资源简介

针对性训练
　阅读理解——细节理解题(1)
Passage 1
(2024·江苏苏锡常镇二模)
Summer camps everywhere are filling up fast，but opportunities remain open for camps where fun and games come around farming．That is，your kids will learn how to tend to vegetables and livestock (家畜) and almost certainly taste the fruits of their labor．Here's a small sampling of what's out there．
Muscoot，New York
This farm，offers a half day Wangler Camp for kids (a livestock centred experience) and a two week long Young Farmers camp for kids in grades one through eight．Camps range from $150 for weeklong half day sessions to $350 for full day sessions．
Sprout Up，Colorado
An agriculture farm with a focus on education，Sprout Up offers skill building programs for teens throughout the year，but their summer camp for kids is all about fun．In addition to farm activities，the kids spend time at a local climbing gym．Three weeklong half day sessions are available for $200 each．
Humboldt，California
Located north of San Francisco，this sleepaway camp spreads out over several hundred acres in the coastal hills of Sonoma County．The lodging (住处) is tent style，with outdoor showers．A range of farm activities are available throughout the summer．
Alegre，Georgia
Your kids will clean and brush a horse，and learn to milk a goat at this camp．Three day sessions (mornings only) cost $125，and parents can attend with their children for an extra fee．
1．Which camp best suits kids who enjoy climbing
A．Muscoot．　　　 B．Sprout Up．
C．Humboldt． D．Alegre．
2．What can kids do in Alegre
A．Interact with animals．
B．Have sessions in the afternoon．
C．Sleep in tents at night．
D．Enjoy the scenery of coastal hills．
3．What do the four camps have in common
A．They provide full day camps．
B．They offer farm themed camps．
C．They are located in the same state．
D．They focus on health education．
Passage 2
(2024·河北秦皇岛二模)
When 19 year old Emily Bhatnagar from Maryland，the USA，found her father had stage four thyroid (甲状腺) cancer，her response was different from what you might expect．To honour her father，who she also described as her best friend，she decided to start a book drive called For Love and Buttercup，collecting books for kids with cancer．
“It was very much an overnight idea，” she explained．“I posted a message on an app called Nextdoor asking my neighbors to donate used books．I was only expecting a few here and there，but the response was truly incredible and it was just the push I needed to co exist with my grief (悲伤) rather than letting it consume me．”
“It was absolutely heartbreaking to watch my dad go through cancer and see him lose a little bit of himself each day，but the book drive allowed me to develop a new found sense of purpose intertwined (交织) with a greater sense of compassion to help others in any form．I wanted to help kids．They've always held a soft spot in my heart．”
Using tips she earned from working at her parents' bread shop，Emily bought many books out of her own pocket．In addition，she received donations through her Amazon wishlist，which can be found in the bio (简介) of the book drive's social media account．
Emily and her older brother spent a whole summer driving around town，loading boxes of books into their car．“It was such a privilege to know people had carried these books all their lives through generations，and they wanted to gift them to my cause．”
For Love and Buttercup has donated over 15，000 books to sick children and it is being recognised by The Washington Post，Forbes，The President's Volunteer Service Award and Born This Way Foundation．
4．What did Emily do knowing her father's disease
A．She turned to books for help．
B．She tried to help her father recover．
C．She decided to meet her father's desire．
D．She asked for used book donations online．
5．How did Emily feel about her neighbors' reaction
A．Inspired． B．Ashamed．
C．Disappointed． D．Puzzled．
6．What do we know about Emily from paragraph 4
A．She grew up in a rich family．
B．She helped in her parents' shop．
C．Nobody cared about her wishlist．
D．Her parents were not supportive．
7．What can we say about the book drive
A．Unfavorable． B．Money consuming．
C．Successful． D．Demanding．
Passage 3
(2024·浙江杭州二模)
Any schoolchild knows that a whale breathes through its blowhole．Fewer know that a blowhole is a nostril (鼻孔) slightly changed by evolution into a form more useful for a mammal that spends its life at sea．And only a dedicated expert would know that while toothed whales，such as sperm whales，have one hole，baleen (鲸须) whales，such as humpback and Rice whales，have two．
Even among the baleen whales，the placing of those nostrils differs．In some species they are close together．In others，they are much further apart．In a paper published in Biology Letters，Conor Ryan，a marine biologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science，suggests why that might be．Having two nostrils，he argues，helps whales smell in stereo (立体空间)．
Many types of baleen whales eat tiny animals known as zooplankton (浮游动物)，which they catch by filtering (过滤) them from sea water using the sheets of fibrous baleen．They have replaced teeth in their mouths．But to eat something you first have to find it．Toothed whales do not hunt by scent．In fact，the olfactory bulb—the part of the brain that processes smell—is absent in such creatures．But baleen whales still have olfactory bulbs，which suggests smell remains important．And scent can indeed give zooplankton away．Zooplankton like to eat other tiny creatures called phytoplankton (浮游植物)．When these are under attack，they release a special gas called dimethyl sulphide，which in turn attracts baleen whales．
Most animals have stereoscopic senses．Having two eyes，for instance，allows an animal to compare the images from each in order to perceive depth．Having two ears lets them locate the direction from which a sound is coming．Dr Ryan theorized that paired blowholes might bring baleen whales the same sorts of benefits．
The farther apart the sensory organs are，the more information can be extracted by the animal that bears them．The researchers used drones to photograph the nostrils of 143 whales belonging to 14 different species．Sure enough，baleen whales that often eat zooplankton，such as the North Atlantic right whale，have nostrils that are farther apart while toothed whales，such as humpback whales，that eat zooplankton occasionally，have one nostril．Besides allowing them to breathe，it seems that some whales use their blowholes to determine in which direction dinner lies．
8．What do we know about whales' nostrils according to the first two paragraphs
A．They are adapted ones．
B．They are developed merely for smell．
C．They are not easy to detect．
D．They are fixed universally in numbers．
9．What plays a role when baleen whales hunt zooplankton
A．The teeth that baleen whales have．
B．The smell that phytoplankton send．
C．The sound waves that zooplankton create．
D．The chemical signals that zooplankton give off．
10．How is the concept of stereoscopic senses explained in paragraph 4
A．By quoting a theory．
B．By using examples．
C．By making contrast．
D．By making inferences．
11．What is the position of nostrils related to according to the last paragraph
A．The sense of smell．
B．The possibility to attract food．
C．The ability to locate food．
D．The ability to communicate．
针对性训练1
Passage 1
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了与农业相关的夏令营活动。
1．B　[细节理解题。根据Sprout Up, Colorado下的“In addition to farm activities, the kids spend time at a local climbing gym．”可知，Sprout Up最适合喜欢攀岩的孩子。]
2．A　[细节理解题。根据Alegre, Georgia下的“Your kids will clean and brush a horse, and learn to milk a goat at this camp．”可知，在Alegre孩子们能与动物互动。]
3．B　[细节理解题。根据Muscoot, New York下的“This farm, offers a halfday Wangler Camp for kids (a livestockcentred experience) and a twoweek long Young Farmers camp for kids in grades one through eight．”，Sprout Up, Colorado下的“An agriculture farm with a focus on education, Sprout Up offers skillbuilding programs for teens throughout the year, but their summer camp for kids is all about fun．”，Humboldt, California下的“A range of farm activities are available throughout the summer．”以及Alegre, Georgia下的“Your kids will clean and brush a horse, and learn to milk a goat at this camp．”可知，这四个夏令营都提供农场主题的营地。]
