2025秋高考英语复习基础语法专题一词法第2讲名词与数词课件

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2025秋高考英语复习基础语法专题一词法第2讲名词与数词课件

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专题一 词法篇
第2讲 名词与数词
◎高瞻远瞩→研究如何考◎
真题再现
题型 高考典例 设题角度解读



空 1.(2024全国新高考Ⅰ卷)These plants included modern Western     (favorite)such as rosemary,lavender and fennel.
2.(2024全国甲卷)They are      (treasure)of American heritage(遗产).
3.(2024全国新高考Ⅱ卷)Although they could never have met,there are common
     (theme)in their works,said Paul Edmondson,head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
4.(2024北京卷改编)On April 5,2024,John Tinniswood was named the ___________    (world)oldest living man.
5.(2024浙江1月卷改编)It was ten miles from her home to her      (grandfather),and that always seemed like a long way,even in a car!
6.(2023全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures,and the well-known Aesop’s fables date to the      (six)century,B.C. 1.给出名词的单数形式,考查其复数形式或所有格形式
2.给出基数词,考查其序数词
favorites
treasures
themes
world’s
grandfather’s 
sixth
1. 考查名词的数。句意:这些植物包括现代西方最受喜爱的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。favorite在此处用作可数名词,意为“特别受喜爱的东西”。根据空格后“such as rosemary, lavender and fennel”可知,此处应用名词的复数形式。故填favorites。
2. 考查名词的数。句意:它们是美国遗产的瑰宝。treasure表示“宝藏”,为可数名词,再结合空格前的“they are”可知,此处应用复数形式。故填treasures。
3. 考查名词的数。句意:莎士比亚故居信托基金会的研究主管Paul Edmondson说,尽管他们从未见过面,但他们的作品中都有共同的主题。根据空格前的“there are”可知,此处应用名词的复数形式。故填themes。
4. 考查名词所有格。句意:2024年4月5日,John Tinniswood被评为世界上在世最长寿的人。根据空格后的名词短语“oldest living man”和语境可知,此处应用的名词的所有格形式。故填world’s。
5.考查名词所有格。句意:从她的家到她爷爷家有十英里,这似乎总是一段很长的路,即使在汽车里!根据语境可知,此处指她家离爷爷的家十英里,应用名词所有格形式。故填grandfather’s。
6. 考查序数词。句意:寓言是许多早期文化口述传统中的一部分,而著名的伊索寓言可以追溯到公元前6世纪。根据空格后的名词century和语境可知,此处应用序数词。故填sixth。
解题策略
▼根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式:
1.不定冠词a/an后用可数名词的单数形式;
2.有these,those,several,many,all,both,a pair of,a variety of,different, one of, among或基数词(one除外)等修饰时,名词用复数形式。
▼根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式:名词作主语时,如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are,要考虑用名词的复数形式。
▼根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式:表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时,名词需用复数形式。
▼当所给的名词用于修饰名词(短语)或表示场所时,考虑用其所有格形式。
▼要特别注意基数词变为序数词时的拼写,要将序数词1—20的拼写熟记于心。
名词
▼名词的数
1.可数名词
可数名词都有单数和复数之分。
(1)可数名词复数的规则变化
◎核心精讲→归纳如何学◎
变化规则 例词
一般情况下加s student→students,teacher→teachers,doctor→doctors,table→tables
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的加es glass→glasses,dish→dishes,
box→boxes,watch→watches;但stomach的复数形式直接加s
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加es facility→facilities,
baby→babies,army→armies,body→bodies
变化规则 例词
以f或fe结尾的名词,通常变f或fe为v再加es,但有的加s thief→thieves,wife→wives,knife→knives,life→lives,shelf→shelves,belief→beliefs,proof→proofs,roof→roofs,chief→chiefs
以o结尾的名词通常加s,但有的加es radio→radios,video→videos,hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,zoo→zoos,tobacco→tobaccos,kangaroo→kangaroos
(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化
变化规则 例词
特殊变化 child→children,man→men,
tooth→teeth,foot→feet,mouse→mice
单复数同形 Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,series,means,works,species
集体名词以单数形式出现 people,police,cattle,fruit
有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法 phenomenon→phenomena,
medium→media,
bacterium→bacteria
2.不可数名词
不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词,一般没有单复数之分。
(1)抽象名词具体化
抽象名词在表示具体概念时,可以与不定冠词a/an连用。
单词 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达具体的概念,是可数名词)
surprise 惊讶 一件令人惊讶的事
success 成功 一个(件)成功的人(事)
failure 失败 一个(件)失败的人(事)
pleasure 快乐 一件乐事
comfort 安慰,慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事
(2)物质名词的复数表达
单词 物质名词(不可数) 复数表达
paper 纸 论文
sand 沙子 沙滩
water 水 水域
time 时间 时代;次/倍数
wood 木头 树林
▼名词所有格
1.-’s所有格
主要用于表示有生命的人或物的所属关系。
(1)一般是在名词词尾加-’s,如John’s home约翰的家。
(2)以-s或-es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加-’,如students’ textbooks 学生们的课本。
(3)词尾不带-(e)s的复数名词,仍加-’s,如children’s game 孩子们的游戏。
2.of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所属关系,如the title of the article文章的标题;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格,如the name of the girl over there在那边的那位女孩的名字。
3.双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为“名词+of+-’s所有格”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”,表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,名词前可用a,any,some,a few,two,this,that,these,those 等修饰,但不能用the,如a picture of my mother’s我母亲(拥有)的一张照片,this little cat of your sister’s你妹妹的这只小猫。
▼含名词复数的固定搭配
beak…into pieces 使……成为碎片
burst into tears 突然哭起来
dozens of 数十个
express one’s thanks to… 向……表达感谢
fix/keep one’s eyes on 关注;留意
in all directions 四面八方
in other words 换句话说
