资源简介

(共57张PPT)
第二讲　非谓语动词
高中总复习·英语 (人教版)
01
巩固
必备知识
02
培育
学科素养
1
巩固·必备知识
归纳整合，高效落实
考点一　非谓语动词作状语
1. 动词不定式作状语
（1）作目的状语，有时动词不定式前可加in order 或so as，但so as to
不能用于句首。
The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来搭载乘客。
（2）作结果状语，常用于only to do、 enough to do、 too ...to do、
so/such ...to do。
We hurried to the station， only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆地赶到车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。
（3）作原因状语，用于表示喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪的形容词，如
anxious， happy， frightened， surprised等后面。
You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.
你永远不会知道我昨天见到她有多高兴。
（4）在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中，动词不定式的主
动形式表被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有easy、 hard、
interesting、 pleasant等。
The chair looks rather hard， but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。
2. 分词作状语
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般在句中作时间、原
因、结果、方式、条件、伴随、让步等状语。
（1）动词-ing形式作状语，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
More highways have been built in China， making it much easier for
people to travel from one place to another.　（作结果状语）
中国已经修建了更多的高速公路，这让人们的两地出行变得更容易。
（2）过去分词作状语，分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关
系。
Used with care， one tin will last for six weeks.　（作条件状语）
如果小心使用，一罐可以用六个星期。
（1）某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，这些过去分词既不表示被
动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如lost （迷路的）、 seated
（坐着的）、 hidden （隐瞒的）、 lost/absorbed in （沉溺于）、
dressed in （穿着……的）、 tired of （对……感到厌倦的）等。
Fully absorbed in the book， he didn’t notice me enter the room.
完全被这本书所吸引，他没有注意到我进入房间。
点津
（2）独立成分作状语，其形式不受上下文的影响，常用的有
considering ...（鉴于；考虑到）、 generally speaking （总的来
说）、 judging by/from ...（从……来看；依据……来判断）、
supposing that ...（假定……）、 providing that ...（假定……）、
owing to ...（由于……）、 talking/speaking of ...（谈及……）、
given ...（考虑到……）、 provided that ...（如果……）、 to tell
the truth （实话实说）、 to be honest （老实说）等。
　单句语法填空
①（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）These sepals open on warm days
（give） the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
②（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷） （recall） watching a Chinese
opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting
Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of
The Peony Pavilion， Edmondson said，“It was very exciting to hear the
Chinese language and see how Tang’s play was being performed.”
to give　
Recalling　
③（2022·全国甲卷）He flew 4，700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar
on Sept.20， （plan） to hike back to Xi’an in five
months.
④（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷） （cover） an area about three times
the size of Yellowstone National Park， the GPNP will be one of the first
national parks in the country.
planning　
Covering　
考点二　非谓语动词作定语
1. 动词不定式作定语
（1）动词不定式to do作定语表示将来的动作；动词不定式to be done
作定语表示将来、被动的动作。
The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
（2）动词不定式修饰序数词、最高级或no、 all、 any等限定的中心
词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。
She was the first Chinese female to win the Nobel Prize.
她是第一个获得诺贝尔奖的中国女性。
（3）被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用动词不定式作定语。该类名词
有ability、 chance、 idea、 hope、 wish、 fact、 promise、
attempt、 way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2. 分词作定语
（1）及物动词分词形式作定语
①动词-ing形式表示被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关
系。
I have never seen a more moving movie.
我从未看过比这更感人的电影。
②being done表示被修饰的名词与非谓语动词之间为被动关系且动作
正在进行。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。
③过去分词表示被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系，且表示动作
已经完成或处于某种状态。
“Things lost never come again！” I couldn’t help talking to myself.
我不禁自言自语道：“失去的东西不会再来！”
（2）不及物动词分词形式作定语
动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示动作已经完成。
　单句语法填空
①（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）Shanghai may be the
（recognize） home of the soup dumpling， but food historians will
actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as
xiao long bao’s birthplace.
②（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷）They talk to the flood of international tourists and
to （visit） Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on
the pandas， which are on loan from China.
recognized　
visiting　
③（2022·全国甲卷）A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently
hiked （徒步） 40 days to Xi’an， as a first step
（journey） the Belt and Road route （路线） by foot.
④To non-Tibetans， yak butter may taste strange at first as it makes for a
very different taste than the sweet butter （produce） by
corn-fed cows.
to journey　
produced　
⑤A popular dish is salted meat on a bed of bamboo shoots
（steam） on a wooden board.
⑥Meanwhile， some architects are drawing inspiration from skywells
（天井） to help keep new buildings cooler， which is a
method （combine） design and technology to cool a
building without the use of power.
steamed　
combining　
考点三　非谓语动词作补语
1. 动词不定式作补语
（1）有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾语补足语，即“动词
（短语）＋宾语＋to do”，如advise、 want、 allow、 permit、
persuade、 remind、 invite、 depend on、 call on等。
Father advised me to say something.
父亲建议我说点什么。
（2）常用动词不定式作主语补足语的句型有sb/sth be
said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to
be done/to be doing/to have been done。
He is said to have been cheated in the street.
据说他在大街上被骗了。
2. 分词作宾语补足语
动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑
上的主谓关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，表被动和完成，宾语补足
语与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.（the traffic与
run之间是逻辑上的主谓关系）
他们用电脑保持交通畅通。
3. 感官动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语
常见的感官动词和短语（see， watch， observe， notice， look at，
hear， listen to， feel）后面的宾语补足语有三种非谓语动词形式
（do/doing/done）。do 表主动和完成（被动句中还原to），doing表主
动或正在进行，done 表被动或完成。
As I got closer， I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing
heavily.
当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，呼吸沉重。
4. 使役动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语
宾语补足语 使役动词＋宾语 to do doing done
make＋宾语 do × √
keep＋宾语 × √ √
宾语补足语 使役动词＋宾语 to do doing done
have＋宾语 do/to do（区别：
have sb do sth 意为“让某人做某事”；have sth to do意为“有某事要做”，to do作后置定语） √（表示主体使客体处于某种状态或一直做某事） √（表示让别人做某事
或让某事被做）
get＋宾语 √ √ √
leave＋宾语 √ √ √
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before the plane left.
在飞机起飞前一个小时，克莱尔把行李进行了安检。
5. with/without＋宾语＋宾语补足语
with/without的复合结构：with/without＋名词＋doing （主动、进行）
/done（被动、完成）/to do（目的、将来）。
Without anyone noticing me， I stole into the room.
没有人注意到我，我偷偷溜进了房间。
　单句语法填空
①With the technique （improve） by generations of
craftsmen， today’s eggshell porcelain can be made as thin as paper and
gauze （薄纱）.
②She returned home， only to find the door open and a number of
things （go）.
③Not seeing or hearing any fire engines
（approach）， Grant rushed to a side entrance and ran up the stairs.
improved　
gone　
approaching　
考点四　非谓语动词作宾语
　单句语法填空
①（2023·全国乙卷）As a photographer， I have spent the last two
years （record） everything I discovered.
②After （spend） some time looking at all the defensive
equipment at the wall， we decided it was time for some action and what
better than to ride on a piece of history！
recording　
spending　
③Komodo National Park， officially recognized in 1980， is popular for
ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity.Activities there range from
whale watching to hiking （远足） and accommodations aim
（have） a low impact on the natural environment.
④The film started attracting attention even before
（release） thanks to social media discussions about it.
⑤As the new immigrants gain financial independence and a greater
knowledge of the surrounding city， they may choose
（stay） close to known friends and neighbors for comfort.
to have　
being released　
to stay　
⑥The Diagram of Tai Chi， or the black and white， teardrop-shaped
diagram of yin and yang， was derived from （observe）
shadows which were cast on a sundial （日晷） at midday throughout the
year.
⑦We use bicycles today for recreation， fitness and so on.Without the
bicycle， much of the world might stop （work）.
observing　
working　
考点五　非谓语动词作主语和表语
　单句语法填空
①It is possible （walk） or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
②It’s no good （regret） your past mistakes.
③I got caught in the traffic jam and I’m not sure how long it will
take （arrive） at the airport.
④What worried the child most was his （not，
allow） to visit his mother in the hospital.
to walk　
regretting　
to arrive　
not being allowed　
（2023·全国乙卷） 　　　　　 （visit） several times over the last
10 years， I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new， and how a
city was able to keep such a rich heritage （遗产） while constantly
growing.
分析：Having visited　此处为非谓语动词作状语，I与visit之间为
逻辑上的主谓关系；根据时间状语over the last 10 years和several
times可知，visit所表示的动作已经发生多次，且发生在谓语动词
所表示的动作之前，因此设空处用现在分词的完成式，置于句
首，首字母应大写。
（2023·全国甲卷）For thousands of years， people have told fables
（寓言） 　　　　　 （teach） a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
分析：to teach　根据语境“人们通过讲寓言故事传授知识或传递智
慧”可知，此处表目的，又根据句中的or可知，设空处与后面的to
pass ...并列，因此此处用动词不定式作目的状语。
（2022·新高考Ⅱ卷）When he saw a young child hanging from a
sixth-floor apartment balcony （阳台）， Henry ran one hundred
metres， jumped over a 1.2-metre fence， and held out his arms to catch
the 　　　　　 （fall） child.
分析：falling　设空处作定语，表示“正在跌落的孩子”，应用动词-
ing形式。
2
培育·学科素养
精准训练，稳步提升
一、模拟选萃
1. （2025·安徽重点高中联盟联考）The works
（produce） under the Tongcheng School emphasized clarity and
directness in conveying the message of the text， avoiding complex
language.
