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(共9张PPT)
Unit 5　Into the unknown
单元重点归纳
2门世2有
3厚Unit 5　Into the unknown
单元素养目标
[单元目标]
语言能力 语法：能够熟练掌握和灵活运用名词性从句，并在写作和口语交际中能够正确分析名词性从句在主从复合句中的功能和作用并能够正确运用； 语篇：能够结合自己对本单元主要内容的把握和生活中获得的启示写一篇关于探索世界的文章
文化意识 通过学习，鼓励探索未知之谜，激发好奇心和求知欲
思维品质 引领畅想未知世界，探索宇宙未解之谜，培养想象力，激发创造力
学习能力 能够熟练运用本单元的词汇、句式及语法并能够根据本单元的内容适当调整自己的学习策略
[单元词汇]
教材词汇 记忆有法
civilisation 构词记忆：civilise vt.使文明＋ ation(名词后缀)→civilisation n．文明(社会)
bury 联想记忆：松鼠把“浆果”(berry)“埋”(bury)在地下→bury v．将……埋在下面
canal 对比记忆：channel n．沟渠；途径→canal n．运河
cyclone 联想记忆：在“循环”(cycle)的是“气旋”(cyclone)→cyclone n．气旋；旋风
megadrought 构词记忆：mega (名词前缀)＋drought n．干旱→megadrought n．超级干旱
downfall 构词记忆：down adv.向下＋fall n．降落；跌落→downfall n．衰败
dismiss 构词＋联想记忆：dis (否定前缀)＋miss vt.想念→不想念就是“拒绝考虑”(dismiss)→dismiss v．拒绝考虑，否定
expansion 构词记忆：expand v．扩张；扩展＋ sion(名词后缀)→expansion n．扩大；增加
getaway 对比记忆：gateway n．途径→getaway n．逃跑，逃走
subdue 构词记忆：sub (前缀)＋due adj.到期的；应得的→subdue v．克制，抑制(情绪)
uncharted 构词记忆：un (否定前缀)＋chart n．图表＋ ed→uncharted adj.地图上没有标明的
investigation 构词记忆：investigate vt.调查＋ ion(名词后缀)→investigation n．调查
archaeological 构词记忆：archaeology n．考古学＋ cal(形容词后缀)→archaeological adj.考古学的；考古的
millimetre 构词记忆：milli (前缀)＋metre n．米→millimetre n．毫米
upwards 构词记忆：up adv.向上＋ wards(副词后缀)→upwards adv.向上，朝上
furthermore 构词记忆：further adv.进一步＋more adj.更多的→furthermore adv.此外；而且；不仅如此
notable 构词记忆：notice vt.注意到＋ able(形容词后缀)→notable adj.显要的；显著的；值得注意的
Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas
原文　呈现
The Mysteries of THE MAYA
(1)Intrigued by Maya (2)civilisation from a very young age, 15 year old Canadian (3)William Gadoury thought he had (4)made an incredible discovery from his study of ancient star (5)charts. (6)Through comparison, he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities (7)correspond to the (8)positions of the stars. (9)Based on this, he believed he had (10)spotted an unknown Maya city (11)buried deep in the jungle. Although his theory has been (12)dismissed by scholars, it shows 【1】how_powerful_the_secrets_of_Ancient_Maya_civilisation_are_among_people.
读文　清障
(1)intrigue v．(因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴趣；引起……的好奇心
(2)civilisation n．文明(社会)
(3)William Gadoury 威廉·甘德瑞
(4)make an incredible discovery 有了惊人的发现
(5)chart n．图表
(6)through comparison 通过对比
(7)correspond to... 与……相一致；相当于……
(8)position n．位置；职位；姿态
(9)based on this 基于此；据此
(10)spot v．发现　n．地点；场所；点；斑点
(11)bury v．将……埋在下面
(12)dismiss v．拒绝考虑，否定；解散；开除
【1】how引导的宾语从句，作shows的宾语。
玛雅之迷
十五岁的加拿大少年威廉·甘德瑞自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星象图有了惊人发现。通过比较，他发现117座已知玛雅城市的位置和星象的位置是对应的。据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的未知玛雅城市的位置。尽管学者们对他的理论不予考虑，但是这表明古玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是如此举足轻重
原文　呈现
It isn't difficult to see why. (13)Extending south from parts of what we now know as Mexico into Central America, Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its (14)rediscovery in the 19th century. The Maya built impressive palaces and temples, including their (15)representative step (16)pyramids. 【2】What_is_most_extraordinary_about_these_
complex_structures_is_how_they_were_built_without_the_use_of_wheels,_metal_tools_or_even_animal_power. The Maya's understanding of mathematics and (17)astronomy was also quite amazing. They (18)applied this understanding to the Maya (19)calendar, which was (20)accurate to within 30 seconds per year. (21)On top of all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time: a true writing system. It contained (22)more than 800 characters, with some signs representing animals, people and objects and others representing syllables. It was a writing system so (23)complicated 【3】that, (24)so far, no one has been able to (25)interpret it completely.
读文　清障
(13)extend v．延伸；延长；扩大
(14)rediscovery n．重新发现
(15)representative adj.典型的；有代表性的
(16)pyramid n．金字塔
(17)astronomy n．天文学
(18)apply... to... 把……应用到……上
(19)calendar n．历法
(20)accurate adj.准确的；精确的
(21)on top of all 最重要的是
(22)more than＋数字 多于……
(23)complicated adj.复杂的
(24)so far 到目前为止
(25)interpret v．翻译；说明
【2】What引导的主语从句，what 在从句中作主语； how引导的表语从句，how在从句中作方式状语。
【3】that引导的结果状语从句。
不难看出原因。玛雅文明的范围从现今墨西哥的部分区域向南延伸至中美洲。自从19世纪玛雅文明再度被发现后，层层迷雾便一直围绕着它。玛雅人建造了恢宏的宫殿和庙宇，其中包括代表性建筑阶梯金字塔。这些复杂建筑的最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，玛雅人是如何建造它们的。玛雅人对数学和天文学的认识也十分令人惊叹。他们将这一认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。除此之外，还有一项当时美洲独有的成就：一个真正的文字系统。这种文字系统中包含800多个字符，有些符号代表动物、人和物品以及代表音节的其他符号。这种文字系统很复杂，以至于到目前为止没有人可以将其完全解读。
原文　呈现
The fact 【4】that_Maya_society_was_technologically_primitive makes its achievements (26)all the more incredible and (27)mysterious. But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to (28)abandon most of their great cities. By 700 AD, Maya civilisation was (29)at its peak.Yet, within just a couple of generations, it began to mysteriously (30)decline. The cities were left to (31)be taken back by the jungle. When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches, the (32)remaining Maya people were living in small settlements.
读文　清障
(26)all the more 更加
(27)mysterious adj.神秘的
(28)abandon v．离弃，逃离
(29)at one's peak 处于顶峰；达到顶峰
(30)decline v．下降；衰退
(31)be taken back 被重新夺回/占领
(32)remaining adj.剩下的；剩余的
【4】that引导的同位语从句，对fact 的内容进行解释说明。
玛雅社会的科技水平十分不发达，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信且神秘莫测。但最大的谜团是为何玛雅人抛弃了绝大部分的大城市。到公元700年时，玛雅文明如日中天。然而，仅仅在几代之内，玛雅文明开始神秘地衰落。城市荒废，任凭丛林蚕食取代。16世纪早期，欧洲人来到中美洲攫取财富时，只剩下一些玛雅人居住在小型聚居区里。
原文　呈现
【5】Why Maya civilisation (33)collapsed remains a mystery. Was it a natural disaster A deadly disease Conflicts between cities Or was it a (34)combination of several different (35)factors Some research seems to indicate that the Maya people themselves may have (36)played a part in their (37)downfall.They had turned wetlands into fields for growing grains, and had dug huge (38)canal systems. As their population expanded, yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for (39)construction. By changing the landscape in this way, it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly reduced (40)their ability to (41)deal with natural disasters.