in ruins 成为废墟
in high/low spirits 情绪高涨/低落
in rags 衣衫褴褛
make contributions to… 为……做贡献
make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵
make friends with… 与……交朋友
make preparations for… 为……做准备
make/do repairs 修理
shake hands with… 与……握手
take notes 记笔记
take turns 轮流
基数词和序数词
▼序数词的使用
1.序数词在句中主要作定语,一般情况下,序数词前要加定冠词。
Monday is the second day of a week.
星期一是一周中的第二天。
2.序数词前有时加不定冠词,表示“又一,再一”,相当于another。
Would you like a second cup of tea?
你还想再来一杯茶吗?
3. first, second等有时可表示一批人或物。
The first milu deer came from China in the 1860s.
最早的一批麋鹿是在19世纪60年代从中国引进的。
4.使用分数表达法时,分子用基数词,分母用序数词;分子大于1时,分母用复数。如1/3:one third; 2/5:two fifths。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2024全国新高考Ⅰ卷改编)Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only      (record) did not lead to better global coverage.
2.(2024全国新高考Ⅱ卷改编)However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered      (hundred) of miles before reaching the table.
3.(2024全国新高考Ⅱ卷改编)Why not try a regional alternative or check out a popular      (destination) lesser-known sights?
◎冲关训练→专练如何解◎
records
hundreds
destination’s 
1. 考查名词的数。句意:他们的研究表明,大量的观测记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖。根据空格前的“the large number of observation-only”可知,此处应用名词的复数形式。故填records。
2. 考查数词。句意:然而,商店里的大多数农产品在到达餐桌之前都要经过数周的运输和数百英里的运输。此处考查固定短语hundreds of,意为“数以百计的”。故填hundreds。
3.考查名词所有格。句意:为什么不尝试一个地区的选择,或者去一个受欢迎的目的地看看不太知名的景点呢?根据空格前的“a popular”和空格后的名词短语“lesser-known sights”和语境可知,此处指目的地为不太知名的景点,应用名词的所有格形式。故填destination’s。
4.(2023全国乙卷改编)I tend to travel with a few of my      (friend) to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures.
5.(2023全国乙卷改编)From the English side, we have scientific reports and the      (captain) record of that terrible day.
6.Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with
     (chopstick).
7.The hotel has been ordered to close because it is overrun by____________     (mouse) and rats.
friends 
captain’s 
chopsticks 
mice 
4.考查名词的数。我倾向于和几个朋友一起去州立公园或乡村探险。根据空格前的“a few of”可知,此处应用friend的复数形式。故填friends。
5.考查名词所有格。句意:在英国方面,我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。根据空格后的名词record和语境可知,此处应该用captain的所有格形式作定语。故填captain’s。
6.考查名词的数。句意:下一步我把鸡蛋打到一个碗里,然后用筷子快速搅拌。chopstick是可数名词,意为“筷子”,通常以复数形式出现。故填chopsticks。
8.The system reflects the seasonal characteristics of annual natural
      (phenomenon) and farming activities.
9.Barber shops have been opened in most big hotels in foreign countries; guests can go to the      (barber) to have a haircut directly.
10.On his      (twelve) birthday, Philip decided to give away his toys.
phenomena 
barber’s
twelfth
7.考查名词的数。句意:这家旅馆因为到处都是老鼠,已经被勒令关闭。根据空格后的“and rats”可知,此处应用mouse的复数形式。故填mice。
8.考查名词的数。句意:该系统反映了年度自然现象和农业活动的季节性特征。根据空格后的“and farming activities”可知,此处应用phenomenon的复数形式。故填phenomena。
9. 考查名词所有格。句意:国外大部分大的酒店都有理发店。根据空格前的“go to the”和语境可知,此处指理发店,应用名词的所有格形式。the barber’s意为“理发店”。故填barber’s。
10. 考查序数词。句意:Philip在他十二岁生日那天决定捐赠他的玩具。根据语境可知,此处指他的第十二个生日,应用序数词。故填twelfth。
Ⅱ.语法填空
The Tongcheng School(桐城派) emerged in the late Qing Dynasty, originating from the city of Tongcheng in Anhui Province. It was founded by a group of 1.    (scholar) like Fang Bao, Liu Dakui, and Yao Nai, who were dedicated to preserving and promoting classical Chinese prose(散文) and literary style. Fang Bao, a key figure of the school, advocated for “Yi Fa” as the foundational theory for the 2.    (school) writing style. Here, “Yi” refers to the central themes or 3.    (idea) of an article, while “Fa” relates to the literary form and craftsmanship.
scholars
school’s
ideas
 The works produced under the Tongcheng School emphasized clarity and 4.     (direct) in conveying the message of the text, avoiding complex language. This resulted in a style that was brief and natural, although mostly lacking in vividness. Notable 5.    (work) include Prison Notes by Fang Bao and Ascent to Mount Tai by Yao Nai.
The influence of the Tongcheng School on later 6.________________     (generation) was significant. Its commitment to classical prose influenced
7.     (thousand) of scholars and writers, shaping the literary standards and critical 8.     (approach) of periods afterwards.
directness
works
generations
thousands
approaches
The school’s emphasison clarity, precision, and 9.     (elegant) in prose writing laid the groundwork for the development of modern Chinese literary criticism. Furthermore, its impact extended beyond literature into 10.    (area) of cultural and intellectual history, strengthening the value of classical education and scholarly discipline in Chinese intellectual life.
elegance
areas

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