2. （2025·安徽重点高中联盟联考）Its commitment to classical prose
influenced numerous scholars and writers， （shape） the
literary standards and critical approaches of periods afterwards.
produced　
shaping　
3. （2025·武汉部分高中联考）When （experience）
tea lovers comment on a cup of tea， they might comment on its qi and
yun.
4. （2025·广东模拟）The permanent beauty of Chinese calligraphy art
lies in its ability （communicate） both visual and
emotional depth.
experienced　
to communicate　
5. （2025·安阳模拟）Zhengding is situated in the northern suburbs of
Shijiazhuang， capital of Hebei Province.It has long stood as one of the
three most strategically important locations in north China， the other
two （be） Beijing and Baoding.Its history dates back to the
Sixteen Kingdoms.
being　
二、高考连线
6. （2023·全国甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America
where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its
surroundings，” her fable begins， （borrow） some
familiar words from many age-old fables.Behind the simple style，
however，is a serious message （intend） for everyone.
7. （2022·1月浙江卷）That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last
year down by 75％， and she plans （continue） the
practice.
borrowing　
intended　
to continue　
8. （2022·全国甲卷）Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for
International Cooperation （hold） in Beijing， Cao decided to
cover the route by hiking as a tribute （致敬） to the ancient Silk Road.
9. （2022·全国乙卷） （strengthen） the connection
with young people，the event included a number of public promotional
activities on social media， （invite） twenty-nine tea
professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of
uninterrupted live broadcasts.
held　
To strengthen　
inviting　
一、词语推敲
1. 作主语或介宾用doing，不犯简单错误
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）在公园里创作艺术品是一种让人耳目一新的
休息方式。
Creating artwork in the park was a refreshing way to break.
运用：（2022·1月浙江卷）说服他接受我的观点是不可能的，所以我
不想浪费时间来讨论。
， so I
didn’t want to waste my time discussing them.
Persuading him into accepting my views was impossible　
2. 作状语用分词生动简练
（1）doing作状语，表示句子（逻辑）主语和该动词为主谓（主动）
关系。
（2）done作状语，表示句子（逻辑）主语和该动词为动宾（被动）
关系，或者表示主语所处的某种状态。
（2023·北京卷）很高兴听说你们正在策划一个以“绿色北京”
为主题的社团活动，我写信是为了给这次活动提出我的建议。
Delightedly hearing that you are planning a club activity themed
“Green Beijing”，I am writing to make my suggestions for the event.
运用：（2024·全国甲卷）首先，共享单车已经成为城市交通的象
征，为短途出行提供了一种经济实惠、绿色环保的选择。
Firstly， shared bicycles have emerged as a symbol of urban
mobility， .
offering an affordable and green alternative for short trips　
（2023·全国甲卷）孔子，又名孔丘，被认为是中国历史上最重
要的人物之一，是生活在春秋时期的中国哲学家和政治家。
Considered one of the most important figures in Chinese history，
Confucius，also known as Kong Qiu， was a Chinese philosopher and
politician who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period.
运用：（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）虽然筋疲力尽，但是大卫到达了终点线，
所有的学生都为他欢呼。
， David reached the finishing line and all the students
cheered for him.
Worn out　
（2022·全国甲卷）而且，为了呼吁更多人来保护海洋，我们还
可以发传单。
What’s more， to call on more people to protect the ocean， we can also
hand out leaflets.
运用：为了更高效地学习英语，你最好选择听说课程。
， you had better choose the
Listening and Speaking course.
To learn English more efficiently　
3. 表目的，动词不定式适当提前
（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）在确认了大卫想跑就跑的情况后，我转过身
发现他朝我走来，他瘦小的身体随着他的双脚向前摆动而左右摇晃。
Having made sure that David could run if he wanted to，I turned around
to find him coming towards me， his small body rocking from side to side
as he swung his feet forward.
运用：卖完爆米花之后，他们决定收工回家。
， they decided to call it a day and go
home.
Having sold out all the popcorn　
4. having done比after从句光鲜靓丽
二、语篇打造
　　根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意非谓语动词的运用。
Dear Mary，
　　This year， our class has organised a variety of extra-curricular
activities， 1.
（诸如植树、学做饭和参观当地的博物馆）.
such as planting trees， learning to cook and visiting
local museums　
　　My favourite activity is 2. （去参观博物
馆）.Such kinds of trips have not only 3.
（帮助我更好地理解历史和地理
课本）， but also improved my research skills， since we were always
4. （被要求做好准备） by searching online or
finding useful information in the library before the field trips.I really hope
that you can go on a field trip with us in the future.
　Yours，
　Li Hua
to visit the museums　
helped me better understand
the history and geography textbooks　
asked to get prepared　
疑难突破一
如何区分谓语动词和非谓语动词
一、如何确定谓语
第一步：确定是否作谓语
首先，分析句子结构，找出句中是否缺少谓语，如果缺少谓语，则设
空处应填谓语动词。
第二步：确定作谓语应注意三点
1. 根据语境、并列谓语、时间标志词等确定用哪种时态；
2. 根据主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，以确定语态；
3. 根据主语确定谓语动词的数，做到主谓一致。
The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived
China’s long history.It 　　　　 （build） originally to protect the city
in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored （修复）.
分析：was built　第一步：确定填谓语。分析句子结构可知，设空处
和has now been completely restored并列作谓语。
第二步：考虑时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语in the Tang
Dynasty可知，事情发生在过去，主语it （the Xi’an City Wall）与动
词build之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。
二、如何确定非谓语
分析句子结构，所给提示词是动词时，若句中已有谓语动词，而又无
连词（并列连词连接并列句或并列谓语，从属连词引导从句）时，则
要考虑用非谓语动词。
From 2000 to 2019， there were 7，348 major natural disasters
around the world， 　　　　　 （result） in USD 2，970 billion in
economic loss.
分析：resulting　分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词were，设空
处应用非谓语动词。此处表示自然而然的结果，应用动词-ing形式作
结果状语。
演示完毕 感谢观看 !(共39张PPT)
第三讲　情态动词和虚拟语气
高中总复习·英语 (人教版)
01
巩固
必备知识
02
培育
学科素养
1
巩固·必备知识
归纳整合，高效落实
考点一　情态动词
（1）单句语法填空
①Your cousin have enjoyed his trip in Jixian County， didn’t
he？ He looks amazingly different.
②The spokesman did not regret what he had said at the conference but felt
that he could （express） it indirectly.
③This have been an improvement， but “breakthrough” was
an overstatement.
must　
have expressed　
may　
④I’m not feeling well in the stomach.I shouldn’t
（eat） so much fried chicken just now.
⑤You ought to （come） to the party yesterday， but
why didn’t you come？
have eaten　
have come　
（2）完成句子
①安吉拉与西蒙进行了辩论，试图说服他改变主意，但西蒙不愿意听
她的话。
Angela reasoned with Simon， trying to persuade him to change his
mind， but Simon .
②你不必道歉；任何人都可能迟到。过来坐下。
You ； it can happen to anybody to be
e and sit down.
would not listen to her　
don’t have to apologize　
③就我个人而言，我认为你不妨抓住这个机会，否则一旦错过就再也
不会得到另外一个机会了。
Personally， I think you ， or you’ll
probably never get another once you miss it.
④在这种情况下，如果说有什么话题需要避免，那一定就是人们
的收入。
Under the circumstances， if there is any topic that needs avoiding，
it .
⑤我奶奶已经七十多岁了，但她仍然可以不戴眼镜看书。
My grandma is over seventy， but .
may as well seize the chance　
must be people’s income　
she can still read without glasses　
考点二　虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气用于条件句中的4种情况
1. 虚拟语气在if条件句中的运用
类别 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式（be动词一般用were） should/would/could/might＋
动词原形
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might＋
have＋过去分词
与将来事实相反 过去式（be用were） should/would/could/might＋
动词原形
should＋动词原形
were to＋动词原形
If he had time now， he would （should/could/might） go to the cinema
with you.　（与现在事实相反）
如果他现在有时间，他会和你一起去看电影的。
If you had come a few minutes earlier， you would
（should/could/might） have met the famous singer you dreamt of.　
（与过去事实相反）
如果你早来几分钟，你就会见到那个你梦寐以求的著名歌手了。
If it were to snow/should snow/snowed this evening， they would
（should/could/might） not go out.　（与将来事实相反）
如果今天晚上下雪，他们就不会出去。
2. 虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装
如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should，有时可把if省略，把
were/had/should提到主语之前形成倒装；若为否定形式，not不可
提前。
Had he caught the morning train， he would not have been late for the
meeting.
要是他赶上了早晨的火车，他开会就不会迟到了。
3. 错综时间条件句
有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应
根据它们各自发生的时间加以调整。
If we had booked a table earlier， we wouldn’t be standing here in a
queue now.（if条件句是对过去的虚拟，而主句是对现在的虚拟）
如果我们早些订位子，现在也就不用站在这里排队了。
4. 含蓄条件句
（1）有时假设的情况不用条件句表达，而用but for， without等介词
（短语）来表示。
We wouldn’t have finished the project on time without your timely help.
如果没有你的及时帮助，我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。
（2）用连词otherwise， or等暗示下文与前面的情况相反，从而引出
下文的虚拟语气。
He reminded me of the meeting， otherwise I would have forgotten it.
他提醒了我会议的事，要不然我就忘了。
（3）虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，句型结构为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实
情况”。
She would have come to see you， but she was so busy that day.
她本想来看望你的，但那天她太忙了。
　单句语法填空
①I was busy finishing my paper that day.Otherwise I
（go） there with them.
②If he （listen） to the teacher attentively yesterday，
he would know the answer to the problem now.
③If he （lie） quietly as the doctor instructed， he
wouldn’t suffer so much now.
