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第1讲　名词
考点精讲一　可数名词
Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies①.He works seven days① a week and 12 months② a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches③.He likes eating tomatoes④ but he doesn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has two pet horses⑥ and he often rides them with his friends on Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery of the farm⑧ is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend of his⑨，who raises some cows⑥ and goats⑥.
[规则感悟]　1.可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可数名词直接加-s。
2．名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。⑧无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。　
1．不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：
foot—feet脚　goose—geese鹅
tooth—teeth牙齿　mouse—mice老鼠
man—men男人　woman—women女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：
sheep—sheep绵羊　deer—deer鹿
Chinese—Chinese中国人
Japanese—Japanese日本人
means—means方法　series—series系列
species—species物种
crossroads—crossroads 十字路口
spacecraft—spacecraft航天器
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：
child—children 孩子　ox—oxen 公牛
(4)由man，woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。如：
gentleman—gentlemen绅士
Englishman—Englishmen英国男子
policeman—policemen男警察
chairwoman—chairwomen女主席
businessman—businessmen商人
craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人
注意：German，human的复数形式为Germans，humans。
(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：
analysis—analyses分析　
basis—bases基础
crisis—crises危机　
thesis—theses论文
medium—media媒介物
phenomenon—phenomena现象
2．复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。如：
birthday—birthdays生日　
blackboard—blackboards黑板　
bookshelf—bookshelves书架　
gentleman—gentlemen绅士
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：
book worm—book worms　
son-in-law—sons-in-law
looker-on—lookers-on　
passer-by—passers-by　
story-teller—story-tellers
(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：grown-up—grown-ups　
standby—standbys
(4)“man/woman＋名词”构成的合成词变复数时，man/woman和名词均变为复数。
women singers女歌手　
men servants 男仆人
(5)常以复数形式出现的名词有thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)等。
(6)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有take turns to do sth，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do等。
3．名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s room凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate’s and Mary’s rooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber’s (shop)在理发店
at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家
对点练习 1．The team who won the three world championships(championship) would always get this cup. 2．During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities(activity)． 3．The best solution might be to find the weaknesses(weakness) in the idea and to try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea. 4．Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passers-by(passer-by)． 5．We usually expect Hollywood heroes(hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys. 6．He goes to the barber’s(barber) to have his hair cut every month.
考点精讲二　不可数名词
To learn more knowledge①，I have to do lots of homework① every day and have no time① to have fun② or do housework①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perform well.However，my teacher said that I had made great progress②.So this exam is not a failure③.On the contrary，it is a success③ in a way.
[规则感悟]　①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。
②fun，weather，progress，advice，information，news为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。
③抽象名词具体化：
·表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a comfort 等。
·表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a good time，have a good knowledge/command of 等。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1．不可数名词不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的有：
fun乐趣 homework作业 bread面包 wealth财富
progress 进步 equipment设备 room空间 weather天气
work工作 music音乐 news新闻 meat肉
word消息 traffic交通 luck运气 housework家务
milk牛奶 advice建议 man人类 orange橙汁
knowledge知识 furniture家具 baggage/luggage行李 information信息
2．抽象名词与a(n)连用时，淡化了抽象概念，转化为具体的动作、行为或类别。
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。
It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
读这种小说就是浪费时间。
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。
3．有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。
如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一个玻璃杯。
对点练习 1．Word came that he would start yet another trade war against other countries as he wouldn’t keep his word on that matter.(word) 2．As a war reporter，Jenny went through a lot of adventurous experiences，which contributed to her rich experience in her job.(experience) 3．I don’t think I am a failure；it is said that / failure is the mother of success.(冠词填空)
考点精讲三　名词的构词法
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-al approve赞成→approval 赞成 survive 幸存→survival 幸存 arrive到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物 refuse 拒绝→refusal 拒绝 propose提议→proposal 提议；建议
-ance/ -ence appear出现→appearance 出现；外貌 perform 表演→performance 表演 guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导 exist 存在→existence 存在 prefer 较喜欢→preference 偏爱 refer 参考；查阅→reference 参考；查阅 depend 依靠→dependence 依赖；依靠
-ion/ -tion/ -ation direct指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导 expect 期待→expectation 期待；期望 invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬 solve 解决→solution 解决 compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争 describe 描述→description 描写 repeat 重复→repetition 重复 explain 解释→explanation 解释 pronounce 发音→pronunciation 发音
-s(s)ion discuss讨论→discussion 讨论 admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入 decide 决定→decision 决定
-ing hear听→hearing 听力；听觉 listen 听→listening 听；听力
-ment achieve达到；完成→achievement 成就 develop 发展→development 发展 argue争论→argument 争论；论据 punish惩罚→punishment 惩罚
-ure/ -ture fail失败→failure 失败 press 压；挤→pressure 压力 mix 混合→mixture 混合物 expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露
