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（3）Unit 9 Human Biology—高二英语北师大版（2019）选修三期末易错题集训
重难知识易混易错
现在完成时 & 过去完成时 & 将来完成时
1.现在完成时
结构：
肯定句：主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他
否定句：主语 + haven't/hasn't + 过去分词 + 其他
一般疑问句：Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他？
用法：
表示过去动作对现在的影响或结果，常与 yet, already, just, before, lately 等时间状语连用。
例：She has already finished her homework.
表示过去动作持续到现在，谓语动词需为延续性动词或状态词。
例：He has lived here for ten years.
固定句型：
That/This/It is the first/second…time (that)…
从句用现在完成时。
例：It is the first time I have seen such a beautiful view.
That/This/It is the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + (that)…
从句用现在完成时。
例：This is the best film I have ever watched.
It is/has been + 一段时间 + since…
主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
例：It has been three years since we met last.
常见短语区别：
have (has) gone to：已去某地（未返回），不与 "for + 一段时间" 连用。
have (has) been to：曾去过某地（已返回），不与 "for + 一段时间" 连用。
have (has) been in/at：一直待在某地，可与时间段搭配。
2.过去完成时
结构：
肯定句：主语 + had + 过去分词 + 其他
否定句：主语 + had not + 过去分词 + 其他
一般疑问句：Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他？
用法：
表示 "过去的过去"，即动作在过去某一时间或动作前已完成，可用 by, before 等介词短语或时间状语从句表示。
例：By the time I arrived, the movie had already started.
表示过去动作延续到另一过去时间，常与 for, since 构成的时间状语连用。
例：He had worked in the company for five years before he left.
追述或补述过去更早的动作，用于叙述过去事件后回溯先前动作。
例：She finished the report and then realized she had missed an important data.
在宾语从句中，若主句动词为过去式（如 told, said 等），从句动作先于主句动作发生时用过去完成时。
例：He said he had seen the film twice.
固定句型：
hardly…when… / no sooner…than…：刚…… 就……
例：Hardly had I got home when it rained.
It was the first/second…time (that)…：从句用过去完成时。
例：It was the second time she had visited the museum.
注意：若两个过去动作先后发生且顺序明确（如含 before/after），可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
3.将来完成时
结构：主语 + will/shall + have + 过去分词 + 其他
用法：
表示将来某时前已完成的动作（"将来完成"）。
例：By next month, I will have finished this project.
表示动作持续到将来某时。
例：In two years, he will have worked here for ten years.
表示对将来情况的推测。
例：She will have arrived by now, I think.
一、单选题
1.This is the first time that I ______ to the Great Wall.
A.have been B.had been C.went D.has been
2.Lily wants to read this science fiction as well, so when you ______ please give it to her.
A.have finished B.will finish C.are finishing D.finished
3.The coffee is wonderful! It doesn't taste like anything I ______ before.
A.was having B.have C.have ever had D.had ever had
4.I ______ to meet him at the airport, but I had an important meeting to attend.
A. intended B. intend C. have intended D. had intended
5.Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, ______ from lower forms of life.
A. evolved B. had evolved C. have evolved D. were evolving
6.By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I ______ the dinner already.
A. cooked B. have cooked C. had cooked D. was cooked
7.By the time you graduate from college, great changes ______ in your hometown.
A. will take place B. have been taken
C. are going to take place D. will have taken place
8.Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we ______ more convenient electronic communication tools by then.
A.have developed B.had developed
C.will have developed D.developed
9.According to the doctor, this time next week, I ______ around as normal and the cut on my foot ______ completely.
A.am walking, healed B.will be walking, will have healed
C.walks, is going to heal D.have been walking, heals
10.Hopefully in 2030 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we ______ communication tools by then.
A.have developed B.had developed
C.will have developed D.developed
二、阅读理解
Born in New York in 1918, scientist Gertrude B. Elion had an impressive career, during which she developed medicines to treat many major diseases. Elion spent her early youth in Manhattan. She attended senior high school and had, in her words, an unbelievable thirst for knowledge.
Motivated by the death of her grandfather, who died of cancer, Elion entered Hunter College at the age of 15 and graduated in chemistry at the age of 19. She had difficulty finding employment after graduation because many laboratories refused to hire women chemists. She found a part-time job as a lab assistant and went back to school at New York University. Elion worked as a high school teacher for a few years after finishing work on her master's degree.