④Had you studied harder at college， you （get） a
better job now.
would have
gone　
had listened　
had lain　
would/could get　
二、虚拟语气用于名词性从句中的4种情况
1. 在“it is＋important/necessary/natural/strange/essential/vital/a pity＋
that ...”句型中，谓语动词用“（should＋）动词原形”。
It’s vital that we （should） take our safety driving along the road
seriously.
我们应该重视道路安全驾驶，这是至关重要的。
2. 在would rather （that）后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词如果表示
现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生的
动作，从句用过去完成时。
I’d rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.
我宁愿他前天和我一起去了海边。
3. 句中含有以下单词或其变形时，该句中的名词性从句（宾语从句、
表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句）部分常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词
形式为“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。
4. 动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气
事实情况 从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式（be动词一般用were）
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反 would/could＋动词原形
　单句语法填空
①It is essential that these application forms
（send） back as early as possible.
②It is strongly recommended that the machines
（check） every year.
③How I wish I （not， try） to repair the cell phone！
I only made it worse.
（should） be sent　
（should） be
checked　
hadn’t tried　
④My suggestion is that more people from all walks of life
（encourage） to finance the project with their deeper
love for these children.
⑤My husband is always talking about the economy， but I’d rather
he （focus） more on our children’s education.
（should）
be encouraged　
focused　
三、3个特定句式中的虚拟语气
句型结构 过去虚拟 现在虚拟 将来虚拟
if only引导的条件句及感叹句 had＋过去分词 过去式（be动
词一般用
were） would/could/should/
might＋动词原形
as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句 had＋
过去分词 过去式（be动
词一般用were） would/could/should/
might＋动词原形
it is （high） time
（that）... 过去式或“should＋动词原形”
点津
在虚拟语气中，关键词的意义和语境是判断句子是否为虚拟语气的重
点，解决此类问题要重点考虑时间和主从句结构两个方面。
　单句语法填空
①I felt so embarrassed when being blamed by my teacher in class.If only
I （complete） my homework last night！
②They stared at me as if I （come） from the outer space.
had completed　
had come　
You shouldn’t 　　　　　 （scold） him for his poor
performance.After all， he had done his best.
分析：have scolded　根据前后句关系可知，此处表示“本不该”，
shouldn’t have done指做了本不该做的事，前面已有shouldn’t，故填
have scolded。
If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers， I
wouldn’t 　　　　　 （be） where I am.
分析： be　此处是错综时间虚拟语气，根据where I am可知，主句是
与现在事实相反的假设，主句谓语动词应用would do形式。前面已有
wouldn’t，故填be。
2
培育·学科素养
精准训练，稳步提升
一、模拟选萃
1. The doctor recommended that the medicine
（take） three times a day.
2. She did not know what pursuing dance bring her，but only
took on the challenge with her full passion and love for dance.
3. Typically，the seals are carved into stone，but they can also
（make） of wood，bamboo，or bone.
（should）be taken　
would　
be
made　
二、高考连线
4. （天津卷）The workers were not better organized， otherwise they
would （accomplish） the task in half the time.
5. （北京卷）They might have found a better hotel if they
（drive） a few more kilometers.
6. （江苏卷）There is a good social life in the village， and I wish
I （have） a second chance to become more involved.
have accomplished　
had
driven　
had　
一、词语推敲
1. if条件句的虚拟
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）如果我没有充分利用这次机会为写作比赛做
准备，我就不会获得一等奖。
If I hadn’t made the most of the chance to prepare for the writing
contest， I wouldn’t have gained first prize.
运用：如果我没读英文报Youth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的
进步。
If I ， I
.
hadn’t read the English newspaper Youth　
wouldn’t have
made such great progress in English　
（2022·全国甲卷）总之，是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
All in all，it is high time that we should devote/devoted ourselves to
protecting the ocean.
运用：总之，现在是我们提高环境保护意识的时候了。
In a word，
.
it is high time that we should raise/raised our awareness of
environmental protection　
2. 利用It’s high time that ...表虚拟
我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。
I recommend that you should take the Listening and Speaking course first
for the following reasons.
运用：按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。

to watch the movie and take part in the discussion.
It is required that anyone who wants to participate should arrive at the
lecture hall on time　
3. should的适当运用
　　I’m Li Hua.Do you still remember me？ I studied in your school
for 3 months a couple of years ago.I’m very grateful for your help during
my study in the US. At that time， you often recommended that 1.
（我应该结交
新朋友和适应新生活）.Without your help， 2.
（我不能那么享受我在那儿的生
活）.Besides， if you hadn’t helped me， 3.
（我的英语就不可能提高得那么快）.
I
（should） make new friends and adapt to the new life　
I couldn’t have
enjoyed my life there so much　
my English couldn’t
have improved so quickly　
二、语篇打造
　　根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意情态动词和虚拟语气的运用。
Dear Eric，
　　By the way， do you know how everything is going with Mr Smith？
I failed to contact him after I left America.I’d appreciate it 4.
（如果你能给我
他的邮箱地址或电话号码）.I remember that you are very interested in
Chinese culture.If you were free during this winter holiday， how I wish
if you
could offer me his e-mail address or telephone number　
5.
（你能在春节期间来中国体验中国文化）！I would rather
that 6. （你和我们一起
欢度春节）.I’m sure it will be an unforgettable trip for you.I would be
very happy 7. （如果你能接受我
的邀请）.
　　I am looking forward to your coming.
　Yours，
　Li Hua
you could come to China during the Spring Festival to experience Chinese
culture　
you spent the Spring Festival with us happily　
if you were to accept my invitation　
演示完毕 感谢观看 !(共61张PPT)
第一讲　动词的时态、语态与主谓一致
高中总复习·英语 (人教版)
01
巩固
必备知识
02
培育
学科素养
1
巩固·必备知识
归纳整合，高效落实
考点一　动词的时态
一、 3类热考时态
1. 一般现在时（主语＋am/is/are或do/does）
（1）表示现在经常性、习惯性、反复出现的动作或状态。
Sue talks every night in her dream.It somewhat bothers us.
休每天晚上都说梦话，这有点困扰我们。
（2）表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象（在过去的语境中也用一
般现在时）。
The teacher told us the Earth moves around the Sun.
老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
（3）按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，只限于
go、 arrive、 leave、 start、 return、 begin、 come、 take off 等动词
（短语）。
The flight takes off at 8：30 every Wednesday and Friday.
这个航班每周三和周五8：30 起飞。
（4）用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来。
When I grow up， I will be a nurse and look after patients.
我长大后要当一名护士，照顾病人。
2. 一般过去时（主语＋was/were或did）
（1）表示过去某一时间发生的动作、所处的状态或过去一段时间内
习惯性的动作或状态。
I had one trip last year when I was caught in a hurricane in America.
去年一次出行时，我在美国赶上了飓风。
（2）如从句中有过去的时间状语，虽然从句动作先于主句的动作发
生，从句仍用一般过去时。
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
他告诉我他昨晚读了一本有趣的小说。
3. 现在完成时（have/has＋过去分词）
（1）表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常
与already， yet， ever， never， “in the past/last＋时间段”等连用。
In the last few years， thousands of films have been produced
throughout the world.
在过去的几年里，全世界拍摄了数千部电影。
（2）表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，可能还会继续
下去。往往和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，如：for＋时间段，since
＋过去的时间点/从句。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来就受到了好评。
（3）下列句型用现在完成时：
①This （That/It） is the first/second/... time that ...意为“这是第一/
二/……次……”，从句用现在完成时。
②It has been＋时间段＋since ...意为“自从……以来已经……”，主
句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。
③This （That/It） is the best/finest/most interesting ...＋that从句，从
句用现在完成时。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a
family.
这是我们一家人第一次在电影院里看电影。
This is the most interesting book I’ve ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的一本书。
It has been three years since he left his hometown.
他离开家乡已经三年了。
　单句语法填空
①（2024·1月浙江卷）Over the last two years， some
supermarkets （start） selling chicken or salad in packs
designed with two halves containing separate portions （份）.
②（2022·全国乙卷）The chairman of the China Culture Promotion
Society （address） the opening ceremony.
have started　
addressed　
③（2022·1月浙江卷）On a website called No Fly Climate Sci， for
example， roughly 200 academics — many of them climate scientists —
（promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort
started two years ago.
④It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation on the
Potomac， but Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield，
Illinois， （prove） irresistible to visitors since it
opened to the public.
have promised　
has proved/proven　
二、其他6类时态
　单句语法填空
①（2023·北京卷）Years later， having moved to France， I turned up at
the appointed hour for a dinner， only to find that no other guest
（arrive） and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
②Given growing populations， increasing wealth， and the spreading
popularity of natural remedies around the world， the demand for these
medicines and remedies （rise） now.
③By the time you arrive home， I （sleep） then，
so please don’t make any noise.
had
arrived　
is rising　
will be sleeping　
④Tom had to pack his things up quickly， because he was told that this
taxi （leave） in 2 minutes.
⑤A gap year is about gaining skills that （help） you in the
future.
⑥I （stand） by the car when a hummingbird flew to
the center of our group and began hovering.
⑦If you feel you’re struggling to make ends meet while everyone around
you appears to be living in comfort， you （feel） less joy.
was leaving　
will help　
was standing　
will feel　
一、时间状语判断法
（2022·全国甲卷）In the last five years， Cao 　　　　 （walk）
through 34 countries in six continents， and in 2016， he reached the top
of Kilimanjaro， Africa’s highest mountain.
分析：has walked　根据时间状语In the last five years可知，此处应用
现在完成时，主语Cao为第三人称单数，助动词用has。
（2022·新高考Ⅱ卷）　Henry 　　　　　 （fix） his car when he
heard the screams.
