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第2讲　厘清句子成分和基本句型
　厘清句子成分
1．主语——句子的主体
(1) 定义： 主语是句子所讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语是谓语动作的执行者或所处状态的主体。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、从句或名词化的形容词等充当。
①Some students might have advanced speaking skills while others may struggle with basic conversation．(名词短语作主语；代词作主语)
②Learning to knit helped me develop my creativity and problem-solving skills． (动词-ing形式短语作主语)
(2)位置： 主语一般位于句首，但动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
①It is our honour to invite you to give us a talk on how to learn English well．(动词不定式短语作真正的主语)
②It's well known that Chinese people attach great importance to labour．(that从句作真正的主语)
③It is no use wasting time discussing how it happened．(动词-ing形式短语作真正的主语)
(3)注意：done不能作主语，要想done 表示的含义作主语，可以用being done。
Being exposed to a foreign culture is beneficial for us to learn the local language．(being done作主语)
2．谓语——主语的行为
定义：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、主语具有的特征或所处的状态， 常位于主语之后。谓语主要由动词、动词短语、系表结构等充当。谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。谓语与主语在“人称”与“数”方面应保持一致，即主谓一致。
①I believe your excellent language skills will allow you to share abundant valuable suggestions with us．(单个实义动词作谓语)
②The English programme is widely popular among us students．(系表结构作谓语)
③First of all, as smart online learners, we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden our horizons．(“情态动词＋短语动词”作谓语)
④I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future． (“助动词do＋实义动词”作谓语，表强调)
3．宾语——动作的对象
(1) 定义：宾语是动作、行为的对象， 由名词、代词、动词-ing形式、动词不定式或相当于名词的词(短语或从句)来充当， 它和谓语动词一起说明主语做什么， 通常放在及物动词或者介词之后。另外，有些动词后可以跟双宾语。
①I expressed my sincerest gratitude to the teacher．(名词短语作宾语)
②As an enthusiast of Chinese painting, I decided to take an interest class to learn the basics．(动词不定式作宾语)
③He has given me great help in time of need．(me为间接宾语；help为直接宾语)
(2)位置：动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作宾语， 常用it作形式宾语， 而把真正的宾语放在后面。
①He found it pleasant to work with us Chinese．(动词不定式作真正的宾语)
②I think it no good spending too much time watching TV．(动词-ing形式作真正的宾语)
③I owe it to my teacher that I made such rapid progress． (that从句作真正的宾语)
4．表语——主语的特征、身份等
(1)定义：表语位于连系动词后， 用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质、职业、数量、处所等。常用作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介词短语、表语从句等。
①That was when I fell in love with writing．(从句作表语)
②I'm very enthusiastic about our English speaking programme． (形容词作表语)
③Seafood is a part of people's daily diet．(名词短语作表语)
④Another 15 minutes passed，yet David was still not in sight．(介词短语作表语)
⑤Our aim is to lead China to go global and let the world understand China．(动词不定式短语作表语)
(2)常见的连系动词主要有下列几种：
①表示“状态”类：be (am, is, are, was, were)；
②表示“持续”类：keep, stay, remain, lie等；
③表示“表象”类：seem, appear等；
④表示“感官”类：look, sound, smell, taste, feel；
⑤表示“渐变”类：grow, turn, get, go, become, come, fall；
⑥表示“证明”类：prove。
5．定语——名词的修饰语
定义：定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词、动词不定式、定语从句等。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，而短语和从句作定语时往往放在被修饰词之后。
①Overall, it was a wonderful experience for these young people．(形容词作定语)
②The exhibition will be held in the City Museum located in the north of our city．(过去分词作定语)
③The building being constructed will be a new shopping mall．(动词-ing形式作定语)
④A better way might be to have students practice with partners who have similar English proficiency and learning needs． (who引导的定语从句作后置定语)
6．状语——动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语
定义：状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或全句的句子成分。状语由副词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词或从句充当。
状语在句中可以表示时间、地点、条件、方式、原因、目的、让步、比较等。
①Recently I learned how to knit by taking a knitting class．(副词作状语)
②Nowadays，many of Lu Xun's works are still included in Chinese textbooks, inspiring us students to strive for a better future． (动词-ing形式作状语)
③When we go to the beach, don't throw rubbish, especially plastics, into the sea． (时间状语从句)
④Jane rose at the break of day, hungry and thirsty．(形容词作状语)
⑤He looked up with shock．(介词短语作状语)
7．补足语——宾语或主语的补充说明
定义：补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，分别用于补充说明主语和宾语。补足语通常由名词、形容词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词充当。
①With all preparations done, they started to fry bread together． (过去分词作宾语补足语)
②I'll keep his kindness and help in mind forever．(介词短语作宾语补足语)
③All in all，my sense of responsibility will make me a qualified volunteer．(名词短语作宾语补足语)
④He was elected president of the Students' Union．(名词短语作主语补足语)
