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第2讲　名词和数词
　名词的数
1．可数名词变复数的规则变化
情况 方法 例词
一般情况 加-s student→students， teacher→teachers， doctor→doctors， table→tables
以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾 加-es glass→glasses，dish→dishes，box→boxes，watch→watches 但stomach的复数形式直接加-s
以“辅音字母加y”结尾 变y为i再加-es family→families，baby→babies，army→armies，body→bodies
以“元音字母加y”结尾 直接加-s boy→boys，day→days， monkey→monkeys
以-f或-fe结尾 大都变f或fe为v，再加-es；少数直接加-s 口诀： 妻子(wife→wives)拿刀(knife→knives)去砍狼(wolf→wolves)， 吓得小偷(thief→thieves)心发慌， 躲在架(shelf→shelves)后保己(self→selves)命(life→lives)， 半(half→halves)片树叶(leaf→leaves) 遮目光 belief→beliefs，proof→proofs，roof→roofs，chief→chiefs
以-o结尾 通常加-s；有的加-es radio→radios，video→videos，zoo→zoos，tobacco→tobaccos hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes(英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿)
2．可数名词变复数的不规则变化
方法 例词
词尾加-ren或-en child→children，ox→oxen
变更词内元音字母 man→men， woman→women， foot→feet，goose→geese， tooth→teeth， mouse→mice(老鼠)， mouse→mouses(鼠标)
情况 方法 例词
复合名词的复数 有中心名词的合成词，在中心名词后加-s passer-by→passers-by
无中心名词的合成词，在词尾加-s grown-up→grown-ups
名词前有man, woman修饰，变复数时，man，woman和中心词都要变复数 woman doctor→ women doctors
表示国籍的专有名词(中日葡不变英法变，其他加-s) 加-s American→Americans， German→Germans， Greek→Greeks
单复数同形 Chinese，Portuguese，Japanese
有些词以-man或-woman结尾，分别改为-men或-women Englishman →Englishmen
情况 例词
单复数同形的词 means 方式，方法，series 一系列， species物种，aircraft飞机，deer鹿， sheep羊，fish 鱼 (表示各种各样的鱼时，复数为fishes)
以-s结尾的不可数或者单数名词 maths数学，politics政治学，physics物理学，the United States美国，news 新闻，The Arabian Nights 《一千零一夜》(书名、剧名、报纸名等视为单数)
有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词 some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一个玻璃杯
常以复数形式出现的名词 thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)
一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式 take turns to do sth．，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do
其他特殊名词复数变化 criterion→criteria 标准， phenomenon→phenomena现象， basis→bases 基础， crisis→crises 危机， analysis→analyses 分析， bacterium→bacteria 细菌， medium→media媒体， datum→data 数据
3．通常只作不可数名词的名词
fun乐趣 homework作业
progress进步 equipment设备
music音乐 traffic交通
milk牛奶 advice建议
knowledge知识 furniture 家具
bread面包 wealth财富
weather天气 news新闻
meat肉 luck运气
housework家务 orange橙汁
baggage/luggage 行李 information信息
4．抽象名词具体化
词汇 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化后(可数)
beauty 美，美丽 美人，美好的事物
failure 失败 失败的事物或人
success 成功，胜利 成功的事物或人
honour 尊敬，敬意 引起尊敬的事物或人
pleasure 愉快，快乐 乐事
pity 怜悯，同情 憾事
　名词所有格
1．'s所有格
情况 构成 示例
有生命的名词的所有格 在词尾加's the boy's bag，men's rooms
若名词已有复数词尾s 只在词尾加 ' the workers' struggle， the birds' nests
复合名词 在最后的名词上加's或 ' men doctors'， her son-in-law's photos
不定代词后接else 在else词尾加's anybody else's work
并列的名词变所有格时 若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加's；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加's Kate's and Mary's rooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间， Kate and Mary's room凯特和玛丽共有的房间
表示店铺、诊所的名称或某人的家时 名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词 at the doctor's 在诊所， at my sister's在我姐姐(妹妹)家， at the cleaner's在干洗店
表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价值、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格 在词尾加's或'来表示所属关系，意为“……的” a twenty minutes' walk，a ten miles' journey，two pounds' weight，ten dollars' worth
2．of所有格
情况 示例
表示无生命事物的名词 the content of the novel
名词短语或者有定语修饰的有生命的名词 the name of the girl over there
3．双重所有格
情况 构成 示例
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，用a, any, some, a few等修饰of前面的名词，但不能用the “名词＋of＋名词-'s”或者 “名词＋ of＋名词性物主代词” a picture of my mother's 我妈妈(拥有)的一张照片， 区分：a picture of my mother 我妈妈的照片(照片上的人是我妈妈)， some inventions of Edison's， a friend of mine