读文　清障
(33)collapse v．崩溃；瓦解
(34)combination n．结合；联合
(35)factor n．因素
(36)play a part in 参与；起作用
(37)downfall n．衰败
(38)canal n．运河
(39)construction n．建设
(40)(the) ability to do sth. 做某事的能力
(41)deal with 处理；涉及
【5】Why引导的主语从句，why在句中作方式状语。
玛雅文明倾颓的原因一直是一个谜团。究竟是因为自然灾害、致死疾病、城市间的冲突，抑或是几个不同因素叠加所致？某些研究似乎暗示，玛雅人自己也许就是导致衰落的掘墓人。他们将湿地变成了种植庄稼的田地，还开凿了巨大的运河系统。随着人口增长，人们需要更多的土地以发展农业，需要更多的树木以修建建筑物。通过这种方式改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不觉中减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力。
原文　呈现
Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have (42)led to the decline of the Maya. Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer (43)tropical (44)cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD. This is likely to have led to (45)a series of droughts, each lasting for a couple of years, including a “(46)megadrought” around 900 AD. Many scientists believe that these droughts were (47)the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse (48)at different rates in different places. These droughts would have led to food (49)shortages, conflicts and, ultimately, the downfall of the cities.
读文　清障
(42)lead to 导致
(43)tropical adj.来自热带的；产于热带的
(44)cyclone n．气旋；旋风
(45)a series of... 一系列的……
(46)megadrought n．超级干旱
(47)the main reason why... ……主要的原因
(48)at different rates 以不同的速度
(49)shortage n．短缺；缺乏
研究也表明，那些自然灾害可能导致了玛雅 文明 的衰落。最近一些研究发现，公元700年到公元1000年之间，热带气旋的数量远远少于往常。这可能导致了一系列旱灾，每一次旱灾都持续若干年，其中就包括公元900年的一场“超级干旱”。许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度衰落的主要原因。这些旱灾会导致食物短缺、冲突，最后导致城市的衰败。
原文　呈现
Whatever the reasons, Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle. Its once great cities (50)fell into ruin, leaving various mysteries for later people to solve. Meanwhile, (51)the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past, present and future.,
读文　清障
(50)fall into ruin (因无人照料而)衰落，败落
(51)the rise and fall 兴衰
无论原因如何，玛雅文明几乎消失在了丛林深处。曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。同时，玛雅文明的崛起与衰落必定也让我们思考自己的过去、现在与将来。
基础　自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．He went to China in the 1950s because he is very interested in Chinese civilisation(文明)．
2．The interesting story told by the professor intrigued(激起……的兴趣) all the children present.
3．The miners were buried(将……埋在下面) alive when the tunnel collapsed.
4．The pyramid(金字塔) was made up of stones brought from the nearer mountain by boat.
5．A mysterious(神秘的) illness arising from a mosquito is affecting the local people.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．Buried_in reading, he didn't notice what was happening outside.
2．What he says doesn't correspond_to what he does.
3．Now enormous new technologies can be_applied_to solving problems in industry.
4．There is a bird on_top_of the undergrowth near the house.
5．Having gone through many failures, he abandoned_himself_to despair.
Ⅲ.教材原句
1．同位语从句
The fact that_Maya_society_was_technologically_primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious.玛雅社会的科技水平十分不发达，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信且神秘莫测。
2．“leave＋宾语＋宾补”结构
Meanwhile, the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave_us_thinking_about our own past, present and future.同时，玛雅文明的崛起与衰落必定也让我们思考自己的过去、现在与将来。
语篇　细研
Ⅰ.根据课文选出最佳选项
1．What do we know about Gadoury from the first paragraph
A．Scholars agreed with his theory.
B．He drew many ancient star charts.
C．He found the positions of 117 stars.
D．He was fascinated by Maya civilisation.
答案：D
2．What is most extraordinary about these complex structures
A．Who built them.
B．Why people built them.
C．When people built them.
D．How people built them without machinery.
答案：D
3．What can we infer about the Maya people
A．They were very talented.
B．They were fond of animals.
C．They lived in step pyramids.
D．They left many written records.
答案：A
4．What played an important role in the decline of the Maya according to some researches
A．Conflicts between cities.
B．The European settlers.
C．The spread of diseases.
D．The people themselves.
答案：D
Ⅱ.课文语法填空
Maya civilisation has been a mystery since it was rediscovered in the 19th century. The Maya built many splendid structures, among 1.which the step pyramids are most famous. 2.What puzzles people is how they built these structures with 3.their(they) own hands. To people's 4.amazement(amaze), they applied their understanding of mathematics and astronomy to the Maya calendar, which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year. They also developed a real 5.writing(write) system. It was so complicated that no one has been able to interpret it 6.completely(complete) so far. Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery. Some research seems 7.to_indicate(indicate) that the people themselves were to blame for the downfall while others also suggest that 8.natural(nature) disasters may have led to the decline of it. Whatever the reasons, Maya civilisation left many 9.mysteries(mystery) for people to solve. Meanwhile the rise and fall of the civilisation must leave us thinking about our own past, present 10.and future.
词汇　精讲
1．bury v．将……埋在下面；埋葬；埋藏
[教材P66]Based on this, he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle.据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的未知玛雅城市的位置。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①The dog had buried the bone in the garden.
狗把骨头埋在花园里。
②He buried his face in his hands and burst into tears.
他双手掩面突然大哭起来。
?联想总结
表示“专心于”的短语：
be absorbed in　be lost in
be devoted to devote oneself to
concentrate on focus on
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)The old photos buried(bury) at the bottom of the suitcase reminded me of those happy old days.
(2)The man dug out some gold from the canal, but he wondered where to_bury(bury) it.
(3)Buried(bury) under the ruins, the young man was rather frightened.
(4)She was_buried(bury) in the book; she did not notice what had happened.
2．dismiss v．拒绝考虑，否定；解雇，开除；摒除
[教材P68] Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars...尽管学者们对他的理论不予考虑……
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①He has been dismissed from his post for incompetence.
他因无法胜任职位而被解雇。
②I dismissed him from my mind.
我不再去想他了。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)“It's been a lovely day，”she said，dismissing(dismiss) the bad old days.
(2)He just laughed and dismissed my proposal as unrealistic.
(3)She tried to dismiss the idea from her mind.
(4)He dismissed/dismisses(dismiss) the rumor that he cheated in the exam.
(5)She claimed she was unfairly dismissed from her post.
3．apply v．应用；申请；涂；有关；涉及；勤奋工作
[教材P67]They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar, which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year.他们将这一认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①This rule applies to everyone.
这条规则适用于每个人。
②Over the next months, he applied himself to improving the technique.
在接下来的几个月里，他一门心思改进技术。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)He had applied for several universities and got an offer yesterday.
(2)The old rules have to be revised because they only applied to the circumstances that existed when they were made a hundred years ago.
(3)Recently he has been applying himself to assisting(assist) his professor in the development of new equipment.
完成句子
(4)We take it for granted that theory must be_applied_to_practice(应用于实践)．
4．on top of... 除……之外；在……上面
[教材P67]On top of all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time: a true writing system.除此之外，还有一项当时美洲独有的成就：一个真正的文字系统。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①He gets commission on top of his salary.
