K. Rowling. It inspired us a lot.
The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J.K. Rowling, which inspired us a lot.
5. The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei—a famous Chinese-American architect. He was born in Guangzhou, China.
The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei—a famous Chinese-American architect, who was born in Guangzhou, China.
6. I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart. It was a big challenge for me.
I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart, which was a big challenge for me.
In each case, there are two short sentences which sound separate to each other. By combining the two simple sentences together using non-restrictive relative clause, the sentence becomes more varied and has better flow.
Conclusion
Work in plete the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses to give extra information. Then share them with your group members.
Example
I’d like to try ..., ...
I’d like to try that Chinese herbal medicine again, which seems to work best for my cough.
1. I would like to travel around ..., ...
I would like to travel around Sichuan Province, where Jiuzhaigou locates.
2. What impressed me most ..., ...
What impressed me most about the film was the ending, which was quite moving.
3. My favourite scientist is ..., ...
My favourite scientist is Nikola Tesla, who was quite brilliant but also had some crazy ideas.
4. Finally we arrived at..., ...
Finally we arrived at the zoo, which was closed for repairs.
5. My grandparents like ..., ...
My grandparents like going for outings in spring, which is good for their health.
6. I wish to obtain ..., ...
I wish to obtain a driving licence, which is necessary if you want to drive a car.
7. My best friend ..., ...
My best friend came to visit last week, which was the first time I had seen him in years.
语 法 精 讲
01
Review of attributive clause
1.定义：
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句
一、定语从句的相关概念
This is an old photo.
Dad showed me an old photo which we had taken then.
形容词作定语
句子作定语,修饰photo, 叫做定语从句
Dad showed me an old photo which we had taken then.
.
先行词
关系词
定语从句
关系代词
关系副词
which, who, whom, whose, that
where, when, why
作用：1)连接主句与从句
2)指代先行词
3)在从句中充当成分
被修饰的名词或代词
关系代词 先行词 关系代词在从句
中充当的成分
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
which 物 主语、宾语、表语、定语
who 人 主语（宾语）
whom 宾语
whose 人或物 定语
as 物 主语、宾语、表语
二、关系词用法总结
关系副词 先行词 关系副词在从句中所作的成分
when (= at/ on/ in/ during/··· which) 表时间 时间状语
where (= at/in/··· which) 表地点 地点状语
why (= for which) 表原因 原因状语
把下列定语从句还原为简单句
The teacher is in charge of our class is Mr. Hu.
2. The newspaper is for our English study costs us 31 yuan.
The teacher is in charge of our class.
The newspaper is for our English study.
Summary 1 先行词在定语从句中做主语 (subject)时,
指人用who (that也可以用, 但不经常用)
指物用which, that (that 经常用, 但不是很正式)
who/that
which/that
Group 1
Task
1. Our teacher we like very much comes from a foreign country.
2. The book he is reading is borrowed.
We like the teacher very much.
He is reading the book.
Summary 2 先行词在定语从句中做宾语 (object)时,
指人用who, whom, that或者省略 (whom较正式)
指物用which, that或者省略
(who/ whom/ that)
(which/ that)
Group 2
1. He is no longer the lazy boy he used to be.
2. My hometown is no longer the poor village it used to be.
Summary 3 先行词在定语从句中做表语 (predicative)时, 指人和物都用 that
He used to be a lazy boy.
It used to be a poor village.
that
that
Group 3
1. The boy name is Sun Weifeng is our monitor.
2. The English song title is Just One Last Dance is very popular with us.
The boy’s name is Sun Weifeng .
The song’s title is Just One Last Dance.
The name of the boy is Sun Weifeng .
(The name _________ is Sun Weifeng .)
Summary 4 先行词在定语从句中做定语 (attribute)时,
指人用whose + n. 或者the +n. of whom.
指物用whose + n. 或者the +n. of which.
The title of the song is Just Once Last Dance .
(The title _________ is Just Once Last Dance .)
whose
whose
of whom
of which
Group 4
1. The canteen is a place we can buy some food.
2. The day I came to Changsha is July 20.
We can buy some food in the place.
where
________we can buy some food.
in which
I came to Changsha on the day.
when
_________I came to Changsha.
on which
Summary 5 先行词在定语从句中做状语 (adverbial)时,
指地点用where 或者适当介词+ which
指时间用when 或者适当介词+ which
指原因用why或者for + which
Group 5
巧用还原法, 先确定句子是含有定语从句的主从复合句，找出先行词和定语从句部分，然后把先行词带到定语从句中还原定语从句, 分析先行词在定语从句中的成分, 再决定定语从句引导词。
作主语，表人用 ___________, 表物用___________ .
作宾语，表人用 _____________, 表物用____________ .
作表语，表人用 ___________, 表物用________ .
作定语，表人用 ___________, 表物用 _______ .