分析：was fixing　此处是固定句式was/were doing sth when ...，表示
“正在做某事，这时……”。此处为Henry正在修车，这时他突然听
到尖叫声。主语Henry为第三人称单数，助动词用was。
二、固定句式判断法
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷）As a little girl， I 　　　 （wish） to be a
zookeeper when I grew up. Now， I’m living out that dream indirectly
by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.
分析：wished　根据As a little girl和when I grew up可知，此处讲的是
作者小时候的愿望，时态应用一般过去时。live out that dream意为
“实现那个梦想”。
三、语境综合判断法
（2022·新高考Ⅱ卷）He quickly 　　　　　 （throw） his tools
aside， and started running， arms out.
分析：threw　设空处与and 后面的 started为并列谓语，应用一般
过去时。
四、时态呼应判断法
考点二　动词的语态
一、被动语态的构成
　被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数
和时态的变化。被动语态的构成形式还有“get/become＋过去分
词”。各种时态的被动语态形式如下表（以动词give为例）：
一般式 进行式 完成式
现在
时 am given is given are given am being given is being given are being given has been given
have been given
过去
时 was given were given was being given were being given had been given
一般式 进行式 完成式
将来时 shall be given will be given 无 shall have been Given
will have been given
过去 将来时 would be given 无 would have
been given
二、被动语态的用法
1. 不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。
2. 需要突出或强调动作的承受者。
To our relief， a great many measures have been taken to protect the
ocean from being polluted.
令我们欣慰的是，（人们）已经采取了许多措施保护海洋不被污染。
三、主动形式表示被动意义
1. “系动词feel、 sound、 taste、 look、 smell、 appear、 seem、
turn、 stay、 become、 get、 grow、 keep等＋形容词/名词”构成系表
结构时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of wool shirt feels soft.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
2. 当sell、 read、 cut、 wash、 write、 open、 wear （磨损）、 run
（运转）、 burn等不及物动词后有状语（well/easily等）修饰，用来
表示主语的属性、特征或功能时，常用主动形式表示被动含义。
Have you bought the book that sells well these days？
你买了目前卖得很好的这本书了吗？
3. need、 want、 require、 deserve、 bear等动词的后面常用动词-ing
形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这栋房子需要修理。
4. 在“主语（人/物）＋be＋形容词＋动词不定式”结构中，动词不
定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice、 easy、 fit、
hard、 difficult、 important、 impossible、 pleasant、 interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难算出来。
5. be to blame是用主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake？
谁应该为这个错误承担责任呢？
点津
（1）有些及物动词（短语）不能用于被动语态，如have、 cost、
lack、 belong to、 date from/back to、 take part in等。
（2）不及物动词（短语）不能用于被动语态，如happen/take
place/occur、 remain、 last、 break out、 come out、 run out等。
　单句语法填空
①（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷）Two years later， a six-meter-tall pavilion，
inspired by The Peony Pavilion， （build） at the Firs
Garden， just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
②（2023·全国乙卷）Having visited several times over the last 10
years， I （amaze） by the co-existence of old and
new， and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage （遗产）
while constantly growing.
was built　
was amazed　
③（2023·全国甲卷）Carson proves that a simple literary form that has
been passed down through the ages can still （employ）
today to draw attention to important truths.
④When the house was built， it was much smaller than it is
today.Mary’s niece wrote，“The little home
（paint） white ...”
be employed　
was painted　
一、主语动词关系判断法
（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）The GPNP 　　　　　 （design） to reflect
the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity （完整
性） of natural ecosystems， preserving biological diversity， protecting
ecological buffer zones， and leaving behind precious natural assets （资
产） for future generations”.
分析：is designed　句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实
性和完整性，保护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝
贵的自然资产”的指导原则。设空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语
The GPNP之间为被动关系；叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。因此
设空处应为一般现在时的被动语态，主语为单数，谓语用第三人称单
数形式。
二、动词特点判断法
This listening material， together with its CD-ROMs， 　　　
（sell） well.
分析：sells　句意：这个听力材料和它的光盘都很畅销。英语中有很
多动词，如sell、 read、 write、 clean、 wash 等，当它们被用作不及
物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表示被动意义，主语通常
是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily、 well等副词连用。此处句子的
主语是This listening material，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
（2024·全国甲卷）What should 　　　　 （do） with such a
beautiful place？
分析：be done　句意：应该对这么美丽的地方做些什么？本句主语
What和动词do之间是动宾关系，所以应用被动语态。空前的should是
情态动词，其后用动词原形。
三、含有情态动词的被动语态
考点三　主谓一致
一、主谓一致三原则
二、谓语单复数视情况而定的类型
　单句语法填空
①（2024·全国甲卷）They （be） part of a 15-member
exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the
natural beauties there.
②（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）Further， the Silk Route Garden around the
greenhouse （walk） visitors through a journey influenced by
the ancient Silk Road， by which silk as well as many plant species came
to Britain for the first time.
were　
walks　
③（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）The plan will extend protection to a significant
number of areas that （be） previously unprotected ...
④Going to Mount Huangshan （remind） me of the popular
Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”.
⑤Anhui cuisine （be） characterised by its heavy use of oil，
deeply flavored sauces， and superior soups and stock.
⑥Peking Opera is an art requiring lifelong devotion and the effect of the
performance largely （depend） on the actor’s inner
strength and acting skills.
were　
reminds　
is　
depends　
Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic， I’d send an email.
One of the biggest companies I wrote to 　　　　 （be） Alaska Airlines
Paris.
分析：was　根据前句谓语动词的时态和定语从句的谓语动词wrote可
知，此处描述发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时； “one of＋形容
词最高级＋可数名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
（2022·天津卷）Critical reasoning， together with problem-
solving， 　　　　 （prepare） teenagers to make better decisions.
分析：prepares　句意：批判性推理和解决问题的能力有助于青少年
做出更好的决定。短语together with/along with/as well as等连接两个并
列的名词或代词（短语）作主语时，谓语动词的数由该结构前的名词
或代词（短语）决定，句子主语为Critical reasoning，谓语动词应用单
数形式，此处为客观陈述，应用一般现在时。
2
培育·学科素养
精准训练，稳步提升
一、模拟选萃
1. （2025·东北三省联考）Some of my friends are Chinese children
who （adopt） by Swedish families since they
were very young.
2. （2025·泰安一中模拟）Hanfu （Han clothing） is based on the idea
of putting on costumes worn in bygone eras by China’s Han ethnic
group， which （see） a resurgence （复苏） in recent
years， despite some initial public resistance.
have been adopted　
has seen　
3. （2025·皖南八校联考）The market for bubble tea has a significant
fruit flavor category that （provide） consumers with a
variety of delicious choices.
4. （2025·河南名校联盟联考）Lu Xun （1881－1936）， known as
the “father of modern Chinese literature”， once （write）
that the beauty of Chinese characters is present in three aspects： their
meaning enlightens the mind， their sound touches the ear， and their
appearance appeals to the eye.
provides　
wrote　
5. （2025·浙江强基联盟联考）Jiang， retired from the Central
Conservatory of Music， arranges music that emphasizes the erhu’s
emotional range and cultural importance.The program
（include） adaptations of classical Chinese music and Western
compositions.
includes　
二、高考连线
6. （2023·1月浙江卷）The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials
and wealthy businessmen often （feature） beautifully
carved and painted roof beams and pillars （柱子）.The hutongs they
formed were orderly， lined by spacious homes and walled gardens.
7. （2023·浙江1月卷）In the Ming Dynasty， the center was the
Forbidden City， surrounded in concentric （同心的） circles by the
Inner City and Outer City.Citizens of higher social classes
（permit） to live closer to the center of the circles.
8. （2022·北京卷）The use of those plastics
（increase） by 300％ since 2019.The world won’t survive if this
situation continues.
featured　
were
permitted　
has increased　
9. What comes next is the endless series of steps.You can’t help
wondering how hard it （be） for the people then to put all those
rocks into place.
10. Because the number of possible topics （be） practically
limitless， we focus on a sample of the most interesting and useful
applications and tools and explain the basic principles of technology.
was　
is　
一、词语推敲
1. 时态的交叉使用
（2024·全国甲卷）首先，共享单车彻底改变了城市通勤，它为
短途旅行提供了方便和环保的选择。
Firstly， shared bicycles have revolutionized urban commuting， which
provide a convenient and environmentally friendly option for short trips.
运用：（2023·全国甲卷）他的学说被编纂成一本名为《论语》的
书，这本书已经被研究了几个世纪。
His teachings into a book called The Analects，
which for centuries.
were compiled　
has been studied　
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）如果学生们和一个相处不好或沟通有困难的
人在一起，他们会感到不舒服或缺乏动力。
Students will feel uncomfortable or less motivated if they are paired with
someone they don’t get along with or have difficulty communicating
with.
运用：（北京卷）如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信
我们在一起会玩得很开心。
If you next Sunday， I at the
school gate and I’m sure we together.
are available　
will wait for you　
will have a good time　
2. 利用“主将从现”的规律
（2023·上海卷）我希望通过分享我的个人故事，其他人能受到
启发，在自己童年的爱好和梦想中找到快乐和成长。
I hope that by sharing my personal story，others will be inspired to find
joy and growth in their own childhood hobbies and dreams.
运用：（2022·全国乙卷）很容易看出，选择听英语歌曲和看英文电
影的学生的比例分别是65％和50％。
It that the percentage of students who choose
listening to English songs and watching English movies is respectively 65
％ and 50％.
can easily be seen　
3. 被动语态的适当运用
二、语篇打造
　　根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意动词的时态和语态的运用。
Announcer Wanted
　　1.
（我们学校英语广播站正在招聘播音员）who is capable
of speaking fluent and authentic English.2.