　数词——基数词和序数词
1．基数词
规则 示例
表达“在某人几十多岁”时， 用“in one's＋整十基数词的复数” in one's forties
表达“在几十年代”时，用“in the＋整十基数词的复数” in the 1990s
hundred，thousand与million等前有数词或several时，不能用复数形式，且其后不加of two hundred students
表示不确切的数目时，应用hundreds/thousands/millions of＋复数名词 hundreds of students
易错基数词 fifteen，twenty，thirty，forty， fifty，ninety
2．序数词
(1)基数词变序数词的规律
规则 示例
一般由基数词加-th构成 sixth, seventh, tenth, eleventh, hundredth
以-ty结尾的基数词，先把y变为i，再加-eth twentieth, thirtieth
不规则变形 first, second, third，fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth
易错序数词 fourth，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth
(2)序数词的基本用法
规则 示例
序数词前一般要加定冠词the或形容词性物主代词等限定词。序数词前也可加不定冠词，表示“又一，再一” This is the second intangible cultural heritage block in Guangzhou． Would you like a second cup of tea？
有时序数词作状语，不加冠词 He came out/finished/ranked first in the contest．
分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1时，分母用复数 1/3：one third 2/5：two fifths
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．Since June 2017, right before the ____________(arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English．
2．I am always concerned about my ____________ (son) life, whether he is happy or not．
3．John Olson, a former ____________ (photograph), and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models．
4．A company ____________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1，200 daily flights．
5．I felt a sense of peace and ____________ (relax) while painting outdoors, which was a completely different experience from our traditional classroom setting．
6．In 1844，they bought the house for $1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their ____________(marry) ceremony in 1842．
7．Historical ____________(accurate) is important but so is entertainment．
Ⅱ．语法链接写作
1．The new room is 10 meters long and 5 meters wide．
→The new room is 10 meters ________________ and 5 meters ________________．(adj．→n．)
这个新房间长10米，宽5米。
2．On one hand, the Museum is located in city center, which is accessible to visitors．
→On one hand, visitors ________________________ the Museum because of its perfect location．(adj．→n．)
一方面，由于地理位置优越，游客更容易进入博物馆。
3．After I compare the two places carefully, I find that Shanghai Museum is better．
→A ________________________ makes me realize that Shanghai Museum is a better choice．(v．→n．)
经过仔细的比较，我意识到上海博物馆是一个更好的选择。
4．Everyone was relieved to see that all the crew survived．
→Everyone was relieved to see the ____________ of all the crew．(v．→n．)
看到全体船员都活了下来，大家都松了一口气。
5．If you want to investigate the outcome of this method, you would have to detail the number of students tested．
→An ______________ of the outcome of this method would have to detail the number of students tested．(clause→n．)
对这种方法的结果进行调查必须详细说明接受测试的学生人数。
Ⅲ．语法填空
(2023·全国甲卷改编)For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) to teach a lesson or to pass on 1．____________ (wise)． Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the 2．____________ (six) century B．C． Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, 3．____________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”．
Carson uses a simple, direct style common to fables． In fact, her style and tone (口吻) are seemingly directed at children． “There was once a town in the heart of America 4．____________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful 5．____________ (coexist) with its surroundings，” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables． Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message 6．____________(intend) for everyone．
Different from traditional fables, Carson's story ends with an 7．____________ (accuse)instead of a moral． She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility for saving their environment．
