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第3讲　简单句的扩写和长难句的破解
　简单句的扩写
“简单句的扩写”是指在句子主干的基础上添枝加叶，让句子内容更丰富，句子表达更形象。
一、实施路径
简单句 I like reading books．
1．找名词，添加定语
名词是写作中出现频率最高的词。为了让作文更加丰满，可以利用添加定语的方式让名词先丰满起来。定语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词、动词不定式、定语从句等，单词放在名词前，短语和从句放名词后。
I like reading books．
I like reading interesting books． (添加形容词)
I like reading interesting books that are about history．(添加定语从句)
2．见动词，添副词
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school, because reading can make us grow up happily and make me clever． (添加副词)
3．添加时间、地点、方式、原因等状语
(非谓语，介词短语、with复合结构、从句、独立主格结构等)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning．(添加时间状语)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school．(添加地点状语)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school, because reading can make us grow up happily and make me clever．(添加原因状语)
4．运用句型
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school, because reading can not only make us grow up happily but also make me clever．
5．运用连接词
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school, because reading can not only make us grow up happily but also make me clever． Besides, it is also one of the most important ways to improve our reading ability．
二、方法再体验
简单句 The girl unwrapped her gift．
1．加定语
The innocent girl unwrapped her gift (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
2．见动词，添加副词
With her heart beating wildly/Heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement, the girl, held by her mom, eagerly unwrapped her gift without hesitation (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
3．加介词短语作状语
Without any hesitation, the innocent girl unwrapped her gift (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
4．加非谓语动词作状语
Screaming with excitement, the girl held by her mom, unwrapped her gift box without hesitation (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
5．加with复合结构/独立主格结构作状语
With her heart beating wildly/Heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement, the girl, held by her mom, unwrapped her gift without hesitation (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
6．加特殊句式
With her heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement, hardly had the innocent girl, held by her mom, unwrapped her gift without any hesitation which she had been looking forward to when a toy clown popped out．
注意：简单句的扩写只是一种提升写作的思路，不一定越复杂的句子就越好，要根据不同的情景使用合适的句子结构，顺畅、自然、地道、有创意且合理的句子才是好句子，要多阅读原版英文文章，不断积累，逐步提升写作能力。
扩写以下简单句
1．The children swam in the Devil River．
a．淘气的孩子们；没人敢接近的河
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b．在黄昏
_____________________________________________________________________
c．正高兴地游泳
_____________________________________________________________________
d．突然一个孩子发出一声尖叫
_____________________________________________________________________
e．如此大声以至于其他人都吓了一跳
_____________________________________________________________________
合并：
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2．The man jumped up and hurried to the kitchen．
a．非谓语：听到妻子的尖叫
_____________________________________________________________________
b．副词：立刻；焦虑地
_____________________________________________________________________
c．非谓语/定语从句：却发现他妻子正在煮的肉着火了
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
合并：
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
　长难句的破解
高考中的阅读材料均选自外刊，“原汁原味”，尤其是阅读理解C篇和D篇，除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外，文中句子结构也较为复杂，掺杂了大量的长句难句，对长难句的分析会直接影响对文本的理解。
1．长难句具体表现形式：
①含复杂成分的简单句
②含多个简单句的并列句
③含多个成分或从句的复合句
④含插入成分和倒装结构等
2．长难句破解方法：
提取——提取主干　　　 拆分——拆分枝叶
删除——删除附加　　　 整合——整合逻辑
(1)含复杂成分的简单句
步骤：a．找谓语，定主语，看主干；
b．翻译句子。
分析：谓语为must select，及物动词，主语为the toothpaste marketer，select后有两个并列的宾语， for instance作插入成分，常用来表示举例。
翻译：例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和女性杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的女性杂志。
(2)含多个简单句的并列句
步骤：a．勾画出并列连词；
b．勾画出所有分句的主谓，再翻译句子。
