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（3）Unit 3 Sea Exploration—高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册期末易错题集训
一、易错点分析
动词不定式
动词不定式由"to+动词原形"构成（在某些情况下可以省略to），具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。其否定形式为"not + 动词不定式"。
(一) 动词不定式的时态和语态形式
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。具体形式如下表所示（以do为例）：
语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
(二) 动词不定式的句法功能
动词不定式在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等多种成分。
1. 作主语
（1）动词不定式作主语时，在很多情况下都可以用v-ing替代，但表示某些具体情况，或表示较强烈的对比，或在某些固定说法中时，通常不用v-ing替代。
（2）动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
（3）若动词不定式太长，则往往用it代替动词不定式作形式主语，不定式移至句末，以使句子结构平衡。
例：To err is human. 金无足赤，人无完人。/人非圣贤，孰能无过。
To finish this job in one day is impossible.
要在一天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。（表示具体的情况）
It is very interesting to play in the snow in winter. 冬天在雪地里玩是很有趣的。
2. 作表语
动词不定式置于be动词后而作表语时，常表示将来的动作或起解释说明的作用，其主语常常是dream，wish，idea，plan，purpose，duty，job等表示意向、打算、职责等意义的词。
例：His dream is to become an astronaut. 他的梦想是成为一名宇航员。
My main task is to get this company running smoothly. 我的主要任务是使这家公司运转顺利。
3. 作宾语
（1）有些动词后常跟不定式（而不跟v-ing）作宾语，如decide，afford，agree，attempt，choose，determine，demand，expect，fail，hope，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse等。
例：Tina's decided to go to Rome for her holidays. 蒂娜已决定去罗马度假。
My dad has offered to pick us up. 我爸爸主动提出开车来接我们。
I can't afford to take flying lessons. 我付不起飞行驾驶课程的费用。
She failed to pass her driving test. 她未能通过驾照考试。
（2）用于"动词+it+adj./n.+动词不定式"结构中，其中it为形式宾语，动词不定式为真正的宾语。能用于该结构的动词有feel，find，think，believe，consider，make 等。
例：I find it pleasant to work with him. 我发现跟他一块儿工作挺愉快的。
I think it useful to learn a foreign language. 我认为学一门外语是有用的。
4. 作定语
动词不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面。
（1）动词不定式作定语的几种情况：
① 序数词、形容词最高级或the last/the only/the next等后或被这些词修饰的名词后常用动词不定式作定语。
例：He is the best man to do the job. 他是做这项工作的最佳人选。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个来，最后一个走。
② 抽象名词time，way，reason，chance，opportunity，ability，promise，attempt等后常用动词不定式作定语。
例：Interest is as vital to learning as the ability to understand，even more so.
对于学习来说，兴趣和理解能力一样重要，甚至更重要。
He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow. 他许诺明天按时来这儿。
③ something，nothing，anything等不定代词后常用动词不定式作定语。
例：Do you have anything to say 你有什么要说的吗？
④ 动词不定式作定语可表示将来的、还没发生的动作。
例：He said he had an important meeting to attend. 他说他有一个重要的会议要参加。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.
在我们准备好长时间停留在月球上之前，还有许多问题要解决。
⑤ 在there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接动词不定式作定语，不定式用主动式或被动式均可，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。
例：There is nothing to worry/to be worried about. 没什么可担心的。
注意：
在there be句型中，当由讲话人去执行不定式的动作，表示义务、责任或必要性时，动词不定式多用主动形式；由别人去执行动作，表示可能性时，多用被动形式。如：
例：There are still many things to take care of.
还有许多事需要我们处理。（讲话人处理）
There are still many things to be taken care of.
还有许多事需要处理。（别人处理）
（2）动词不定式中的动词与被修饰词之间的关系
① 动宾关系
当动词不定式中的动词与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，动词不定式既可以用主动形式，也可用被动形式，这取决于动词不定式所表示的动作是不是由句子的主语发出的。试比较：
例：Do you have anything to send 你有什么东西要寄吗？
（动词不定式to send所表示的动作的执行者是主语"you"）
Do you have anything to be sent 你有什么东西要（我或别人）寄吗？
（动词不定式（to be sent 表示的动作的钱不是主语，而是"我"或"别人"）
② 主谓关系
动词不定式中的动词与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，是指被修饰词是动词不定式中的动词的逻辑主语，此时的动词不定式相当于关系代词作主语的定语从句。
例：We need someone to help with the need that can help with the work.
我们需要有人来帮忙做这工作。
In our school she is the only student to attend the important meeting.
= In our school she is the only student that is to attend the important meeting.