作状语，用 _______________________.
who/ that
which/ that
(who(m)/ that)
(which/ that)
that
that
whose+n. / the +n. of whom
whose+n. / the+n. of which
when/ where/ why on/in which / in which/ for which
三、定语从句引导词的选择
1. We should go to the place______we are most needed.
2. We should go to the place_____ needs us most.
where
that
We are most needed in the place.
The place needs us most.
对比训练
1. All that glitters is not gold.
2. I have read all the books that you gave me.
3. This is the best film that I have ever seen.
4. The only thing that I want to do is to swim.
5. They talked about the things and persons that they met in the school.
5. Who is the girl that is standing near the door
6. Which is the book that the boy borrowed
7. My hometown is no longer the poor village that it used to be.
A. 只能用that引导
重点难点
B. 特定句型中的用法
She is the only one of the students __________ good at German.
2. She is one of the students ____________ good at German.
3. I am reading the same book you did yesterday.
4. This is such a wonderful book we all like.
5. This is such a wonderful book we all like it.
who is
that/ who are
as
as
that
The way _________________he explained to us was quite simple.
2.The way _________________ he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
that/ which/不填
in which/that/不填
He said it in this way.
He explained the way to us.
3. What surprised me was not what he said but the way ________________________ he said it.
in which/that/不填
C. way 做先行词
He explained the sentence to us in this way.
D. 介词的选择
Do you know the boy ________________ your mother is talking
2. He gave me some novels __________ I am not very familiar.
3. I still remember the day ________ I first got to Paris.
4. I was given three books on cooking, the first ________ I
really enjoyed.
to/with/about whom
with which
on which
of which
E. which和as的区别
1. _______ is reported in the newspapers , talks between the two countries are making progress.
2. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , ________ , of course , made the others envy him .
3. ________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
4._________ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
5.He married Mary, we expected.
6. He married Mary, we didn’t expected.
As
As
As
which
as
which
1. I’ve come to the point ______ I can’t stand him.
2. The country is in the situation ________ a war will break out at any time.
我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。
国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。
解析：如果定语从句分别修饰 point, situation, part, condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中” 。
F. where引导的定语从句
where
where
1. This is the farm we visited last week .
2. This is the farm __ his father is working.
3. This is the farm __ we stayed last year.
4. I will never forget the day I first saw my best friend.
5. I will never forget the day we spent together last summer.
that
where
where
We visited the farm last week.
His father is working on the farm.
We stayed on the farm last year.
对比训练
when
that
I first saw my best friend on the day.
We spent the day together last summer.
解题四部曲：
1. 划分主从句
2.圈先行词
3.先行词带入从句
4.检查句子
1. He knows the girl you are talking to.
2. He knows the girl you are talking.
3. He knows the girl mother is a teacher.
4. He knows the girl has written a novel.
5. He knows the girl we have learnt a lot.
6. This is the village is his hometown.
7. This is the village he was born.
8. This is the village in he was born.
9. This is the village we visited last week.
10. This is the village it used to be.
11. This is the village his father teaches.
(whom/that/ who)
to /with /about whom
whose
who/that
from whom
which/that
where/in which
which
(which/that)
that
where/in which
对比训练
1. I have a sister who works in a hospital.
我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。
2. I have a sister, who works in a hospital.
我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。
有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思。
（不止一位姐姐）
（只有一位姐姐）
Attention
（一）限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。
This is the boy who broke the window.
这就是打破窗子的孩子。
（the boy是先行词，who broke the indow是限制性定语从句，明确指出the boy是打破窗子的那个孩子）
The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan.
你在大厅见到的那些人来自日本。
（定语从句whom you met in the hall限定先行词the people）
四、定语从句的分类
限制性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history.
中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.
在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
（二）非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。
I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.
我是你的朋友，将与你分担这项工作。
（I是先行词，who am your friend是非限制性定语从句，对先行词I起附加说明的作用）
New Concept English is intended for foeign students, which is known to us all.
新概念英语是专为外国学生编写的，这是我们大家都知道的。
（which is known to us all是非限制性定语从句，对主句作进一步的补充说明）
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.
去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
02
The non-restictive attributive clause
PPT模板 http:///moban/
restrictive attibutive clauses
non-restrictive attibutive clause
1. I saw the guy who delivers my mail in town yesterday.
2. I'll always remember the river where we learned to swim.
3. Do you know the reason why the sky is blue
4. She's the person whose daughter goes to Harvard.
1. Paris, where I spent six
months studying, is the most beautiful city in the world.
2. The woman down the street,
whose children are the same age as yours, invited us over for dinner next week.
3. The movie, which is my
favorite comedy of all time, is
being shown on TV tomorrow night.