他除了薪金之外还拿佣金。
②There should be an envelope on top of the fridge.
冰箱上面应该有一个信封。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)She was standing at the top of the stairs.
(2)The castle was built on top of a natural grassy mound.
完成句子
(3)We missed our flight, and on_top_of(除……之外) that we had to wait seven hours for the next one.
(4)She was screaming at_the_top_of_her_voice(高声)．
5．abandon v．抛弃，遗弃；离弃，逃离；放弃；中止；陷入；沉湎于
[教材P68]But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities.但最大的谜团是为何玛雅人抛弃了绝大部分的大城市。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①The baby was abandoned by the mother.
这个婴儿被母亲遗弃了。
②He abandoned himself to grief.
他陷入了悲痛之中。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)We were sinking fast, and the captain gave the order to_abandon(abandon) the ship.
(2)Mary had intended to take a job in business, but abandoned(abandon) that plan after the unpleasant experience.
(3)At the entrance to the hospital, I was surprised to see a baby girl abandoned(abandon) by her parents.
完成句子
(4)As a student, you shouldn't abandon_yourself_to(沉迷于) Internet games.
6．ruin n．[C]残垣断壁；废墟；[U]毁坏，毁灭　v．毁掉；糟蹋；毁灭；使破产
[教材P68]Its once great cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve.曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①They let the farm fall into ruin.
他们任凭农场败落下去。
②Years of fighting have left the area in ruins.
多年的战事已经使这个地区满目疮痍。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquakes, and being reduced to ruins(ruin), the city took on a new look.
(2)Who hasn't received an email so annoying that it ruined(ruin) an entire day
完成句子
(3)Carl cares about nothing and has let the old house fall_into_ruin/go_to_ruin(败落下去)．
(4)With time going on, the castle which once was very beautiful is now completely in_ruins(一片废墟)．
句式　突破
1．The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious.[教材P67]
玛雅社会的科技水平十分不发达，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信且神秘莫测。
句式解构
本句中“that Maya society was technologically primitive”为that引导的同位语从句，解释说明fact的内容。
归纳拓展
1 在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句，一般放在fact、news、idea、truth、hope、problem、information、belief、thought、doubt、promise、question、suggestion、advice、proposal等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面名词的具体含义。, 2 引导同位语从句的连接词有连词that、whether； 连接代词who、what、which； 连接副词how、when、where、why等。
佳句背诵
①The news that we will have one day off tomorrow is true.
我们明天休息一天的消息是真的。
②The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed.
我们是否需要更多时间去完成这项工作，这个问题还没有被讨论。
③I have no idea when he will come back.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday.
(2)I heard the news that our team had won.
(3)The boy was not given a satisfying answer to his question where_ he came from.
(4)They are faced with a hard choice whether they should stay for another day or return home at once.
(5)I have no idea why the driver made a phone call when driving.
(6)The police have found enough evidence what_ the murderer did on the scene.
2.Meanwhile, the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past, present and future.[教材P68]
同时，玛雅文明的崛起与衰落必定也让我们思考自己的过去、现在与将来。
句式解构
本句中“leave us... future”为“leave＋宾语＋宾补”结构。
归纳拓展
“leave＋宾语＋宾补”结构表示“使……处于某种状态”，宾补可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、名词等。
佳句背诵
①Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain.
别让她在外边的雨里等着。
②Did you leave the doors and windows fastened
你把门窗关好了吗？
③Leave the rice to cook for 20 minutes.
把大米煮20 分钟。
④Leave the door open, please.
请让门开着吧。
⑤Leave the lights off when you sleep.
你睡觉时把灯关上。
⑥His father died, leaving him an orphan.
他父亲去世了， 他成为了孤儿。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)The boy got up and walked away, leaving his father sitting(sit) on the sofa, totally speechless.
(2)I'll have to go back—I think I've left the iron on.
(3)The incident left her feeling(feel) confused and hurt.
达标　练案
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I think we can safely dismiss(不予理会) their objections.
2．It seemed incredible(难以置信的) that she had been there a week already.
3．The number of staff has declined(下降) from 217,000 to 114,000.
4．The roof collapsed(坍塌) under the weight of snow.
5．There is a conflict(冲突) between what they are doing and what you want.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The houses on the seaward side of the road were all in ruins(ruin)．
2．The rapid expansion(expand) of cities can cause social and economic problems, such as pollution and traffic problems.
3．The plan had to be_abandoned(abandon) on grounds of cost.
4．He dropped the glass, breaking(break) it into pieces.
5．Their house was_buried(bury) by a landslide.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．这项新技术已应用于农业。
The new technology was/has_been_applied_to farming.
2．战后经济完全陷于崩溃之中。
The economy was in_ruins after the war.
3．有80个国家踢欧洲足球，这使它成为世界上最受欢迎的运动。
European football is played in 80 countries, making/which_makes_it_the_most_popular_sport in the world.
4．他们是赢还是输于我都一样。
Whether_they_win_or_lose is all the same to me.
5．从他的脸上我们可以看到他非常恐慌，生怕被我们遗弃。
From his face, I could see he was terrified of being_abandoned__by_us.
课时作业(十三) 　Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Several of his colleagues had a hand in his downfall(垮台；衰败)．
2．If something strange intrigues(激起……的兴趣) you, it will interest you and you will want to know more about it.
3．Despite the recession the company is confident of further expansion(扩展)．
4．Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned(抛弃) the city and fled to the countryside.
5．As the birthplace of Huaxia civilisation(文明), Xi'an is a city with a long history and abundant cultural relics.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The translation doesn't quite correspond to/with the original.
2．The woman film star has expanded her career into other fields of entertainment.
3．I really hope you could take a serious consideration of my application(apply) for the job.
4．We call for less homework, thereby leaving(leave) students more time to sleep and take exercise.
5．People can find all sorts of excuses for abandoning(abandon) an animal that they don't want to keep.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．他从房间夺门而出，把她留在了身后。
He stormed out of the room, leaving_her_behind.
2．经过十年的努力，他的公司已经发展成一家大公司。
His company has_expanded_into_a_big_one after ten years of struggle.
3．雨已经下了两个星期了，把我们的假期全毁了。
It has been raining for two weeks, completely_ruining_our_holiday.
4．这个负责人拒绝了我们进入大厅的要求。
The leader refused the requirement that_we_(should)_enter_the_hall.
5．他埋头看报纸，没有注意到发生了什么事。
Buried_in_the_newspaper,_he didn't notice what had happened.
Ⅳ.完形填空
In April last year, I saw a post on the PNP (Pilots N Paws) website from a family in Topeka. They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight __1__. They could not afford to pay for __2__ for their dog, Tiffy, and __3__ wanted to take her with them.
It just __4__ that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen, who __5__ to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia. What I was to do was fly to Topeka to __6__ Tiffy.
When I met Tiffy's owners, they seemed very __7__. George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was __8__ for him, having to leave his dog to a __9__ and trust that everything would __10__.
After some goodbyes, I asked George and his wife to help me __11__ Tiffy into the plane. I promised to take care of Tiffy and __12__ them as soon as we got to Kansas City.