-y recover恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover 发现→discovery 发现
-er/-or teach教→teacher 老师 announce播报→announcer 播音员 conduct指导，指挥→conductor 指挥；售票员
其他常 见变化 choose选择→choice 选择 vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种 tend 倾向→tendency 趋向；趋势，grow 生长→growth 生长 marry 结婚→marriage 婚姻 pack 收拾(行李)→package包；盒
2.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-cy fluent流利的→fluency 流利；流畅 accurate 准确的→accuracy 准确(性) private 私有的→privacy 隐私 efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率
-dom free自由的→freedom 自由 wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧
-ness dark黑的→darkness 黑暗 weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱 kind 友好的→kindness 善良 cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠 aware 知道的；意识到的→awareness 知道；意识
-th warm温暖的→warmth 温暖 true 真的→truth 真相 deep 深的→depth 深(度) strong 强壮的→strength 力量 long 长的→length 长度 wide 宽的→width 宽度
-y/-ty/-ity difficult困难的→difficulty 困难 honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实 safe 安全的→safety 安全 cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍 responsible 负责的→responsibility责任
-ce different不同的→difference 不同(之处) silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence 寂静 patient 有耐心的→patience 耐心 absent 缺席的→absence 缺席 present 出席的→presence 出席 confident 自信的→confidence 信心 convenient 方便的→convenience 便利 important 重要的→importance 重要(性) significant重要的，意义重大的→significance重要性，重大意义
对点练习 1．Since June 2017，right before the arrival(arrive) of the two new pandas，Meng Meng and Jiao Qing，I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.(2023·新课标Ⅱ) 2．They all agreed and vowed(承诺) to promote the idea at the completion(complete) of their journey.(2024·全国甲) 3．China has a responsibility(responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.(2022·全国乙) 4．In 1844，they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their marriage(marry) ceremony in 1842. 5．Historical accuracy(accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
1．Also，technological know-how has become a requirement(require) for most jobs in an increasingly digital world，as the computer has become a common tool in most professions(profession)．
2．This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
3．These conditions(condition) provide a favorable environment for the blue sandalwood(檀香) tree and rice growing，offering the materials needed to make the best Xuan paper.
4．Daoxiao noodles is one of the most popular dishes(dish) dating back to the Yuan Dynasty.(共37张PPT)
第1讲　名词
语法专题　 专题二
内容索引
考点精讲一　可数名词
考点精讲二　不可数名词
考点精讲三　名词的构词法
可数名词
考点精讲一
情景导入
Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies①.He works seven days① a week and 12 months② a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches③.He likes eating tomatoes④ but he doesn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has two pet horses⑥ and he often rides them with his friends on Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery of the farm⑧ is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend of his⑨，who raises some cows⑥ and goats⑥.
规则感悟
1.可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可数名词直接加-s。
规则感悟
2.名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。⑧无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。　
1.不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：
foot—feet脚　goose—geese鹅
tooth—teeth牙齿　mouse—mice老鼠
man—men男人　woman—women女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：
sheep—sheep绵羊　deer—deer鹿
Chinese—Chinese中国人
Japanese—Japanese日本人
means—means方法　series—series系列
species—species物种
crossroads—crossroads 十字路口
spacecraft—spacecraft航天器
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：
child—children 孩子　ox—oxen 公牛
(4)由man，woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。如：
gentleman—gentlemen绅士
Englishman—Englishmen英国男子
policeman—policemen男警察
chairwoman—chairwomen女主席
businessman—businessmen商人
craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人
注意：German，human的复数形式为Germans，humans。
(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：
analysis—analyses分析　
basis—bases基础
crisis—crises危机　
thesis—theses论文
medium—media媒介物
phenomenon—phenomena现象
2.复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。如：
birthday—birthdays生日　
blackboard—blackboards黑板　
bookshelf—bookshelves书架　
gentleman—gentlemen绅士
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：
book worm—book worms　
son-in-law—sons-in-law
looker-on—lookers-on　
passer-by—passers-by　
story-teller—story-tellers
(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：grown-up—grown-ups　
standby—standbys
(4)“man/woman＋名词”构成的合成词变复数时，man/woman和名词均变为复数。
women singers女歌手　
men servants 男仆人
(5)常以复数形式出现的名词有thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)等。
(6)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有take turns to do sth，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do等。
3.名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s room凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate’s and Mary’s rooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber’s (shop)在理发店
at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家
对点练习
1.The team who won the three world (championship) would always get this cup.
2.During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful _________(activity).
3.The best solution might be to find the (weakness) in the idea and to try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea.
championships
activities
weaknesses
返 回
4.Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on __________(passer-by).
5.We usually expect Hollywood (hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.
6.He goes to the (barber) to have his hair cut every month.
passers-by
heroes
barber’s
不可数名词
考点精讲二
情景导入
To learn more knowledge①，I have to do lots of homework① every day and have no time① to have fun② or do housework①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perform well.However，my teacher said that I had made great progress②.So this exam is not a failure③.On the contrary，it is a success③ in a way.
