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新课程标准明确指出四选一阅读主要考查考生理解书面语篇的能力，其中包括对语篇内容、语篇结构的理解和把握，也包括对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价。近几年，阅读理解的C、D篇因话题新、词汇量大、长难句多等方面对考生的语言综合运用能力和高阶思维能力提出了较大挑战。那么如何最大限度地减少失分困扰呢，考生应该从以下方面着手。
把握文体特征，明确阅读策略
一、文体特征
1．语篇类型
阅读理解C、D篇主要包括科普知识类、动植物特性类、自然现象类、新产品/新工艺介绍类、风土人情类等文章。
2．语言特点
(1)文中专业术语较多，抽象程度高，解题难度大，容易拉开考生分数档次。
(2)文中解释性、定义性、说明性句子较多，长难句较多。
3．结构特点
基本上遵循“首段引入话题，其他部分采用并列式段落或递进式段落对其进行说明”的规律。
(1)总分式：“总—分”和“分—总”结构，以及完整的“总—分—总”结构。
(2)递进式： 事理说明文通常由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，一层一层地剖析事理。
(3)并列式：各部分内容没有主次轻重之分。
(4)对照式：通过两个事物的比较说明其异同。
二、阅读策略
1．抓首尾段
首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申、强调主题。
2．梳理文章结构
(1)整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；
(2)现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施；
(3)研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you．
To do so，I divided the book into two parts．In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy．
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter．This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days．At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value．
In the final chapter of part one，I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter．In doing so，I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter．You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them，and what traps they encountered that you should avoid．
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养)a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle． In these chapters，I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use．Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices，which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter．You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances．
解题导引：
Step 1　抓首尾段
本文首段说明了文章的主题：介绍了一本书的目的，提出了数字极简主义。
Step 2　梳理文章结构
第一段(书的目的) 介绍了一本书，引出数字极简主义的话题
第二段(书的第一部分) 介绍了数字极简主义的理念
第三段(书的第一部分) 介绍数字极简主义的策略
第四段(书的第一部分最后章节) 通过一些具体的例子来帮助你实现数字极简主义
第五段(书的第二部分) 培养可持续数字极简主义的一些方法
Step 3　文章大意
本文是一篇说明文。文章向读者介绍了一本书，该书解释了何为数字极简主义并提供了实现数字极简主义生活方式的方法。
Step 4　问题解决
28．What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills．
B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle．
C．Solving philosophical problems．
D．Promoting the use of a digital device．
B　[细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。]
29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up． B．Add-on．
C．Check-in． D．Take-over．
A　[词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days．”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。]
30．What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models．
B．Statistical methods．
C．Practical examples．
D．Historical analyses．
C　[推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In the final chapter of part one．．．an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter．”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了关于数字极简主义的实际例子。]
31．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed．
B．Recommend them to friends．
C．Evaluate their effects．
D．Identify the ideas behind them．
A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段末句可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的方法。]
突破疑难词汇，跨越阅读障碍
一、利用熟词生义解题
命题者会在试题中考查熟悉的单词但其含义却是考生较为陌生的。通常有两种情况：
生义是熟义的引申 考生根据单词的熟义和语境很容易就能推测出生义
生义与熟义相差甚大 需要考生结合语境仔细推敲来确定单词的含义
【典例】(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”．The reasons relate to a variety of factors，including reduced concentration，an entertainment mindset(心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content．
When reading texts of several hundred words or more，learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen．A large amount of research confirms this finding．The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text．
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties．With paper，there is a literal laying on of hands，along with the visual geography of distinct pages．People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page．
But equally important is the mental aspect．Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”．According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print．
Audio(音频) and video can feel more engaging than text，and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies —say，assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person．However，psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories，they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces．
Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print．However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn't assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words．
【分析】文章中的熟词生义
熟义 生义
cover v．覆盖 v．
print v．印刷 n．
pose vt．(为照相、画像等)摆好姿势 vt．
property n．所有物，财产 n．
geography n．地理 n．
say v．说 v．
piece n．块，张，片 n．
二、利用构词法解题
英语中常见的构词法有三类
派生法 由词缀(前缀和后缀)和词根相结合构成单词的方法
转化法 把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法
合成法 由两个或两个以上的单词组成一个新单词的方法
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇)
On March 7，1907，the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect．The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases，the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate．
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren't always the same．Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate．When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate．If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won't cancel each other out．In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent．If for whatever reasons，people's errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down．
．．．
32．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation．
B．The underlying logic of the effect．
C．The causes of people's errors．
D．The design of Galton's experiment．
【分析】利用构词法可以理解选段中的障碍词
1．派生法
①statistic n．统计数字＋-ian→statistician n．
②estimate v．估计＋-ion→estimation n．
③capital n．大写字母，金钱＋-ize→capitalize v．
④前缀cor-，表“共同”＋relate v．把……联系起来→correlate v．
⑤前缀in-，表否定意义＋depend v．依靠，依赖＋形容词后缀-ent→independent adj．
⑥accurate adj．准确的，精确的＋名词后缀-cy→accuracy n．
2．转化法
①average adj．平均的；正常的，一般的→v．
②estimate vt．估计，估算→n．
3．合成法
①over-＋estimate→overestimate v．& n．
②under-＋estimate→underestimate v．&n．
③under-＋lie＋-ing→underlying adj．
厘清句子结构，突破解题关键
1　定谓语，明主干
我们可以根据谓语动词来确定其主语。如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇)
The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals．
【分析】
Step 1　定谓语：本句主干部分谓语动词为 。
Step 2　明主干：The key finding of the study was．．．
Step 3　析成分：that引导的表语从句由一个主从复合句构成，其中when引导的时间状语从句中又包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词smaller groups，主句the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals中的those指代the averages。
Step 4　试翻译：
2　寻主干，去枝叶
一般句子的主要信息都是通过主干来表达的，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。如果提炼不出句子的主干来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value．
【分析】
Step 1　寻主干：
。
Step 2　去枝叶：去掉 that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things 和you value这两个定语从句和时间状语 。
Step 3　试翻译：
微专题一
攻略二
一、涉及，处理　印刷品，出版物　提出　性质，特性　布局　比方说　文章，报道
二、1．①统计学家　②估算　③把……首字母大写，给……提供资金　④(使)相互关联　⑤独立的，自主的　⑥准确性，精确度　2．①平均为；算出……的平均数　②估计，预测　3．①高估　②低估　③潜在的，根本的
攻略三