Passage 2
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了来自美国马里兰州的19岁的 Emily Bhatnagar 发现她的父亲已经甲状腺癌四期时，决定发起图书捐赠活动，为癌症儿童募集书籍。
4．D　[细节理解题。根据第一段“．．．her response was different from what you might expect． To honour her father, who she also described as her best friend, she decided to start a book drive called For Love and Buttercup, collecting books for kids with cancer．”可知，发现父亲已经甲状腺癌四期时，Emily在网上发起了旧书捐赠活动。]
5．A　[推理判断题。根据第二段的“but the response was truly incredible and it was just the push I needed to coexist with my grief rather than letting it consume me”可推断，邻居们对Emily发起的旧书捐赠活动的反应让她受到了鼓舞。]
6．B　[细节理解题。根据第四段的“Using tips she earned from working at her parents' bread shop, Emily bought many books out of her own pocket．”可知，Emily在她父母开的面包店帮忙。故选B。]
7．C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段可推断，Emily 的图书捐赠活动获得了巨大的成功。]
Passage 3
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是关于须鲸的鼻孔的相关知识。
8．A　[细节理解题。根据第一段的“Fewer know that a blowhole is a nostril slightly changed by evolution into a form more useful for a mammal that spends its life at sea．”可知，根据前两段，鲸鱼的鼻孔是调整过的。]
9．B　[推理判断题。根据第三段的“When these are under attack, they release a special gas called dimethyl sulphide, which in turn attracts baleen whales．”可知，当须鲸捕食浮游动物时，浮游植物散发的气味起了作用。]
10．B　[推理判断题。根据第四段的“Having two eyes, for instance, allows an animal to compare the images from each in order to perceive depth． Having two ears lets them locate the direction from which a sound is coming．”可知，第四段通过举例解释立体感觉的概念。]
11．C　[细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Besides allowing them to breathe, it seems that some whales use their blowholes to determine in which direction dinner lies．”可知，鼻孔的位置与定位食物的能力有关。]
5/5　阅读理解——细节理解题(2)
Passage 1
(2024·湖南娄底二模)
Coastal Clean ups Program
General Introduction
Our program aims to develop an appreciation for our environment in our participants by including fun into environmental education．Our program places great emphasis on experiential learning，which offers our participants the opportunity to get close to nature，enjoy and value it while learning the issue of litter pollution，and the importance of individual ownership in ensuring environmental sustainability．Our program is well suited in supporting the objectives of Values in Action (VIA) programs for schools．Ever wondered how our beaches will look without the care of the cleaners So please explore yourself through the Coastal Clean ups Program and join us in taking care of our beaches．Gain insightful discovery on the consequences of ocean pollution，and its implications on our marine environment，wildlife，and even us humans．
Details
Location：
This program is subjected to weather and tidal (潮汐的) conditions．Please email us for the available dates and more information on the location．
Duration: 2 hours
Group Size: Maximum—60 participants
Equipment/Items Needed：
·All materials needed for the program will be provided by our program．
·Participants should bring their own personal water bottles and writing materials．
·Participants should wear comfortable outdoor clothes with covered shoes．
Price: $10 per person．
For more information，please consult via the official website of our program．
Important Notes：
·Available dates for this program are subjected to tidal conditions．
·The program cannot be conducted in the event of bad weather．
·There is no wet weather program．Please email us for further enquiries．
1．What do we know about Coastal Clean ups Program
A．It is specially designed for scholars．
B．It is interesting as well as instructive．
C．It is part of schools' VIA programs．
D．It contributes to participants' independence．
2．What can cause the cancellation of the program
A．Terrible weather．
B．A shortage of cleaning tools．
C．No comfortable outdoor shoes．
D．Limited number of participants．
3．Where is the text probably taken from
A．An advertisement．
B．A natural science magazine．
C．A research report．
D．A school tour website．
Passage 2
(2024·河北石家庄三模)
When she was 61，Sian Davies decided to row across the Atlantic Ocean．In March 2021，she was one of the 12 crew members who set out on the 3，000 mile journey from Tenerife to battle sun，salt and fierce currents．“We would row in three hour shifts and only sleep for an hour or so every six hours，” she says．“For the first 15 days，I was seasick，so I hardly ate anything．I was just rowing and collapsing．I went through some pretty dark times．”
But after 42 days on the water，Davies reached Antigua becoming one of the only six women in the world over the age of 60 to have rowed across an ocean．“I was exhausted and I was also so proud of myself，” she says．
Davies began rowing when she was 53，after spotting a six oar rowing boat in Bristol harbor．Attracted by its size and appearance，she spoke to the crew and was encouraged to do a trial run．“As soon as I got on the water，I fell in love with it，” she says．“Feeling your whole body working and the fresh air on your skin is amazing．”
It wasn't until 2017，though，that her Atlantic plans were born．Suffering from a herniated disc (椎间盘突出)，she was only able to crawl out of bed．“I began thinking of things I could look forward to after I had surgery，” she says．“One day I was reading about women adventurers when it hit me that once better，I would row across an ocean．”
After successful surgery，Davies began driving to meet other women who had undertaken rows．Hearing the experiences and advice of them gave Davies the confidence．Soon after，she heard that a new boat producer was organizing a team for a voyage across the Atlantic and she joined it immediately．
“In June，I'm planning to break a few world records by rowing around the UK when I'm 64，and I want to motorcycle through the Himalayas later in the year．After all，we need things to look back on，” she says．
4．What do we know about Davies' journey across the Atlantic
A．She fell apart and abandoned the task．
B．She suffered a lot during the process．
C．She was the oldest woman to finish it．
D．She rowed along with six other women．
5．How did Davies feel about her first attempt to row
A．Painful．　　　 B．Frightened．
C．Confident． D．Impressed．
6．What inspired Davies to row across an ocean
A．A trial row on a six oar rowing boat．
B．Support from a boat company．
C．Stories of some women adventurers．
D．Sufferings from her back pain．
7．Which of the following best describes Davies
A．Caring and open minded．
B．Humble and self motivated．
C．Determined and easy going．
D．Strong willed and ambitious．
Passage 3
(2024·湖南长郡中学三模)
Rogue waves(疯狗浪)，called “extreme storm waves” by scientists，are large，unexpected，and dangerous waves that are at least twice as high as the other waves around them，according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)．These abnormal waves，which happen every day and all over the world，are highly unpredictable and can destroy ships that meet with them．
Rogue waves appear to form when large rough waves pass through one another，combining to form huge walls of water，according to NOAA．However，why and where they appear is unclear．But using 700 years' worth of ocean data including historical records and data from buoys (浮标) in 158 locations around the world，researchers have now created a system for predicting these “huge beasts”．
“They are caused by a combination of many factors that，until now，have not been combined into a single risk assessment，” said lead author Dion H fner．H fner and his co workers mapped the factors that may lead to rogue waves and used AI to make a single model that could determine the likelihood that a rogue wave will form．
The team trained a neural network using historical wave data．This generated a system that learned the causes of rogue waves by itself and could work to predict them．But the AI's methods were hid in a black box．This means scientists couldn't know how the AI did its workings．So H fner's team applied another form of machine learning，which produced an equation (综合体) when fed data，rather than just a single prediction，helping the researchers to understand how the AI reached its predictions．