8．同位语——同等重要的并列成分
定义：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来证明或解释另一个句子成分，或者就叫作后者的同位语。常用作同位语的有名词(短语)、数词、代词、同位语从句等。
①My name is Li Jin, a member from Spoken English Club．(名词短语作同位语)
②Word came that our school is going to hold a school meeting whose topic is related to traditional Chinese customs． (从句作同位语)
③We each have different needs and interests．
(代词作同位语)
注意：we each对应的谓语动词用复数，each of us对应的谓语动词用单数。
写出黑体部分在句子中所作的成分
1．Paper cutting is one of the most popular traditional folk arts in China． ____________
2．I have received some training in my spare time． ____________
3．You make your classes lively and interesting． ____________
4．It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3：00 p.m． to 5：00 p.m． next Friday． ____________
5．What you said just now didn't make me happy． ____________
6．I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year． ____________
7．I find my room clean and tidy． ____________
8．I would like to give you some suggestions． ____________
9．They should make use of their spare time to read these wonderful works carefully． ____________
10．We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon． ____________
11．The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital． ____________
　厘清基本句型
1．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语是不及物动词，能表达完整的意思，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
①If two students with poor English are paired，the_practice may not work well．
　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 主语　　 　谓语
②They first met at the age of 20．
　主语 　 谓语
2．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语
该句式的特点为：谓语一般为及物动词，表示主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动词-ing形式、动词不定式、特殊疑问词＋动词不定式、从句等来充当)，即动作的承受者，才能表达完整的意思。
①It　has　lasting artistic value．
主语 谓语　　　　宾语
②I　hope　you will consider my proposals．
主语 谓语　　　　　　宾语
3．主语＋系动词＋表语
该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，助动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式等。
①He　is　tall．
主语 系动词 表语　
②What_will_happen remains unknown．
　主语　　　　　 系动词　　表语
4．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
该句式中的谓语必须是可以接两个宾语的及物动词。两个宾语一个是间接宾语；一个是直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。
She　gave　 me　　great encouragement．
主语　谓语　间接宾语　直接宾语
②Her_father bought 　her 　a dictionary as a birthday present．
主语　　谓语　间接宾语 直接宾语
5．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
该句式中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使句子意思完整。宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的情况，直接跟在宾语之后。
①With knowledge，we can make our country richer and stronger．
　　　　　　 主语　 谓语　　　宾语　 　宾语补足语
②In order to acquire a better understanding of Tang poems，I 　advise　you
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　主语　谓语 宾语
　to learn some brief history of the Tang Dynasty in advance．
　　　　宾语补足语
6．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)＋状语
状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子，谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)。
①I　 worked in a baking factory．
主语 　谓语　　　状语
②A_class_meeting with the aim of introducing
主语
traditional Chinese culture will take place
　　　　　　　　　　　　谓语
in our school next month．
状语
7．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋状语
状语由副词、介词短语或从句充当，修饰谓语动词的状语需是副词或介词短语。
①When he came into sight，the_spectators burst into
状语　　　　　　　主语　　谓语
thunderous cheers and applause．
　　　　宾语
②My_heart skipped a beat when I accepted the award．
　主语　 谓语　宾语　　　 状语
8．存现句(there be句型及there be句型的变式句型)
there be句型有很多变式，恰当地运用there be(be可用各种时态)句型及其变式对提升写作大有帮助。
①There are abundant biological resources and energy resources in the ocean．
②There is a famous saying that “good habits lead to good endings”，which shows the importance of habits．
③There stands a big tree in front of the classroom．
写出下列句子的类型
1．The flower smells sweet． ________________
2．The news made us very surprised． ________________
3．I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries． ________________
4．I saw a brave butterfly flying in the sky． ________________
5．He brought me a newly published book． ________________
6．There are a variety of ways to learn English beyond the classroom with the development of modern technology． ________________
7．Class activities will vary from day to day． ________________
第2讲　厘清句子成分和基本句型
考点一　对点微练
1．表语　2．状语　3．宾语补足语　4．状语　5．主语　6．宾语　7．宾语补足语　8．直接宾语　9．状语　10．宾语　11．表语
考点二　对点微练
1．主＋系＋表　2．主＋谓＋宾＋宾补　3．主＋谓＋宾　4．主＋谓＋宾＋宾补＋状　5．主＋谓＋间接宾语＋直接宾语　6．存现句　7．主＋谓＋状
1 / 8(共38张PPT)
第二部分　
语法考点突破