妙招1　was　这项研究的重要发现是，当大的群体被进一步分成更小的群体并允许讨论时，这些群体(估算)的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
妙招2　you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities　At the end of the thirty days　在这三十天结束时，你可以恢复少量精心挑选的，你认为将对你所珍视的东西大有裨益的线上活动。
8/8(共97张PPT)
第一部分 复习讲义
板块一 阅读
微专题一　
突破阅读C、D篇，告别失分困扰
专题一 阅读四选一
新课程标准明确指出四选一阅读主要考查考生理解书面语篇的能力，其中包括对语篇内容、语篇结构的理解和把握，也包括对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价。近几年，阅读理解的C、D篇因话题新、词汇量大、长难句多等方面对考生的语言综合运用能力和高阶思维能力提出了较大挑战。那么如何最大限度地减少失分困扰呢，考生应该从以下方面着手。
把握文体特征，明确阅读策略
一、文体特征
1．语篇类型
阅读理解C、D篇主要包括科普知识类、动植物特性类、自然现象类、新产品/新工艺介绍类、风土人情类等文章。
2．语言特点
(1)文中专业术语较多，抽象程度高，解题难度大，容易拉开考生分数档次。
(2)文中解释性、定义性、说明性句子较多，长难句较多。
攻略一
3．结构特点
基本上遵循“首段引入话题，其他部分采用并列式段落或递进式段落对其进行说明”的规律。
(1)总分式：“总—分”和“分—总”结构，以及完整的“总—分—总”结构。
(2)递进式： 事理说明文通常由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，一层一层地剖析事理。
(3)并列式：各部分内容没有主次轻重之分。
(4)对照式：通过两个事物的比较说明其异同。
二、阅读策略
1．抓首尾段
首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申、强调主题。
2．梳理文章结构
(1)整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；
(2)现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施；
(3)研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you．
To do so，I divided the book into two parts．In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy．
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter．This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days．At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value．
In the final chapter of part one，I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter．In doing so，I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter．You'll hear these participants'stories and learn what strategies worked well for them，and what traps they encountered that you should avoid．
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养)a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle．In these chapters，I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use．Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices，which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter．You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances．
解题导引：
Step 1　抓首尾段
本文首段说明了文章的主题：介绍了一本书的目的，提出了数字极简主义。
Step 2　梳理文章结构
第一段(书的目的) 介绍了一本书，引出数字极简主义的话题
第二段(书的第一部分) 介绍了数字极简主义的理念
第三段(书的第一部分) 介绍数字极简主义的策略
第四段(书的第一部分最后章节) 通过一些具体的例子来帮助你实现数字极简主义
第五段(书的第二部分) 培养可持续数字极简主义的一些方法
Step 3　文章大意
本文是一篇说明文。文章向读者介绍了一本书，该书解释了何为数字极简主义并提供了实现数字极简主义生活方式的方法。
Step 4　问题解决
28．What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills．
B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle．
C．Solving philosophical problems．
D．Promoting the use of a digital device．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。]
29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up． B．Add-on．
C．Check-in． D．Take-over．
√
A　[词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days．”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。]
30．What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models． B．Statistical methods．
C．Practical examples． D．Historical analyses．
√
C　[推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In the final chapter of part one...an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter．”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了关于数字极简主义的实际例子。]
31．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed．
B．Recommend them to friends．
C．Evaluate their effects．
D．Identify the ideas behind them．
√
A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段末句可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的方法。]
突破疑难词汇，跨越阅读障碍
一、利用熟词生义解题
命题者会在试题中考查熟悉的单词但其含义却是考生较为陌生的。通常有两种情况：
攻略二
生义是熟义的引申 考生根据单词的熟义和语境很容易就能推测出生义
生义与熟义相差甚大 需要考生结合语境仔细推敲来确定单词的含义
【典例】(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”．The reasons relate to a variety of factors，including reduced concentration，an entertainment mindset(心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content．
When reading texts of several hundred words or more，learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen．A large amount of research confirms this finding．The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text．
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties．With paper，there is a literal laying on of hands，along with the visual geography of distinct pages．People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page．
But equally important is the mental aspect．Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”．According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print．
Audio(音频) and video can feel more engaging than text，and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies —say，assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person．However，psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories，they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces．
Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print．However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn't assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words．
【分析】文章中的熟词生义
熟义 生义
cover v．覆盖 v．__________
print v．印刷 n．______________
pose vt．(为照相、画像等)摆好姿势 vt．____
property n．所有物，财产 n．__________
geography n．地理 n．____
say v．说 v．______
piece n．块，张，片 n．__________
涉及，处理
印刷品，出版物
提出
性质，特性
布局
比方说
文章，报道
二、利用构词法解题
英语中常见的构词法有三类
派生法 由词缀(前缀和后缀)和词根相结合构成单词的方法
转化法 把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法
合成法 由两个或两个以上的单词组成一个新单词的方法
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇)
On March 7，1907，the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect．The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases，the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate．
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren't always the same．Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate．When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate．If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won't cancel each other out．In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent．If for whatever reasons，people's errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down．
...
32．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation．
B．The underlying logic of the effect．
C．The causes of people's errors．
D．The design of Galton's experiment．
【分析】利用构词法可以理解选段中的障碍词
1．派生法
①statistic n．统计数字＋-ian→statistician n．________
②estimate v．估计＋-ion→estimation n．____
③capital n．大写字母，金钱＋-ize→capitalize
v．________________________________
④前缀cor-，表“共同”＋relate v．把……联系起来→correlate v．______________
统计学家
估算
把……首字母大写，给……提供资金
(使)相互关联
⑤前缀in-，表否定意义＋depend v．依靠，依赖＋形容词后缀-ent→independent adj．______________
⑥accurate adj．准确的，精确的＋名词后缀-cy→accuracy n．______________
独立的，自主的
准确性，精确度
2．转化法
①average adj．平均的；正常的，一般的
→v．________________________
②estimate vt．估计，估算→n．__________
3．合成法
①over-＋estimate→overestimate v．& n．____
②under-＋estimate→underestimate v．&n．____
③under-＋lie＋-ing→underlying adj．______________
平均为；算出……的平均数
估计，预测
高估
低估
潜在的，根本的
厘清句子结构，突破解题关键
妙招1　定谓语，明主干
我们可以根据谓语动词来确定其主语。如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。
攻略三
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇)
The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals．
【分析】
Step 1　定谓语：本句主干部分谓语动词为______。
Step 2　明主干：The key finding of the study was...