“Our analysis demonstrates that abnormal waves occur all the time．In fact，we registered 100，000 waves in our data set that can be defined as rogue waves，” H fner said．This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave，H fner added，and can better protect ships from being destroyed as they sail around the world．Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course．
8．How does the author introduce the topic
A．By using an example．
B．By giving a definition．
C．By drawing a comparison．
D．By making an assumption．
9．What can the system do according to paragraph 2
A．Monitor huge sea creatures．
B．Guide ships around in the sea．
C．Prevent rouge waves from occurring．
D．Forecast the hitting of rogue waves．
10．What is the disadvantage of the AI's methods
A．They aren't visible．
B．They depend on too many factors．
C．They make inaccurate predictions．
D．They don't process data systematically．
11．How does H fner find the system
A．It requires more field tests．
B．It has been widely used．
C．It needs further improvement．
D．It has a promising future．
针对性训练2
Passage 1
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了海岸清理活动的相关情况，包括活动的详细信息，涉及时间、参与人数、所需物品以及价格等。
1．B　[细节理解题。根据第一段第一句 “Our program aims to develop an appreciation for our environment in our participants by including fun into environmental education．”可知，该活动既有趣又富有教育意义。]
2．A　[细节理解题。根据Important Notes部分中“The program cannot be conducted in the event of bad weather．”可知，如果天气不好，这个项目就不能进行。]
3．A　[文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了海岸清理活动的相关情况，包括活动的详细信息，涉及时间、参与人数、所需物品以及价格等。故推断文章是一则广告。]
Passage 2
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Sian Davies在61岁时决定划船穿越大西洋的经历和她的感受。
4．B　[细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“‘We would row in threehour shifts and only sleep for an hour or so every six hours，’ she says． ‘For the first 15 days, I was seasick, so I hardly ate anything． I was just rowing and collapsing． I went through some pretty dark times．’”可知，Davies在穿越大西洋过程中遭受了很多苦难。]
5．D　[细节理解题。根据文章第三段的“‘As soon as I got on the water, I fell in love with it，’ she says． ‘Feeling your whole body working and the fresh air on your skin is amazing．’”可知，Davies对她的第一次尝试划船感到印象深刻。]
6．C　[细节理解题。根据文章第四段的“One day I was reading about women adventurers when it hit me that once better, I would row across an ocean．”可知，一些女性冒险家的故事激发了Davies划船穿越海洋的灵感。]
7．D　[推理判断题。根据第一段的“In March 2021, she was one of the 12 crew members who set out on the 3，000mile journey from Tenerife to battle sun, salt and fierce currents．”以及最后一段“I want to motorcycle through the Himalayas later in the year”可知，她是一个意志坚强和有雄心壮志的人。]
Passage 3
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。“疯狗浪”被科学家称为“极端风暴波”，是一种巨大的、意想不到的、危险的海浪。研究人员发明了一个系统，该系统可以有效显示“疯狗浪”的迹象，更好地保护在世界各地航行的船只免受破坏。
8．B　[推理判断题。根据文章第一段再结合下文中关于“疯狗浪”的介绍可知，作者主要通过对“疯狗浪”下定义来引入话题。故选B。]
9．D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“why and where they appear is unclear．．．researchers have now created a system for predicting these ‘huge beasts’”可知，疯狗浪出现的原因和地点尚不清楚，因此，研究人员创建了一个系统来预测这些“巨兽”。 ]
10．A　[细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“But the AI's methods were hid in a black box． This means scientists couldn't know how the AI did its workings．”可知，人工智能的方法被藏在一个黑箱里，这意味着科学家无法知道人工智能是如何工作的。]
11．D　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave, H fner added，．．．and can better protect ships from being destroyed as they sail around the world． Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course．”可知，H fner认为这个系统有着很好的发展前景。]
3/6第一讲　细节理解题
一、细节理解题的考查特点
1．考查方式
特殊疑问句形式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑问词开头引出问题。
2．考查角度
(1)高频考点：直接信息题、间接信息题；
(2)低频考点：数字计算题、正误判断题、事件排序题。
二、细节理解题的解题捷径
一般采用寻读法，解题分三步：
1．先读题干，抓住关键词；
2．带着问题快速阅读文章，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；
3．仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
三、细节理解题选项特征
1．正确选项特征
原词复现 选项中的某个单词或短语与原文完全一致
同义替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换
语言简化 把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达
2．干扰选项特征
扩缩范围 与文章细节部分吻合，部分相悖
无中生有 明显与文章内容不符或没有提及
偷梁换柱 符合常识，但不是文章内容
张冠李戴 是文章细节，但不符合题干要求或不是要点
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误
直接信息题——定位比对找答案
【典例】(2024·全国甲卷·阅读理解A篇)
Spineless Artists：Invertebrate Creativity
From webs to cocoons, invertebrates (无脊椎动物) create some of nature's most delicate and beautiful designs． Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance, inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft (手工艺) materials．
23．What can you do together with Javier Marin
A．Practice a traditional dance．
B．Make handcrafts．
C．Visit a local museum．
D．Feed invertebrates．
自主解答：________
解题分析：
Step 1　在题干中标注定位词(Javier Marin)；
Step 2　在原文中找出信息句(Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance, inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft materials．)；
Step 3　比对选项与信息句。根据信息句中“while making your own spineless artists out of craft materials”可知，人们可以和Javier Marin一起用手工艺材料制作自己的“无脊椎艺术家”。
【图解技巧】
间接信息题——同义转换定答案
【典例】(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper？And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”． The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset(心态)and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content．
．．．
Audio(音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies —say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person． However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces．
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print． However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words．
30．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A．They can hold students' attention．
B．They are more convenient to prepare．
C．They help develop advanced skills．
D．They are more informative than text．
自主解答：________
解题分析：
Step 1　读题干，锁定关键词，即“audio and video，increasingly”“university teachers”；
Step 2　扫读原文，锁定信息区间，即“Audio and video can feel more engaging than text，．．．assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person．”可知，因为音频和视频比文本更吸引人，所以大学老师越来越多地使用音频和视频。“hold students' attention”是“engaging”的同义替换。
【图解技巧】
综合信息题——概括归纳定答案
【典例】(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇)
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records． Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records． Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect．
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences． “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本)，and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable？”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns．
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差)data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru．
33．What does Daru's study focus on
A．Threatened species．
B．Physical specimens．
C．Observational data．
D．Mobile applications．
自主解答：________
解题分析：根据第二段末的“we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change”以及第四段的内容可知，Daru使用了观测数据去调查物种如何应对全球变化，而且他们尤其关注取样记录中产生数据偏差的方面，可见 Daru的研究重点是观测数据。
【图解技巧】
数字计算题——整合推算得答案
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解A篇)
Prices
—— Hand Brake，Three Gears Foot Brake，No Gears
1 hour 7.50 5.00
3 hours 11.00 7.50
1 day (24 hours) 14.75 9.75
Each additional day 8.00 6.00
22．How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
A．15.75． B．19.50．
C．22.75． D．29.50．
自主解答：________
解题分析：
Step 1　读题干查找关键词“a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days”；
Step 2　在Prices部分中标记“1 day(24 hours)，14.75”和“Each additional day，8.00”；
Step 3　用加法计算答案，即14.75＋8.00＝22.75。
【图解技巧】
Passage 1
(2024·广东深圳二模)
What is a GPA
A GPA, or Grade Point Average, typically ranging from one to four, is a number reflecting your course performance on average． It's used by universities to determine whether students meet academic standards and by students to enhance job prospects or secure admission into post graduate programs．
How to calculate a GPA
·Determine the letter grade and the number of credit hours for each course you take in a term；
·Translate the letter grade to grade points using your school's grading system；
·Multiply the grade points by the credit hours for that course；
·Add up all the credit hours for the courses；
