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（6）Unit 6 Disaster and hope—高一英语外研版（2019）必修三期末易错题集训
省略
一、状语从句中的省略
在as if，if，though，when，where，while，no matter what，until等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含有be动词，而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句主语是it时，从句的主语和谓语中的be动词可以一起省略。
When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano.
在她很小的时候，她就开始学弹钢琴。
When (he was) a child, he showed great interest in astronomy.
在他还是个孩子的时候，就对天文学表现出浓厚的兴趣。
Don't leave the room unless (you are) permitted.
未经允许，不要离开房间。
She acted as (she was) instructed.
她按照指示行动。
While (they were) exhausted, they still finished the project on time.
尽管他们疲惫不堪，但还是按时完成了项目。
二、动词不定式的省略
1. 感官动词see，hear，feel，watch等和使役动词have，make，let等后接不定式时，不定式省略to。
The teacher let the students discuss the problem freely.
老师让学生们自由讨论这个问题。
2. do nothing but, can't help but等结构常接省略to的不定式。
We could do nothing but wait for the rescue team.
我们除了等待救援队，什么也做不了。
3. 在特定语境中为了避免重复，当不定式再次出现时，在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate后往往只保留to，而省略后面的动词。但不定式后有be，have时要保留be和have。
She wants to travel around the world, but her parents don't want her to.
她想环游世界，但她父母不希望她这么做。
—Will you be a volunteer —— 你会成为一名志愿者吗？
—Yes, I'd love to be (a volunteer). —— 是的，我很乐意。
三、简单句中的省略
感叹句中常省略主语和谓语；在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。
What a beautiful view (it is)! 多美的景色啊！
How amazing (it is)! 太神奇了！
(Do you) Need any help 你需要帮忙吗？
We have no choice but keep moving forward.
我们别无选择，只能继续前进。
Why (are you) so angry 你为什么这么生气？
四、并列句中的省略
1. 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分。
2. 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则两者均可以省略。
3. 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。
4. 在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。
Tom was reading a novel and Jerry (was) writing a report.
汤姆在看小说，杰瑞在写报告。
She tried to lose weight, but (she) failed to do so.
她努力减肥，但没有成功。
五、常用的省略结构
if any如果有的话
if ever如果有过的话
if possible如果可能的话
if so如果那样的话
if not如果不的话
if necessary如果必要的话
易错题
一、句子填空
1.If a person is bleeding, always wear gloves and protective eyewear when ______ (give) first aid care.
2.If ______ (expose) to extreme heat, the plastic material may melt.
3.He cleared his throat as if ______ (say) something.
4.She walked here and there on the playground as if _______ (look) for something.
5.Once ______ (release), the film won great popularity among the teens.
6.Nowadays when ______ (face) with health or nutrition questions, people probably turn to the Internet for help.
7.The problem proves harder than ______ (expect).
8.There is no point arguing about it, so just do as ______ (tell).
9.If not ______ (handle) properly, medical waste from hospitals may contribute to spreading diseases.
10.The experiment shows that an appropriate amount of exercise, if ______ (carry) out regularly, can improve our health.
二、阅读理解
Many think that language is what sets humans apart from other animals, and believe that to think, we need language. British philosopher Bertrand Russell even reported in 1948 that no intelligent thinking can take place without language. However, a recent Nature study suggests otherwise. It found that language and thought are two distinct entities (实体), working in separate parts of the brain. They are, in short, “far more independent than we imagined”, wrote ZME Science.
The study, conducted by scientists from the US, explored the language-thought relationship, using two research methods. First, they studied people with global aphasia (全失语症), who have lost much of their ability to understand or speak due to damage to the left side of their brain. However, they can still finish complex tasks. “You can ask people with global aphasia to solve math problems or perform social reasoning tests, and as long as the instructions are non-verbal (非语言的), they can succeed,” Evelina Fedorenko, one of the study’s authors at the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology, told ZME Science.