Step 3　析成分：that引导的表语从句由一个主从复合句构成，其中when引导的时间状语从句中又包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词smaller groups，主句the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals中的those指代the averages。
was
Step 4　试翻译：___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
这项研究的重要发现是，当大的群体被进一步分成更小的群体并允许讨论时，这些群体(估算)的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。

妙招2　寻主干，去枝叶
一般句子的主要信息都是通过主干来表达的，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。如果提炼不出句子的主干来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value．
【分析】
Step 1　寻主干：___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________。
Step 2　去枝叶：去掉 that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things 和you value这两个定语从句和时间状语________________________________________________________。
Step 3　试翻译：___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
you will then add back a small number of carefully
chosen online activities
At the end of the thirty days
在这三十天结束时，你可以恢复少量精心挑选的，你认为将对你所珍视的东西大有裨益的线上活动。
针对性训练12　突破阅读C、D篇(1)
Passage 1
An estimated 55 million people worldwide live with dementia (痴呆)，a number that's expected to rise．To find treatments that can slow or prevent the disease，scientists need to better understand the factors relating to dementia．Researchers at Tufts University have recently completed a new study in this field and announced a groundbreaking finding．
“Many studies have involved dietary or nutritional factors in cognitive (认知的) performance or function in older adults，including many studies of vitamin D．But all of them are based on either dietary intakes or blood measures of vitamin D，” said lead author Kyla Shea．“We wanted to investigate if vitamin D is even present in the brain，and if it is，how those concentrations are linked to cognitive decline．”
In the new study，researchers examined samples of brain tissue from 290 participants in the Rush Memory and Aging Project．They looked for vitamin D in several regions of the brain，among which two are associated with changes linked to Alzheimer's disease and one is associated with forms of dementia linked to blood flow．
The researchers revealed vitamin D was present in brain tissue．They also noticed high levels of vitamin D in the four regions of the brain contributed to better cognitive health．“This research reinforces the importance of studying how nutritional substances help protect the aging brain against diseases such as Alzheimer's disease，” said corresponding author Sarah Booth．
However，the levels of vitamin D in the brain didn't associate with any of the physiological (生理的) markers related to Alzheimer's disease in the brain studied，including amyloid plaques，a kind of protein，the buildup of which represents a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease．“Dementia is complicated．Although vitamin D levels positively correlate to cognitive decline，the underlying workings of this vitamin in the brain haven't been well characterized，” Shea says．
Vitamin D is also known to vary between racial and ethnic populations，and most of the participants in the Rush group belong to a particular kind．The researchers are planning follow-up studies to avoid this limitation to further look at brain changes associated with cognitive decline．They hope their work can contribute to better medical interventions soon．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。一项新研究发现大脑中维生素D的含量与认知功能相关，但维生素D的具体作用机制尚不清楚，研究者将跟进研究。
1．What can be inferred about the new study
A．It has a solid theoretical foundation．
B．It offers a novel angle of brain research．
C．It focuses on the effect of nutritional diets．
D．It confirms the findings of previous studies．
√
B　[推理判断题。根据第二段可知，先前的许多研究都是基于饮食摄入的或血液里的维生素D含量来研究老年人的认知表现，而新研究另辟蹊径从“大脑中是否含有维生素D及其含量与认知能力的关系”这一角度着手研究，故该研究为大脑研究提供了一个新的视角。]
2．What does the underlined word “reinforces” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Contradicts．　　　　 B．Challenges．
C．Strengthens． D．Assumes．
√
C　[词义猜测题。根据画线词的上一句可知，新研究揭示了大脑中的维生素D含量与认知水平呈正相关，故该研究“强化了”研究营养素如何帮助保护老化的大脑免受阿尔茨海默病等疾病侵害的重要性。]
3．What remains a mystery to the researchers
A．The role of amyloid plaques in cognitive decline．
B．The specific impact of vitamin D on brain function．
C．The identification of physiological markers of dementia．
D．The link between vitamin D levels and cognitive decline．
√
B　[细节理解题。第五段第一句说明了，研究人员没有发现大脑中维生素D水平与阿尔茨海默病相关的生理标志的关联，再根据该段最后一句可知，维生素D在大脑中的作用机制仍是一个谜。]
4．How will the researchers probably further improve their study
A．By including a diverse range of samples．
B．By extending the time period of their study．
C．By testing their findings with medical institutes．
D．By seeking inspiration from other similar studies．
√
A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Vitamin D is also...this limitation to further look at brain changes associated with cognitive decline．”可知，研究人员下一步将进行更广泛样本的跟进研究。]
Passage 2
If Iron Man ever wants to update his suit，he's gotten an option—thanks to a new material created by a team of researchers using a DNA structure and glass．
Lightweight and fairly strong materials are always sought after by scientists for their ability to reduce production costs and withstand the stresses of mechanical (机械的) use．Unfortunately，these two characteristics often seem at odds with each other—stronger materials tend to be heavier and lighter ones less durable．
What worsens the situation is that the mass production of materials can introduce imperfections into materials with a complex chemical structure．Glass is a perfect example．Glass earns a reputation for breaking so easily; this is due to imperfections，such as missing atoms when people produce large pieces of glass．In its purest form，one cubic centimeter (1 cm3) of glass could bear 10 tons of pressure．
Learning this lesson，the researchers decided to make the glass they needed less than one micrometer thick since glass is nearly perfect in this size．They then constructed a 3D framework(框架) to shape the pure glass by using DNA．Almost like Magna-Tiles (a construction toy system)，pieces of DNA of specific lengths and chemistry interconnect with each other．The researchers next coated the DNA structure in a thin layer of pure glass，which was only about a few hundred atoms thick．To keep the material extremely lightweight，they chose not to fill the inner spaces．
However，at this scale，testing the DNA-structured glass through conventional methods is almost out of the question．The researchers instead turned to a technique called nanoindentation．Essentially，a small probe (探针) applied pressure to the DNA-glass material while a microscope allowed the researchers to measure its behavior．It was revealed that the new material is four times higher in strength than steel but five times lighter．
“The ability to create 3D-framework nanomaterials using DNA opens enormous opportunities for mechanical engineering．But much research work is still needed before we can employ it as a technology，” said Oleg Gang，from Columbia University．“Even if the nanostructures won't match the scale of Iron Man，the team's concept represents a new pathway to future materials for devices that prioritize strength．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。研究人员利用DNA结构和玻璃创造了一种新材料。这种材料的强度是钢的四倍，而重量只有钢的五分之一。
5．Which of the following is a challenge to materials scientists
A．Increasing the service life of heavy materials．
B．Balancing lightness and strength in one material．
C．Improving the cost-effectiveness of heavy materials．
D．Maximizing the flexibility of stress-resistant materials．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据第二段可知，材料科学家们致力于寻求轻巧且强度大的材料，然而，同一材料的这两种特性往往相互矛盾：坚固的材料往往更重，而较轻的材料则不那么结实耐用。]
6．Why did the team create the required glass at the microscale
A．To enhance the stability of the DNA structure．
B．To provide convenience for the coating process．
C．To achieve a higher level of purity in glass-making．
D．To avoid glass's negative impact on the DNA frame．
√