（良好
的英语文化知识和对工作的热情是必不可少的）.3.
（新播音员被
要求朗读英语新闻和故事） written by students， playing English songs
included.
Our school English broadcast station is looking for an
announcer　
A good knowledge of
English culture as well as enthusiasm for the job is also essential　
The new
announcer is expected to read English news and stories　
　　Anyone who is interested please go to Room 102 at 9：00 am this
Saturday for an interview.4.
（有英语口语竞赛
经验及证书者优先）.
People with previous experience and
certificates of spoken English contests are preferred　
演示完毕 感谢观看 !第二讲　非谓语动词
考点一　非谓语动词作状语
1.动词不定式作状语
（1）作目的状语，有时动词不定式前可加in order 或so as，但so as to 不能用于句首。
The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来搭载乘客。
（2）作结果状语，常用于only to do、 enough to do、 too ...to do、 so/such ...to do。
We hurried to the station， only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆地赶到车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。
（3）作原因状语，用于表示喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪的形容词，如anxious， happy， frightened， surprised等后面。
You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.
你永远不会知道我昨天见到她有多高兴。
（4）在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中，动词不定式的主动形式表被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有easy、 hard、 interesting、 pleasant等。
The chair looks rather hard， but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。
2.分词作状语
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般在句中作时间、原因、结果、方式、条件、伴随、让步等状语。
（1）动词-ing形式作状语，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
More highways have been built in China， making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. （作结果状语）
中国已经修建了更多的高速公路，这让人们的两地出行变得更容易。
（2）过去分词作状语，分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Used with care， one tin will last for six weeks. （作条件状语）
如果小心使用，一罐可以用六个星期。
点津
（1）某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如lost （迷路的）、 seated （坐着的）、 hidden （隐瞒的）、 lost/absorbed in （沉溺于）、 dressed in （穿着……的）、 tired of （对……感到厌倦的）等。
Fully absorbed in the book， he didn’t notice me enter the room.
完全被这本书所吸引，他没有注意到我进入房间。
（2）独立成分作状语，其形式不受上下文的影响，常用的有considering ...（鉴于；考虑到）、 generally speaking （总的来说）、 judging by/from ...（从……来看；依据……来判断）、 supposing that ...（假定……）、 providing that ...（假定……）、 owing to ...（由于……）、 talking/speaking of ...（谈及……）、 given ...（考虑到……）、 provided that ...（如果……）、 to tell the truth （实话实说）、 to be honest （老实说）等。
　单句语法填空
①（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）These sepals open on warm days 　　　　　　（give） the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.
②（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷）　　　　　　 （recall） watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion， Edmondson said，“It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language and see how Tang’s play was being performed.”
③（2022·全国甲卷）He flew 4，700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20， 　　　　　　（plan） to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
④（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）　　　　　　 （cover） an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park， the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
考点二　非谓语动词作定语
1.动词不定式作定语
（1）动词不定式to do作定语表示将来的动作；动词不定式to be done作定语表示将来、被动的动作。
The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
（2）动词不定式修饰序数词、最高级或no、 all、 any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。
She was the first Chinese female to win the Nobel Prize.
她是第一个获得诺贝尔奖的中国女性。
（3）被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用动词不定式作定语。该类名词有ability、 chance、 idea、 hope、 wish、 fact、 promise、 attempt、 way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2.分词作定语
（1）及物动词分词形式作定语
①动词-ing形式表示被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系。
I have never seen a more moving movie.
我从未看过比这更感人的电影。
②being done表示被修饰的名词与非谓语动词之间为被动关系且动作正在进行。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。
③过去分词表示被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系，且表示动作已经完成或处于某种状态。
“Things lost never come again！” I couldn’t help talking to myself.
我不禁自言自语道：“失去的东西不会再来！”
（2）不及物动词分词形式作定语
动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示动作已经完成。
　单句语法填空
①（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）Shanghai may be the 　　　　　　（recognize） home of the soup dumpling， but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao’s birthplace.
②（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷）They talk to the flood of international tourists and to 　　　　　　（visit） Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas， which are on loan from China.
③（2022·全国甲卷）A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked （徒步） 40 days to Xi’an， as a first step 　　　　　　（journey） the Belt and Road route （路线） by foot.
④To non-Tibetans， yak butter may taste strange at first as it makes for a very different taste than the sweet butter 　　　　　　（produce） by corn-fed cows.
⑤A popular dish is salted meat on a bed of bamboo shoots 　　　　　　（steam） on a wooden board.
⑥Meanwhile， some architects are drawing inspiration from skywells （天井） to help keep new buildings cooler， which is a method 　　　　　　（combine） design and technology to cool a building without the use of power.
考点三　非谓语动词作补语
1.动词不定式作补语
（1）有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾语补足语，即“动词（短语）＋宾语＋to do”，如advise、 want、 allow、 permit、 persuade、 remind、 invite、 depend on、 call on等。
Father advised me to say something.
父亲建议我说点什么。
（2）常用动词不定式作主语补足语的句型有sb/sth be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done。
He is said to have been cheated in the street.
据说他在大街上被骗了。
2.分词作宾语补足语
动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，表被动和完成，宾语补足语与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.（the traffic与run之间是逻辑上的主谓关系）
他们用电脑保持交通畅通。
3.感官动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语
常见的感官动词和短语（see， watch， observe， notice， look at， hear， listen to， feel）后面的宾语补足语有三种非谓语动词形式（do/doing/done）。do 表主动和完成（被动句中还原to），doing表主动或正在进行，done 表被动或完成。
As I got closer， I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，呼吸沉重。
4.使役动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语
宾语补足语 使役动词＋宾语　 to do doing done
make＋宾语 do × √
keep＋宾语 × √ √
have＋宾语 do/to do（区别：have sb do sth 意为“让某人做某事”；have sth to do意为“有某事要做”，to do作后置定语） √（表示主体使客体处于某种状态或一直做某事） √（表示让别人做某事或让某事被做）
get＋宾语 √ √ √
leave＋宾语 √ √ √
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before the plane left.
在飞机起飞前一个小时，克莱尔把行李进行了安检。
5.with/without＋宾语＋宾语补足语
with/without的复合结构：with/without＋名词＋doing （主动、进行）/done（被动、完成）/to do（目的、将来）。
Without anyone noticing me， I stole into the room.
没有人注意到我，我偷偷溜进了房间。
　单句语法填空
①With the technique 　　　　　　（improve） by generations of craftsmen， today’s eggshell porcelain can be made as thin as paper and gauze （薄纱）.
②She returned home， only to find the door open and a number of things 　　　　　　（go）.
③Not seeing or hearing any fire engines 　　　　　　（approach）， Grant rushed to a side entrance and ran up the stairs.
考点四　非谓语动词作宾语
　单句语法填空
①（2023·全国乙卷）As a photographer， I have spent the last two years 　　　　　　（record） everything I discovered.
②After 　　　　　　（spend） some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall， we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history！
③Komodo National Park， officially recognized in 1980， is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity.Activities there range from whale watching to hiking （远足） and accommodations aim 　　　　　　（have） a low impact on the natural environment.
④The film started attracting attention even before 　　　　　　（release） thanks to social media discussions about it.
⑤As the new immigrants gain financial independence and a greater knowledge of the surrounding city， they may choose 　　　　（stay） close to known friends and neighbors for comfort.
⑥The Diagram of Tai Chi， or the black and white， teardrop-shaped diagram of yin and yang， was derived from 　　　　　　（observe） shadows which were cast on a sundial （日晷） at midday throughout the year.
⑦We use bicycles today for recreation， fitness and so on.Without the bicycle， much of the world might stop 　　　　　　（work）.
考点五　非谓语动词作主语和表语
　单句语法填空
①It is possible 　　　　　　（walk） or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
②It’s no good 　　　　　　（regret） your past mistakes.
③I got caught in the traffic jam and I’m not sure how long it will take 　　　　　　（arrive） at the airport.
④What worried the child most was his 　　　　　　　　　　（not， allow） to visit his mother in the hospital.
（2023·全国乙卷）　　　　　 （visit） several times over the last 10 years， I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new， and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage （遗产） while constantly growing.
分析：Having visited　此处为非谓语动词作状语，I与visit之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；根据时间状语over the last 10 years和several times可知，visit所表示的动作已经发生多次，且发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，因此设空处用现在分词的完成式，置于句首，首字母应大写。
（2023·全国甲卷）For thousands of years， people have told fables （寓言） 　　　　　（teach） a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
分析：to teach　根据语境“人们通过讲寓言故事传授知识或传递智慧”可知，此处表目的，又根据句中的or可知，设空处与后面的to pass ...并列，因此此处用动词不定式作目的状语。
（2022·新高考Ⅱ卷）When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment balcony （阳台）， Henry ran one hundred metres， jumped over a 1.2-metre fence， and held out his arms to catch the 　　　　　（fall） child.
分析：falling　设空处作定语，表示“正在跌落的孩子”，应用动词-ing形式。
一、模拟选萃
1.（2025·安徽重点高中联盟联考）The works 　　　　　　（produce） under the Tongcheng School emphasized clarity and directness in conveying the message of the text， avoiding complex language.
2.（2025·安徽重点高中联盟联考）Its commitment to classical prose influenced numerous scholars and writers， 　　　　　（shape） the literary standards and critical approaches of periods afterwards.
3.（2025·武汉部分高中联考）When 　　　　（experience） tea lovers comment on a cup of tea， they might comment on its qi and yun.
4.（2025·广东模拟）The permanent beauty of Chinese calligraphy art lies in its ability 　　　　　　（communicate） both visual and emotional depth.