The researchers also used brain-imaging (脑成像) tools to study the brains of healthy volunteers performing non-verbal tasks, like solving puzzles and planning. They found that the brain’s language areas were mostly inactive during-such activities. In other words, we generally need language to express our thoughts but we can still think without words.
So, if language isn’t necessary for thinking, then why did humans develop it Fedorenko said language serves mainly as a tool for communication. “Among most of the things that you learned about the world, you learned through language and not through direct experience with the world,” she said. By being able to share complex information through language, humans gained an evolutionary advantage.
Although language does not give rise to thoughts, past research shows that how we speak can heavily influence how we think. For example, the English phrase “he fired the gun” is usually understood as “the gun went off” in Japanese. As a result, English speakers are more likely to focus on the person responsible for an accident than Japanese speakers, according to Psychology Today.
1. What does the underlined word “distinct” mean
A. Different. B. Dependent.
C. Exact. D. Similar.
2. What can be learnt about the people with “global aphasia”
A. They have lost all their ability to talk.
B. They behave inactively during physical activities.
C. They can carry out social reasoning tests following nonverbal directions.
D. They can perform better in solving math problems than healthy people.
3. Why is language needed according to the text
A. It makes human thinking possible.
B. It benefits people to gain experience.
C. It serves as the only tool for human learning.
D. It enables information to be understood by humans.
4. What does the text mainly talk about
A. Language shapes the way we think.
B. Humans can think independently of language.
C. Language and thought are completely related.
D. Humans can live without thinking and language.
三、七选五
Alaska’s Mendenhall glacier (冰川) is about 20 minutes by car from Juneau, the state capital. It is one of the area’s most popular sites for tourists. But climate change has caused the ice to melt (融化) and the glacier to move back. ①_______
Mendenhall pours down from rocky land between mountains and into a lake filled with icebergs. Special signs mark the glacier’s retreat (退缩), showing where the ice once stood. Experts guess that by 2050, people will not be able to see the Mendenhall glacier from the visitor center that was built for it. ②_______ The disappearing glacier leads to problems for the Alaskan tourism industry.
③_______ About 2.6 million ship passengers are expected to stop in Juneau in 2025. That is the most ever in one year. On especially busy days, 20,000 people arrive each day in the city that has only 30,000 full-time people. Many ships start a week-long trip to Alaska in either Seattle, Washington, or Vancouver, Canada.
Jennifer Dumas lives in Washington, D. C. ④_______ She and her husband first visited the state and its glaciers in the 1990s. She told about seeing another glacier not too far from the Mendenhall glacier over 20 years ago. She went to Glacier Bay National Park and spent the night near the Mendenhall glacier.
“Where we used to camp, you could see the glacier.⑤_______ So we have pictures of us in front of the glacier, but you can no longer take such pictures,” Jennifer said.