C　[推理判断题。第三段中的“Glass earns...In its purest form，one cubic centimeter ...bear 10 tons of pressure．”以及第四段中的“Learning this lesson，the researchers decided...less than one micrometer thick...perfect in this size...which was only about a few hundred atoms thick．”可知，研究人员为了使玻璃发挥其最大的抗压能力，他们要在微尺度上创造出所需的玻璃。故选C。]
7．For what purpose did the researchers adopt nanoindentation in their study
A．Measuring the weight of the DNA-structured glass．
B．Observing the changes of DNA under extreme stress．
C．Assessing the new material's pressure-bearing property．
D．Analyzing the chemical composition of the new material．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据第五段可知，在微米级的规模下，通过传统方法测试 DNA 结构的玻璃材料几乎是不可能的，研究人员转而采用纳米压痕技术，来评估新材料的承压性能。]
8．What's Oleg Gang's attitude towards the research team's innovation
A．Doubtful． B．Positive．
C．Unclear． D．Dismissive．
√
B　[态度观点题。根据最后一段中“The ability...mechanical engineering．”及“Even if ...the team's concept represents a new pathway to future materials for devices that prioritize strength．”可知， Oleg Gang 对该团队的创新持积极肯定的态度。]
Passage 3
If a word is said or looked at steadily for some little time，it will be found to take on a curiously strange and foreign aspect．This is a phenomenon called semantic satiation that affects our understanding of words when they are mentioned too often．
The term was created by psychologist Leon James．He conducted several experiments to explore how the concept affects our thinking and found that it is a kind of tiredness called reactive inhibition (反应性抑制)．When a brain cell fires，it takes more energy to fire afterwards，and finally it won't even respond unless you wait a few seconds．
For example，“Black Friday (a shopping day)” is no longer as appealing as it once was．We've repeated “Black Friday” so much that it is now as indistinct as the packages of common Wal-Mart string cheese that you go past hurriedly on your way to argue over a half-price vegetable steamer at 3 a.m．Hence，marketers are reconsidering their sales strategies．
One experiment he conducted sought to explore whether semantic satiation could be used to lessen stuttering(口吃)．He had an assistant call a stuttering participant and they talked on the phone for one minute，creating a situation that increased anxiety as there were no alternative means of communication for the participant other than speaking．Ten minutes later，the assistant called again．And the cycle was repeated 10 times throughout the day．The goal was to induce (诱发) semantic satiation in the stuttering participant related to the emotion of the stress-inducing phone call．And he says it worked．
Any word can be the victim of semantic satiation，but the amount of time before words lose meaning can vary，with words that can draw out strong emotions taking longer due to the brain cycling through other associations with the words．One study showed that when presented with a tone，the sleeping cat immediately woke up．But as they played the tone again and again，the cat took time to wake up each time，until it kept on sleeping．But when the tone was varied slightly，the cat woke up immediately．Therefore，when teachers assign word memorization exercises to students，it is wise to avoid repetitive memorization or the words will become meaningless to students．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“语义饱和”这一语言现象及其影响。
9．Which of the following can best explain “semantic satiation”？
A．It's a kind of serious language learning disability．
B．It's a reflection of the subjective nature of language．
C．It's a practice of rearranging letters to form new words．
D．It's an occurrence arising from the repetition of words．
√
D　[细节理解题。根据第一段的“If a word is said or looked at steadily ...a curiously strange and foreign aspect．”可知，semantic satiation 指的是单词在持续被说或看一段时间后所出现的状况。]
10．How does semantic satiation affect “Black Friday” according to the text
A．People lose their craze for “Black Friday”．
B．People start buying Wal-Mart string cheese．
C．People merely show interest in goods on sale．
D．People make the best of some shopping strategies．
√
A　[推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，由于过度使用“黑色星期五”，这一购物狂欢节没有以前那么有吸引力，人们对其热情也逐渐消退。]
11．What's the result of the experiment involving a stuttering participant
A．The participant's stuttering improved．
B．The participant's stuttering was cured．
C．The participant became more stressed．
D．The participant failed to communicate．
√
A　[细节理解题。根据第四段中的“One experiment he conducted sought to ...be used to lessen stuttering．”以及“And he says it worked．”可知，参与者的口吃症状得以改善。]
12．What's the implication of the cat experiment for teachers
A．Delivering classes in a clear tone．
B．Employing variations in word exercises．
C．Highlighting the importance of the word meaning．
D．Encouraging students to get up early in the morning．
√
B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，作者指出单词失去意义之前的时间可能会有所不同，由于大脑在与单词的其他关联中循环，可以引起强烈情绪的单词失去意义前持续的时间更长。作者通过变换语气唤醒猫的例子，说明为了避开语义饱和现象的发生，教师在布置单词记忆练习时，应注重采用各种不同形式，避免重复。]
针对性训练13　突破阅读C、D篇(2)
Passage 1
Lorian Schweikert，a biologist at the University of North Carolina，was fishing in the Florida Keys when she caught a hogfish—a type of fish that's known for its ability to change colors．Schweikert dropped it on the boat deck and continued fishing．When she later went to get the fish back，she was shocked to find that it had changed color to perfectly match the white deck—complete with little black circles that looked like the floor．
In 2018，Schweikert found that hogfish carry a gene for a light-sensitive protein called opsin (视蛋白) that is activated in their skin，and that this gene is different from the opsin genes found in their eyes．Other color-changing animals have been found to have light-sensing opsins in their skin，too．But exactly how “skin vision” works remains a mystery．
In a new study，Schweikert and biologist Sonke Johnsen teamed up to take a closer look at hogfish's skin．They took pieces of skin from different parts of the fish's body and took pictures of the skin under a microscope．Up close，a hogfish's skin looks like a special painting．Each dot of color is a specialized cell called a chromatophore (色素体) containing granules of pigment (色素颗粒) that can be red，yellow or black．They found that the light-sensitive protein was concentrated in a specific area right below the chromatophores．
It's the movement of these pigment granules that changes the skin color．Their findings suggest that the fish's light-sensitive opsins act somewhat like internal Polaroid film (柯达即时成像胶片)，catching changes in the light that can pass through the pigment-filled cells above as the pigment granules gather or spread．“The animals can literally take a photo of their own skin from the inside，” said Schweikert．“In a way，opsins can tell the animal what its skin looks like．”
Lauren Sumner-Rooney，a researcher who wasn't involved in the study，said，“This is the first time we've seen a strong body of evidence for exactly how this works in fish — skin light sensing has been a rather mysterious ability for a long time．The hogfish seems like a great model to explore further questions．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了hogfish如何通过体内的感光视蛋白来检测皮肤表面的光线变化，从而改变身体颜色以达到与周围环境相匹配的机制。
1．What did Schweikert find shocking about the hogfish
A．It pretended to be dead．
B．It changed its shape rapidly．
C．It displayed attractive skin color．
D．It was integrated with the surroundings．
√
D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“she was shocked to find ...perfectly match the white deck—complete with little black circles that looked like the floor．”可知，施威克特惊讶地发现这条鱼的体色完美地与甲板颜色相匹配，与周围环境融为了一体。]
2．What does the new study aim to figure out
A．What the function of the opsin genes is．
B．Why color-changing animals can sense the surroundings．
C．How opsins in hogfish's skin help them change colors．
D．Which opsins in hogfish's skin differ from those in their eyes．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据第二段和第三段的内容可知，新的研究是为了弄清楚hogfish皮肤中的视蛋白是如何帮助它们改变体色的。]
3．Why does the author mention the Polaroid film in paragraph 4