The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple 8．____________(truth)about everyday life． However, Carson's theme is a more weighty warning about environmental 9．____________ (destroy)． Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still 10．____________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths．
第2讲　名词和数词
Ⅰ．1．arrival　2．son's　3．photographer　4．representative
5．relaxation　6．marriage　7．accuracy
Ⅱ．1．in length；in width　2．have easier access to　3．careful comparison　4．survival　5．investigation
Ⅲ．1．wisdom　2．sixth　3．as　4．where　5．coexistence
6．intended　7．accusation　8．truths　9．destruction
10．be employed
1 / 9(共37张PPT)
第二部分　
语法考点突破
词法篇
专题三　形容词、副词、名词和数词
第2讲　名词和数词
语法精讲
考点一　名词的数
1．可数名词变复数的规则变化
情况 方法 例词
一般情况 加-s student→students，teacher→teachers，
doctor→doctors，table→tables
情况 方法 例词
以-s，-x， -ch，-sh结尾 加-es glass→glasses，dish→dishes，box→boxes，watch→watches
但stomach的复数形式直接加-s
以“辅音字母加y”结尾 变y为i 再加-es family→families，baby→babies，army→armies，body→bodies
以“元音字母加y”结尾 直接加-s boy→boys，day→days，monkey→monkeys
情况 方法 例词
以-f或-fe 结尾 大都变f 或fe为v， 再加-es； 少数直 接加-s 口诀：
妻子(wife→wives)拿刀(knife→knives)去砍狼(wolf→wolves)，
吓得小偷(thief→thieves)心发慌，
躲在架(shelf→shelves)后保己(self→selves)命(life→lives)，
半(half→halves)片树叶(leaf→leaves) 遮目光
belief→beliefs，proof→proofs，roof→roofs，chief→chiefs
情况 方法 例词
以-o结尾 通常加-s； 有的加-es radio→radios，video→videos，zoo→zoos，tobacco→tobaccos
hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes(英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿)
2．可数名词变复数的不规则变化
方法 例词
词尾加-ren或-en child→children，ox→oxen
变更词内元音字母 man→men，woman→women，
foot→feet，goose→geese，tooth→teeth，
mouse→mice(老鼠)，mouse→mouses(鼠标)
情况 方法 例词
复合名词 的复数 有中心名词的合成词，在中心名词后加-s passer-by→passers-by
无中心名词的合成词，在词尾加-s grown-up→grown-ups
名词前有man，woman修饰，变复数时，man，woman和中心词都要变复数 woman doctor→
women doctors
情况 方法 例词
表示国籍的专有名词(中日葡不变英法 变，其他加-s) 加-s American→Americans，
German→Germans，
Greek→Greeks
单复数同形 Chinese，Portuguese，Japanese
有些词以-man或-woman结尾，分别改为-men或-women Englishman→Englishmen
情况 例词
单复数同形的词 means 方式，方法，series 一系列，species物种，aircraft飞机，deer鹿，sheep羊，fish 鱼 (表示各种各样的鱼时，复数为fishes)
以-s结尾的不可数或者单数名词 maths数学，politics政治学，physics物理学，the United States美国，news 新闻，The Arabian Nights 《一千零一夜》(书名、剧名、报纸名等视为单数)
情况 例词
有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词 some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一个玻璃杯
情况 例词
常以复数形式出现的名词 thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)
一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式 take turns to do sth．，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do
情况 例词
其他特殊名词复数变化 criterion→criteria 标准，phenomenon→phenomena现象，basis→bases 基础，crisis→crises 危机，analysis→analyses 分析，bacterium→bacteria 细菌，
medium→media媒体，datum→data 数据
3．通常只作不可数名词的名词
fun乐趣 homework作业
progress进步 equipment设备
music音乐 traffic交通
milk牛奶 advice建议
knowledge知识 furniture 家具
bread面包 wealth财富
weather天气 news新闻
meat肉 luck运气
housework家务 orange橙汁
baggage/luggage 行李 information信息
4．抽象名词具体化
词汇 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化后(可数)
beauty 美，美丽 美人，美好的事物
failure 失败 失败的事物或人
success 成功，胜利 成功的事物或人
honour 尊敬，敬意 引起尊敬的事物或人
pleasure 愉快，快乐 乐事
pity 怜悯，同情 憾事
考点二　名词所有格
1．'s所有格
情况 构成 示例
有生命的名词的所有格 在词尾加's the boy's bag，men's rooms
若名词已有复数词尾s 只在词尾加 ' the workers' struggle，
the birds' nests
情况 构成 示例
复合名词 在最后的名词上加's或 ' men doctors'，
her son-in-law's photos
不定代词后接else 在else词尾加's anybody else's work
情况 构成 示例
并列的名词变所有格时 若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加's；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加's Kate's and Mary's rooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间，
Kate and Mary's room凯特和玛丽共有的房间