A. She is concerned about the change of the glacier.
B. Tourism is an important part of Juneau’s economy.
C. That means it is losing more snow and ice than it gains.
D. She knows what Alaska’s glaciers looked like in the past.
E. The melting glacier has brought great disasters to Alaska.
F. It has retreated so far that you can’t see the glacier anymore.
G. That is already the case at some other glacier visitor centers in Alaska.
答案以及解析
一、
1.答案：giving
解析：考查状语从句的省略。句意：如果有人在流血，在进行急救护理时，请始终佩戴手套和防护眼镜。when引导的时间状语从句中，主语和主句主语一致，且含有be动词时，从句中主语和be可以省略。本句主句为祈使句，相当于主语是you，在when引导的时间状语从句中，根据语意，意思应为“当你在进行急救护理时”，完整句子应为when you are giving first aid care，故可把从句中you are省略。故填giving。
2.答案：exposed
解析：“If exposed to...” 是 “If it is exposed to...” 的省略形式，在条件状语从句中，如果从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句含有 be 动词，可以省略从句的主语和 be 动词，这里表示 “如果这种塑料材料暴露在极热环境中”。故填exposed。
3.答案：to say
解析：句意为:他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。as if引导的状语从句可用省略结构。当从句主语和主句主语一致且从句含有be的某种形式时,可省略从句的主语和be,此处省略了he was。故填 to say。
4.答案：looking
解析：句意为: 她在操场上走来走去, 好像在找什么东西。本句是复合句, 含 as if 引导的方式状语从句的省略, 从句主语和主句主语相同, 且从句谓语中含 be 动词, 所以可以省略从句中的主语和 be 动词。从句主语与 look 之间为主动关系,设空处应用现在分词形式。故填 looking。
5.答案：released
解析：句意为:这部电影一上映就很受青少年的欢迎。设空处考查状语从句的省略。此处为 Once 引导时间状语从句, 从句中省略了与主句相同的主语和从句谓语中的 be 动词,即 the film was。被省略的主语 the film 和 release 之间为被动关系,应用被动语态, 完整的状语从句为 Once the film was released,设空处应用过去分词形式。故填 released。
6.答案：faced
解析：句意为: 如今, 当面对健康或营养问题时, 人们可能会求助于因特网。设空处所在句为状语从句的省略, 从句主语和主句主语一致, 为 people, 固定短语 be faced with... 意为“面对……”, 从句主语和 be 动词应一同被省略。故填 faced。
7.答案：expected
解析：句意为: 这个问题比预期的更难。分析句子可知, 句子为 than 引导的比较状语从句, 从句主语和主句主语一致,且从句谓语中含有 be 动词, 故省略了从句的主语和 be 动词, expect 意为“预期”,problem 和 expect 之间为被动关系,故填 expected。
8.答案：told
解析：句意为: 争论是没有用的,按照指令做就是。此处是 as 引导的方式状语从句, 从句省略了主语 you 和 be 动词, 且 you 与 tell 之间为被动关系, 应表达为 as you are told,省去方式状语从句中的主语和 be 动词。故填told。
9.答案：handled
解析：考查省略。句意：如果处理不当，医院的医疗废物可能会导致疾病传播。这里其实是从句if medical waste is not handled properly的省略形式。当主、从句的主语一致的时候，可以省略从句的主语和be动词，被动语态省略了系动词和主语。故填handled。
10.答案：carried
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：实验表明，适量的运动，如果定期进行，可以改善我们的健康。分析句子可知，that引导宾语从句，在从句中an appropriate amount of exercise是主语，“if...regularly”是if 引导的状语从句，此处已省略主语，所以设空处应省略谓语中的be动词，且carry out 与其逻辑主语exercise之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词表示被动。故填carried。
二、
1.答案：A
解析：词句猜测题。根据第一段“It found that language and thought are two distinct entities (实体), working in separate parts of the brain. They are, in short, ‘far more independent than we imagined’, wrote ZME Science. (研究发现，语言和思维是两个distinct实体，在大脑的不同部位工作。简而言之，它们“比我们想象的要独立得多”，ZME Science写道)”可知，语言和思维是互相独立的，也就是二者并不相同。由此可知，划线词distinct意为“不同的”。故选A。
2.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“You can ask people with global aphasia to solve math problems or perform social reasoning tests, and as long as the instructions are non-verbal (非语言的), they can succeed. (你可以要求患有全失语症的人解决数学问题或进行社会推理测试，只要指导是非语言的，他们就能成功)”可知，患有全失语症的人可以在非语言指导下完成社会推理测试。故选C。