分析：分号前后为并列关系，and为并列连词，连接两个并列句，第一个句子谓语为isn't, 主语为Discrimination; 第二个句子谓语为develops, 主语为everyone；第三个句子谓语为can do, 主语为doctors。整合修饰成分，翻译句子。
翻译：受到歧视并不是他们唯一的担忧，几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时都会显现出来症状，而且医生对此也无能为力。
(3)含多个成分或从句的复合句
步骤：a．提取句子主干；
b．勾画出所有从句连接词；
c．判断从句性质并翻译句子。
分析：句子主干为I can't live in fear of the possibility，possibility名词后紧跟着that，可以考虑定语从句、同位语从句、强调句，通过排除， 前面没有it is/was, 从句不缺主语、宾语，所以判断此处为同位语从句，然后把从句看成一个意群，通过分析，as引导状语从句，从句主干为our children may have to lead poorer lives。
翻译：我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，以及我们正在消耗掉越来越多的不可再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。
分析：句子主干为you can't be successful, when引导时间状语从句；a relationship为名词，其后紧跟that, 且从句缺主语，因而引导定语从句；an action为先行词， where引导定语从句。
翻译：但是做错事的人不去承担改正错误的责任，这样的行为会导致缺乏信任的关系，而这时候你是不可能成功的。
分析：句子主干为what may be implied (暗示) is that..., “what may be implied”作主句主语，when引导时间状语从句， that在系动词 “is”后引导表语从句，what在“consider”后引导宾语从句。
翻译：因此，当来自这些文化群体的某一个人在说话的时候突然停下来，所暗示的可能是这个人希望听众在他继续(讲下去)之前思考一下刚才所讲的内容。
(4)含插入分隔成分
步骤：a．提取句子主干；
b．删除插入分隔成分；
c．翻译句子。
分析：句子主干为continued connection with and dependence on family have increased, 其中connection和dependence并列，介词with和on并列，删除 thanks to cell phones, emails and social media插入分隔成分， however翻译到句首。
翻译：然而，过去的二十年间，因为手机、电子邮件以及社交媒体，与家里持续的联系以及对家庭的依赖显著增加了。
②
to make the images, most of which have never been published before．
　　　　　连接词which引导定语从句
分析：句子主干为Frank Hurley was hired，删除a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic插入分隔成分再翻译。
翻译：Frank Hurley，一个自信的、有天赋的、对南极洲有了解的澳大利亚摄影师，被雇用去拍照，其中大部分图片以前从未被发表过。
(5)倒装
步骤：a．提取句子主干，找到真正的主语；
b．翻译句子。
分析：句子主干为Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun。此句是表语位于句首的完全倒装句，主语为the Tower of the Sun, which引导非限制性定语从句，从句中inside介词短语位于句首，句子完全倒装，主语为a 160-foot-tall Tree of Life。
翻译：矗立着的太阳之塔穿过屋顶，在它里面有一棵160英尺高的生命之树。
分析并翻译以下长难句
1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text．
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句为The benefits of print reading particularly shine through，when引导________________，其中like identifying the main idea in a reading passage和such as drawing inferences from a text分别补充说明__________________和________________________________________________，可以先删去，最后翻译。
翻译：_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print．
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句为people approach digital texts and devote less mental effort，and连接主句并列的谓语____________和____________， suited to social media作后置定语修饰____________，which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词________________。
翻译：________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
第3讲　简单句的扩写和长难句的破解
考点一　对点微练
1．a．the naughty children; the river where nobody dared to approach　b．at dusk　c．were swimming happily　d．when one boy let out a cry　e．so loud that others were frightened　合并：At dusk，the naughty children were swimming happily in the Devil River where nobody dared to approach when one boy let out a cry，which was so loud that others were frightened．2．a．hearing his wife's scream　b．immediately；anxiously　c．only to find that the meat his wife had been cooking was on fire　合并：Hearing his wife's scream，the man jumped up immediately and hurried to the kitchen anxiously，only to find that the meat his wife had been cooking was on fire．
考点二　对点微练
1．分析：时间状语从句；simple tasks；ones that require mental abstraction
翻译：纸质阅读的好处尤其突显在实验者从简单任务——比如识别阅读文章的主旨——转向需要思维抽象的任务时——比如从文本中得出推论。
2．分析：approach；devote；mindset；social media
翻译：根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本的态度与对待社交媒体的态度相当，而社交媒体通常没那么严肃，相比纸质阅读，人们投入的脑力要更少。
1 / 9(共40张PPT)
第二部分　
语法考点突破
奠 基 篇
第3讲　简单句的扩写和长难句的破解
整体感知
解疑释惑
考点一　简单句的扩写
“简单句的扩写”是指在句子主干的基础上添枝加叶，让句子内容更丰富，句子表达更形象。
一、实施路径
简单句 I like reading books．
1．找名词，添加定语
名词是写作中出现频率最高的词。为了让作文更加丰满，可以利用添加定语的方式让名词先丰满起来。定语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词、动词不定式、定语从句等，单词放在名词前，短语和从句放名词后。
I like reading books．
I like reading interesting books．(添加形容词)
I like reading interesting books that are about history．(添加定语从句)
2．见动词，添副词