她是我们学校唯一一名要去参加这次重要会议的学生。
5. 作状语
动词不定式可用作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。
（1）作目的状语
动词不定式作目的状语时，其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后部，表示强调，也可位于句首；其前可加in order和so as，但加so as时不能放在句首。
例：I came here to say goodbye to you.
我来这儿是为了向你告别。
He ran fast all the way so as to/in order to catch the first bus.
他一路快速奔跑以便赶上第一班公共汽车。
In order to pass the exam, he studied hard till midnight.
为了通过考试，他努力学习到半夜。
（2）作原因状语
动词不定式常跟在作表语的形容词和过去分词之后，用来说明产生某种情绪或作出某种评价的原因。此类词有happy，lucky，surprised，sorry，glad，delighted，eager，anxious，ready，foolish，interested，careless等。
例：We're quite glad to meet you here. 我们很高兴在这儿见到你。
They were very surprised to be informed of the news. 被告知这个消息他们很吃惊。
You were careless to leave your bike unlocked. 放下自行车不锁，你真粗心。
（3）作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语时往往表示意想不到的或是不愉快的结果。其前有时可以加上only以加强语气。
例：He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
他到了车站，却被告知火车已经开走了。
注意：
现在分词（短语）作结果状语多表示顺其自然的结果，即句子和结果状语之间有一定的因果关系。
Jack has made great progress, making his parents very happy.
杰克取得了巨大的进步，这让他的父母很高兴。
6. 作补语
（1）ask，tell，invite，get，advise，allow，want，permit，warm，order，encourage，prefer，expect，force，wish，beg等表示命令、教导、要求、意向、允许、警告等意义的动词后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。
例：My teacher encouraged me to study abroad. 我的老师鼓励我出国留学。
Her parents don't allow her to go out at night. 她父母不允许她晚上出去。
（2）believe，consider，declare，find，imagine，prove，suppose，think等表示意见、认可、判断、料想、声明等意义的动词后的宾语补足语常是"to be"或"to have been"形式。
例：The answer proved to be wrong. 结果表明这个答案是错的。
I believe him to be honest. 我相信他是诚实的。
They found him to be charming. 他们觉得他很有魅力。
I judged him to have been a teacher. 我判断他曾是一位教师。
二、语法填空
1. My ambition is ________(help) more young people to be employed nowadays.
2. Jane hurried back only_____ (find) that her mother had left.
3. Like university students, students in this high school have the freedom______ (choose)the courses that most interest them.
4. His ambition is ____________(become) a famous writer of historical novels.
5. People may have a desk or a kitchen table_______ (place) their computer on-they just choose not to.
6. Few people are willing ______ (accept) that their own character traits and choices are the main causes of the kind of life they lead.
7. There are still many problems _____(solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
8. The newly-elected president found it impossible______________ (change) the awkward educational situation in the poor area in a short time.
9. The main purpose of art education in schools is ______ ( stimulate) students to be creative.
10. With so many problems _____ (deal) with, I need to work overtime tomorrow.
三、阅读理解
More is known about the surface of Mars (火星) than the floor of the ocean. By one count America spends 150 times more on space exploration than ocean research. Scientists have mapped almost every large hole on the surface of Mars but only about 20% of the seabed. Yet, interest in the ocean is growing.
In The Underworld, Susan Casey, a Canadian writer, describes her trip to an underwater volcano off the coast of Hawaii in 2021, alongside Victor Vescovo, an explorer. When the deep-sea submersible (潜水器) parked 5,017 metres down, she found a world of slow-moving beauty. Mr Vescovo has previously explored the deepest part of the Mariana Trench (nearly 11,000 metres down), where the water pressure is so high that it feels like 50 large airplanes piled on top of you.
Ms Casey’s book flows between descriptions of the deep and the history of ocean exploration. In the 19th century, scientists believed the deep-sea regions were azoic. Yet, the situation is different. The HMS Challenger brought all manner of sea creatures to light on its trip around the world in the 1870s. Around 60 years later William Beebe, an American naturalist, explored the Atlantic Ocean in a submersible and saw such living beings for himself.
For much of the 20th century oceanography grew significantly, popularized by explorers such as Jacques Cousteau, who wrote that the deep was a “silent world”. In truth, it is remarkably noisy. Sing Like Fish, by Amorina Kingdon, a science writer, reveals remarkable facts about ocean noise. Readers learn that sound travels four and a half times faster underwater than on land, and that fish have the greatest variety of sound-producing organs of any vertebrate (脊椎动物) group. Sometimes fish are so noisy that they are heard above water. In the 1980s houseboat owners in Sausalito, California, thought a loud sound was being produced by a secret military experiment. In reality, it was the call of a male toadfish.