3.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段“Fedorenko said language serves mainly as a tool for communication. By being able to share complex information through language, humans gained an evolutionary advantage. (Fedorenko说，语言主要是一种交流工具。通过语言分享复杂信息，人类获得了进化优势)”可推知，语言的主要作用是帮助人们理解和交流信息。故选D。
4.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段“It found that language and thought are two distinct entities(实体), working in separate parts of the brain. They are, in short, ‘far more independent than we imagined’, wrote ZME Science. (研究发现，语言和思维是两个不同的实体，在大脑的不同部位工作。简而言之，它们“比我们想象的要独立得多”，ZME Science写道)”可知，文章主要探讨了语言和思维之间的关系，特别是语言是否是人类进行思考的必要条件。由此可知，本文主要讲述了人类可以在没有语言的情况下独立思考。故选B。
三、
答案：CGBDF
解析：①联系上文题。根据上文But climate change has caused the ice to melt (融化) and the glacier to move back.(但是气候变化导致冰层融化,冰川向后退缩。)可知,这里阐述了冰川因气候变化而出现的状态变化。空格处需要对这种变化进一步解释,说明冰川的这种变化意味着什么。而C项That means it is losing more snow and ice than it gains,(那意味着它失去的冰雪比获得的要多。)能够很好地承接上文,解释了冰川融化和后退的实质,其中it指代上文的the glacier,起到了承上的作用。故选C。
②联系上文题。根据上文Experts guess that by 2050, people will not be able to see the Mendenhall glacier from the visitor center that was built for it.(专家猜测,到2050年,人们将无法从为门登霍尔冰川建造的游客中心看到它。)可知,这是关于门登霍尔冰川未来可能出现的情况。空格处需要进一步说明这种类似情况在其他地方的现状。而G项That is already the case at some other glacier visitor centers in Alaska.(在阿拉斯加的一些其他冰川游客中心,这种情况已经存在了。)符合语境,其中That指代上文"无法从游客中心看到冰川"这一情况,起到了承接上文并进一步拓展的作用。故选G。
③语境衔接题。根据上文The disappearing glacier leads to problems for the Alaskan tourism industry.(冰川的消失给阿拉斯加旅游业带来了问题。)以及下文About 2.6 million ship passengers are expected to stop in Juneau in 2025.That is the most ever in one year. On especially busy days, 20,000 people arrive each day in the city that has only 30,000 full-time people.(预计2025年约有260万船上乘客将在朱诺停留。这是一年来最多的一次。在特别繁忙的日子里,每天有2万人来到这个只有3万名全职员工的城市。)可知,朱诺的游客数量众多,空格处需要引出下文对朱诺旅游业的具体描述,同时体现旅游业在朱诺的重要性。而B项Tourism is an important part of Juneau’s economy.(旅游业是朱诺经济的重要组成部分。)既承接了上文冰川消失对旅游业的影响,又引出了下文对朱诺旅游业情况的介绍,起到了承上启下的作用。故选B。
④联系上文题。根据上文She and her husband first visited the state and its glaciers in the 1990s. She told about seeing another glacier not too far from the Mendenhall glacier over 20 years ago.(她和她的丈夫在20世纪90年代首次访问了这个州及其冰川。她讲述了20多年前看到离门登霍尔冰川不远的另一个冰川的情景。)可知,这表明Jennifer Dumas有过去对阿拉斯加冰川的亲身经历。空格处需要对她的这种经历进行总结,说明她对阿拉斯加冰川过去的了解。而D项She knows what Alaska's glaciers looked like in the past.(她知道阿拉斯加的冰川过去是什么样子的。)符合语境,对上文她的经历进行了概括,起到了总结的作用。故选D。
⑤联系上文题。根据上文Where we used to camp, you could see the glacier.(我们过去露营的地方,你可以看到冰川。)可知,这里描述了过去在特定地点能看到冰川的情况。空格处需要说明现在情况的变化,即冰川退缩后导致的结果。而F项It has retreated so far that you can’t see the glacier anymore.(它已经退缩得太远了,你再也看不到冰川了。)与上文形成对比,说明了现在因为冰川的退缩,在原来的地方看不到冰川了,起到了转折和进一步说明的作用。故选F。

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