5.（2025·安阳模拟）Zhengding is situated in the northern suburbs of Shijiazhuang， capital of Hebei Province.It has long stood as one of the three most strategically important locations in north China， the other two 　　　　　　（be） Beijing and Baoding.Its history dates back to the Sixteen Kingdoms.
二、高考连线
6.（2023·全国甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins，　　　　　 （borrow） some familiar words from many age-old fables.Behind the simple style，however，is a serious message 　　　　　　（intend） for everyone.
7.（2022·1月浙江卷）That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%， and she plans 　　　　　　（continue） the practice.
8.（2022·全国甲卷）Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation 　　　　　　（hold） in Beijing， Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute （致敬） to the ancient Silk Road.
9. （2022·全国乙卷）　　　　　　 （strengthen） the connection with young people，the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media， 　　　　　　（invite） twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
一、词语推敲
1.作主语或介宾用doing，不犯简单错误
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）在公园里创作艺术品是一种让人耳目一新的休息方式。
Creating artwork in the park was a refreshing way to break.
运用：（2022·1月浙江卷）说服他接受我的观点是不可能的，所以我不想浪费时间来讨论。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， so I didn’t want to waste my time discussing them.
2.作状语用分词生动简练
（1）doing作状语，表示句子（逻辑）主语和该动词为主谓（主动）关系。
（2023·北京卷）很高兴听说你们正在策划一个以“绿色北京”为主题的社团活动，我写信是为了给这次活动提出我的建议。
Delightedly hearing that you are planning a club activity themed “Green Beijing”，I am writing to make my suggestions for the event.
运用：（2024·全国甲卷）首先，共享单车已经成为城市交通的象征，为短途出行提供了一种经济实惠、绿色环保的选择。
Firstly， shared bicycles have emerged as a symbol of urban mobility， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
（2）done作状语，表示句子（逻辑）主语和该动词为动宾（被动）关系，或者表示主语所处的某种状态。
（2023·全国甲卷）孔子，又名孔丘，被认为是中国历史上最重要的人物之一，是生活在春秋时期的中国哲学家和政治家。
Considered one of the most important figures in Chinese history， Confucius， also known as Kong Qiu， was a Chinese philosopher and politician who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period.
运用：（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）虽然筋疲力尽，但是大卫到达了终点线，所有的学生都为他欢呼。
　　　　　　　　， David reached the finishing line and all the students cheered for him.
3.表目的，动词不定式适当提前
（2022·全国甲卷）而且，为了呼吁更多人来保护海洋，我们还可以发传单。
What’s more， to call on more people to protect the ocean， we can also hand out leaflets.
运用：为了更高效地学习英语，你最好选择听说课程。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， you had better choose the Listening and Speaking course.
4.having done比after从句光鲜靓丽
（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）在确认了大卫想跑就跑的情况后，我转过身发现他朝我走来，他瘦小的身体随着他的双脚向前摆动而左右摇晃。
Having made sure that David could run if he wanted to，I turned around to find him coming towards me， his small body rocking from side to side as he swung his feet forward.
运用：卖完爆米花之后，他们决定收工回家。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， they decided to call it a day and go home.
二、语篇打造
　　根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意非谓语动词的运用。
Dear Mary，
　　This year， our class has organised a variety of extra-curricular activities， 1.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （诸如植树、学做饭和参观当地的博物馆）.
　　My favourite activity is 2.　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （去参观博物馆）.Such kinds of trips have not only 3.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （帮助我更好地理解历史和地理课本）， but also improved my research skills， since we were always 4.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （被要求做好准备） by searching online or finding useful information in the library before the field trips.I really hope that you can go on a field trip with us in the future.
Yours，
Li Hua
疑难突破一
如何区分谓语动词和非谓语动词
一、如何确定谓语
第一步：确定是否作谓语
首先，分析句子结构，找出句中是否缺少谓语，如果缺少谓语，则设空处应填谓语动词。
第二步：确定作谓语应注意三点
1.根据语境、并列谓语、时间标志词等确定用哪种时态；
2.根据主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，以确定语态；
3.根据主语确定谓语动词的数，做到主谓一致。
The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history.It 　　　　（build） originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored （修复）.
分析：was built　第一步：确定填谓语。分析句子结构可知，设空处和has now been completely restored并列作谓语。
第二步：考虑时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语in the Tang Dynasty可知，事情发生在过去，主语it （the Xi’an City Wall）与动词build之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。
二、如何确定非谓语
分析句子结构，所给提示词是动词时，若句中已有谓语动词，而又无连词（并列连词连接并列句或并列谓语，从属连词引导从句）时，则要考虑用非谓语动词。
From 2000 to 2019， there were 7，348 major natural disasters around the world， 　　　　　（result） in USD 2，970 billion in economic loss.
分析：resulting　分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词were，设空处应用非谓语动词。此处表示自然而然的结果，应用动词-ing形式作结果状语。
第二讲　非谓语动词
【巩固·必备知识】
即时演练1
①to give　②Recalling　③planning　④Covering
即时演练2
①recognized　②visiting　③to journey　④produced
⑤steamed　⑥combining
即时演练3
①improved　②gone　③approaching
即时演练4
①recording　②spending　③to have　④being released
⑤to stay　⑥observing　⑦working
即时演练5
①to walk　②regretting　③to arrive　④not being allowed
【培育·学科素养】
单句语法填空
1.produced　2.shaping　3.experienced　4.to communicate
5.being　6.borrowing； intended　7.to continue　8.held
9.To strengthen； inviting
语法链接写作
一、1.Persuading him into accepting my views was impossible
2.（1）offering an affordable and green alternative for short trips　（2）Worn out
3.To learn English more efficiently
4.Having sold out all the popcorn
二、1.such as planting trees， learning to cook and visiting local museums
2.to visit the museums
3.helped me better understand the history and geography textbooks
4.asked to get prepared
6 / 9第三讲　情态动词和虚拟语气
考点一　情态动词
（1）单句语法填空
①Your cousin 　　　　　　have enjoyed his trip in Jixian County， didn’t he？ He looks amazingly different.
②The spokesman did not regret what he had said at the conference but felt that he could 　　　　　　（express） it indirectly.
③This 　　　　　　have been an improvement， but “breakthrough” was an overstatement.
④I’m not feeling well in the stomach.I shouldn’t 　　　　（eat） so much fried chicken just now.
⑤You ought to 　　　　　　（come） to the party yesterday， but why didn’t you come？
（2）完成句子
①安吉拉与西蒙进行了辩论，试图说服他改变主意，但西蒙不愿意听她的话。
Angela reasoned with Simon， trying to persuade him to change his mind， but Simon 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
②你不必道歉；任何人都可能迟到。过来坐下。
You 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　； it can happen to anybody to be e and sit down.
③就我个人而言，我认为你不妨抓住这个机会，否则一旦错过就再也不会得到另外一个机会了。
Personally， I think you 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， or you’ll probably never get another once you miss it.
④在这种情况下，如果说有什么话题需要避免，那一定就是人们的收入。
Under the circumstances， if there is any topic that needs avoiding， it 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
⑤我奶奶已经七十多岁了，但她仍然可以不戴眼镜看书。
My grandma is over seventy， but 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
考点二　虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气用于条件句中的4种情况
1.虚拟语气在if条件句中的运用
类别 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式（be动词一般用were） should/would/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事 实相反 过去式（be用were） should/would/could/might＋动词原形
should＋动词原形
were to＋动词原形
If he had time now， he would （should/could/might） go to the cinema with you. （与现在事实相反）
如果他现在有时间，他会和你一起去看电影的。
If you had come a few minutes earlier， you would （should/could/might） have met the famous singer you dreamt of.（与过去事实相反）
如果你早来几分钟，你就会见到那个你梦寐以求的著名歌手了。
If it were to snow/should snow/snowed this evening， they would （should/could/might） not go out. （与将来事实相反）
如果今天晚上下雪，他们就不会出去。
2.虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装
如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should，有时可把if省略，把were/had/should提到主语之前形成倒装；若为否定形式，not不可提前。
Had he caught the morning train， he would not have been late for the meeting.
要是他赶上了早晨的火车，他开会就不会迟到了。
3.错综时间条件句
有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它们各自发生的时间加以调整。
If we had booked a table earlier， we wouldn’t be standing here in a queue now.（if条件句是对过去的虚拟，而主句是对现在的虚拟）
如果我们早些订位子，现在也就不用站在这里排队了。
4.含蓄条件句
（1）有时假设的情况不用条件句表达，而用but for， without等介词（短语）来表示。
We wouldn’t have finished the project on time without your timely help.
如果没有你的及时帮助，我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。
（2）用连词otherwise， or等暗示下文与前面的情况相反，从而引出下文的虚拟语气。
He reminded me of the meeting， otherwise I would have forgotten it.
他提醒了我会议的事，要不然我就忘了。
（3）虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，句型结构为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”。
She would have come to see you， but she was so busy that day.
她本想来看望你的，但那天她太忙了。
　单句语法填空
　①I was busy finishing my paper that day.Otherwise I 　　　　　　　　　　　（go） there with them.
②If he 　　　　　　（listen） to the teacher attentively yesterday， he would know the answer to the problem now.
③If he 　　　　　　（lie） quietly as the doctor instructed， he wouldn’t suffer so much now.
④Had you studied harder at college， you 　　　　　　（get） a better job now.
二、虚拟语气用于名词性从句中的4种情况
1.在“it is＋important/necessary/natural/strange/essential/vital/a pity＋that ...”句型中，谓语动词用“（should＋）动词原形”。
It’s vital that we （should） take our safety driving along the road seriously.
我们应该重视道路安全驾驶，这是至关重要的。
2.在would rather （that）后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生的动作，从句用过去完成时。
I’d rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.