The start of World War II created more opportunities for women. At the age of 26, Elion was able to get a job at Burroughs Wellcome & Company, where she began a 40 -year partnership with Dr George H. Hitchings. Her thirst for knowledge impressed Dr Hitchings, and he permitted her to take on more responsibility.
Elion and Hitchings set out on a course of creating medicines by studying the chemical composition of diseased cells. Rather than relying on old trial-and-error methods, they used the differences in biochemistry between normal human cells and pathogens (病原体) to design medicines. In all, Elion obtained 45 patents on medicine and was awarded 23 honorary degrees.
In 1988, Elion received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with George H. Hitchings and Sir James W. Black. She received other awards for her work, including the National Medal of Science in 1991, and that same year, she became the first woman to be inducted (使正式加入) into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. In 1997, she was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award.
11.What can we say about Elion as a high school student
A. She had a satisfying part-time job.
B. She had a strong desire for learning.
C. She had a gift for chemistry at high school.
D. She made great achievements in chemistry.
12.Why did Elion choose to study chemistry at college
A. To meet her grandfather's wish.
B. To find a good job after graduation.
C. To create medicines to treat diseases.
D. To be a chemistry teacher in the future.
13.When did Elion start working for Burroughs Wellcome & Company
A. In 1933. B. In 1937. C. In 1944. D. In 1984.
14.What does the author mainly tell us about Elion in the last paragraph
A. Her later life. B. Her honours.
C. Her interest in chemistry. D. Her significant contributions.
三、七选五
A food allergy (过敏) is a medical condition that occurs when the body's protection system perceives certain foods as a threat and responds to them with an allergic reaction.
Symptoms (症状) of a food allergy
①______ However, a severe reaction can take up to a few hours following exposure. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. And they may differ each time a specific allergen appears. Symptoms can include: a skin rash or hives, swelling of the face or lips, or feeling lightheaded or dizzy. ②______ That can send the body into shock or make it difficult to breathe.
Judging a food allergy
Doctors consider a number of factors when investigating a food allergy. Those include both a patient's symptoms and family history of allergies. A physical examination may be performed to rule out any other conditions. ③______
Treating a food allergy
It may not be possible for a patient to completely avoid foods that induce (导致) an allergic reaction. For minor reactions, you can take some medicine. For severe reactions, however, turn to doctors for help.
④______
The only sure way to prevent an allergic reaction to food is to carefully avoid the allergens. This can be a difficult process. That requires patients to carefully study food labels to ensure the food is safe for them. ⑤_______ So it's necessary to inform family or friends of the food that can cause a food allergy.
A. Avoiding harm from allergy.
B. Preventing an allergic reaction.
C. Not everyone knows what a food allergy is.
D. But many people don't know the allergens.
E. Other tests can include blood test or oral food challenge.
F. An allergic reaction to food usually occurs within minutes.
G. For some people, certain allergens can bring a severe reaction.
答案以及解析
一、单选题
1.答案：A