·Divide the total number of grade points by the total credit hours and you get the GPA．
Example: Academic Transcript of Jane Smith Winter 2023
Courses Letter Grade Grade points Credit hours Total points GPA
Creative Writing A＋ 4.0 3 12 －
Psychology A－ 3.7 3 11.1 －
History B＋ 3.3 3 9.9 －
Computer Science F 0.0 2 0 －
Total － － 11 33
What are the consequences of failing college courses
·Every failing grade (F) significantly impacts your GPA for that academic year, limiting clubs, organizations and program choices, as competitive programs require top GPAs．
·Most financial aid programs require a specific GPA．A sharp drop in the GPA due to several course failures may lead to withdrawal from financial aid programs, unless you retake the courses and pass．
·For college athletes on sports scholarships, failing courses repeatedly can lead to losing scholarships and team spots．
·Failing multiple courses can result in school removal and affect future applications．
1．Where is this text probably taken from
A．An academic course guide．
B．A campus job fair poster．
C．A graduate application form．
D．An athletic team schedule．
2．What is Jane Smith's GPA this term
A．3.3． B．3.0．　　
C．2.8．　　 D．1.0．
3．What would be a result if you get one F in college
A．School removal．
B．Loss of financial aid．
C．Choice limitation．
D．Disqualification in sports．
Passage 2
(2024·山东聊城二模)
It wasn't until I got into college and took a class on creative writing that I began to trust my own madness． The professor encouraged us to color_outside_the_lines and trust our abilities as a writer． We had weekly sessions where we read each other's work and had to give constructive criticism．
On our first assignment, I struggled with getting my ideas onto paper． I knew what kind of story I wanted to tell, but as a reserved young man, I was terrified of judgement from my peers． I was afraid they would think my writing was too dark or really confusing． But finally, after spending hours thinking of making the writing more socially acceptable, I decided to write it like what I felt it should be．
In the next critique session, I was shocked at the reaction from my peers． There was some constructive criticism, which really helped me improve, but overall, they loved how realistic and convincing my writing was． At the end of the class, the professor asked me if she could use my assignment as a sample for her other classes to know that they can trust their own madness with their writing．
For the final we had a huge paper for which we had to write on Henry V． The professor encouraged me to write it in the voice I had developed in the creative writing class, so I did． The consequence was that she called it a graduate level paper and asked to use it as another sample．
That year I ended up winning a writing award． I also entered a writing contest online and out of hundreds of entries, got an honorable mention． And that was when I decided to have a shot at fiction．
4．What does the underlined phrase “color outside the lines” mean in the first paragraph
A．Stress the words．
B．Generate new ideas．
C．Add color to the lines．
D．Take risks．
5．What happened with the author's first assignment
A．He messed it up．
B．He didn't know how to do it．
C．He felt insecure about it．
D．He adjusted it in an acceptable way．
6．What can we know from paragraph 3
A．His peers thought his writing was persuasive．
B．His peers criticized his writing style．
C．The professor asked him to teach others to write．
D．His writing reached the graduate level．
7．What was the secret of the author's success in writing
A．His persistence in writing．
B．Trust in his own madness．
C．His professor's encouragement．
D．Constructive criticism from his peers．
第一讲　细节理解题
解题技巧须掌握
技巧一　23．B　技巧二　30．A　技巧三　33．C　技巧四　22．C
随堂演练促迁移
Passage 1
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了平均学分绩点(GPA)的概念、计算方式和大学课程不及格的后果。
1．A　[文章出处题。根据文章中的“What is a GPA？”“How to calculate a GPA？”“What are the consequences of failing college courses？”以及全文内容可知，这篇文章介绍了大学用来确定学生是否达到学术标准的评价准则——GPA，并介绍了GPA的计算方法及课程不及格的后果，应该选自学术课程指南。]
2．B　[细节理解题。根据“How to calculate a GPA？”下面的“Divide the total number of grade points by the total credit hours and you get the GPA．”并结合表格内容可知，Jane Smith的所有课程中，总分是33，总学时是11，33÷11＝3，所以她的GPA是3。]
3．C　[细节理解题。根据“What are the consequences of failing college courses？”下面的“Every failing grade (F) significantly impacts your GPA for that academic year, limiting clubs, organizations and program choices, as competitive programs require top GPAs．”可知，如果你在大学得了一个F的打分，你的选择将会受限制。故选C。]
Passage 2
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在大学创意写作课上的经历，以及这段经历如何帮助他在写作上取得成功。
4．B　[词义猜测题。根据画线部分上文“It wasn't until I got into college and took a class on creative writing that I began to trust my own madness．”以及第二段第一句“On our first assignment, I struggled with getting my ideas onto paper．”可知，这门课是关于创意写作课，要求学生产生新的具有创意的想法并进行写作；画线部分“color outside the lines”指的是“产生新的创意”。]
5．C　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“I knew what kind of story I wanted to tell, but as a reserved young man, I was terrified of judgement from my peers． I was afraid they would think my writing was too dark or really confusing．”可知，作者在完成第一个任务时，担心自己的作品会受到同龄人的批评和否定，对自己的作品缺乏信心。]
6．A　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“In the next critique session, I was shocked at the reaction from my peers． There was some constructive criticism, which really helped me improve, but overall, they loved how realistic and convincing my writing was．”可知，同学们的反馈是积极的，他们喜欢作者的写作风格，认为它是真实和令人信服的。由此推知，同学们认为作者的作品是有说服力的。]
7．B　[推理判断题。根据第一段第一句、第三段最后一句以及最后一段的内容可知，作者在创意写作课上，跳出思维定式，相信自己的疯狂想法，最终获得了成功。由此推知，作者写作成功的秘诀是相信自己的疯狂想法。]
12/15(共123张PPT)
第一部分 复习讲义
板块一 阅读
专题一 阅读四选一
高考阅读理解要求考生在规定的时间内完成4篇不同体裁、题材的文章。考生不仅要能正确理解文章的表层意思，还要能通过表层意思合理地推断出文章的隐含意义。近几年阅读理解的命题已从对传统知识掌握情况的考查转向对能力和思维品质的考查，为了帮助考生清楚地了解英语阅读理解题的情况，下面将具体分析近三年高考真题阅读理解题的命题特点。
洞悉考情明方向
（一）
研析真题悟考法
（二）
题型攻略学技法
（三）
洞悉考情明方向
年份 卷名 篇目 体裁 主题 命题考点
主题语境 文章话题 细节 理解 推理 判断 词句 猜测 主旨
大意
2024 新课标 Ⅰ卷 A 应用文 人与社会 生物栖息地修复工作队志愿者招募 8 5 1 1
B 记叙文 人与自然 美国兽医采用中西医结合的方式治疗动物
C 议论文 人与社会 对纸质阅读和数字阅读(可视化学习)的研究成果
D 说明文 人与社会 现代生物数据采样的科学性
年份 卷名 篇目 体裁 主题 命题考点
主题语境 文章话题 细节 理解 推理 判断 词句 猜测 主旨
大意
2024 新课标 Ⅱ卷 A 应用文 人与自然 卡洛秋季徒步健身活动 7 6 1 1
B 记叙文 人与社会 阅读亭项目
C 说明文 人与社会 巴比伦微型农场
D 书评 人与社会 一本以人工智能为主题的书籍
年份 卷名 篇目 体裁 主题 命题考点
主题语境 文章话题 细节 理解 推理 判断 词句 猜测 主旨
大意
2023 新课标Ⅰ卷 A 应用文 人与社会 自行车租赁&旅游项目介绍 6 7 1 1
B 记叙文 人与自然 一项环保发明创造
C 说明文 人与自我 数字极简生活方式
D 议论文 人与社会 “群体智慧”效应
年份 卷名 篇目 体裁 主题 命题考点
主题语境 文章话题 细节 理解 推理 判断 词句 猜测 主旨
大意
2023 新课标 Ⅱ卷 A 应用文 人与自然 黄石国家公园护林员项目介绍 7 6 1 1
B 新闻报道 人与社会 学校菜园项目
C 说明文 人与社会 《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》书籍介绍
D 说明文 人与自然 人类与大自然互动
年份 卷名 篇目 体裁 主题 命题考点
主题语境 文章话题 细节 理解 推理 判断 词句 猜测 主旨
大意
2022 新课标 Ⅰ卷 A 应用文 人与自我 课程评分规则 8 5 1 1
B 议论文 人与自然 减少食物浪费
C 新闻报道 人与社会 养老院养鸡项目
D 说明文 人与社会 语音的发展
年份 卷名 篇目 体裁 主题 命题考点
主题语境 文章话题 细节 理解 推理 判断 词句 猜测 主旨
大意
2022 新课标 Ⅱ卷 A 应用文 人与社会 儿童探索博物馆团体游 6 6 2 1
B 夹叙夹议文 人与社会 新兴科技的影响
C 说明文 人与社会 科学技术——Textalyzer
D 说明文 人与社会 锻炼有益于心脏
研析真题悟考法
[真题呈现](2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C篇)
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food．However，most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table．While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey，Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more．
BMF is an indoor garden system．It can be set up for a family．Additionally，it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital，restaurant or school．The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens．
Specifically，it's a farm that relies on new technology．By connecting through the Cloud，BMF is remotely monitored．Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time．Because the system is automated，it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants．Rather than watering rows of soil，the system provides just the right amount to each plant．After harvest，users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started．
Moreover，having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad．In addition，there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment．