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can make us grow up happily and make me clever．(添加副词)
3．添加时间、地点、方式、原因等状语
(非谓语，介词短语、with复合结构、从句、独立主格结构等)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning．(添加时间状语)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school．(添加地点状语)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can make us grow up happily and make me clever．(添加原因状语)
4．运用句型
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can not only make us grow up happily but also make me clever．
5．运用连接词
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can not only make us grow up happily but also make me clever．Besides，it is also one of the most important ways to improve our reading ability．
二、方法再体验
简单句 The girl unwrapped her gift．
1．加定语
The innocent girl unwrapped her gift (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
2．见动词，添加副词
With her heart beating wildly/Heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement，the girl，held by her mom，eagerly unwrapped her gift without hesitation (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
3．加介词短语作状语
Without any hesitation，the innocent girl unwrapped her gift (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
4．加非谓语动词作状语
Screaming with excitement，the girl held by her mom，unwrapped her gift box without hesitation (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
5．加with复合结构/独立主格结构作状语
With her heart beating wildly/Heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement，the girl，held by her mom，unwrapped her gift without hesitation (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
6．加特殊句式
With her heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement，hardly had the innocent girl，held by her mom，unwrapped her gift without any hesitation which she had been looking forward to when a toy clown popped out．
注意：简单句的扩写只是一种提升写作的思路，不一定越复杂的句子就越好，要根据不同的情景使用合适的句子结构，顺畅、自然、地道、有创意且合理的句子才是好句子，要多阅读原版英文文章，不断积累，逐步提升写作能力。
扩写以下简单句
1．The children swam in the Devil River．
a．淘气的孩子们；没人敢接近的河
_______________________________________________________
b．在黄昏
______
c．正高兴地游泳
_______________________
the naughty children；the river where nobody dared to approach
at dusk
were swimming happily
d．突然一个孩子发出一声尖叫
_____________________
e．如此大声以至于其他人都吓了一跳
_______________________________
合并：
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
when one boy let out a cry
so loud that others were frightened
At dusk，the naughty children were swimming happily in the Devil River where nobody dared to approach when one boy let out a cry，which was so loud that others were frightened．
2．The man jumped up and hurried to the kitchen．
a．非谓语：听到妻子的尖叫
_________________________
b．副词：立刻；焦虑地
________________________
hearing his wife's scream
immediately；anxiously
c．非谓语/定语从句：却发现他妻子正在煮的肉着火了
__________________________________________________________
合并：
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
only to find that the meat his wife had been cooking was on fire
Hearing his wife's scream，the man jumped up immediately and hurried to the kitchen anxiously，only to find that the meat his wife had been cooking was on fire．
考点二　长难句的破解
高考中的阅读材料均选自外刊，“原汁原味”，尤其是阅读理解C篇和D篇，除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外，文中句子结构也较为复杂，掺杂了大量的长句难句，对长难句的分析会直接影响对文本的理解。
1．长难句具体表现形式：
①含复杂成分的简单句
②含多个简单句的并列句
③含多个成分或从句的复合句
④含插入成分和倒装结构等
2．长难句破解方法：
提取——提取主干　　　拆分——拆分枝叶
删除——删除附加　　　整合——整合逻辑
(1)含复杂成分的简单句
步骤：a．找谓语，定主语，看主干；
b．翻译句子。
Having chosen family television programs and
women's magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select
主语　 谓语
the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women's magazines
　　 宾语一 宾语二
to be used．
分析：谓语为must select，及物动词，主语为the toothpaste marketer，select后有两个并列的宾语，for instance作插入成分，常用来表示举例。
翻译：例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和女性杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的女性杂志。
(2)含多个简单句的并列句
步骤：a．勾画出并列连词；
b．勾画出所有分句的主谓，再翻译句子。
Discrimination isn't their only concern；almost
主语　 系动词 分号
everyone testing positive for the Huntington's gene(基因)