1.What did Casey do in 2021
A. She explored the Mariana Trench. B. She witnessed an erupting volcano.
C. She had The Underworld published. D. She travelled deep beneath the ocean.
2.What does the underlined word “azoic” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Beautiful. B. Dangerous. C. Lifeless. D. Freezing.
3.What does Sing Like Fish uncover
A. The underwater world is not quiet.
B. Sound travels quite slowly in the ocean.
C. Fish are lacking in sound-producing organs.
D. A secret military experiment was being conducted.
4.What would be the best title for the text
A. Up to Mars B. Into the depths C. Sounds of the deep D. Amazing sea creatures
四、七选五
The Ironman Triathlon, which originated in the US state of Hawaii in 1978, is a three-sport competition that combines running, biking, and swimming. Participants swim 2.4 miles, bike 112 miles, and run 26.2 miles during one day of the race. ①_______________ The swim-bike-run order is consistent for most Ironman Triathlons.
The initial Hawaii event drew just 15 participants. In following years and decades, hundreds of athletes signed up for the 17-hour competition. Original Ironman Triathlons were usually completed outdoors in extreme heat, strong winds, and sometimes rain. ②_______________
Those participating in an Ironman Triathlon begin training at least four to six months in advance. Typically, three to eight hours a day are devoted to training in all three sports during the week, with one or two days of rest each week. ③_______________ It is common for athletes to run, bike and swim three to four times the race amount in one week. Many join clubs or train with partners.
Much energy, perseverance, and psychological strength are needed to complete the Ironman Triathlon. At least 10 percent of triathletes give up before completion, according to world championship data. ④_______________ Although the Ironman competition draws mostly young competitors, some are in their 60s, 70s and occasionally, 80s. Men and women are allowed to compete.
⑤_______________ Many sustain their energy by devoting 40 percent of their diet to carbohydrates. Protein typically makes up 30 percent of nutrition for competitors. Fat intake can be as high as 30 percent.
A. Even finishers often suffer injuries.
B. Diet is very important for triathletes.
C. This intense schedule makes the athletes powerful.
D. There is generally no break between the sports activities.
E. Athletes have to reduce their food intake on the big day.
F. Modern-day versions of the event follow that outdoor tradition.
G. Competing would give you drive and determination that carry into your life.
答案以及解析
二、语法填空
1.答案：to help
解析：根据句意,可知此处是动词不定式作表语,表示未发生的事情,故此处应填“to help”。
2.答案：to find
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：简匆匆赶回来，却发现母亲已经走了。分析句子可知，句中涉及固定短语“only to do sth.”，意为“结果却……”，表示一种出乎意料的或令人失望的结果，空格处用不定式作结果状语，“find”意为“发现”，动词词性，故空格处应填“to find”。故填to find。
3.答案：to choose
解析：句意为:和大学生一样,这所高中的学生可以自由选择他们最感兴趣的课程。分析句子结构可知,主句中已有谓语动词 have,设空处与其之间无连词连接,应用非谓语动词,设空处作后置定语,freedom后常接动词不定式作后置定语。故填to choose。
4.答案：to become
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：他的志向是成为一名著名的历史小说作家。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查动词不定式，作表语，表示将来的动作。故填to become。
5.答案：to place
解析：句意为: 人们可能有一张来放置他们的电脑的书桌或厨房的桌子—他们只是选择不这样做。分析句子结构可知,设空处作后置定语修饰 a desk or a kitchen table,应用动词不定式, have sth. to do 为固定用法,意为 “有……的东西”, 故填 to place。
6.答案：to accept
解析：句意为: 人们的性格特征和选择是导致他们过这种生活的主要原因, 很少有人愿意接受这一事实。be willing to do...是固定搭配, 意为“愿意做……”。故填 to accept。