奠 基 篇
第2讲　厘清句子成分和基本句型
整体感知
解疑释惑
考点一　厘清句子成分
1．主语——句子的主体
(1) 定义： 主语是句子所讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语是谓语动作的执行者或所处状态的主体。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、从句或名词化的形容词等充当。
①Some students might have advanced speaking skills while others may struggle with basic conversation．(名词短语作主语；代词作主语)
②Learning to knit helped me develop my creativity and problem-solving skills．(动词-ing形式短语作主语)
(2)位置： 主语一般位于句首，但动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
①It is our honour to invite you to give us a talk on how to learn English well．(动词不定式短语作真正的主语)
②It's well known that Chinese people attach great importance to labour．(that从句作真正的主语)
③It is no use wasting time discussing how it happened．(动词-ing形式短语作真正的主语)
(3)注意：done不能作主语，要想done 表示的含义作主语，可以用being done。
Being exposed to a foreign culture is beneficial for us to learn the local language．(being done作主语)
2．谓语——主语的行为
定义：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、主语具有的特征或所处的状态，常位于主语之后。谓语主要由动词、动词短语、系表结构等充当。谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。谓语与主语在“人称”与“数”方面应保持一致，即主谓一致。
①I believe your excellent language skills will allow you to share abundant valuable suggestions with us．(单个实义动词作谓语)
②The English programme is widely popular among us students．(系表结构作谓语)
③First of all，as smart online learners，we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden our horizons．(“情态动词＋短语动词”作谓语)
④I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future．(“助动词do＋实义动词”作谓语，表强调)
3．宾语——动作的对象
(1) 定义：宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、动词-ing形式、动词不定式或相当于名词的词(短语或从句)来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语做什么，通常放在及物动词或者介词之后。另外，有些动词后可以跟双宾语。
①I expressed my sincerest gratitude to the teacher．(名词短语作宾语)
②As an enthusiast of Chinese painting，I decided to take an interest class to learn the basics．(动词不定式作宾语)
③He has given me great help in time of need．(me为间接宾语；help为直接宾语)
(2)位置：动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作宾语，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在后面。
①He found it pleasant to work with us Chinese．(动词不定式作真正的宾语)
②I think it no good spending too much time watching TV．(动词-ing形式作真正的宾语)
③I owe it to my teacher that I made such rapid progress．(that从句作真正的宾语)
4．表语——主语的特征、身份等
(1)定义：表语位于连系动词后，用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质、职业、数量、处所等。常用作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介词短语、表语从句等。
①That was when I fell in love with writing．(从句作表语)
②I'm very enthusiastic about our English speaking programme．(形容词作表语)
③Seafood is a part of people's daily diet．(名词短语作表语)
④Another 15 minutes passed，yet David was still not in sight．(介词短语作表语)
⑤Our aim is to lead China to go global and let the world understand China．(动词不定式短语作表语)
(2)常见的连系动词主要有下列几种：
①表示“状态”类：be (am，is，are，was，were)；
②表示“持续”类：keep，stay，remain，lie等；
③表示“表象”类：seem，appear等；
④表示“感官”类：look，sound，smell，taste，feel；
⑤表示“渐变”类：grow，turn，get，go，become，come，fall；
⑥表示“证明”类：prove。
5．定语——名词的修饰语
定义：定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词、动词不定式、定语从句等。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，而短语和从句作定语时往往放在被修饰词之后。
①Overall，it was a wonderful experience for these young people．(形容词作定语)
②The exhibition will be held in the City Museum located in the north of our city．(过去分词作定语)
③The building being constructed will be a new shopping mall．(动词-ing形式作定语)
④A better way might be to have students practice with partners who have similar English proficiency and learning needs．(who引导的定语从句作后置定语)
6．状语——动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语
定义：状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或全句的句子成分。状语由副词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词或从句充当。
状语在句中可以表示时间、地点、条件、方式、原因、目的、让步、比较等。
①Recently I learned how to knit by taking a knitting class．(副词作状语)
②Nowadays，many of Lu Xun's works are still included in Chinese textbooks，inspiring us students to strive for a better future．(动词-ing形式作状语)
③When we go to the beach，don't throw rubbish，especially plastics，into the sea．(时间状语从句)
④Jane rose at the break of day，hungry and thirsty．(形容词作状语)
⑤He looked up with shock．(介词短语作状语)
7．补足语——宾语或主语的补充说明
定义：补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，分别用于补充说明主语和宾语。补足语通常由名词、形容词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词充当。
①With all preparations done，they started to fry bread together．(过去分词作宾语补足语)
②I'll keep his kindness and help in mind forever．(介词短语作宾语补足语)
③All in all，my sense of responsibility will make me a qualified volunteer．(名词短语作宾语补足语)