A．To highlight the spread of the granules of pigment．
B．To explain the role of the light-sensitive opsins．
C．To introduce a new discovery about fish's vision．
D．To stress the importance of pigment granules'movement．
√
B　[推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Their findings suggest that fish's light-sensitive opsins act somewhat like internal Polaroid film ...or spread．”可知，作者将光敏感视蛋白的作用比作柯达即时成像胶片，说明视蛋白能够“捕捉”从色素细胞过滤过来的光线变化，其工作方式类似于相机胶片。因此，作者提到柯达即时成像胶片是为了解释视蛋白的作用。]
4．What is Lauren Sumner-Rooney's attitude towards the study findings
A．Appreciative． B．Cautious．
C．Objective． D．Dismissive．
A　[态度观点题。根据最后一段内容可知，Lauren Sumner-Rooney认为该发现解决了长期以来困扰人们的一个难题：即皮肤感光的能力的工作机制，并认为这一发现可用来探索更多的问题，因此，Lauren对该研究结果持“赞赏的”态度。]
√
Passage 2
Humans are arguably the most adaptable species on Earth．The species'enormous capacity to adapt and live in different environments owes much to cumulative (累积的) culture between individuals and generations．“That is part of what makes us humans，and it's what has enabled us to settle and live all over the globe，” says theoretical biologist Erol Ak ay．
Researchers from the School of Arts & Sciences have uncovered a source of inherent tension (内在的紧张) between individuals and the groups they live in．Ak ay and evolutionary biologist Marco Smolla used a model to investigate the coevolution of social networks and cumulative culture．Specifically，they explored the relative benefits of specialist cultures versus generalist cultures (专家文化与通才文化) for individuals and groups．
“We were interested in complicated characteristics that a person would need to be exposed to multiple times in order to learn，for example，strategies for seeking or ways of tool-making，” says researcher Smolla．
“We found that groups can benefit most when everyone is highly connected in the culture where everyone becomes very skilled at the same handful of characteristics，so social learning is more effective，and more culture accumulates in the specialist cultures．It is because there are no wasted learning opportunities，” Ak ay says．
“Cumulative culture becomes public good because to maintain it，groups have to have this connected network structure，but maintaining that network is individually costly．So there's a clash between individual-level benefits and what's best for the group，” Alopy says．The model showed that once groups are highly connected，there is an individual motivation for making fewer connections because it allows individuals to focus more and learn more effectively．However，while individuals benefit from being innovative，too much innovation is disadvantageous for the group．This mismatch between individual and group benefits eventually leads to the fall of specialist cultures，which results in people cycling between generalist and specialist cultures．
“Our results provide a novel assumption for the evolution of rituals (惯例) and social norms that function to maintain social networks，” Smolla says．“Such rituals can strengthen connectivity and cultural unity，which might be very much in the group's favor．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于社交网络和累积文化共同进化的研究。该研究表明：对个人有利的东西并不总是对群体有利。
5．What is the mentioned factor making humans the distinctive species on Earth
A．The power of handling social conflict．
B．The ability to build close social networks．
C．The capacity to accumulate cultural knowledge．
D．The competence in adapting to diverse environments．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The species'enormous capacity to adapt ...part of what makes us humans”可知，积累文化知识的能力是使我们成为人类的一部分，也是使我们能够在全球各地定居和生活的原因。]
6．Which of the following can benefit groups most according to Ak ay
A．Individuals'constant innovation．
B．Relatively few social connections．
C．Highly connected specialist cultures．
D．Absolute individual identity in generalist cultures．
√
C　[推理判断题。根据第四段Ak ay所说的内容可知，当每个人都高度联系在一起时，每个人都非常精通相同的文化特征，社会学习则更有效。掌握相同的文化特征属于专家文化的领域，由此可推知，当每个人都有高度联系的专家文化时，团队受益最大。]
7．What does the underlined word “clash” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Conflict． B．Bond．
C．Similarity． D．Exception．
√
A　[词义猜测题。根据画线单词前的句子可知，累积文化能使群体成员获益，为了保持和传承它，群体必须维持紧密的社交网络，但这对个体来说是有代价的。下文则进一步说明了个人与群体之间这种利益的“冲突”。故画线词与conflict的意思相同。]
8．What does Smolla think of rituals and social norms
A．They focus on facilitating the growth of individuals．
B．They may offer groups a competitive advantage．
C．They may go against the mainstream culture．
D．They aim to contribute to cultural diversity．
√
B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Such rituals can strengthen connectivity ...much in the group's favor．”可知，Smolla认为惯例和社会规范可以促进联系和文化融合，这可能会使该群体更具竞争优势。]
Passage 3
Ever since 1911，when scientist Michael Cressé Potter noticed that brewer's yeast (啤酒酵母) could generate electricity，scientists have been trying to use the power of tiny microbial (微生物的) fuel cells．But the efficiency of the tiny “bioreactors” has been too low for practical use．Besides，it turns out that most microbes (微生物) can be surprisingly picky in what substances they digest to create electricity．
Now，a team of researchers from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne has engineered one of the most common species of bacteria，Escherichia coli (E．coli)，to generate electricity from brewery wastewater．“Though there are microbes that naturally produce electricity，they can only do so in the presence of specific chemicals，” explains engineer Ardemis Boghossian．“E．coli，which can grow on a wide range of sources，doesn't have such restrictions．”
While engineering E．coli，researchers changed its DNA to include instructions for protein complexes found in Shewanella oneidensis (S．oneidensis)，one of the best-known bacterial electricity generators．By integrating all components of S．oneidensis'electricity-generating pathway into E．coli，researchers increased E．coli's ability to generate electricity．
Then the team tested their E．coli system on a sample of wastewater collected from a local brewery．“Our bioengineered electric bacteria were able to grow quickly by feeding off this waste，” says Boghossian，“whereas S．oneidensis，used for comparison，wasn't able to digest the wastewater．This makes the engineered E．coli far more suitable for treating industrial wastewater，even if its electricity-generating potential is still less than S．oneidensis'．”
E．coli's appetite for different substances means the engineered bacteria could possibly also be adapted to other waste streams．In any case，the researchers will need to examine whether their E．coli can handle large amounts of industrial waste．If so，it could bring about some considerable energy savings．“Instead of putting energy into the system to process organic waste，we are producing electricity while processing organic waste at the same time，” says Boghossian．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学研究发现被改造的大肠杆菌可以在处理废水的同时进行发电。
9．What does the author want to express in paragraph 1
A．The necessity of developing tiny bioreactors．
B．The historical background of improving microbes．
C．The potential applications of tiny microbial fuel cells．
D．The limitations of using microbes as electricity generators．
√
D　[细节理解题。通读第一段可知，自发现可以用微生物发电以来，科学家们一直试图利用这种能源，但是微生物发电的效率太低，无法实际应用，此外微生物在消化什么物质以产生电能方面出奇地挑剔。故本段旨在告诉读者用微生物发电有很大的局限性。]
10．What's the advantage of E．coli over other microbes
A．It can produce electricity naturally．
B．It can adapt to diverse environments．
C．It hardly reacts with other chemicals．
D．It is efficient in generating electricity．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据第二段“‘Though there are...in the presence of specific chemicals，'...‘E．coli ...doesn't have such restrictions．'”可知，与别的微生物相比，大肠杆菌可以适应不同的环境。]
11．What's Boghossian's attitude to E．coli's waste processing performance in the study
A．Unclear． B．Satisfied．
C．Concerned． D．Disappointed．
√
B　[态度观点题。根据第四段和最后一段Boghossian 说的话可知，被改造的大肠杆菌能够以这些废物为食，并快速繁殖，故这些被改造的大肠杆菌的表现令其觉得“满意”。]
12．What will researchers most probably focus on in the future