The flight was __13__ and Tiffy was a great passenger. The next day, she __14__ with Karen and made it back to George in Virginia within a few days. He was so __15__ and sent me a nice e mail with pictures. It felt great to know that I had helped bring this family together again.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者通过Pilots N Paws网站帮助一家搬家的人将他们的狗接到另一个城市的过程。
1．A.turn　　　　　　 B．budget
C．schedule D．connection
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们不得不搬到弗吉尼亚，但他们的预算非常紧张。A.turn转折点；B.budget预算；C.schedule时间表；D.connection联系。根据下文“They could not afford to pay for __2__ for their dog, Tiffy”可知，这家人的预算非常紧张。故选B项。
答案：B
2．A.food B．shelter
C．medicine D．transportation
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们付不起他们的狗蒂菲的运输费，又非常想带她一起走。A.food食物；B.shelter庇护；C.medicine药；D.transportation交通。根据上文“They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight __1__.”及下文可知，这家人要搬去别的地方，他们想带着狗一起走，但因为预算非常紧张，所以付不起狗的运输费。故选D项。
答案：D
3．A.desperately B．temporarily
C．secretly D．originally
解析：考查副词词义辨析。句意同上题。 A．desperately非常、拼命地；B.temporarily暂时地；C.secretly秘密地；D.originally起初。根据下文“wanted to take her with them”可知，这家人非常想把狗一起带走。故选A项。
答案：A
4．A.appeared B．proved
C．happened D．showed
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：碰巧我和另一名飞行员卡伦正在计划另一次PNP飞行，他主动提出要把蒂菲从堪萨斯城带到弗吉尼亚。A.appeared出现；B.proved证明；C.happened碰巧；D.showed展示。根据下文“I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen”可知，碰巧的是作者和另一名飞行员正在计划另一次PNP飞行。故选C项。
答案：C
5．A.waited B．offered
C．hurried D．failed
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意同上题。A.waited等待；B.offered主动提出；C.hurried匆忙；D.failed失败。根据下文“to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia”可知，卡伦主动要提出帮忙把狗从堪萨斯城带到弗吉尼亚。故选B项。
答案：B
6．A.see off B．look for
C．hand over D．pick up
解析：考查动词短语辨析。句意：我要做的就是飞到托皮卡去接蒂菲。A.see off为……送行；B.look for寻找；C.hand over移交；D.pick up接载。根据上文作者和卡伦要把蒂菲从堪蒂斯城带到弗吉尼亚，而蒂菲在托皮卡可知，作者需要飞到托皮卡去接Tiffy。故选D项。
答案：D
7．A.confused B．nervous
C．annoyed D．curious
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我见到蒂菲的主人时，他们看起来很紧张。A.confused困惑的；B.nervous紧张的；C.annoyed恼怒的；D.curious好奇的。根据“George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was __8__ for him, having to leave his dog to a __9__ and trust that everything would __10__.”可知，这家人看起来有点紧张和不安。故选B项。
答案：B
8．A.hard B．fine
C．common D．lucky
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：丈夫乔治试着冷静下来，但我看得出来，这对他来说很难，他不得不把狗留给一个陌生人，并相信一切都会解决。A.hard困难的；B.fine好的；C.common常见的；D.lucky幸运的。根据上文“was trying to be calm”和下文“having to leave his dog to a __9__ and trust that everything would __10__”可知，对乔治来说把狗留给一个陌生人很难。故选A项。
答案：A
9．A.coworker B．passenger
C．stranger D．neighbor
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意同上题。A.coworker合作者；B.passenger乘客；C.stranger陌生人；D.neighbor邻居。根据上文语境可知，作者是从网络上看到这家人发布的信息，作者与这家人素未谋面，双方是陌生人。故选C项。
答案：C
10．A.speed up B．work out
C．come back D．take off
解析：考查动词短语辨析。句意同8题。A.speed up加速；B.work out解决；C.come back回来；D.take off起飞。根据上文“George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was __8__ for him”可知，让狗的主人乔治相信一个陌生人会把一切解决好，对他来说很难。故选B项。
答案：B
11．A.feed B．follow
C．change D．load
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：道别之后，我让乔治和他的妻子帮我把蒂菲送上飞机。A.feed喂养；B.follow跟随；C.change改变；D.load装载。根据下文“Tiffy into the plane”可知，作者让乔治和他的妻子帮忙把蒂菲装入飞机。load into意为“装入”，是固定搭配。故选D项。
答案：D
12．A.call B．join
C．leave D．serve
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：我答应过会照顾好蒂菲，一到堪萨斯城就给他们打电话。A.call打电话；B.join加入；C.leave离开；D.serve服务。根据“as soon as we got to Kansas City”可知，作者承诺一到堪萨斯城就给他们打电话。故选A项。
答案：A
13．A.unnecessary B．unexpected
C．unavoidable D．uneventful
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这次飞行平安无事，蒂菲是个很棒的乘客。A.unnecessary没有必要的；B.unexpected意想不到的；C.unavoidable不可避免的；D.uneventful太平无事的。根据下文“Tiffy was a great passenger. The next day, she __14__ with Karen and made it back to George in Virginia within a few days.”可知，这次飞行一切都平安无事，蒂菲到达了弗吉尼亚。故选D项。
答案：D
14．A.returned B．fought
C．flew D．agreed
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：第二天，她和卡伦一起坐飞机，几天后就回到了弗吉尼亚州的乔治那里。 A．returned返回；B.fought打仗；C.flew飞；D.agreed同意。根据上文“It just __4__ that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen, who __5__ to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia.”可知，卡伦带着蒂菲一起飞往弗吉尼亚州。故选C项。
答案：C
15．A.thankful B．generous
C．proud D．sympathetic
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他非常感激，给我发了一封很漂亮的电子邮件，并附上了照片。A.thankful感激的；B.generous慷慨的；C.proud骄傲的；D.sympathetic同情的。通读全文并根据下文“and sent me a nice e mail with pictures”可推知，乔治非常感激作者的帮忙。故选A项。
答案：A
Ⅴ.语法填空
Nigerian woman Shade Ajayi had never gone to school until 1.________(recent). Now 50, the businesswoman is learning to read and write alongside students nearly 40 years 2.________(young) than she is.
Ajayi attends a school in Ilorin of Nigeria. She wears the same uniform 3.________ hundreds of girls at the school: a pink dress and head covering. “I'm not ashamed that I wear 4.________ uniform，” she said. As a child, Ajayi worked in her aunt's shop instead of attending school. She now runs her own business 5.________(make) and selling purses and bags. But she believes her inability to read or write is holding her back. She signed up 6.________(attend) school last year, but the school closed because of the coronavirus pandemic. Schools reopened in January and she finally got 7.________(she) chance. She sits in a class with students aged 11 to 13 and raises her hand to answer questions. She doesn't appear to worried about the age difference with other 8.________(student), for she has been coping well with them: playing together, talking together and discussing things together.