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives．About half of them walk or bike to work．Inside the office，they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic．“We are passionate about reducing waste，carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee．
28．What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A．It guarantees the variety of food．
B．It requires day-to-day care．
C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance．
D．It relies on farmer's markets．
√
29．What information does the convenient app offer
A．Real-time weather changes．
B．Current condition of the plants．
C．Chemical pollutants in the soil．
D．Availability of pre-seeded pods．
√
30．What can be concluded about BMF employees
A．They have a great passion for sports．
B．They are devoted to community service．
C．They are fond of sharing daily experiences．
D．They have a strong environmental awareness．
√
31．What does the text mainly talk about
A．BMF's major strengths．　
B．BMF's general management．
C．BMF's global influence．
D．BMF's technical standards．
√
Step 1　速览全文，了解大意
本文介绍了一种室内农场系统——巴比伦微农场(BMF)。
Step 2　细审题干，定位原文
28．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey，Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more．”可知，C 选项中“cut… distance”是同义替换。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Also，there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time．”可知选择 B 项。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段的第一句“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives．”及“We are passionate about reducing waste，carbon and chemicals in our environment”可推知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识，故选 D 项。live out意为“实行，践行”。
31．主旨大意题。文章分别从可缩短运输路程、保证新鲜蔬菜供应、节水和可持续发展方面围绕巴比伦微农场的优势展开介绍。故选 A项。
Step 3　有的放矢，核对答案
通过题干中的关键词，在文中找到题目的信息区间，仔细对比，再次核对答案。
题型攻略学技法
第一讲 细节理解题
一、细节理解题的考查特点
1．考查方式
特殊疑问句形式：以when、where、what、which、who等疑问词开头引出问题。
2．考查角度
(1)高频考点：直接信息题、间接信息题；
(2)低频考点：数字计算题、正误判断题、事件排序题。
二、细节理解题的解题捷径
一般采用寻读法，解题分三步：
1．先读题干，抓住关键词；
2．带着问题快速阅读文章，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；
3．仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
三、细节理解题选项特征
1．正确选项特征
原词复现 选项中的某个单词或短语与原文完全一致
同义替换 对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换
语言简化 把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达
2．干扰选项特征
扩缩范围 与文章细节部分吻合，部分相悖
无中生有 明显与文章内容不符或没有提及
偷梁换柱 符合常识，但不是文章内容
张冠李戴 是文章细节，但不符合题干要求或不是要点
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误
【典例】(2024·全国甲卷·阅读理解A篇)
Spineless Artists：Invertebrate Creativity
From webs to cocoons，invertebrates (无脊椎动物) create some of nature's most delicate and beautiful designs．Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance，inspire fashion and create art，while making your own spineless artists out of craft (手工艺) materials．
直接信息题——定位比对找答案
23．What can you do together with Javier Marin
A．Practice a traditional dance．
B．Make handcrafts．
C．Visit a local museum．
D．Feed invertebrates．
√
解题分析：
Step 1　在题干中标注定位词(Javier Marin)；
Step 2　在原文中找出信息句(Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance，inspire fashion and create art，while making your own spineless artists out of craft materials．)；
Step 3　比对选项与信息句。根据信息句中“while making your own spineless artists out of craft materials”可知，人们可以和Javier Marin一起用手工艺材料制作自己的“无脊椎艺术家”。
【图解技巧】
【典例】(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper？And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”．The reasons relate to a variety of factors，including reduced concentration，an entertainment mindset(心态)and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content．
...
间接信息题——同义转换定答案
Audio(音频) and video can feel more engaging than text，and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies —say，assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person．However，psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories，they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces．
Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print．However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn't assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words．
30．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A．They can hold students' attention．
B．They are more convenient to prepare．
C．They help develop advanced skills．
D．They are more informative than text．
√
解题分析：
Step 1　读题干，锁定关键词，即“audio and video，increasingly”
“university teachers”；
Step 2　扫读原文，锁定信息区间，即“Audio and video can feel more engaging than text，...assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person．”可知，因为音频和视频比文本更吸引人，所以大学老师越来越多地使用音频和视频。“hold students' attention”是“engaging”的同义替换。
【图解技巧】
【典例】(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇)
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct，researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records．Today，most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos，videos，and other digital records．Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area，a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect．
综合信息题——概括归纳定答案
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru，who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences．“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本)，and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change，I wanted to know：Are they usable？”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants，insects，birds，and animals，Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns．
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差)data，like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru．
33．What does Daru's study focus on
A．Threatened species．
B．Physical specimens．
C．Observational data．
D．Mobile applications．
√
解题分析：根据第二段末的“we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change”以及第四段的内容可知，Daru使用了观测数据去调查物种如何应对全球变化，而且他们尤其关注取样记录中产生数据偏差的方面，可见 Daru的研究重点是观测数据。
【图解技巧】
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解A篇)
Prices
数字计算题——整合推算得答案
—— Hand Brake，Three Gears Foot Brake，No Gears
1 hour ? 7.50 ? 5.00
3 hours ? 11.00 ? 7.50
1 day (24 hours) ? 14.75 ? 9.75
Each additional day ? 8.00 ? 6.00
22．How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
A．?15.75． B．?19.50．
C．?22.75． D．?29.50．
√
解题分析：
Step 1　读题干查找关键词“a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days”；
Step 2　在Prices部分中标记“1 day(24 hours)，?14.75”和“Each additional day，?8.00”；
Step 3　用加法计算答案，即?14.75＋?8.00＝?22.75。
【图解技巧】
Passage 1
(2024·广东深圳二模)
What is a GPA
A GPA，or Grade Point Average，typically ranging from one to four，is a number reflecting your course performance on average．It's used by universities to determine whether students meet academic standards and by students to enhance job prospects or secure admission into post-graduate programs．
随堂演练促迁移
How to calculate a GPA
·Determine the letter grade and the number of credit hours for each course you take in a term；
·Translate the letter grade to grade points using your school's grading system；
·Multiply the grade points by the credit hours for that course；
·Add up all the credit hours for the courses；
·Divide the total number of grade points by the total credit hours and you get the GPA．
Example：Academic Transcript of Jane Smith Winter 2023
Courses Letter Grade Grade points Credit hours Total points GPA
Creative Writing A＋ 4.0 3 12 －
Psychology A－ 3.7 3 11.1 －
History B＋ 3.3 3 9.9 －
Computer Science F 0.0 2 0 －
Total － － 11 33
What are the consequences of failing college courses
·Every failing grade (F) significantly impacts your GPA for that academic year，limiting clubs，organizations and program choices，as competitive programs require top GPAs．
·Most financial aid programs require a specific GPA．A sharp drop in the GPA due to several course failures may lead to withdrawal from financial aid programs，unless you retake the courses and pass．
·For college athletes on sports scholarships，failing courses repeatedly can lead to losing scholarships and team spots．
·Failing multiple courses can result in school removal and affect future applications．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了平均学分绩点(GPA)的概念、计算方式和大学课程不及格的后果。
1．Where is this text probably taken from
A．An academic course guide． B．A campus job fair poster．
C．A graduate application form． D．An athletic team schedule．