A．Finding ways to make E．coli widely available．
B．Exploring alternative methods for processing organic waste．
C．Testing E．coli's ability to process huge industrial waste volumes．
D．Investigating the impact of industrial wastewater on E．coli's growth．
√
C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段“In any case，the researchers will need to examine whether their E．coli can handle large amounts of industrial waste．”可推知，研究人员接下来最可能的研究方向是检测被改造的大肠杆菌处理大量工业废水的能力。]
THANK YOU　突破阅读C、D篇(1)
Passage 1
An estimated 55 million people worldwide live with dementia (痴呆)，a number that's expected to rise．To find treatments that can slow or prevent the disease，scientists need to better understand the factors relating to dementia．Researchers at Tufts University have recently completed a new study in this field and announced a groundbreaking finding．
“Many studies have involved dietary or nutritional factors in cognitive (认知的) performance or function in older adults，including many studies of vitamin D．But all of them are based on either dietary intakes or blood measures of vitamin D，” said lead author Kyla Shea．“We wanted to investigate if vitamin D is even present in the brain，and if it is，how those concentrations are linked to cognitive decline．”
In the new study，researchers examined samples of brain tissue from 290 participants in the Rush Memory and Aging Project．They looked for vitamin D in several regions of the brain，among which two are associated with changes linked to Alzheimer's disease and one is associated with forms of dementia linked to blood flow．
The researchers revealed vitamin D was present in brain tissue．They also noticed high levels of vitamin D in the four regions of the brain contributed to better cognitive health．“This research reinforces the importance of studying how nutritional substances help protect the aging brain against diseases such as Alzheimer's disease，” said corresponding author Sarah Booth．
However，the levels of vitamin D in the brain didn't associate with any of the physiological (生理的) markers related to Alzheimer's disease in the brain studied，including amyloid plaques，a kind of protein，the buildup of which represents a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease．“Dementia is complicated．Although vitamin D levels positively correlate to cognitive decline，the underlying workings of this vitamin in the brain haven't been well characterized，” Shea says．
Vitamin D is also known to vary between racial and ethnic populations，and most of the participants in the Rush group belong to a particular kind．The researchers are planning follow up studies to avoid this limitation to further look at brain changes associated with cognitive decline．They hope their work can contribute to better medical interventions soon．
1．What can be inferred about the new study
A．It has a solid theoretical foundation．
B．It offers a novel angle of brain research．
C．It focuses on the effect of nutritional diets．
D．It confirms the findings of previous studies．
2．What does the underlined word “reinforces” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Contradicts．　　 B．Challenges．
C．Strengthens． D．Assumes．
3．What remains a mystery to the researchers
A．The role of amyloid plaques in cognitive decline．
B．The specific impact of vitamin D on brain function．
C．The identification of physiological markers of dementia．
D．The link between vitamin D levels and cognitive decline．
4．How will the researchers probably further improve their study
A．By including a diverse range of samples．
B．By extending the time period of their study．
C．By testing their findings with medical institutes．
D．By seeking inspiration from other similar studies．
Passage 2
If Iron Man ever wants to update his suit，he's gotten an option—thanks to a new material created by a team of researchers using a DNA structure and glass．
Lightweight and fairly strong materials are always sought after by scientists for their ability to reduce production costs and withstand the stresses of mechanical (机械的) use．Unfortunately，these two characteristics often seem at odds with each other—stronger materials tend to be heavier and lighter ones less durable．
What worsens the situation is that the mass production of materials can introduce imperfections into materials with a complex chemical structure．Glass is a perfect example．Glass earns a reputation for breaking so easily; this is due to imperfections，such as missing atoms when people produce large pieces of glass．In its purest form，one cubic centimeter (1 cm3) of glass could bear 10 tons of pressure．
Learning this lesson，the researchers decided to make the glass they needed less than one micrometer thick since glass is nearly perfect in this size．They then constructed a 3D framework(框架) to shape the pure glass by using DNA．Almost like Magna Tiles (a construction toy system)，pieces of DNA of specific lengths and chemistry interconnect with each other．The researchers next coated the DNA structure in a thin layer of pure glass，which was only about a few hundred atoms thick．To keep the material extremely lightweight，they chose not to fill the inner spaces．
However，at this scale，testing the DNA structured glass through conventional methods is almost out of the question．The researchers instead turned to a technique called nanoindentation．Essentially，a small probe (探针) applied pressure to the DNA glass material while a microscope allowed the researchers to measure its behavior．It was revealed that the new material is four times higher in strength than steel but five times lighter．
“The ability to create 3D framework nanomaterials using DNA opens enormous opportunities for mechanical engineering．But much research work is still needed before we can employ it as a technology，” said Oleg Gang，from Columbia University．“Even if the nanostructures won't match the scale of Iron Man，the team's concept represents a new pathway to future materials for devices that prioritize strength．”
5．Which of the following is a challenge to materials scientists
A．Increasing the service life of heavy materials．
B．Balancing lightness and strength in one material．
C．Improving the cost effectiveness of heavy materials．
D．Maximizing the flexibility of stress resistant materials．
6．Why did the team create the required glass at the microscale
A．To enhance the stability of the DNA structure．
B．To provide convenience for the coating process．
C．To achieve a higher level of purity in glass making．
D．To avoid glass's negative impact on the DNA frame．
7．For what purpose did the researchers adopt nanoindentation in their study
A．Measuring the weight of the DNA structured glass．
B．Observing the changes of DNA under extreme stress．
C．Assessing the new material's pressure bearing property．
D．Analyzing the chemical composition of the new material．
8．What's Oleg Gang's attitude towards the research team's innovation
A．Doubtful．　　 B．Positive．
C．Unclear． D．Dismissive．
Passage 3
If a word is said or looked at steadily for some little time，it will be found to take on a curiously strange and foreign aspect．This is a phenomenon called semantic satiation that affects our understanding of words when they are mentioned too often．
The term was created by psychologist Leon James．He conducted several experiments to explore how the concept affects our thinking and found that it is a kind of tiredness called reactive inhibition (反应性抑制)．When a brain cell fires，it takes more energy to fire afterwards，and finally it won't even respond unless you wait a few seconds．
For example，“Black Friday (a shopping day)” is no longer as appealing as it once was．We've repeated “Black Friday” so much that it is now as indistinct as the packages of common Wal Mart string cheese that you go past hurriedly on your way to argue over a half price vegetable steamer at 3 a．m．Hence，marketers are reconsidering their sales strategies．