主语
develops symptoms during middle age，and doctors can do nothing to help．
谓语 并列连词 主语　谓语
分析：分号前后为并列关系，and为并列连词，连接两个并列句，第一个句子谓语为isn't，主语为Discrimination；第二个句子谓语为develops，主语为everyone；第三个句子谓语为can do，主语为doctors。整合修饰成分，翻译句子。
翻译：受到歧视并不是他们唯一的担忧，几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时都会显现出来症状，而且医生对此也无能为力。
(3)含多个成分或从句的复合句
步骤：a．提取句子主干；
b．勾画出所有从句连接词；
c．判断从句性质并翻译句子。
①I can't live in fear of the possibility that as the
句子主干　　 连接词that引导同位语从句
　　连接词as引导状语从句
earth's population grows and we use more and more
并列连词
of our non-renewable (不能再生的) resources，our
children may have to lead poorer lives．
从句主干
分析：句子主干为I can't live in fear of the possibility，possibility名词后紧跟着that，可以考虑定语从句、同位语从句、强调句，通过排除，前面没有it is/was，从句不缺主语、宾语，所以判断此处为同位语从句，然后把从句看成一个意群，通过分析，as引导状语从句，从句主干为our children may have to lead poorer lives。
翻译：我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，以及我们正在消耗掉越来越多的不可再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。
②But you can't be successful when there's a lack of
　　句子主干　连接词when引导时间状语从句
trust in a relationship that results from an action where
连接词that引导定语从句 连接词where引导定语从句
the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake．
分析：句子主干为you can't be successful，when引导时间状语从句；a relationship为名词，其后紧跟that，且从句缺主语，因而引导定语从句；an action为先行词，where引导定语从句。
翻译：但是做错事的人不去承担改正错误的责任，这样的行为会导致缺乏信任的关系，而这时候你是不可能成功的。
③Therefore，when a person from one of these
　连接词when引导时间状语从句
cultures is speaking and suddenly stops，what may be
连接词what引导主语从句
implied (暗示) is the person wants the listener to
　句子主干　　连接词that引导表语从句
consider what has been said before continuing．
　 连接词what引导宾语从句
that
分析：句子主干为what may be implied (暗示) is that...，“what may be implied”作主句主语，when引导时间状语从句，that在系动词 “is”后引导表语从句，what在“consider”后引导宾语从句。
翻译：因此，当来自这些文化群体的某一个人在说话的时候突然停下来，所暗示的可能是这个人希望听众在他继续(讲下去)之前思考一下刚才所讲的内容。
(4)含插入分隔成分
步骤：a．提取句子主干；
b．删除插入分隔成分；
c．翻译句子。
①In the past two decades，however，
continued connection with dependence on family，
主干主语
and
have increased significantly．
　 主干谓语
分析：句子主干为continued connection with and dependence on family have increased，其中connection和dependence并列，介词with和on并列，删除 thanks to cell phones，emails and social media插入分隔成分，however翻译到句首。
翻译：然而，过去的二十年间，因为手机、电子邮件以及社交媒体，与家里持续的联系以及对家庭的依赖显著增加了。
to make the images，most of which have never
连接词which引导定语从句
been published before．
分析：句子主干为Frank Hurley was hired，删除a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic插入分隔成分再翻译。
翻译：Frank Hurley，一个自信的、有天赋的、对南极洲有了解的澳大利亚摄影师，被雇用去拍照，其中大部分图片以前从未被发表过。
(5)倒装
步骤：a．提取句子主干，找到真正的主语；
b．翻译句子。
Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun，
句子主干 主语
inside which stands a 160-foot-tall Tree of Life．
　　主语
分析：句子主干为Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun。此句是表语位于句首的完全倒装句，主语为the Tower of the Sun，which引导非限制性定语从句，从句中inside介词短语位于句首，句子完全倒装，主语为a 160-foot-tall Tree of Life。
翻译：矗立着的太阳之塔穿过屋顶，在它里面有一棵160英尺高的生命之树。
分析并翻译以下长难句
1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text．
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句为The benefits of print reading particularly shine through，when引导____________，其中like identifying the main idea in a reading passage和such as drawing inferences from a text分别补充说明____________和______________________________，可以先删去，最后翻译。
时间状语从句
simple tasks
ones that require mental abstraction
翻译：_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
纸质阅读的好处尤其突显在实验者从简单任务——比如识别阅读文章的主旨——转向需要思维抽象的任务时——比如从文本中得出推论。
2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print．
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句为people approach digital texts and devote less mental effort，and连接主句并列的谓语________和______，suited to social media作后置定语修饰________，which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词____________。
翻译：_____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
approach
devote
mindset
social media
根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本的态度与对待社交媒体的态度相当，而社交媒体通常没那么严肃，相比纸质阅读，人们投入的脑力要更少。
谢 谢！

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