√
A　[文章出处题。根据文章中的“What is a GPA？”“How to calculate a GPA？”“What are the consequences of failing college courses？”以及全文内容可知，这篇文章介绍了大学用来确定学生是否达到学术标准的评价准则——GPA，并介绍了GPA的计算方法及课程不及格的后果，应该选自学术课程指南。]
2．What is Jane Smith's GPA this term
A．3.3．　　B．3.0．　　C．2.8．　　D．1.0．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据“How to calculate a GPA？”下面的“Divide the total number of grade points by the total credit hours and you get the GPA．”并结合表格内容可知，Jane Smith的所有课程中，总分是33，总学时是11，33÷11＝3，所以她的GPA是3。]
3．What would be a result if you get one F in college
A．School removal． B．Loss of financial aid．
C．Choice limitation． D．Disqualification in sports．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据“What are the consequences of failing college courses？”下面的“Every failing grade (F) significantly impacts your GPA for that academic year，limiting clubs，organizations and program choices，as competitive programs require top GPAs．”可知，如果你在大学得了一个F的打分，你的选择将会受限制。故选C。]
Passage 2
(2024·山东聊城二模)
It wasn't until I got into college and took a class on creative writing that I began to trust my own madness．The professor encouraged us to color outside the lines and trust our abilities as a writer．We had weekly sessions where we read each other's work and had to give constructive criticism．
On our first assignment，I struggled with getting my ideas onto paper．I knew what kind of story I wanted to tell，but as a reserved young man，I was terrified of judgement from my peers．I was afraid they would think my writing was too dark or really confusing．But finally，after spending hours thinking of making the writing more socially acceptable，I decided to write it like what I felt it should be．
In the next critique session，I was shocked at the reaction from my peers．There was some constructive criticism，which really helped me improve，but overall，they loved how realistic and convincing my writing was．At the end of the class，the professor asked me if she could use my assignment as a sample for her other classes to know that they can trust their own madness with their writing．
For the final we had a huge paper for which we had to write on Henry V．The professor encouraged me to write it in the voice I had developed in the creative writing class，so I did．The consequence was that she called it a graduate level paper and asked to use it as another sample．
That year I ended up winning a writing award．I also entered a writing contest online and out of hundreds of entries，got an honorable mention．And that was when I decided to have a shot at fiction．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在大学创意写作课上的经历，以及这段经历如何帮助他在写作上取得成功。
4．What does the underlined phrase “color outside the lines” mean in the first paragraph
A．Stress the words．
B．Generate new ideas．
C．Add color to the lines．
D．Take risks．
√
B　[词义猜测题。根据画线部分上文“It wasn't until I got into college and took a class on creative writing that I began to trust my own madness．”以及第二段第一句“On our first assignment，I struggled with getting my ideas onto paper．”可知，这门课是关于创意写作课，要求学生产生新的具有创意的想法并进行写作；画线部分“color outside the lines”指的是“产生新的创意”。]
5．What happened with the author's first assignment
A．He messed it up．
B．He didn't know how to do it．
C．He felt insecure about it．
D．He adjusted it in an acceptable way．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“I knew what kind of story I wanted to tell，but as a reserved young man，I was terrified of judgement from my peers．I was afraid they would think my writing was too dark or really confusing．”可知，作者在完成第一个任务时，担心自己的作品会受到同龄人的批评和否定，对自己的作品缺乏信心。]
6．What can we know from paragraph 3
A．His peers thought his writing was persuasive．
B．His peers criticized his writing style．
C．The professor asked him to teach others to write．
D．His writing reached the graduate level．
√
A　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“In the next critique session，I was shocked at the reaction from my peers．There was some constructive criticism，which really helped me improve，but overall，they loved how realistic and convincing my writing was．”可知，同学们的反馈是积极的，他们喜欢作者的写作风格，认为它是真实和令人信服的。由此推知，同学们认为作者的作品是有说服力的。]
7．What was the secret of the author's success in writing
A．His persistence in writing．
B．Trust in his own madness．
C．His professor's encouragement．
D．Constructive criticism from his peers．
√
B　[推理判断题。根据第一段第一句、第三段最后一句以及最后一段的内容可知，作者在创意写作课上，跳出思维定式，相信自己的疯狂想法，最终获得了成功。由此推知，作者写作成功的秘诀是相信自己的疯狂想法。]
Passage 1
(2024·江苏苏锡常镇二模)
Summer camps everywhere are filling up fast，but opportunities remain open for camps where fun and games come around farming．That is，your kids will learn how to tend to vegetables and livestock (家畜) and almost certainly taste the fruits of their labor．Here's a small sampling of what's out there．
针对性训练1　阅读理解——细节理解题(1)
Muscoot，New York
This farm，offers a half-day Wangler Camp for kids (a livestock-centred experience) and a two-week long Young Farmers camp for kids in grades one through eight．Camps range from $150 for weeklong half-day sessions to $350 for full-day sessions．
Sprout Up，Colorado
An agriculture farm with a focus on education，Sprout Up offers skill-building programs for teens throughout the year，but their summer camp for kids is all about fun．In addition to farm activities，the kids spend time at a local climbing gym．Three weeklong half-day sessions are available for $200 each．
Humboldt，California
Located north of San Francisco，this sleepaway camp spreads out over several hundred acres in the coastal hills of Sonoma County．The lodging (住处) is tent-style，with outdoor showers．A range of farm activities are available throughout the summer．
Alegre，Georgia
Your kids will clean and brush a horse，and learn to milk a goat at this camp．Three-day sessions (mornings only) cost $125，and parents can attend with their children for an extra fee．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了与农业相关的夏令营活动。
1．Which camp best suits kids who enjoy climbing
A．Muscoot． B．Sprout Up．
C．Humboldt． D．Alegre．
B　[细节理解题。根据Sprout Up，Colorado下的“In addition to farm activities，the kids spend time at a local climbing gym．”可知，Sprout Up最适合喜欢攀岩的孩子。]
√
2．What can kids do in Alegre
A．Interact with animals．
B．Have sessions in the afternoon．
C．Sleep in tents at night．
D．Enjoy the scenery of coastal hills．
A　[细节理解题。根据Alegre，Georgia下的“Your kids will clean and brush a horse，and learn to milk a goat at this camp．”可知，在Alegre孩子们能与动物互动。]
√
3．What do the four camps have in common
A．They provide full-day camps．
B．They offer farm-themed camps．
C．They are located in the same state．
D．They focus on health education．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据Muscoot，New York下的“This farm，offers a half-day Wangler Camp for kids (a livestock-centred experience) and a two-week long Young Farmers camp for kids in grades one through eight．”，Sprout Up，Colorado下的“An agriculture farm with a focus on education，Sprout Up offers skill-building programs for teens throughout the year，but their summer camp for kids is all about fun．”，Humboldt，California下的“A range of farm activities are available throughout the summer．”以及Alegre，Georgia下的“Your kids will clean and brush a horse，and learn to milk a goat at this camp．”可知，这四个夏令营都提供农场主题的营地。]
Passage 2
(2024·河北秦皇岛二模)
When 19-year-old Emily Bhatnagar from Maryland，the USA，found her father had stage four thyroid (甲状腺) cancer，her response was different from what you might expect．To honour her father，who she also described as her best friend，she decided to start a book drive called For Love and Buttercup，collecting books for kids with cancer．
“It was very much an overnight idea，” she explained．“I posted a message on an app called Nextdoor asking my neighbors to donate used books．I was only expecting a few here and there，but the response was truly incredible and it was just the push I needed to co-exist with my grief (悲伤) rather than letting it consume me．”
“It was absolutely heartbreaking to watch my dad go through cancer and see him lose a little bit of himself each day，but the book drive allowed me to develop a new-found sense of purpose intertwined (交织) with a greater sense of compassion to help others in any form．I wanted to help kids．They've always held a soft spot in my heart．”