Ajayi plans to continue her 9.________(educate) for four more years, saying it will help her business. And she does not care 10.________ others may say about her.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了尼日利亚一位50岁的女商人谢德·阿加伊直到最近才上学的缘由。
1．解析：考查副词。句意：尼日利亚妇女谢德·阿加伊直到最近才上学。until recently意为“直到最近”，是固定搭配，在句中作时间状语。故填recently。
答案：recently
2．解析：考查比较等级。句意：现在这位50岁的女商人正在和比她年轻近40岁的学生一起学习读和写。设空处后有than，所以应用比较级。故填younger。
答案：younger
3．解析：考查介词。句意：她穿着和学校里数百名女生一样的校服：粉色的裙子和头巾。the same (...) as...意为“和……一样(……)”，是固定搭配。故填as。
答案：as
4．解析：考查冠词。句意：她说：“我并不为自己穿这件校服而感到羞愧。”根据句意可知，设空处特指前面提到的校服，所以应用定冠词。故填the。
答案：the
5．解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：她现在经营自己的生意，制作和销售钱包和书包。根据空后的and可知，设空处和后面的selling是并列关系，且和逻辑主语business之间是主动关系，所以应用现在分词。故填making。
答案：making
6．解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：她去年报名去上学，但学校因为冠状病毒疫情而关闭。sign up to do sth.意为“报名做某事”。故填to attend。
答案：to attend
7．解析：考查代词。句意：学校在一月份重新开学，她终于得到了她的机会。设空处作定语修饰名词chance，所以应用形容词性物主代词。故填her。
答案：her
8．解析：考查名词的数。句意：她似乎并不担心与其他同学的年龄不同，因为她一直与他们相处的很好：一起玩、一起聊天、一起讨论事情。student为可数名词，前面有other；并结合常识可知，学校中有很多学生，所以应用名词复数。故填students。
答案：students
9．解析：考查词性转换。句意：阿加伊计划继续接受4年的教育，并且她说这将有助于她的生意。设空处作动词continue的宾语，所以应用名词。education为不可数名词。故填education。
答案：education
10．解析：考查宾语从句。句意：她不在乎别人会怎么说她。设空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作宾语。故填what。
答案：what
Section Ⅱ　Using language
名词性从句
语法　讲习
在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据它们在句中的语法作用，可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是高考的必考点， 它在句中分别可以作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
1．主语从句
在复合句中用作主语的从句叫作主语从句，主语从句要用陈述语序，即主谓语序。
(1)主语从句的引导词及其用法：
①that引导主语从句时，没有具体含义，不充当句子成分，只是起标志性的作用，但that不能省略。
That she is a rich woman is known to us all.我们都知道她是个富有的女人。
②whether引导主语从句时，表示怀疑，不能省略，意为“是否”，在句首时不能用if替换。
Whether or not she'll come isn't clear.她是否来还不清楚。
③连接代词(what、which、who等)、连接副词(where、when、why、how等)引导主语从句时不能省略，并在从句中充当句子成分。
What caused the accident remains unknown.事故的起因是未知的。
(2)it作形式主语，that从句作真正主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋形容词(certain/right/likely/unlikely/wrong/important/necessary等)＋that...
She works so hard. It is certain that she will do very well in the exam.她学习很用功。她一定会在这次考试中考得很好。
②It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/no wonder等)＋that...
It is a pity that I missed the party held last night.很遗憾我错过了昨晚举行的聚会。
③It＋be＋过去分词(said/told/reported/decided等)＋that...
It is reported that no passengers were injured in the accident.据报道，这起事故中没有乘客受伤。
④It＋连系动词或不及物动词(seems/appears/happens/matters等)＋that...
It happened that I wasn't there that day.
碰巧那天我不在那里。
在“It is necessary/important/suggested/advised/ordered＋that...”句型中，从句谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”。
It is necessary that you (should) remember these English words.你有必要记住这些英语单词。
It is very important that students (should) learn English well.学生学好英语很重要。
2．宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫作宾语从句。宾语从句通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词) 或介词之后 。宾语从句分为三类：动词后的宾语从句、形容词后的宾语从句和介词后的宾语从句。不论主句为何种句型，宾语从句都用陈述语序。
(1)宾语从句的引导词及其用法：
①that引导宾语从句时，没有具体意思，不充当句子成分，只是起连接作用，通常可以省略，但多个并列的宾语从句中只能省略第一个that。
I'm writing to tell you that my uncle Li Ming is going to your city for a conference.
我写信是想告诉你我的叔叔李明要去你的城市开会。
②whether/if引导宾语从句时，意为“是否”，二者一般可互换。但在whether... or not结构、whether＋to do结构或当whether引导的宾语从句作介词的宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if。
I don't know whether to set off for Beijing or not.我不知道是否出发去北京。
I don't know if Mary is at home today.我不知道玛丽今天是否在家。
③连接代词(what、which、who等)、连接副词(where、when、why、how等)引导宾语从句时不能省略，并在从句中充当句子成分。I don't know how I should solve this question.我不知道我应该如何处理这个问题。
(2)宾语从句的特殊情况：
①有些动词或动词短语，如like、 hate、 appreciate、 depend on、 see to等，一般不直接跟从句，需要借助it。
You may depend on it that she will go with you.你可以相信她会与你一起去。
②当主句的主语是第一人称时，在think、 believe、 suppose、 expect等动词后的宾语从句若是否定句，需要否定转移，将否定词转移到主句谓语动词之前。
I don't believe she will attend the meeting.
我认为她不会来参加该会议。
③在find、make、think、feel、consider等及物动词后，常用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语后置。
We thought it strange that he quitted his job.他辞掉了他的工作，这让我们觉得很奇怪。
3．表语从句
在连系动词之后用作表语的从句叫作表语从句。这种从句往往是对主句主语的内容起进一步的解释作用。表语从句要用陈述语序。
(1)表语从句的引导词及其用法：
①that引导表语从句时，从句为一个句意完整的陈述句，that没有具体的意思，不充当句子成分，只是起连接作用，不能省略。
The end result is that we feel like we can't focus or that we're focused on the wrong things.最后的结果是我们感觉我们没能集中注意力或我们关注的是错误的事情。
②whether引导表语从句时，从句来源于一般疑问句，为一个句意完整的陈述句。whether意为“是否”，不能用if替换，不能省略。
His question is whether they can be friends.
他的问题是他们能否成为朋友。
③连接代词(what、which、who等)、连接副词(where、when、why、how等)引导表语从句时不能省略，并在从句中充当句子成分。
That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想告诉你的事。
(2)常见的表语从句句型：
①It looks/seems as if... 好像/仿佛……
It looks as if you have made full preparations for the final exam.看起来你已经为期末考试做了充分的准备。
②This/That/It is because... 这/那是因为……(强调原因)
He didn't go by bike with me. That's because there was something wrong with his bike.他没和我一起骑自行车去。那是因为他的自行车坏了。(前果后因)
③This/That/is why... 这/那就是……的原因(强调结果)
His right foot was injured. That's why he had to drop out of the match.他的右脚受了伤。那就是他不得不退出比赛的原因。(前因后果)
④The reason why... is/was that... ……的原因是……
The reason why he wasn't chosen captain of the team was that he lacked the spirit of teamwork.他没有被选中当队长的原因是他缺乏团队精神。
⑤The question/problem is whether/when/where... 问题是……
The question is whether we should recommend the goods to the shopkeeper.
问题是我们是否应该向店主推荐这些货物。
⑥One's dream/suggestion/aim/purpose/problem is that... 某人的梦想/建议/目标/目的/问题是……
Their problem is that they don't have enough water to drink.他们的问题是他们没有足够的水喝。
⑦What从句＋be＋that...