How restrictive attibutive clauses differ from non-restrictive attibutive clauses
若去掉，句子含义不明确
which guy
which river
the reason for what
which person
若去掉，不影响句子含义
无逗号与主句隔开
有逗号与主句隔开
Read and Discuss
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
作用 起限定作用，限制或约束先行词。不可省略，否则主句意思不完整 对整个句子的意义并不重要，即使省略，原句仍然成立
结构 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开
功能 是先行词不可缺少的定语 对先行词或主句作附加的说明
引导词 A.作宾语时可省略 B.可用that C.可用who代替whom A.作宾语时不可省略
B.不用that
C.不用who代替whom
翻译 通常意为先行词的定语“……的” 通常译为并列句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别
构成：
+,+
关系词
先行词
+
其他部分
Summary
(1) St Petersburg, _______ is a very beautiful city, was once called Leningrad.
(2) Yesterday I met Li Ping, _____seemed to be very busy.
(3) He came to the United States in 1914, _____World War Ⅰ broke out.
(4) Singapore, ______I have lived for ten years, is a dynamic country with many a skyscraper.
(5) The Queen will visit the town in May, _____ she will open the new hospital there.
(6) Chairman Mao, _____ I admire most, was born in Hunan province.
1. 同限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可由关系代词/关系副词引导，但从句中的关系词不可省略，关系代词that和关系副词why不可用于非限制性定语从句。
which
who
when
where
when
whom
1. 非限制性定语从句表原因时，不用why引导，而用for which代替why。
我们无法解释，为什么这么多人愿意贷款。
We could not give the reason, so many people were willing to take out a loan.
for which
Attention
(1) Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.
(2) Chairman Mao, whom I admire most, was born in Hunan province.
(3) He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
2. which/ who/ whom引导的非限制性定语从句，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语成分, 不可以省略。which也可以是代替整个句子。
which指Beijing，在从句中作主语
whom指Chairman Mao, 在从句作宾语
which指前面的整个主句, 在从句作主语
(1) Beijing, ______ is the capital of China, has a very long history.
(2) This is New York, ______ I have visited for several times.
(3) He seems not to have grasped what I meant, ______ greatly upsets me.
(4) He was late again, ______ made the teacher very unhappy.
3. which引导的非限制性定语从句，其先行词可以是主句中的一个名词（指物），也可以是整个句子；which在从句中可作主语、宾语或定语等，不可省略。
which
which
which
which
1. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which
greatly upsets me.
2. Taiwan belongs to China, as is known to all.
3. As the saying goes, “A year's work begins with spring.”
4. as可以像which 一样引导一个定语从句修饰整个先行主句，常常译为“正如，正像”；as 是关系词中唯一可以置于句首的关系词。
众所周知，台湾是属于中国的。
正如俗语所说，一年之计在于春。
他似乎没有听懂我的意思，这一点让我很生气。
as we all know;
as is well known to…;
as is often the case;
as is said/mentioned above;
as has been said before;
as I told you before;
This is also part of your work, as I told you before.
我曾告诉过你，这也是你工作的一部分。
The man was a teacher, as was evident from his way of speaking.
从那人说话的样子可明显看出，他是个老师。
as is evident;
as often happens;
as can be seen;
as is/was expected;
as we expect;
as I can remember
(1) The car, ________ I paid a lot of money, is now out of date.
(2) I suggest you go to a specialist, __________ you can get answers to most of your questions.
(3) In this chapter, one of our problems is to discover the principles _________ these tests are based.
2. 介词 + 关系代词也可引导非限制性定语从句，但在这种定语从句中，介词通常前置，关系代词也不可省略。
for which
from whom
on which
(1)许多年轻人，其中大多数受过良好教育，前往偏远地区追逐他们的梦想。
Many young people, _____________ were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
(2)这就是那所窗户昨天晚上破了的房子。
This is the house, ___________________________________ broke last night.
(3)那些房屋都被洪水毁坏的人们得到了红十字会的帮助。
The people, ______________________________ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.
most of whom
whose windows / the windows of which
whose homes / the homes of whom
3. 名词/代词/ 数词+ of + whom/which引导的非限制性定语从句。
注：whose+ n. (人/物) = the + n. + of whom/which= of whom/which + the + n.
太阳从东方升起，给我们带来光和热。
The sun, rises in the east, gives us light and heat.
which
4. 先行词是独一无二的事物时，一般用非限制性定语从句说明。
03
Exercises
A Rewrite the following sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses.
My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people, some of whom had never been abroad before.
My favourite place to visit is a little village near Shanghai, where my grandma was born.
Dr Luo, who is an expert in Chinese history, will give us a tour of Beijing.
I’m reading a guidebook to Rome, which is really fascinating and helpful.
I’d rather visit Europe in summer, when the weather is at its best.
B Below is an article about how to be a sustainable plete the article with the correct non-restrictive relative clauses in the box below. There is one clause you do NOT need to use. Write the letters in the blanks.
a
d
c
b
which
who
when
on which
where/ in which
As
of whom
whose
of which
as/ which
Homework
Practise the words and expressions learned in this class.
Write a short passage to introduce a famous figure, using non-restrictive relative clauses.

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