Using tips she earned from working at her parents' bread shop，Emily bought many books out of her own pocket．In addition，she received donations through her Amazon wishlist，which can be found in the bio (简介) of the book drive's social media account．
Emily and her older brother spent a whole summer driving around town，loading boxes of books into their car．“It was such a privilege to know people had carried these books all their lives through generations，and they wanted to gift them to my cause．”
For Love and Buttercup has donated over 15，000 books to sick children and it is being recognised by The Washington Post，Forbes，The President's Volunteer Service Award and Born This Way Foundation．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了来自美国马里兰州的19岁的 Emily Bhatnagar 发现她的父亲已经甲状腺癌四期时，决定发起图书捐赠活动，为癌症儿童募集书籍。
4．What did Emily do knowing her father's disease
A．She turned to books for help．
B．She tried to help her father recover．
C．She decided to meet her father's desire．
D．She asked for used book donations online．
√
D　[细节理解题。根据第一段“...her response was different from what you might expect．To honour her father，who she also described as her best friend，she decided to start a book drive called For Love and Buttercup，collecting books for kids with cancer．”可知，发现父亲已经甲状腺癌四期时，Emily在网上发起了旧书捐赠活动。]
5．How did Emily feel about her neighbors' reaction
A．Inspired． B．Ashamed．
C．Disappointed． D．Puzzled．
A　[推理判断题。根据第二段的“but the response was truly incredible and it was just the push I needed to co-exist with my grief rather than letting it consume me”可推断，邻居们对Emily发起的旧书捐赠活动的反应让她受到了鼓舞。]
√
6．What do we know about Emily from paragraph 4
A．She grew up in a rich family．
B．She helped in her parents' shop．
C．Nobody cared about her wishlist．
D．Her parents were not supportive．
B　[细节理解题。根据第四段的“Using tips she earned from working at her parents' bread shop，Emily bought many books out of her own pocket．”可知，Emily在她父母开的面包店帮忙。故选B。]
√
7．What can we say about the book drive
A．Unfavorable． B．Money-consuming．
C．Successful． D．Demanding．
√
C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段可推断，Emily 的图书捐赠活动获得了巨大的成功。]
Passage 3
(2024·浙江杭州二模)
Any schoolchild knows that a whale breathes through its blowhole．Fewer know that a blowhole is a nostril (鼻孔) slightly changed by evolution into a form more useful for a mammal that spends its life at sea．And only a dedicated expert would know that while toothed whales，such as sperm whales，have one hole，baleen (鲸须) whales，such as humpback and Rice whales，have two．
Even among the baleen whales，the placing of those nostrils differs．In some species they are close together．In others，they are much further apart．In a paper published in Biology Letters，Conor Ryan，a marine biologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science，suggests why that might be．Having two nostrils，he argues，helps whales smell in stereo (立体空间)．
Many types of baleen whales eat tiny animals known as zooplankton (浮游动物)，which they catch by filtering (过滤) them from sea water using the sheets of fibrous baleen．They have replaced teeth in their mouths．But to eat something you first have to find it．Toothed whales do not hunt by scent．In fact，the olfactory bulb—the part of the brain that processes smell—is absent in such creatures．But baleen whales still have olfactory bulbs，which suggests smell remains important．And scent can indeed give zooplankton away．Zooplankton like to eat other tiny creatures called phytoplankton (浮游植物)．When these are under attack，they release a special gas called dimethyl sulphide，which in turn attracts baleen whales．
Most animals have stereoscopic senses．Having two eyes，for instance，allows an animal to compare the images from each in order to perceive depth．Having two ears lets them locate the direction from which a sound is coming．Dr Ryan theorized that paired blowholes might bring baleen whales the same sorts of benefits．
The farther apart the sensory organs are，the more information can be extracted by the animal that bears them．The researchers used drones to photograph the nostrils of 143 whales belonging to 14 different species．Sure enough，baleen whales that often eat zooplankton，such as the North Atlantic right whale，have nostrils that are farther apart while toothed whales，such as humpback whales，that eat zooplankton occasionally，have one nostril．Besides allowing them to breathe，it seems that some whales use their blowholes to determine in which direction dinner lies．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是关于须鲸的鼻孔的相关知识。
8．What do we know about whales' nostrils according to the first two paragraphs
A．They are adapted ones．
B．They are developed merely for smell．
C．They are not easy to detect．
D．They are fixed universally in numbers．
√
A　[细节理解题。根据第一段的“Fewer know that a blowhole is a nostril slightly changed by evolution into a form more useful for a mammal that spends its life at sea．”可知，根据前两段，鲸鱼的鼻孔是调整过的。]
9．What plays a role when baleen whales hunt zooplankton
A．The teeth that baleen whales have．
B．The smell that phytoplankton send．
C．The sound waves that zooplankton create．
D．The chemical signals that zooplankton give off．
√
B　[推理判断题。根据第三段的“When these are under attack，they release a special gas called dimethyl sulphide，which in turn attracts baleen whales．”可知，当须鲸捕食浮游动物时，浮游植物散发的气味起了作用。]
10．How is the concept of stereoscopic senses explained in paragraph 4
A．By quoting a theory． B．By using examples．
C．By making contrast． D．By making inferences．
√
B　[推理判断题。根据第四段的“Having two eyes，for instance，allows an animal to compare the images from each in order to perceive depth．Having two ears lets them locate the direction from which a sound is coming．”可知，第四段通过举例解释立体感觉的概念。]
11．What is the position of nostrils related to according to the last paragraph
A．The sense of smell． B．The possibility to attract food．
C．The ability to locate food． D．The ability to communicate．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Besides allowing them to breathe，it seems that some whales use their blowholes to determine in which direction dinner lies．”可知，鼻孔的位置与定位食物的能力有关。]
Passage 1
(2024·湖南娄底二模)
Coastal Clean-ups Program
General Introduction
Our program aims to develop an appreciation for our environment in our participants by including fun into environmental education．Our program places great emphasis on experiential learning，which offers
针对性训练2　阅读理解——细节理解题(2)
our participants the opportunity to get close to nature，enjoy and value it while learning the issue of litter pollution，and the importance of individual ownership in ensuring environmental sustainability．Our program is well-suited in supporting the objectives of Values-in-Action (VIA) programs for schools．Ever wondered how our beaches will look without the care of the cleaners So please explore yourself through the Coastal Clean-ups Program and join us in taking care of our beaches．Gain insightful discovery on the consequences of ocean pollution，and its implications on our marine environment，wildlife，and even us humans．
Details
Location：
This program is subjected to weather and tidal (潮汐的) conditions．Please email us for the available dates and more information on the location．
Duration：2 hours
Group Size：Maximum—60 participants
Equipment/Items Needed：
·All materials needed for the program will be provided by our program．
·Participants should bring their own personal water bottles and writing materials．
·Participants should wear comfortable outdoor clothes with covered shoes．
Price：$10 per person．
For more information，please consult via the official website of our program．
Important Notes：
·Available dates for this program are subjected to tidal conditions．
·The program cannot be conducted in the event of bad weather．
·There is no wet-weather program．Please email us for further enquiries．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了海岸清理活动的相关情况，包括活动的详细信息，涉及时间、参与人数、所需物品以及价格等。
1．What do we know about Coastal Clean-ups Program
A．It is specially designed for scholars．
B．It is interesting as well as instructive．
C．It is part of schools' VIA programs．