我宁愿他前天和我一起去了海边。
3.句中含有以下单词或其变形时，该句中的名词性从句（宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句）部分常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。
4.动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气
事实情况 从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式（be动词一般用were）
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反 would/could＋动词原形
　单句语法填空
①It is essential that these application forms 　　　　　　（send） back as early as possible.
②It is strongly recommended that the machines 　　　　　　（check） every year.
③How I wish I 　　　　　　　　（not， try） to repair the cell phone！ I only made it worse.
④My suggestion is that more people from all walks of life 　　　　　　　（encourage） to finance the project with their deeper love for these children.
⑤My husband is always talking about the economy， but I’d rather he 　　　　　　（focus） more on our children’s education.
三、3个特定句式中的虚拟语气
句型结构 过去虚拟 现在虚拟 将来虚拟
if only引导的条件句及感叹句 had＋过去分词 过去式（be动词一般用were） would/could/should/might＋动词原形
as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句 had＋过去分词 过去式（be动词一般用were） would/could/should/might＋动词原形
it is （high） time （that）... 过去式或“should＋动词原形”
点津
在虚拟语气中，关键词的意义和语境是判断句子是否为虚拟语气的重点，解决此类问题要重点考虑时间和主从句结构两个方面。
　单句语法填空
①I felt so embarrassed when being blamed by my teacher in class.If only I 　　　　　（complete） my homework last night！
②They stared at me as if I 　　　　　　（come） from the outer space.
You shouldn’t 　　　　　（scold） him for his poor performance.After all， he had done his best.
分析：have scolded　根据前后句关系可知，此处表示“本不该”， shouldn’t have done指做了本不该做的事，前面已有shouldn’t，故填have scolded。
If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers， I wouldn’t 　　　　　（be） where I am.
分析： be　此处是错综时间虚拟语气，根据where I am可知，主句是与现在事实相反的假设，主句谓语动词应用would do形式。前面已有wouldn’t，故填be。
一、模拟选萃
1.The doctor recommended that the medicine 　　　　　　（take） three times a day.
2.She did not know what pursuing dance 　　　　bring her，but only took on the challenge with her full passion and love for dance.
3.Typically，the seals are carved into stone，but they can also 　　　　　　（make） of wood， bamboo， or bone.
二、高考连线
4.（天津卷）The workers were not better organized， otherwise they would 　　　　　　　　（accomplish） the task in half the time.
5.（北京卷）They might have found a better hotel if they 　　　　　　（drive） a few more kilometers.
6.（江苏卷）There is a good social life in the village， and I wish I 　　　　　　（have） a second chance to become more involved.
一、词语推敲
1.if条件句的虚拟
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）如果我没有充分利用这次机会为写作比赛做准备，我就不会获得一等奖。
If I hadn’t made the most of the chance to prepare for the writing contest， I wouldn’t have gained first prize.
运用：如果我没读英文报Youth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。
If I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
2.利用It’s high time that ...表虚拟
（2022·全国甲卷）总之，是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
All in all，it is high time that we should devote/devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
运用：总之，现在是我们提高环境保护意识的时候了。
In a word，　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
3.should的适当运用
我建议你先上听说课，理由如下。
I recommend that you should take the Listening and Speaking course first for the following reasons.
运用：按要求，想要参加的同学需准时到报告厅看电影并参与讨论。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 to watch the movie and take part in the discussion.
二、语篇打造
　　根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意情态动词和虚拟语气的运用。
Dear Eric，
　　I’m Li Hua.Do you still remember me？ I studied in your school for 3 months a couple of years ago.I’m very grateful for your help during my study in the US.At that time， you often recommended that 1.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （我应该结交新朋友和适应新生活）.Without your help， 2.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （我不能那么享受我在那儿的生活）.Besides， if you hadn’t helped me， 3.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （我的英语就不可能提高得那么快）.
　　By the way， do you know how everything is going with Mr Smith？ I failed to contact him after I left America.I’d appreciate it 4.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （如果你能给我他的邮箱地址或电话号码）.I remember that you are very interested in Chinese culture.If you were free during this winter holiday， how I wish 5.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （你能在春节期间来中国体验中国文化）！I would rather that 6.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （你和我们一起欢度春节）.I’m sure it will be an unforgettable trip for you.I would be very happy 7.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （如果你能接受我的邀请）.
　　I am looking forward to your coming.
Yours，
Li Hua
第三讲　情态动词和虚拟语气
【巩固·必备知识】
即时演练1
（1）①must　②have expressed　③may　④have eaten
⑤have come
（2）①would not listen to her　②don’t have to apologize
③may as well seize the chance　④must be people’s income
⑤she can still read without glasses
即时演练2
①would have gone　②had listened　③had lain
④would/could get
即时演练3
①（should） be sent　②（should） be checked
③hadn’t tried　④（should） be encouraged　⑤focused
即时演练4
①had completed　②had come
【培育·学科素养】
单句语法填空
1.（should）be taken　2.would　3.be made 4.have accomplished　5.had driven　6.had
语法链接写作
一、1.hadn’t read the English newspaper Youth； wouldn’t have made such great progress in English
2.it is high time that we should raise/raised our awareness of environmental protection
3.It is required that anyone who wants to participate should arrive at the lecture hall on time
二、1.I （should） make new friends and adapt to the new life
2.I couldn’t have enjoyed my life there so much
3.my English couldn’t have improved so quickly
4.if you could offer me his e-mail address or telephone number
5.you could come to China during the Spring Festival to experience Chinese culture
6.you spent the Spring Festival with us happily
7.if you were to accept my invitation
6 / 6第一讲　动词的时态、语态与主谓一致
考点一　动词的时态
一、 3类热考时态
1.一般现在时（主语＋am/is/are或do/does）
（1）表示现在经常性、习惯性、反复出现的动作或状态。
Sue talks every night in her dream.It somewhat bothers us.
休每天晚上都说梦话，这有点困扰我们。
（2）表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象（在过去的语境中也用一般现在时）。
The teacher told us the Earth moves around the Sun.
老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
（3）按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，只限于go、 arrive、 leave、 start、 return、 begin、 come、 take off 等动词（短语）。
The flight takes off at 8：30 every Wednesday and Friday.
这个航班每周三和周五8：30 起飞。
（4）用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来。
When I grow up， I will be a nurse and look after patients.
我长大后要当一名护士，照顾病人。
2.一般过去时（主语＋was/were或did）
（1）表示过去某一时间发生的动作、所处的状态或过去一段时间内习惯性的动作或状态。
I had one trip last year when I was caught in a hurricane in America.
去年一次出行时，我在美国赶上了飓风。
（2）如从句中有过去的时间状语，虽然从句动作先于主句的动作发生，从句仍用一般过去时。
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
他告诉我他昨晚读了一本有趣的小说。
3.现在完成时（have/has＋过去分词）
（1）表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already， yet， ever， never， “in the past/last＋时间段”等连用。
In the last few years， thousands of films have been produced throughout the world.
在过去的几年里，全世界拍摄了数千部电影。
（2）表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，可能还会继续下去。往往和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，如：for＋时间段，since＋过去的时间点/从句。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来就受到了好评。
（3）下列句型用现在完成时：
①This （That/It） is the first/second/... time that ...意为“这是第一/二/……次……”，从句用现在完成时。
②It has been＋时间段＋since ...意为“自从……以来已经……”，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。
③This （That/It） is the best/finest/most interesting ...＋that从句，从句用现在完成时。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是我们一家人第一次在电影院里看电影。
This is the most interesting book I’ve ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的一本书。
It has been three years since he left his hometown.
他离开家乡已经三年了。
　单句语法填空
①（2024·1月浙江卷）Over the last two years， some supermarkets 　　　　　　（start） selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions （份）.
②（2022·全国乙卷）The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society 　　　　（address） the opening ceremony.
③（2022·1月浙江卷）On a website called No Fly Climate Sci， for example， roughly 200 academics — many of them climate scientists — 　　　　　　（promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
④It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation on the Potomac， but Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield， Illinois， 　　　　　　（prove） irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
二、其他6类时态
　单句语法填空
①（2023·北京卷）Years later， having moved to France， I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner， only to find that no other guest 　　　　　　（arrive） and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
②Given growing populations， increasing wealth， and the spreading popularity of natural remedies around the world， the demand for these medicines and remedies 　　　　　　（rise） now.
③By the time you arrive home， I 　　　　（sleep） then， so please don’t make any noise.
④Tom had to pack his things up quickly， because he was told that this taxi 　　　　（leave） in 2 minutes.
⑤A gap year is about gaining skills that 　　　　　　（help） you in the future.
⑥I 　　　　　　（stand） by the car when a hummingbird flew to the center of our group and began hovering.
⑦If you feel you’re struggling to make ends meet while everyone around you appears to be living in comfort， you 　　　　　　（feel） less joy.
一、时间状语判断法
（2022·全国甲卷）In the last five years， Cao 　　　　　　（walk） through 34 countries in six continents， and in 2016， he reached the top of Kilimanjaro， Africa’s highest mountain.
分析：has walked　根据时间状语In the last five years可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语Cao为第三人称单数，助动词用has。
二、固定句式判断法
（2022·新高考Ⅱ卷）　Henry 　　　　（fix） his car when he heard the screams.
分析：was fixing　此处是固定句式was/were doing sth when ...，表示“正在做某事，这时……”。此处为Henry正在修车，这时他突然听到尖叫声。主语Henry为第三人称单数，助动词用was。
三、语境综合判断法
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷）As a little girl， I 　　　（wish） to be a zookeeper when I grew up. Now， I’m living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.