解析：考查时态。句意：这是我第一次去长城。此处为句型this is the first time that+现在完成时，表示"第一次"。故选A。
2.答案：A
解析：考查时态和主谓一致。句意：莉莉也想读这部科幻小说，所以你读完后请给她。设空处为从句谓语，根据句意可知，此处是你读完这本书后，把它给莉莉，强调的是动作的完成，应用现在完成时，主语you，助动词使用have。故选A。
3.答案：C
解析：考查时态。句意：这咖啡好极了！它的味道和我以前喝过的东西都不一样。根据句意以及before可知，表示过去动作对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时。故选C项。
4.答案：D
解析："had intended" 表示 "原本打算"，是一种过去完成时的特殊用法，表示过去未曾实现的想法、打算或意图。根据 "but I had an important meeting to attend" 可知，"我" 原本打算去机场接他，但因为有重要会议而没能去，用 "had intended" 符合语境。
5.答案：B
解析："进化" 这个动作发生在 "refused to believe" 之前，"refused" 是过去时，过去的过去要用过去完成时。A 选项 "evolved" 是一般过去时；C 选项 "have evolved" 是现在完成时；D 选项 "were evolving" 是过去进行时，都不符合语境。所以选 B。
6.答案：C
解析："By the time（到…… 时候为止）" 引导时间状语从句，从句是一般过去时，主句表示 "过去的过去"，要用过去完成时，结构是 "had + 过去分词"，所以选 C。
7.答案：D
解析："By the time + 一般现在时（从句）"，主句常用将来完成时，表示到将来某个时间为止已经完成的动作。此处从句是 "By the time you graduate from college"，是一般现在时表示将来的情况，主句要用将来完成时，其结构是 "will have + 过去分词"，所以选 D。
8.答案：C
解析：考查动词时态辨析。根据句末的时间状语by then可知，这里指的是by 2025，截至将来的某个时间为止，所以用将来完成时态。故选C。
9.答案：B
解析：分析句子结构可知，该句是and连接的并列句，两空在句中都是谓语，根据时间状语this time next week可知，时间发生在将来，第一空动作表示在将来的某一刻正在进行，walk与主语I是主动关系，所以要用将来进行时的主动态，结构是"will be+现在分词"；第二空动作表示从过去开始到将来的某个时间点将要完成的行为，动词heal与主语cut是主动关系，要用将来完成时的主动态，结构是"will have+过去分词"。
10.答案：C
解析：考查动词时态。句意：希望在2030年，我们将不再互相发送电子邮件，因为到那时我们将开发出通信工具。分析句子结构可知，此处为谓语动词，根据时间状语by then可知，应使用完成时态，结合句意可知，then指的是2023年，为将来的时间，截至2023年，该动作已经发生，所以应使用将来完成时态。故选C项。
二、阅读理解
11.答案： B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句 She attended senior high school and had, in her words, an unbelievable thirst for knowledge. 可知，作为一名高中生，埃利恩有强烈的求知欲。故选 B 项。
12.答案： C
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第一句 Motivated by the death of her grandfather, who died of cancer, Elion entered Hunter College at the age of 15 and graduated in chemistry at the age of 19. 并结合后文她与希钦斯一起研究患病细胞的化学成分来制造药物可以推断，埃利恩选择在大学里学习化学的原因是：要创造药物去治疗疾病。故选 C 项。
13.答案： C
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句 At the age of 26 , Elion was able to get a job at Burroughs Wellcome & Company, where she began a 40 -year partnership with Dr George H. Hitchings. 并结合文章第一句 Born in New York in 1918, scientist Gertrude B. Elion had an impressive career 可以推断，埃利恩在 1944 年开始为该公司工作。故选 C 项。
14.答案： B
解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的关键信息 In 1988, Elion received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; She received other awards for her work...; In 1997, she was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award. 可知，在最后一段中，作者主要讲的是埃利恩所获得的荣誉。故选 B 项。
三、七选五
答案：FGEBD
解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是食物过敏、过敏的症状以及如何预防食物过敏。
①根据下文"However, a severe reaction can take up to a few hours following exposure. (然而，严重的反应可能会持续几个小时)"可知，设空处应该介绍食物过敏症状出现的时间，故F项"对食物的过敏反应通常在几分钟内就会发生。"能够承接上文。故选F。
②根据上文"Symptoms can include: a skin rash or hives, swelling of the face or lips, or feeling lightheaded or dizzy. (症状包括：皮疹或荨麻疹，面部或嘴唇肿胀，或感觉头晕或头晕)"及下文"That can send the body into shock or make it difficult to breathe. (这会使身体休克或呼吸困难)"可知，前句介绍各种过敏症状，后句提到过敏的严重反应。故G选项"对某些人来说，某些过敏原会引起严重的反应。"能够承上启下。故选G。
③根据上文"A physical examination may be performed to rule out any other conditions. (体检可以排除任何其他情况)"可知，前句介绍通过体检来判断是否食物过敏，因此E选项可以承接上文说明其他测试的内容。故E选项"其他测试包括血液测试或口服食物挑战。"切题。信息词"Other tests"和"examination"呼应。故选E。
④根据下文"The only sure way to prevent an allergic reaction to food is to carefully avoid the allergens. (预防食物过敏反应的唯一可靠方法就是小心地避开过敏原)"可知，本段主要介绍了如何避免食物过敏。故B选项"预防过敏反应。"适合作本段主题句。故选B。
⑤根据下文"So it's necessary to inform family or friends of the food that can cause a food allergy. (所以有必要告知家人或朋友哪些食物会导致食物过敏)"可知，很多人不知道过敏原是什么。故D选项"但是很多人不知道过敏原是什么。"符合此处语境。故选D

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