One experiment he conducted sought to explore whether semantic satiation could be used to lessen stuttering(口吃)．He had an assistant call a stuttering participant and they talked on the phone for one minute，creating a situation that increased anxiety as there were no alternative means of communication for the participant other than speaking．Ten minutes later，the assistant called again．And the cycle was repeated 10 times throughout the day．The goal was to induce (诱发) semantic satiation in the stuttering participant related to the emotion of the stress inducing phone call．And he says it worked．
Any word can be the victim of semantic satiation，but the amount of time before words lose meaning can vary，with words that can draw out strong emotions taking longer due to the brain cycling through other associations with the words．One study showed that when presented with a tone，the sleeping cat immediately woke up．But as they played the tone again and again，the cat took time to wake up each time，until it kept on sleeping．But when the tone was varied slightly，the cat woke up immediately．Therefore，when teachers assign word memorization exercises to students，it is wise to avoid repetitive memorization or the words will become meaningless to students．
9．Which of the following can best explain “semantic satiation”？
A．It's a kind of serious language learning disability．
B．It's a reflection of the subjective nature of language．
C．It's a practice of rearranging letters to form new words．
D．It's an occurrence arising from the repetition of words．
10．How does semantic satiation affect “Black Friday” according to the text
A．People lose their craze for “Black Friday”．
B．People start buying Wal Mart string cheese．
C．People merely show interest in goods on sale．
D．People make the best of some shopping strategies．
11．What's the result of the experiment involving a stuttering participant
A．The participant's stuttering improved．
B．The participant's stuttering was cured．
C．The participant became more stressed．
D．The participant failed to communicate．
12．What's the implication of the cat experiment for teachers
A．Delivering classes in a clear tone．
B．Employing variations in word exercises．
C．Highlighting the importance of the word meaning．
D．Encouraging students to get up early in the morning．
针对性训练12
Passage 1
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。一项新研究发现大脑中维生素D的含量与认知功能相关，但维生素D的具体作用机制尚不清楚，研究者将跟进研究。
1．B　[推理判断题。根据第二段可知，先前的许多研究都是基于饮食摄入的或血液里的维生素D含量来研究老年人的认知表现，而新研究另辟蹊径从“大脑中是否含有维生素D及其含量与认知能力的关系”这一角度着手研究，故该研究为大脑研究提供了一个新的视角。]
2．C　[词义猜测题。根据画线词的上一句可知，新研究揭示了大脑中的维生素D含量与认知水平呈正相关，故该研究“强化了”研究营养素如何帮助保护老化的大脑免受阿尔茨海默病等疾病侵害的重要性。]
3．B　[细节理解题。第五段第一句说明了，研究人员没有发现大脑中维生素D水平与阿尔茨海默病相关的生理标志的关联，再根据该段最后一句可知，维生素D在大脑中的作用机制仍是一个谜。]
4．A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Vitamin D is also．．． this limitation to further look at brain changes associated with cognitive decline．”可知，研究人员下一步将进行更广泛样本的跟进研究。]
Passage 2
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。研究人员利用DNA结构和玻璃创造了一种新材料。这种材料的强度是钢的四倍，而重量只有钢的五分之一。
5．B　[细节理解题。根据第二段可知，材料科学家们致力于寻求轻巧且强度大的材料，然而，同一材料的这两种特性往往相互矛盾：坚固的材料往往更重，而较轻的材料则不那么结实耐用。]
6．C　[推理判断题。第三段中的“Glass earns．．．In its purest form, one cubic centimeter ．．．bear 10 tons of pressure．”以及第四段中的“Learning this lesson, the researchers decided．．．less than one micrometer thick．．．perfect in this size．．．which was only about a few hundred atoms thick．”可知，研究人员为了使玻璃发挥其最大的抗压能力，他们要在微尺度上创造出所需的玻璃。故选C。]
7．C　[细节理解题。根据第五段可知，在微米级的规模下，通过传统方法测试 DNA 结构的玻璃材料几乎是不可能的，研究人员转而采用纳米压痕技术，来评估新材料的承压性能。]
8．B　[态度观点题。根据最后一段中“The ability ．．． mechanical engineering．”及“Even if ．．． the team's concept represents a new pathway to future materials for devices that prioritize strength．”可知， Oleg Gang 对该团队的创新持积极肯定的态度。]
Passage 3
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“语义饱和”这一语言现象及其影响。
9．D　[细节理解题。根据第一段的“If a word is said or looked at steadily ．．． a curiously strange and foreign aspect．”可知，semantic satiation 指的是单词在持续被说或看一段时间后所出现的状况。]
10．A　[推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，由于过度使用“黑色星期五”，这一购物狂欢节没有以前那么有吸引力，人们对其热情也逐渐消退。]
11．A　[细节理解题。根据第四段中的“One experiment he conducted sought to ．．． be used to lessen stuttering．”以及“And he says it worked．”可知，参与者的口吃症状得以改善。]
12．B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，作者指出单词失去意义之前的时间可能会有所不同，由于大脑在与单词的其他关联中循环，可以引起强烈情绪的单词失去意义前持续的时间更长。作者通过变换语气唤醒猫的例子，说明为了避开语义饱和现象的发生，教师在布置单词记忆练习时，应注重采用各种不同形式，避免重复。]
3/6　突破阅读C、D篇(2)
Passage 1
Lorian Schweikert，a biologist at the University of North Carolina，was fishing in the Florida Keys when she caught a hogfish—a type of fish that's known for its ability to change colors．Schweikert dropped it on the boat deck and continued fishing．When she later went to get the fish back，she was shocked to find that it had changed color to perfectly match the white deck—complete with little black circles that looked like the floor．
In 2018，Schweikert found that hogfish carry a gene for a light sensitive protein called opsin (视蛋白) that is activated in their skin，and that this gene is different from the opsin genes found in their eyes．Other color changing animals have been found to have light sensing opsins in their skin，too．But exactly how “skin vision” works remains a mystery．
In a new study，Schweikert and biologist Sonke Johnsen teamed up to take a closer look at hogfish's skin．They took pieces of skin from different parts of the fish's body and took pictures of the skin under a microscope．Up close，a hogfish's skin looks like a special painting．Each dot of color is a specialized cell called a chromatophore (色素体) containing granules of pigment (色素颗粒) that can be red，yellow or black．They found that the light sensitive protein was concentrated in a specific area right below the chromatophores．
It's the movement of these pigment granules that changes the skin color．Their findings suggest that the fish's light sensitive opsins act somewhat like internal Polaroid film (柯达即时成像胶片)，catching changes in the light that can pass through the pigment filled cells above as the pigment granules gather or spread．“The animals can literally take a photo of their own skin from the inside，” said Schweikert．“In a way，opsins can tell the animal what its skin looks like．”
Lauren Sumner Rooney，a researcher who wasn't involved in the study，said，“This is the first time we've seen a strong body of evidence for exactly how this works in fish — skin light sensing has been a rather mysterious ability for a long time．The hogfish seems like a great model to explore further questions．”
1．What did Schweikert find shocking about the hogfish
A．It pretended to be dead．
B．It changed its shape rapidly．
C．It displayed attractive skin color．
D．It was integrated with the surroundings．
2．What does the new study aim to figure out
A．What the function of the opsin genes is．
B．Why color changing animals can sense the surroundings．
C．How opsins in hogfish's skin help them change colors．
D．Which opsins in hogfish's skin differ from those in their eyes．
3．Why does the author mention the Polaroid film in paragraph 4
A．To highlight the spread of the granules of pigment．
B．To explain the role of the light sensitive opsins．
C．To introduce a new discovery about fish's vision．
D．To stress the importance of pigment granules' movement．
4．What is Lauren Sumner Rooney's attitude towards the study findings
A．Appreciative．　　 B．Cautious．
C．Objective． D．Dismissive．
Passage 2
Humans are arguably the most adaptable species on Earth．The species' enormous capacity to adapt and live in different environments owes much to cumulative (累积的) culture between individuals and generations．“That is part of what makes us humans，and it's what has enabled us to settle and live all over the globe，” says theoretical biologist Erol Ak ay．
Researchers from the School of Arts & Sciences have uncovered a source of inherent tension (内在的紧张) between individuals and the groups they live in．Ak ay and evolutionary biologist Marco Smolla used a model to investigate the coevolution of social networks and cumulative culture．Specifically，they explored the relative benefits of specialist cultures versus generalist cultures (专家文化与通才文化) for individuals and groups．