规则感悟
①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。
②fun，weather，progress，advice，information，news为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。
③抽象名词具体化：
·表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在
前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a comfort 等。
·表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形
容词。如have a good time，have a good knowledge/command
of 等。
1.不可数名词不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的有：
fun乐趣 homework作业 bread面包 wealth财富
progress进步 equipment设备 room空间 weather天气
work工作 music音乐 news新闻 meat肉
word消息 traffic交通 luck运气 housework家务
milk牛奶 advice建议 man人类 orange橙汁
knowledge知识 furniture家具 baggage/luggage行李 information信息
2.抽象名词与a(n)连用时，淡化了抽象概念，转化为具体的动作、行为或类别。
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。
It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
读这种小说就是浪费时间。
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。
3.有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。
如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一个玻璃杯。
对点练习
1. came that he would start yet another trade war against other countries as he wouldn’t keep his on that matter.(word)
2.As a war reporter，Jenny went through a lot of adventurous____________，
which contributed to her rich in her job.(experience)
3.I don’t think I am failure；it is said that failure is the mother of success.(冠词填空)
Word
word
experiences
experience
a
/
返 回
名词的构词法
考点精讲三
1.动词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-al approve赞成→approval 赞成 survive 幸存→survival 幸存
arrive到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物 refuse 拒绝→ refusal 拒绝 propose提议→proposal 提议；建议
-ance/ -ence appear出现→appearance 出现；外貌 perform 表演→ performance 表演 guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导 exist 存在→existence 存在 prefer 较喜欢→preference 偏爱 refer 参考；
查阅→reference 参考；查阅 depend 依靠→dependence 依赖；依靠
后缀 例词
-ion/ -tion/ -ation direct指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导 expect 期待→ expectation 期待；期望 invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬 solve 解决→solution 解决 compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争 describe 描述→description 描写 repeat 重复→repetition 重复 explain 解释→explanation 解释 pronounce 发音→pronunciation 发音
-s(s)ion discuss讨论→discussion 讨论 admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入 decide 决定→decision 决定
-ing hear听→hearing 听力；听觉 listen 听→listening 听；听力
后缀 例词
-ment achieve达到；完成→achievement 成就 develop 发展→ development 发展 argue争论→argument 争论；论据 punish惩罚→punishment 惩罚
-ure/-ture fail失败→failure 失败 press 压；挤→pressure 压力 mix 混合→mixture 混合物 expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露
-y recover恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover 发现→discovery 发现
后缀 例词
-er/-or teach教→teacher 老师
announce播报→announcer 播音员
conduct指导，指挥→conductor 指挥；售票员
其他常 见变化 choose选择→choice 选择 vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种 tend 倾向→tendency 趋向；趋势，grow 生长→growth 生长 marry 结婚→marriage 婚姻 pack 收拾(行李)→package包；盒
2.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
-cy fluent流利的→fluency 流利；流畅 accurate 准确的→accuracy
准确(性) private 私有的→privacy 隐私 efficient 效率高的→ efficiency 效率
-dom free自由的→freedom 自由 wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧
-ness dark黑的→darkness 黑暗 weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱 kind 友好的→kindness 善良 cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠 aware 知道的；意识到的→awareness 知道；意识
后缀 例词
-th warm温暖的→warmth 温暖 true 真的→truth 真相 deep 深的→depth 深(度) strong 强壮的→strength 力量 long 长的→length 长度 wide 宽的→width 宽度
-y/-ty/ -ity difficult困难的→difficulty 困难 honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实 safe 安全的→safety 安全 cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍 responsible 负责的→responsibility责任
后缀 例词
-ce different不同的→difference 不同(之处) silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence 寂静 patient 有耐心的→patience 耐心 absent 缺席的→absence 缺席 present 出席的→presence 出席 confident 自信的→confidence 信心 convenient 方便的→convenience 便利 important 重要的→importance 重要(性) significant重要的，意义重大的→significance重要性，重大意义
对点练习
1.Since June 2017，right before the (arrive) of the two new pandas，Meng Meng and Jiao Qing，I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
(2023·新课标Ⅱ)
2.They all agreed and vowed(承诺) to promote the idea at the __________
(complete) of their journey. (2024·全国甲)
3.China has a (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. (2022·全国乙)
arrival
completion
responsibility
4.In 1844，they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their (marry) ceremony in 1842.
5.Historical (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
marriage
accuracy
解题策略
解题策略
1.Also，technological know-how has become a (require) for most jobs in an increasingly digital world，as the computer has become a common tool in most (profession).
2.This switch has decreased (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
3.These (condition) provide a favorable environment for the blue sandalwood(檀香) tree and rice growing，offering the materials needed to make the best Xuan paper.
requirement
professions
pollution
conditions
解题策略
返 回
4.Daoxiao noodles is one of the most popular (dish) dating back to the Yuan Dynasty.
dishes

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