7.答案： to be solved/to solve
解析：句意为:在我们做好在月球上长期停留的准备之前,还有许多问题需要解决。结合句意可知,此处指“待解决”,表示将来的动作,应用动词不定式作定语,且动词solve和problems之间是逻辑上的被动关系,故用动词不定式的被动式,也可用不定式的主动形式表被动。故填to be solved/to solve。
8.答案：to change
解析：find it + 形容词 + to do sth. 是常用句型，意为 “发现做某事是…… 的”，这里 it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式短语 to change the awkward educational situation，所以填 to change。
9.答案：to stimulate
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：学校美术教育的主要目的是激发学生的创造力。本句已有谓语动词is，所以stimulate用非谓语形式，根据句意，此处表目的，应用不定式作表语。故填to stimulate。
10.答案：to deal
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：有这么多问题要处理，我明天得加班了。动词短语deal with和problems之间是动宾关系，表示将来的动作，用动词不定式作宾补，故填to deal。
三、阅读理解
1.答案：D
解析：根据第二段，Susan Casey在2021年与Victor Vescovo一同前往夏威夷海岸附近的水下火山，并乘坐潜水器下潜至5,079米深处。选项D“她深入海洋深处”符合描述。选项A是Victor的成就，B未提及火山喷发，C未明确出版时间。
2.答案：C
解析：第三段提到，20世纪40年代科学家认为深海区域是“azoic”,但后文通过HMS挑战者号的发现反驳了这一点，说明“azoic”意为“无生命的”。选项C正确。
3.答案：A
解析：Sing Like Fish揭示了水下并非寂静，声音传播速度更快，鱼类发声器官多样，甚至被误认为军事实验。选项A“水下世界并不安静”正确。
4.答案：B
解析：文章涵盖火星与海洋探索对比、Casey的深海旅行、历史研究及水下声音，核心主题是深海探索，选项B“深入深渊”最全面。
四、七选五
答案：D；F；C；A；B
解析：①前文“Participants swim 2.4 miles, bike 112 miles, and run 26.2 miles during one day of the race.”（在比赛的一天时间里，参赛者要游泳2.4英里，骑自行车112英里，跑步26.2英里），后文“The swim-bike-run order is consistent for most Ironman Triathlons.”（在大多数铁人三项比赛中，游泳、骑自行车、跑步的顺序是一致的）。D选项“There is generally no break between the sports activities.”（在这些运动项目之间通常没有休息时间），“There is generally no break”承接前文一天内完成多项运动的情况，进一步说明运动的连贯性，“between the sports activities”与后文运动顺序的内容相呼应，起到了承上启下的作用，所以①处选D。
②前文“Original Ironman Triathlons were usually completed outdoors in extreme heat, strong winds, and sometimes rain.”（最初的铁人三项比赛通常在户外进行，要经历酷热、强风，有时还会下雨）。F选项“Modern-day versions of the event follow that outdoor tradition.”（如今的铁人三项比赛仍然遵循那种户外比赛的传统），“Modern-day versions of the event”承接前文最初的铁人三项比赛，“follow that outdoor tradition”呼应前文比赛在户外进行的情况，所以②处选F。
③前文“Typically, three to eight hours a day are devoted to training in all three sports during the week, with one or two days of rest each week.”（通常情况下，一周内每天要花三到八个小时进行这三项运动的训练，每周休息一到两天），后文“It is common for athletes to run, bike and swim three to four times the race amount in one week.”（运动员在一周内跑步、骑自行车和游泳的量达到比赛量的三到四倍是很常见的）。C选项“This intense schedule makes the athletes powerful.”（这种高强度的训练安排让运动员们变得强大），“This intense schedule”指代前文每天三到八小时的训练安排，“makes the athletes powerful”引出后文运动员训练量达到比赛量多倍的内容，解释了这种训练安排的效果，所以③处选C。
④前文“Much energy, perseverance, and psychological strength are needed to complete the Ironman Triathlon. At least 10 percent of triathletes give up before completion, according to world championship data.”（完成铁人三项比赛需要大量的精力、毅力和心理力量。根据世界锦标赛的数据，至少10%的铁人三项运动员在完成比赛前就放弃了），后文“Although the Ironman competition draws mostly young competitors, some are in their 60s, 70s and occasionally, 80s. Men and women are allowed to compete.”（尽管铁人三项比赛吸引的大多是年轻的参赛者，但也有一些参赛者年龄在六七十岁，偶尔甚至有八十岁的。男性和女性都可以参赛）。A选项“Even finishers often suffer injuries.”（即使是完成比赛的人也经常受伤），“Even finishers often suffer injuries”承接前文完成比赛需要很多条件且有人放弃的情况，进一步说明比赛的艰难，引出后文不同年龄参赛者的内容，所以④处选A。
⑤后文“Many sustain their energy by devoting 40 percent of their diet to carbohydrates. Protein typically makes up 30 percent of nutrition for competitors. Fat intake can be as high as 30 percent.”（许多人通过使饮食中40%的成分是碳水化合物来维持体力。对参赛者来说，蛋白质通常占营养成分的30%。脂肪摄入量可高达30%），整段围绕参赛者的饮食展开。B选项“Diet is very important for triathletes.”（饮食对铁人三项运动员来说非常重要），能准确概括该段内容，作为段落起始句合适，引出后文对饮食具体成分的说明，所以⑤处选B。

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