④He was elected president of the Students' Union．(名词短语作主语补足语)
8．同位语——同等重要的并列成分
定义：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来证明或解释另一个句子成分，或者就叫作后者的同位语。常用作同位语的有名词(短语)、数词、代词、同位语从句等。
①My name is Li Jin，a member from Spoken English Club．(名词短语作同位语)
②Word came that our school is going to hold a school meeting whose topic is related to traditional Chinese customs．(从句作同位语)
③We each have different needs and interests．
(代词作同位语)
注意：we each对应的谓语动词用复数，each of us对应的谓语动词用单数。
写出黑体部分在句子中所作的成分
1．Paper cutting is one of the most popular traditional folk arts in China． ____
2．I have received some training in my spare time． ____
3．You make your classes lively and interesting． __________
4．It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3：00 p．m．to 5：00 p．m．next Friday． ____
表语
状语
宾语补足语
状语
5．What you said just now didn't make me happy． ____
6．I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year． ____
7．I find my room clean and tidy． __________
8．I would like to give you some suggestions． ________
9．They should make use of their spare time to read these wonderful works carefully． ____
10．We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon． ____
11．The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital． ____
主语
宾语
宾语补足语
直接宾语
状语
宾语
表语
考点二　厘清基本句型
1．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语是不及物动词，能表达完整的意思，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
考点二　厘清基本句型
1．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语是不及物动词，能表达完整的意思，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
①If two students with poor English are paired，the practice may not work well．
　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　主语 　　 谓语
②They first met at the age of 20．
　主语 　 谓语
2．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语
该句式的特点为：谓语一般为及物动词，表示主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动词-ing形式、动词不定式、特殊疑问词＋动词不定式、从句等来充当)，即动作的承受者，才能表达完整的意思。
①It　has　lasting artistic value．
主语 谓语　　　　宾语
②I　hope　you will consider my proposals．
主语 谓语　　　　　　宾语
3．主语＋系动词＋表语
该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，助动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式等。
①He　is　tall．
主语 系动词 表语　
②What will happen remains unknown．
　主语　　　 系动词　 表语
4．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
该句式中的谓语必须是可以接两个宾语的及物动词。两个宾语一个是间接宾语；一个是直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。
①She　gave　 me　　great encouragement．
主语　谓语　间接宾语　直接宾语
②Her father bought 　 her 　a dictionary as a birthday present．
主语　 谓语　间接宾语 直接宾语
5．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
该句式中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使句子意思完整。宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的情况，直接跟在宾语之后。
①With knowledge，we can make our country　richer and stronger．
　　　　主语　 谓语　　宾语　 　宾语补足语
②In order to acquire a better understanding of Tang poems，I 　advise　you
主语 谓语 宾语
to learn some brief history of the Tang Dynasty in advance．
宾语补足语
6．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)＋状语
状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子，谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)。
①I　 worked in a baking factory．
主语 谓语　　　状语
②A class meeting with the aim of introducing traditional Chinese culture
主语
will take place in our school next month．
谓语 状语
7．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋状语
状语由副词、介词短语或从句充当，修饰谓语动词的状语需是副词或介词短语。
①When he came into sight，the spectators burst into
　 　状语 　 主语　　 谓语
thunderous cheers and applause．
宾语
②My heart skipped a beat when I accepted the award．
主语　　谓语　宾语　　　　　状语
8．存现句(there be句型及there be句型的变式句型)
there be句型有很多变式，恰当地运用there be(be可用各种时态)句型及其变式对提升写作大有帮助。
①There are abundant biological resources and energy resources in the ocean．
②There is a famous saying that “good habits lead to good endings”，which shows the importance of habits．
③There stands a big tree in front of the classroom．
写出下列句子的类型
1．The flower smells sweet． __________
2．The news made us very surprised． ________________
3．I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries． __________
4．I saw a brave butterfly flying in the sky． ____________________
5．He brought me a newly published book．
__________________________
主＋系＋表
主＋谓＋宾＋宾补
主＋谓＋宾
主＋谓＋宾＋宾补＋状
主＋谓＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
6．There are a variety of ways to learn English beyond the classroom with the development of modern technology． ______
7．Class activities will vary from day to day． __________
存现句
主＋谓＋状
谢 谢！

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