What surprised us most was that he came late again.最让我们惊讶的是他又迟到了。
4．同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫作同位语从句。它一般放在某些名词的后面，用于解释说明前面名词的具体内容。
(1)同位语从句的引导词及其用法：
①that引导同位语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，没有具体含义，只起连接作用，不可省略。
Here came the news that the scientists had made a major breakthrough in cloning.传来了科学家在克隆方面取得了重大突破的消息。
②whether引导同位语从句时，意为“是否”，不充当句子成分，不可以用if替换。
There is some doubt whether John will resist regulations.有人怀疑约翰是否会抵制规则。
The question whether it needs reforming will be discussed at the meeting.它是否需要改革这个问题将要在会议上讨论。
③连接代词who、what、which引导同位语从句时，既起连接作用，又在从句中作主语、宾语等。
I have no idea what the procedure for applying for a visa is.我不知道申请签证需要什么手续。
The question who will take over the company requires careful consideration.谁将接管这个公司的问题需要仔细考虑。
④连接副词when、where、why、how引导同位语从句时，既起连接作用，又在从句中作状语。
I have no idea how they were able to get it done in so short a time.我不知道他们是如何在这么短的时间里完成任务的。
I have no idea why he refused the job offer from that company.我不知道他为什么拒绝了来自那家公司的工作邀请。
(2)同位语从句与定语从句的区别
①引导词that的用法不同
引导词 同位语从句 定语从句
that 连接词，一般不可省略 关系代词，在从句中作宾语时可省略
无具体意义 既可指人，也可指物
不充当句子成分 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语
Do you believe the news that Peter was missing？你相信彼得失踪了的那个消息吗？(同位语从句)
Do you believe the news that/which he told you？你相信他告诉你的那个消息吗？(定语从句)
②从句的作用不同
从句类型 性质 作用
同位语从句 名词性 对名词进行解释说明
定语从句 形容词性 对先行词加以修饰和限定
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.他从玛丽那里得知了运动会被推迟的消息。(同位语从句)
The news that he told me is that the Italian will go abroad next year.他告诉我的消息是那个意大利人明年将要出国。(定语从句)
达标　练案
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．What makes it different from other sports is its power to bring people together.
2．What we couldn't understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
3．Whether the sports meeting will be held on time depends on the weather.
4．You can't imagine how excited they were when they received these nice Christmas presents.
5．Scientists have obtained more evidence that plastic is finding its way into the human body.
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．这就是我们的问题所在。
This is where_our_problem_lies.
2．那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
That was why_he_didn't_come_to_the_meeting.
3．我确实相信美丽来自内心。
I truly believe that_beauty_comes_from_within_our_heart.
4．事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
The fact is that_we_have_lost_this_game.
5．他问我是否可以给他带路。
He asked whether/if_I_could_show_him_the_way.
课时作业(十四) 　Section Ⅱ　Using language
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Without his support, we wouldn't be where we are now.
2．This is what my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
3．By boat is the only way to get there, which is how we arrived.
4．Every year, whoever makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
5．The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
Where_the_English_evening_party_will_be_held has not yet been announced.
2．那就是他不参加会议的原因。
That is why_he_didn't_attend_the_meeting.
3．他已经告诉我他明天要去上海了。
He has told me (that)_he_will_go_to_Shanghai_tomorrow.
4．药品是我们所急需的。
Medicine is what_we_are_badly_in_need_of.
5．司令官命令部队马上出发。
The commander ordered (that)_troops_(should)_set_off_at_once.
Ⅲ.阅读理解
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision making are enormous.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“群体智慧”效应。
1．What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation.
B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people's errors.
D．The design of Galton's experiment.
解析：段落大意题。根据第二段内容可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，当大量的且各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计由此推知，本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B项。
答案：B
2．Navajas' study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent.”和第三段中的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体之后平均值更准确。由此推知，即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D项。
答案：D
3．What did the follow up study focus on
A．The size of the groups.
B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process.
D．The individual estimates.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In a follow up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题可知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C项。
答案：C
4．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision making are enormous.”可知，作者认为虽然纳瓦哈斯领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此推知，作者对于纳瓦斯的研究表示赞许和支持。故选D项。
答案：D
Ⅳ.七选五
We are here to share these essay writing suggestions in case you wish to write an essay for your own benefit. Writing your own statement of personal belief can be a powerful tool for self reflection. It can also be a wonderful thing to share with family, friends, and colleagues. __1__.
Be distinctive. Take your belief out of the events that have shaped your core values. Consider moments when belief was formed or tested or changed. __2__. Your story need not be heart warming or anxious—it can even be funny—but it should be specific to you. Make sure your story is tied to the essence of your daily life philosophy and the shaping of your belief.
Be brief and be positive. __3__. That's about three minutes when you read aloud at your natural pace. So consider focusing on the core belief. In addition, write about what you do believe, and not what you don't believe. Remember to avoid statements about religious beliefs.
__4__. Make your essay about yourself；speak in the first person. Avoid speaking in “we”．Tell your personal belief; this is not an opinion about social ideals. __5__. We recommend you read your essay aloud to yourself several times, and each time edit it and improve it until you find the words, tone, and story that truly arouse your feelings, which can attract others then. Keeping the above in heart and putting them into action, you will realize writing an essay just seems like an easy task.
A．Be personal
B．Be appealing
C．Your statement should be between 500 and 600 words
D．It's important to know how to tell a story about yourself
E．Write in words and phrases that are comfortable for you to speak
F．Think of your own life, and tell the things you know that no one else does
G．To guide you through this process, we offer some simple suggestions to you to follow
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一些关于写作的建议。
1．解析：根据上文“We are here to share these essay... friends, and colleagues.”并结合下文提出的一些关于写作的建议可知，G项“为了指导你完成这个过程，我们提供了一些简单的建议供你遵循”符合语境。故选G项。
答案：G
2．解析：根据上文“Be distinctive.”以及下文“Your story need not be heart warming or... the shaping of your belief.”可知，本段提出的写作建议是具有独特性，且下文也提到文章应是个人独有的，即你知道的但是别人不知道的事情，F项“想想你自己的生活，把你知道而别人不知道的事情说出来”符合语境。故选F项。
答案：F
3．解析：根据下文“That's about three minutes... at your natural pace.”可知，下文提到大声朗读一段文字的时间，因此设空处应该是对所写文章篇幅的建议，C项“你的陈述应该在500到600字之间”符合语境。故选C项。
答案：C
4．解析：根据下文“Make your essay... your personal belief”可知，下文提到写一篇关于自己的文章，即从个人出发，本段强调的是文章具有个人化的特点，A项“个人化”符合语境。故选A项。
答案：A
5．解析：根据上文“Tell your personal belief”以及下文“We recommend you read... can attract others then.”可知，下文提到大声朗读自己的文章，找到吸引别人的单词、语气和故事，因此设空处说明的步骤是写下这些单词和短语，E项“用你觉得舒服的单词和短语来写”符合语境。故选E项。
答案：E
Ⅴ.应用文写作
假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Polly来信询问中国“脱贫攻坚战”的相关情况。请给他回信，内容包括：
1．巨大投入；
2．取得成就；
3．个人感受。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Dear Polly，
Knowing that you are interested in the poverty alleviation in China, I'm glad to share something with you.
In the past few years, a lot of resources have been devoted to improving the life in the poor areas. Thousands of government officers and technologists have worked together with locals to fight against poverty. To our relief, we succeed in helping the poor and giving them the opportunity to continuously develop on their own with the joint efforts.
Seeing the great changes of the poor areas, I am rather proud of our responsible government and the hardworking Chinese people. Certainly I hold the firm belief that the bright future of us Chinese is approaching soon.
Yours，
Li Hua
Section Ⅲ　Developing ideas
原文　呈现
DIVING DEEP
Lying under waters across the globe are an (1)estimated three million (2)shipwrecks. All of them represent (3)attempts over the centuries to explore Earth's furthest corners. Among these is the Esmeralda, 【1】the_earliest_wreck_from_the_age_of_the_European_exploration_of_Asia. Today, some 500 years after the Esmeralda (4)set sail, there is little—(5)if any—land on our planet left unexplored. We have more detailed maps of the Moon, and even of Venus and Mars, than we do of Earth's own sea bed.