“We were interested in complicated characteristics that a person would need to be exposed to multiple times in order to learn，for example，strategies for seeking or ways of tool making，” says researcher Smolla．
“We found that groups can benefit most when everyone is highly connected in the culture where everyone becomes very skilled at the same handful of characteristics，so social learning is more effective，and more culture accumulates in the specialist cultures．It is because there are no wasted learning opportunities，” Ak ay says．
“Cumulative culture becomes public good because to maintain it，groups have to have this connected network structure，but maintaining that network is individually costly．So there's a clash between individual level benefits and what's best for the group，” Alopy says．The model showed that once groups are highly connected，there is an individual motivation for making fewer connections because it allows individuals to focus more and learn more effectively．However，while individuals benefit from being innovative，too much innovation is disadvantageous for the group．This mismatch between individual and group benefits eventually leads to the fall of specialist cultures，which results in people cycling between generalist and specialist cultures．
“Our results provide a novel assumption for the evolution of rituals (惯例) and social norms that function to maintain social networks，” Smolla says． “Such rituals can strengthen connectivity and cultural unity，which might be very much in the group's favor．”
5．What is the mentioned factor making humans the distinctive species on Earth
A．The power of handling social conflict．
B．The ability to build close social networks．
C．The capacity to accumulate cultural knowledge．
D．The competence in adapting to diverse environments．
6．Which of the following can benefit groups most according to Ak ay
A．Individuals' constant innovation．
B．Relatively few social connections．
C．Highly connected specialist cultures．
D．Absolute individual identity in generalist cultures．
7．What does the underlined word “clash” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Conflict．　　　 B．Bond．
C．Similarity． D．Exception．
8．What does Smolla think of rituals and social norms
A．They focus on facilitating the growth of individuals．
B．They may offer groups a competitive advantage．
C．They may go against the mainstream culture．
D．They aim to contribute to cultural diversity．
Passage 3
Ever since 1911，when scientist Michael Cressé Potter noticed that brewer's yeast (啤酒酵母) could generate electricity，scientists have been trying to use the power of tiny microbial (微生物的) fuel cells．But the efficiency of the tiny “bioreactors” has been too low for practical use．Besides，it turns out that most microbes (微生物) can be surprisingly picky in what substances they digest to create electricity．
Now，a team of researchers from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne has engineered one of the most common species of bacteria，Escherichia coli (E．coli)，to generate electricity from brewery wastewater．“Though there are microbes that naturally produce electricity，they can only do so in the presence of specific chemicals，” explains engineer Ardemis Boghossian．“E．coli，which can grow on a wide range of sources，doesn't have such restrictions．”
While engineering E．coli，researchers changed its DNA to include instructions for protein complexes found in Shewanella oneidensis (S．oneidensis)，one of the best known bacterial electricity generators．By integrating all components of S．oneidensis' electricity generating pathway into E．coli，researchers increased E．coli's ability to generate electricity．
Then the team tested their E．coli system on a sample of wastewater collected from a local brewery．“Our bioengineered electric bacteria were able to grow quickly by feeding off this waste，” says Boghossian，“whereas S．oneidensis，used for comparison，wasn't able to digest the wastewater．This makes the engineered E．coli far more suitable for treating industrial wastewater，even if its electricity generating potential is still less than S．oneidensis'．”
E．coli's appetite for different substances means the engineered bacteria could possibly also be adapted to other waste streams．In any case，the researchers will need to examine whether their E．coli can handle large amounts of industrial waste．If so，it could bring about some considerable energy savings．“Instead of putting energy into the system to process organic waste，we are producing electricity while processing organic waste at the same time，” says Boghossian．
9．What does the author want to express in paragraph 1
A．The necessity of developing tiny bioreactors．
B．The historical background of improving microbes．
C．The potential applications of tiny microbial fuel cells．
D．The limitations of using microbes as electricity generators．
10．What's the advantage of E．coli over other microbes
A．It can produce electricity naturally．
B．It can adapt to diverse environments．
C．It hardly reacts with other chemicals．
D．It is efficient in generating electricity．
11．What's Boghossian's attitude to E．coli's waste processing performance in the study
A．Unclear． B．Satisfied．
C．Concerned． D．Disappointed．
12．What will researchers most probably focus on in the future
A．Finding ways to make E．coli widely available．
B．Exploring alternative methods for processing organic waste．
C．Testing E．coli's ability to process huge industrial waste volumes．
D．Investigating the impact of industrial wastewater on E．coli's growth．
针对性训练13
Passage 1
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了hogfish如何通过体内的感光视蛋白来检测皮肤表面的光线变化，从而改变身体颜色以达到与周围环境相匹配的机制。
1．D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“she was shocked to find ．．． perfectly match the white deck—complete with little black circles that looked like the floor．”可知，施威克特惊讶地发现这条鱼的体色完美地与甲板颜色相匹配，与周围环境融为了一体。]
2．C　[细节理解题。根据第二段和第三段的内容可知，新的研究是为了弄清楚hogfish皮肤中的视蛋白是如何帮助它们改变体色的。]
3．B　[推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Their findings suggest that fish's lightsensitive opsins act somewhat like internal Polaroid film ．．． or spread．”可知，作者将光敏感视蛋白的作用比作柯达即时成像胶片，说明视蛋白能够“捕捉”从色素细胞过滤过来的光线变化，其工作方式类似于相机胶片。因此，作者提到柯达即时成像胶片是为了解释视蛋白的作用。]
4．A　[态度观点题。根据最后一段内容可知，Lauren SumnerRooney认为该发现解决了长期以来困扰人们的一个难题：即皮肤感光的能力的工作机制，并认为这一发现可用来探索更多的问题，因此，Lauren对该研究结果持“赞赏的”态度。]
Passage 2
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于社交网络和累积文化共同进化的研究。该研究表明：对个人有利的东西并不总是对群体有利。
5．C　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The species' enormous capacity to adapt ．．． part of what makes us humans”可知，积累文化知识的能力是使我们成为人类的一部分，也是使我们能够在全球各地定居和生活的原因。]
6．C　[推理判断题。根据第四段Ak ay所说的内容可知，当每个人都高度联系在一起时，每个人都非常精通相同的文化特征，社会学习则更有效。掌握相同的文化特征属于专家文化的领域，由此可推知，当每个人都有高度联系的专家文化时，团队受益最大。]
7．A　[词义猜测题。根据画线单词前的句子可知，累积文化能使群体成员获益，为了保持和传承它，群体必须维持紧密的社交网络，但这对个体来说是有代价的。下文则进一步说明了个人与群体之间这种利益的“冲突”。故画线词与conflict的意思相同。]
8．B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Such rituals can strengthen connectivity ．．． much in the group's favor．”可知，Smolla认为惯例和社会规范可以促进联系和文化融合，这可能会使该群体更具竞争优势。]
Passage 3
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学研究发现被改造的大肠杆菌可以在处理废水的同时进行发电。
9．D　[细节理解题。通读第一段可知，自发现可以用微生物发电以来，科学家们一直试图利用这种能源，但是微生物发电的效率太低，无法实际应用，此外微生物在消化什么物质以产生电能方面出奇地挑剔。故本段旨在告诉读者用微生物发电有很大的局限性。]
10．B　[细节理解题。根据第二段“‘Though there are．．．in the presence of specific chemicals，’ ．．． ‘E．coli ．．． doesn't have such restrictions．’”可知，与别的微生物相比，大肠杆菌可以适应不同的环境。]
11．B　[态度观点题。根据第四段和最后一段Boghossian 说的话可知，被改造的大肠杆菌能够以这些废物为食，并快速繁殖，故这些被改造的大肠杆菌的表现令其觉得“满意”。]
12．C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段“In any case, the researchers will need to examine whether their E．coli can handle large amounts of industrial waste．”可推知，研究人员接下来最可能的研究方向是检测被改造的大肠杆菌处理大量工业废水的能力。]
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