分析：wished　根据As a little girl和when I grew up可知，此处讲的是作者小时候的愿望，时态应用一般过去时。live out that dream意为“实现那个梦想”。
四、时态呼应判断法
（2022·新高考Ⅱ卷）He quickly 　　　　　　（throw） his tools aside， and started running， arms out.
分析：threw　设空处与and 后面的 started为并列谓语，应用一般过去时。
考点二　动词的语态
一、被动语态的构成
　被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态的构成形式还有“get/become＋过去分词”。各种时态的被动语态形式如下表（以动词give为例）：
一般式 进行式 完成式
现在时 am given is given are given am being given is being given are being given has been given have been given
过去时 was given were given was being given were being given had been given
将来时 shall be given will be given 无 shall have been given will have been given
过去将来时 would be given 无 would have been given
二、被动语态的用法
1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。
2.需要突出或强调动作的承受者。
To our relief， a great many measures have been taken to protect the ocean from being polluted.
令我们欣慰的是，（人们）已经采取了许多措施保护海洋不被污染。
三、主动形式表示被动意义
1.“系动词feel、 sound、 taste、 look、 smell、 appear、 seem、 turn、 stay、 become、 get、 grow、 keep等＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of wool shirt feels soft.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
2.当sell、 read、 cut、 wash、 write、 open、 wear （磨损）、 run（运转）、 burn等不及物动词后有状语（well/easily等）修饰，用来表示主语的属性、特征或功能时，常用主动形式表示被动含义。
Have you bought the book that sells well these days？
你买了目前卖得很好的这本书了吗？
3.need、 want、 require、 deserve、 bear等动词的后面常用动词-ing形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这栋房子需要修理。
4.在“主语（人/物）＋be＋形容词＋动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice、 easy、 fit、 hard、 difficult、 important、 impossible、 pleasant、 interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难算出来。
5.be to blame是用主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake？
谁应该为这个错误承担责任呢？
点津
（1）有些及物动词（短语）不能用于被动语态，如have、 cost、 lack、 belong to、 date from/back to、 take part in等。
（2）不及物动词（短语）不能用于被动语态，如happen/take place/occur、 remain、 last、 break out、 come out、 run out等。
　单句语法填空
①（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷）Two years later， a six-meter-tall pavilion， inspired by The Peony Pavilion， 　　　　　　（build） at the Firs Garden， just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
②（2023·全国乙卷）Having visited several times over the last 10 years， I 　　　　　　（amaze） by the co-existence of old and new， and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage （遗产） while constantly growing.
③（2023·全国甲卷）Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still 　　　　　（employ） today to draw attention to important truths.
④When the house was built， it was much smaller than it is today.Mary’s niece wrote，“The little home 　　　　　　（paint） white ...”
一、主语动词关系判断法
（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）The GPNP 　　　　　　　（design） to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity （完整性） of natural ecosystems， preserving biological diversity， protecting ecological buffer zones， and leaving behind precious natural assets （资产） for future generations”.
分析：is designed　句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，保护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。设空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语The GPNP之间为被动关系；叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。因此设空处应为一般现在时的被动语态，主语为单数，谓语用第三人称单数形式。
二、动词特点判断法
This listening material， together with its CD-ROMs，　　　　　　 （sell） well.
分析：sells　句意：这个听力材料和它的光盘都很畅销。英语中有很多动词，如sell、 read、 write、 clean、 wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表示被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily、 well等副词连用。此处句子的主语是This listening material，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
三、含有情态动词的被动语态
（2024·全国甲卷）What should 　　　　　　　　　　（do） with such a beautiful place？
分析：be done　句意：应该对这么美丽的地方做些什么？本句主语What和动词do之间是动宾关系，所以应用被动语态。空前的should是情态动词，其后用动词原形。
考点三　主谓一致
一、主谓一致三原则
二、谓语单复数视情况而定的类型
　单句语法填空
①（2024·全国甲卷）They 　　　　　　（be） part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
②（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）Further， the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 　　　　　　（walk） visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road， by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time.
③（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 　　　　　　（be） previously unprotected ...
④Going to Mount Huangshan 　　　　　（remind） me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”.
⑤Anhui cuisine 　　　　　　（be） characterised by its heavy use of oil， deeply flavored sauces， and superior soups and stock.
⑥Peking Opera is an art requiring lifelong devotion and the effect of the performance largely 　　　　　　（depend） on the actor’s inner strength and acting skills.
Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic， I’d send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to 　　　　（be） Alaska Airlines Paris.
分析：was　根据前句谓语动词的时态和定语从句的谓语动词wrote可知，此处描述发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时； “one of＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
（2022·天津卷）Critical reasoning， together with problem-solving， 　　　　（prepare） teenagers to make better decisions.
分析：prepares　句意：批判性推理和解决问题的能力有助于青少年做出更好的决定。短语together with/along with/as well as等连接两个并列的名词或代词（短语）作主语时，谓语动词的数由该结构前的名词或代词（短语）决定，句子主语为Critical reasoning，谓语动词应用单数形式，此处为客观陈述，应用一般现在时。
一、模拟选萃
1.（2025·东北三省联考）Some of my friends are Chinese children who 　　　　　　（adopt） by Swedish families since they were very young.
2.（2025·泰安一中模拟）Hanfu （Han clothing） is based on the idea of putting on costumes worn in bygone eras by China’s Han ethnic group， which 　　　　　　（see） a resurgence （复苏） in recent years， despite some initial public resistance.
3.（2025·皖南八校联考）The market for bubble tea has a significant fruit flavor category that 　　　　　　（provide） consumers with a variety of delicious choices.
4.（2025·河南名校联盟联考）Lu Xun （1881－1936）， known as the “father of modern Chinese literature”， once 　　　　　　（write） that the beauty of Chinese characters is present in three aspects： their meaning enlightens the mind， their sound touches the ear， and their appearance appeals to the eye.
5.（2025·浙江强基联盟联考）Jiang， retired from the Central Conservatory of Music， arranges music that emphasizes the erhu’s emotional range and cultural importance.The program 　　　　　　（include） adaptations of classical Chinese music and Western compositions.
二、高考连线
6.（2023·1月浙江卷）The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often 　　　　　　（feature） beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars （柱子）.The hutongs they formed were orderly， lined by spacious homes and walled gardens.
7.（2023·浙江1月卷）In the Ming Dynasty， the center was the Forbidden City， surrounded in concentric （同心的） circles by the Inner City and Outer City.Citizens of higher social classes 　　　　　　（permit） to live closer to the center of the circles.
8.（2022·北京卷）The use of those plastics 　　　　　　（increase） by 300% since 2019.The world won’t survive if this situation continues.
9.What comes next is the endless series of steps.You can’t help wondering how hard it 　　　　　　（be） for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
10.Because the number of possible topics 　　　　　　（be） practically limitless， we focus on a sample of the most interesting and useful applications and tools and explain the basic principles of technology.
一、词语推敲
1.时态的交叉使用
（2024·全国甲卷）首先，共享单车彻底改变了城市通勤，它为短途旅行提供了方便和环保的选择。
Firstly， shared bicycles have revolutionized urban commuting， which provide a convenient and environmentally friendly option for short trips.
运用：（2023·全国甲卷）他的学说被编纂成一本名为《论语》的书，这本书已经被研究了几个世纪。
His teachings 　　　　　　　　into a book called The Analects， which 　　　　　　　for centuries.
2.利用“主将从现”的规律
（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）如果学生们和一个相处不好或沟通有困难的人在一起，他们会感到不舒服或缺乏动力。
Students will feel uncomfortable or less motivated if they are paired with someone they don’t get along with or have difficulty communicating with.
运用：（北京卷）如果你下周日有空，我会在学校门口等你，我相信我们在一起会玩得很开心。
If you 　　　　　　　　　　next Sunday， I 　　　　　　　　　at the school gate and I’m sure we 　　　　　　　　　　　　together.
3.被动语态的适当运用
（2023·上海卷）我希望通过分享我的个人故事，其他人能受到启发，在自己童年的爱好和梦想中找到快乐和成长。
I hope that by sharing my personal story，others will be inspired to find joy and growth in their own childhood hobbies and dreams.
运用：（2022·全国乙卷）很容易看出，选择听英语歌曲和看英文电影的学生的比例分别是65%和50%。
It 　　　　　　　　　　　　that the percentage of students who choose listening to English songs and watching English movies is respectively 65% and 50%.
二、语篇打造
　　根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意动词的时态和语态的运用。
Announcer Wanted
　　1.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （我们学校英语广播站正在招聘播音员）who is capable of speaking fluent and authentic English.2.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （良好的英语文化知识和对工作的热情是必不可少的）.3.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （新播音员被要求朗读英语新闻和故事） written by students， playing English songs included.
Anyone who is interested please go to Room 102 at 9：00 am this Saturday for an interview.4.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （有英语口语竞赛经验及证书者优先）.
第一讲　动词的时态、语态与主谓一致
【巩固·必备知识】
即时演练1
①have started　②addressed　③have promised
④has proved/proven
即时演练2
①had arrived　②is rising　③will be sleeping
④was leaving　⑤will help　⑥was standing　⑦will feel
即时演练3
①was built　②was amazed　③be employed
④was painted
即时演练4
①were　②walks　③were　④reminds　⑤is　⑥depends
【培育·学科素养】
单句语法填空
1.have been adopted　2.has seen　3.provides　4.wrote
5.includes　6.featured　7.were permitted　8.has increased
9.was　10.is
语法链接写作
一、1.were compiled； has been studied
2.are available； will wait for you； will have a good time
3.can easily be seen　
二、1.Our school English broadcast station is looking for an announcer
2.A good knowledge of English culture as well as enthusiasm for the job is also essential
3.The new announcer is expected to read English news and stories
4.People with previous experience and certificates of spoken English contests are preferred
10 / 10

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