读文　清障
(1)estimated adj.估计的；估算的
(2)shipwreck n．失事的船；沉船
(3)attempt n．尝试；试图
(4)set sail 起航
(5)if any如果有的话
【1】同位语，解释说明Esmeralda。
潜入深海
全球水域下大约沉睡着三百万艘沉船残骸。每艘船都代表了若干世纪以来探索地球最远端的尝试。其中就包括了“埃斯梅拉达”号，它是欧洲人探索亚洲时代留下的最早残骸。如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地——如果有的话——已经少之又少了。然而，我们手中关于地球自身海底的地图，甚至比不上关于月球乃至金星、火星的天体图详尽
原文　呈现
(6)Given our limited knowledge, it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans (7)continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields. (8)As with the discovery of the Esmeralda, many (9)archaeological finds are made in (10)shallow waters near the coast. These may sometimes include whole cities buried (11)beneath the waves. One such find is the ancient Roman city of (12)Neápolis, discovered (13)off the coast of (14)Tunisia. 【2】Believed to have been buried underwater by a (15)tsunami in the fourth century AD, the ruins of Neápolis are almost 2,000 years old. The remaining streets and buildings (16)offer a window into a fascinating period in our history. However, we are only beginning to overcome the challenges of pressure, darkness and extreme cold (17)at vast depths. (18)Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still (19)waiting to be discovered.
读文　清障
(6)given prep.鉴于；考虑到
(7)continue to do sth. 继续做某事
(8)as with... 与……一样
(9)archaeological adj.考古学的；考古的
(10)shallow adj.浅的；肤浅的
(11)beneath prep.在……下面
(12)Neápolis 奈阿波利斯
(13)off the coast 沿海岸；离海岸不远
(14)Tunisia 突尼斯(国家)
(15)tsunami n．海啸
(16)offer a window into... 提供了解……的一扇窗
(17)at vast depths 在很深处
(18)fragment n．碎片
(19)wait to be discovered 等待被发现
【2】过去分词短语作状语。
基于我们有限的认知，探索海洋可以持续带来许多科学领域的新发现，这也许就显得不足为奇了。就像发现“埃斯梅拉达”号的残骸一样，很多考古学发现都发生在近海岸的浅水水域。这些发现有时会包括埋在海浪下的整座城市，其中之一便是在突尼斯近海发现的古罗马城市奈阿波利斯。据悉，在公元4世纪，奈阿波利斯被一场海啸淹没，其废墟至今已有近2 000年的历史。存留下来的街道、建筑为我们打开了一扇窗，让我们得以窥见那段精彩的历史。然而，我们才刚刚开始克服广袤的海洋深处的压强、黑暗和极寒所带来的挑战。过去的碎片仍深藏在大洋底部，等待被发现。
原文　呈现
Amazing biological discoveries are also being made. The dark zones of the oceans may contain (20)up to 90 per cent of the planet's fish. 【3】In these waters, more than 200 metres deep, where light cannot reach, are extraordinary creatures that appear as if they are straight out of (21)science fiction. Imagine bone white (22)coral 6,000 metres below the ocean's surface, growing (23)at the rate of only one or two millimetres per year. Some of these could be 4,000 years old. Swimming through these black depths is the (24)barreleye, a strange fish with eyes that can look (25)upwards through its (26)transparent forehead. In the very deepest ocean (27)trenches that are more than 8,000 metres below the surface, the pressure is (28)equivalent to 50 aeroplanes (29)stacked one on top of another. Yet there is still life to be found, even around the deep sea (30)volcanic openings.These discoveries all help us understand the (31)capacity for life on our planet, even in the most extreme circumstances.
读文　清障
(20)up to 多达
(21)science fiction 科幻小说
(22)coral n．珊瑚
(23)at the rate of... 以……的速度
(24)barreleye n．管眼鱼
(25)upwards adv.向上，朝上
(26)transparent adj.透明的
(27)trench n．海沟
(28)equivalent adj.等同的；等值的；相当的
(29)stack v．(使)整齐地堆起；摞起
(30)volcanic openings 火山口
(31)capacity n．容纳能力；容积；才能
【3】where引导的定语从句，修饰waters, where在句中作状语；that 引导的定语从句，修饰creatures; as if 引导的表语从句。
生物学领域也有惊人的发现。海洋的黑暗区域里或许生存着地球上多达90%的鱼类。在200多米以下、阳光照不到的深水水域里，住着一些看起来就像是刚从科幻小说中走出来的奇异的生物。想象一下，在海平面下6 000米深处，骨白色的珊瑚以每年仅一到两毫米的速度缓慢生长着，它们中有些已经存活了4 000年。漆黑的深海里管眼鱼游来游去，这是一种奇特的鱼，其眼睛可以透过透明的前额向上看。在海平面以下8 000多米处最深的海沟里，压强相当于50架飞机堆叠在一起，然而这里仍有生命的存在，甚至在深海海底的火山口周围也有生命。这些深海发现帮助我们理解地球上生命的承受力，甚至是在最极端的环境下的承受力。
原文　呈现
(32)Furthermore, the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources, some of which are completely new to us. Most (33)notable of these is China's discovery of an ice like (34)substance, known as “fire ice”， under the South China Sea. (35)In addition, China's underwater (36)vessels, such as the Jiaolong and Shenhai Yongshi, have been exploring waters (37)at depths of thousands of metres. The Jiaolong even (38)holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned (39)submarine, at 7,062 metres, giving China its place alongside the world's top ocean explorers. The research conducted by these vessels is giving scientists a greater understanding of how the sea bed was (40)formed, as well as helping (41)identify areas for deep sea (42)drilling, (43)taking deep sea exploration into a whole new era.
读文　清障
(32)furthermore adv.此外；而且；不仅如此
(33)notable adj.显要的；显著的；值得注意的
(34)substance n．物质
(35)in addition 此外
(36)vessel n．船；舰
(37)at depths of... 在……的深度
(38)hold the record for... 保持……的纪录
(39)submarine n．潜水艇；海底生物
(40)form v．形成
(41)identify v．确定；识别
(42)drilling n．钻探；勘探
(43)take... into a whole new era 把……带入一个崭新的时代
此外，海洋还包含着珍贵的自然资源，其中一些对我们来说完全是新的资源。最值得一提的便是中国在南海发现的冰状物质——可燃冰。此外，中国的潜水器如“蛟龙”号和“深海勇士”号，一直在数千米深的水域探索。“蛟龙”号甚至保持了载人潜艇的最深下潜纪录7 062米，使中国跻身于世界顶级海洋探索国之列。借助这些潜水器所完成的研究有利于科学家进一步了解海床的形成过程，帮助确定深海钻探区域，将深海勘探带入一个崭新的时代。
原文　呈现
【4】Being a tough environment of complete darkness, (44)enormous pressure and (45)intense cold, the ocean depths have long been (46)beyond the reach of human exploration. However, through closer international scientific, economic and cultural cooperation, we are all (47)becoming part of a global (48)mission to (49)open up our planet's final (50)frontier. Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery, and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us as the land we walk upon today.,
读文　清障
(44)enormous adj.巨大的
(45)intense cold 特别冷；非常冷
(46)beyond the reach of... 无法达到……；超出……的能力之外
(47)become part of... 成为……的一部分
(48)mission n．使命；目标；任务
(49)open up 开发；开垦
(50)frontier adj.边疆；疆土；国界；边境
【4】现在分词短语作状语。
深海区域环境恶劣，完全黑暗、压强极大、极度寒冷，长期以来都是人类探索无法企及的区域。然而，通过更紧密的国际科学、经济以及文化合作，我们都在成为开拓地球最后疆域这一全球使命的参与者。人类正走向海洋发现的新时代，或许有朝一日，我们会像熟悉脚下的土地一样熟悉那海浪下的世界。
基础　自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Although the coral(珊瑚) looks hard, it is very delicate.