D．It contributes to participants' independence．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据第一段第一句 “Our program aims to develop an appreciation for our environment in our participants by including fun into environmental education．”可知，该活动既有趣又富有教育意义。]
2．What can cause the cancellation of the program
A．Terrible weather．
B．A shortage of cleaning tools．
C．No comfortable outdoor shoes．
D．Limited number of participants．
√
A　[细节理解题。根据Important Notes部分中“The program cannot be conducted in the event of bad weather．”可知，如果天气不好，这个项目就不能进行。]
√
A　[文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了海岸清理活动的相关情况，包括活动的详细信息，涉及时间、参与人数、所需物品以及价格等。故推断文章是一则广告。]
3．Where is the text probably taken from
A．An advertisement． B．A natural science magazine．
C．A research report． D．A school-tour website．
Passage 2
(2024·河北石家庄三模)
When she was 61，Sian Davies decided to row across the Atlantic Ocean．In March 2021，she was one of the 12 crew members who set out on the 3，000-mile journey from Tenerife to battle sun，salt and fierce currents．“We would row in three-hour shifts and only sleep for an hour or so every six hours，” she says．“For the first 15 days，I was seasick，so I hardly ate anything．I was just rowing and collapsing．I went through some pretty dark times．”
But after 42 days on the water，Davies reached Antigua becoming one of the only six women in the world over the age of 60 to have rowed across an ocean．“I was exhausted and I was also so proud of myself，” she says．
Davies began rowing when she was 53，after spotting a six-oar rowing boat in Bristol harbor．Attracted by its size and appearance，she spoke to the crew and was encouraged to do a trial run．“As soon as I got on the water，I fell in love with it，” she says．“Feeling your whole body working and the fresh air on your skin is amazing．”
It wasn't until 2017，though，that her Atlantic plans were born．Suffering from a herniated disc (椎间盘突出)，she was only able to crawl out of bed．“I began thinking of things I could look forward to after I had surgery，” she says．“One day I was reading about women adventurers when it hit me that once better，I would row across an ocean．”
After successful surgery，Davies began driving to meet other women who had undertaken rows．Hearing the experiences and advice of them gave Davies the confidence．Soon after，she heard that a new boat producer was organizing a team for a voyage across the Atlantic and she joined it immediately．
“In June，I'm planning to break a few world records by rowing around the UK when I'm 64，and I want to motorcycle through the Himalayas later in the year．After all，we need things to look back on，” she says．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Sian Davies在61岁时决定划船穿越大西洋的经历和她的感受。
4．What do we know about Davies' journey across the Atlantic
A．She fell apart and abandoned the task．
B．She suffered a lot during the process．
C．She was the oldest woman to finish it．
D．She rowed along with six other women．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“‘We would row in three-hour shifts and only sleep for an hour or so every six hours，’ she says．‘For the first 15 days，I was seasick，so I hardly ate anything．I was just rowing and collapsing．I went through some pretty dark times．’”可知，Davies在穿越大西洋过程中遭受了很多苦难。]
5．How did Davies feel about her first attempt to row
A．Painful． B．Frightened．
C．Confident． D．Impressed．
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D　[细节理解题。根据文章第三段的“‘As soon as I got on the water，I fell in love with it，’ she says．‘Feeling your whole body working and the fresh air on your skin is amazing．’”可知，Davies对她的第一次尝试划船感到印象深刻。]
√
C　[细节理解题。根据文章第四段的“One day I was reading about women adventurers when it hit me that once better，I would row across an ocean．”可知，一些女性冒险家的故事激发了Davies划船穿越海洋的灵感。]
6．What inspired Davies to row across an ocean
A．A trial row on a six-oar rowing boat．
B．Support from a boat company．
C．Stories of some women adventurers．
D．Sufferings from her back pain．
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D　[推理判断题。根据第一段的“In March 2021，she was one of the 12 crew members who set out on the 3，000-mile journey from Tenerife to battle sun，salt and fierce currents．”以及最后一段“I want to motorcycle through the Himalayas later in the year”可知，她是一个意志坚强和有雄心壮志的人。]
7．Which of the following best describes Davies
A．Caring and open-minded． B．Humble and self-motivated．
C．Determined and easy-going． D．Strong-willed and ambitious．
Passage 3
(2024·湖南长郡中学三模)
Rogue waves(疯狗浪)，called “extreme storm waves” by scientists，are large，unexpected，and dangerous waves that are at least twice as high as the other waves around them，according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)．These abnormal waves，which happen every day and all over the world，are highly unpredictable and can destroy ships that meet with them．
Rogue waves appear to form when large rough waves pass through one another，combining to form huge walls of water，according to NOAA．However，why and where they appear is unclear．But using 700 years' worth of ocean data including historical records and data from buoys (浮标) in 158 locations around the world，researchers have now created a system for predicting these “huge beasts”．
“They are caused by a combination of many factors that，until now，have not been combined into a single risk assessment，” said lead author Dion H fner．H fner and his co-workers mapped the factors that may lead to rogue waves and used AI to make a single model that could determine the likelihood that a rogue wave will form．
The team trained a neural network using historical wave data．This generated a system that learned the causes of rogue waves by itself and could work to predict them．But the AI's methods were hid in a black box．This means scientists couldn't know how the AI did its workings．So H fner's team applied another form of machine learning，which produced an equation (综合体) when fed data，rather than just a single prediction，helping the researchers to understand how the AI reached its predictions．
“Our analysis demonstrates that abnormal waves occur all the time．In fact，we registered 100，000 waves in our data set that can be defined as rogue waves，” H fner said．This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave，H fner added，and can better protect ships from being destroyed as they sail around the world．Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。“疯狗浪”被科学家称为“极端风暴波”，是一种巨大的、意想不到的、危险的海浪。研究人员发明了一个系统，该系统可以有效显示“疯狗浪”的迹象，更好地保护在世界各地航行的船只免受破坏。
8．How does the author introduce the topic
A．By using an example．
B．By giving a definition．
C．By drawing a comparison．
D．By making an assumption．
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B　[推理判断题。根据文章第一段再结合下文中关于“疯狗浪”的介绍可知，作者主要通过对“疯狗浪”下定义来引入话题。故选B。]
9．What can the system do according to paragraph 2
A．Monitor huge sea creatures．
B．Guide ships around in the sea．
C．Prevent rouge waves from occurring．
D．Forecast the hitting of rogue waves．
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D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“why and where they appear is unclear...researchers have now created a system for predicting these ‘huge beasts’”可知，疯狗浪出现的原因和地点尚不清楚，因此，研究人员创建了一个系统来预测这些“巨兽”。 ]
10．What is the disadvantage of the AI's methods
A．They aren't visible．
B．They depend on too many factors．
C．They make inaccurate predictions．
D．They don't process data systematically．
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A　[细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“But the AI's methods were hid in a black box．This means scientists couldn't know how the AI did its workings．”可知，人工智能的方法被藏在一个黑箱里，这意味着科学家无法知道人工智能是如何工作的。]
11．How does H fner find the system
A．It requires more field tests． B．It has been widely used．
C．It needs further improvement． D．It has a promising future．
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D　[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave，H fner added，...and can better protect ships from being destroyed as they sail around the world．Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course．”可知，H fner认为这个系统有着很好的发展前景。]
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