2．By drilling(钻探), geologists can take measurements at various depths.
3．Petrol is a valuable substance(物质)．
4．Place your hands on the table with the palms facing upwards(向上)．
5．This is the new archaeological(考古的) site.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．Last month, they set_sail to the unknown sea to explore more substances beneath the sea.
2．If you continue_to disturb people at night, you will be fined and perhaps sent to prison.
3．An inefficient running can lead_to neck, shoulder and back pain.
4．And since time is quantified in hours, the value of our lives is_equivalent_to the sum of every hour we spend.
5．Such matters are beyond_the_reach_of the law.
Ⅲ.教材原句
1．“分词(短语)＋be＋主语”倒装句型
Lying_under_waters_across_the_globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks.全球水域下大约沉睡着三百万艘沉船残骸。
2．过去分词(短语)作状语
Believed_to_have_been_buried underwater by a tsunami in the fourth century AD, the ruins of Neápolis are almost 2,000 years old.据悉，在公元4世纪，奈阿波利斯被一场海啸淹没，其废墟至今已有近2 000年的历史。
语篇　细研
根据课文选出最佳选项
1．What caused the ancient Roman city of Neápolis to be buried underwater according to the passage
A．A terrible earthquake.
B．A volcanic eruption.
C．A tsunami.
D．A hurricane.
答案：C
2．According to the biological discoveries, which of the following is RIGHT
A．Most of the planet's fish live deep into the ocean.
B．Creatures can't live without light.
C．Bone white coral grows fast below the ocean's surface.
D．There is no life around the deep sea volcanic openings.
答案：A
3．Which of the achievements makes China one of the world's top ocean explorers
A．The discovery of “fire ice”．
B．The discovery of the ruins of Neápolis.
C．The discovery of the Esmeralda.
D．China's vessel, Jiaolong, holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine.
答案：D
4．What's the author's attitude towards ocean exploration
A．Unfavourable.　　　　
B．Negative.
C．Too challenging.
D．Supportive.
答案：D
词汇　精讲
1．continue to do sth. 继续做某事
[教材P74]Given our limited knowledge, it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields.基于我们有限的认知，探索海洋可以持续带来许多科学领域的新发现，这也许就显得不足为奇了。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①The rain continued to fall all afternoon.
这场雨整整一下午都下个不停。
②Why do people continue to live in places they know to be dangerous
为什么人们继续住在自己知道很危险的地方？
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)The good news is that income is rising fast and people's living standards continue to_improve/improving(improve)．
(2)You can continue with the project, but in my opinion it's not worth the efforts you will make.
(3)We really can't go on living(live) like this—we'll have to find a bigger house.
(4)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, the girl went on to_thank(thank) all the people who had helped in her career.
2．record n．纪录；记录；经历　v．记载；录(音)
[教材P76]The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine... “蛟龙”号甚至保持了载人潜艇的最深下潜纪录……
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
①She holds the world record for the 100 metres.
她保持着100 米的世界纪录。
②You should keep a record of your expenses.
你应该记下你的各项开支。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)Davis holds the record for most points in a season.
(2)The weather centre keeps a record of the weather.
完成句子
(3)He broke_the_world_record(打破了世界纪录) for the long jump.
(4)The young man set_a_new_record(创造了一项新纪录) at the sports meeting.
3．beyond the reach of... 无法达到……；超出……的能力之外
[教材P76]Being a tough environment of complete darkness, enormous pressure and intense cold, the ocean depths have long been beyond the reach of human exploration.深海区域环境恶劣，完全黑暗、压强极大、极度寒冷，长期以来都是人类探索无法企及的区域。
归纳拓展
out of/beyond (one's) reach (某人)够不到
within reach (of sb.) 在(某人)可达到的范围之内
within (easy) reach of sth. 很接近某物；靠近某物　　　　
佳句背诵
①She put the medicine on the top shelf beyond the reach of her son.
她把药放在了儿子够不到的最上面的架子上。
②We don't believe it's beyond the reach of human power.
我们不相信这是人力所做不到的。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)The problem is beyond the reach of my understanding.
单句写作
(2)这么昂贵的跑车大多数人都买不起。
Such expensive sports cars are beyond_the_reach_of_most_people.
(3)我发现你做不了推销工作。
I find salesmanship is beyond_the_reach_of you.
句式　突破
1. Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks.[教材P74]
全球水域下大约沉睡着三百万艘沉船残骸。
句式解构
本句为“分词短语＋be＋主语”倒装句型。
归纳拓展
有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词 短语 或过去分词 短语 置于句首，从而构成“分词 短语 ＋be＋主语”倒装句型。
佳句背诵
①Standing beside the table was his wife.
站在桌旁的是他的妻子。
②Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
他们能够对中国人民为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)Leading_(lead) to the park is a very delightful road.
(2)Buried(bury) in the sand was an ancient village.
(3)Lying(lie) on the floor was a boy aged about twelve.
(4)Surprised(surprise) was I at that time.
2.Believed to have been buried underwater by a tsunami in the fourth century AD, the ruins of Neápolis are almost 2,000 years old.[教材P75]
据悉，在公元4世纪，奈阿波利斯被一场海啸淹没，其废墟至今已有近2 000年的历史。
句式解构
本句中“Believed to have been buried underwater...”为过去分词短语，在句中作状语。
归纳拓展
过去分词 短语 作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致，过去分词 短语 与句子主语通常存在被动关系。过去分词 短语 作状语时，常表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随等。
佳句背诵
①Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents.
受到了邻居们的表扬，他成为了父母的骄傲。 (表示原因)
②Asked what happened, he hung his head.
当被问及发生了什么时，他低下了他的头。(表示时间)
③Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，就永远不会忘记。 (表示时间)
④Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
(如果)种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
⑤Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to enter the cave.
尽管被告知有危险，他还是冒着生命危险进了山洞。 (表示让步)
⑥Filled with hopes and fears, he dived deep into the ocean.
心中充满了希望与恐惧，他潜入了海洋深处。 (表示伴随)
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)Seen(see) from the top of the hill, the city looks like a big garden.
(2)Deeply moved(move) by his words, Tom agreed to go with him.
(3)Given(give) more time, I would do the job much better.
(4)Encouraged(encourage) by his parents, he still lacks confidence.
(5)Reminded(remind) not to miss the flight at 15：30, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
达标　练案
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．He asked his son to stack(摞起) up pillows behind his back.
2．Our circumstances(情况) are so desperate that it is uncertain whether we will ever return alive.
3．The problem facing the manager is enormous(巨大的)．
4．Furthermore(再者), he has a great passion for Chinese culture.
5．After endless effort, he made notable(显著的) progress in his English study.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The cost of the repair was estimated(estimate) at $900.
2．When exposed(expose) to light, potatoes will turn green.
3．Can you work under pressure(press)
4．They set sail from China for Japan.
5．Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still waiting to be_discovered(discover)．
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．我永远也不会忘记我在海滩上玩耍的那一天。
I will never forget the day when_I_was_playing on the shore of the sea.
2．树底下坐着一位老太太，大约七八十岁。
Sitting_under_the_tree_was_an_old_lady aged about seventy or eighty.
3．据报道昨天日本又发生了地震。
It_is/was_reported_tha(共66张PPT)
Unit 4　Everyday economics
综合微评(五)
(时间：90分钟　分数：120分)
2门世2有
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