情况 构成 示例
表示店铺、诊所的名称或某人的家时 名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词 at the doctor's在诊所，
at my sister's在我姐姐(妹妹)家，
at the cleaner's在干洗店
表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价值、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格 在词尾加's或'来表示所属关系，意为“……的” a twenty minutes' walk，a ten miles' journey，two
pounds' weight，ten dollars' worth
2．of所有格
情况 示例
表示无生命事物的名词 the content of the novel
名词短语或者有定语修饰的有生命的名词 the name of the girl over there
3．双重所有格
情况 构成 示例
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，用a，any，some，a few等修饰of前面的名词，但不能用the “名词＋of＋名词-'s”或者 “名词＋ of＋名词性物主代词” a picture of my mother's
我妈妈(拥有)的一张照片，
区分：a picture of my mother 我妈妈的照片(照片上的人是我妈妈)，
some inventions of Edison's，
a friend of mine
考点三　数词——基数词和序数词
1．基数词
规则 示例
表达“在某人几十多岁”时，用“in one's＋整十基数词的复数” in one's forties
表达“在几十年代”时，用“in the＋整十基数词的复数” in the 1990s
规则 示例
hundred，thousand与million等前有数词或several时，不能用复数形式，且其后不加of two hundred students
表示不确切的数目时，应用hundreds/ thousands/millions of＋复数名词 hundreds of students
易错基数词 fifteen，twenty，thirty，forty，
fifty，ninety
2．序数词
(1)基数词变序数词的规律
规则 示例
一般由基数词加-th构成 sixth，seventh，tenth，eleventh，hundredth
以-ty结尾的基数词，先把y变为i，再加-eth twentieth，thirtieth
不规则变形 first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth
易错序数词 fourth，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth
(2)序数词的基本用法
规则 示例
序数词前一般要加定冠词the或形容词性物主代词等限定词。序数词前也可加不定冠词，表示 “又一，再一” This is the second intangible cultural heritage block in Guangzhou．
Would you like a second cup of tea？
有时序数词作状语，不加冠词 He came out/finished/ranked first in the contest．
规则 示例
分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1时，分母用复数 1/3：one third
2/5：two fifths
达标演练
1．Since June 2017，right before the _______(arrive) of the two new pandas，Meng Meng and Jiao Qing，I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English．
2．I am always concerned about my ______ (son) life，whether he is happy or not．
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
arrival
son's
3．John Olson，a former ____________ (photograph)，and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models．
4．A company ______________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1，200 daily flights．
5．I felt a sense of peace and __________ (relax) while painting outdoors，which was a completely different experience from our traditional classroom setting．
photographer
representative
relaxation
6．In 1844，they bought the house for $1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their _________(marry) ceremony in 1842．
7．Historical ________(accurate) is important but so is entertainment．
marriage
accuracy
Ⅱ．语法链接写作
1．The new room is 10 meters long and 5 meters wide．
→The new room is 10 meters ________________ and 5 meters ________．(adj．→n．)
这个新房间长10米，宽5米。
in length
in width
2．On one hand，the Museum is located in city center，which is accessible to visitors．
→On one hand，visitors __________________ the Museum because of its perfect location．(adj．→n．)
一方面，由于地理位置优越，游客更容易进入博物馆。
have easier access to
3．After I compare the two places carefully，I find that Shanghai Museum is better．
→A __________________ makes me realize that Shanghai Museum is a better choice．(v．→n．)
经过仔细的比较，我意识到上海博物馆是一个更好的选择。
careful comparison
4．Everyone was relieved to see that all the crew survived．
→Everyone was relieved to see the _____________ of all the crew．(v．→n．)
看到全体船员都活了下来，大家都松了一口气。
5．If you want to investigate the outcome of this method，you would have to detail the number of students tested．
→An _____________ of the outcome of this method would have to detail the number of students tested．(clause→n．)
对这种方法的结果进行调查必须详细说明接受测试的学生人数。
survival
investigation
Ⅲ．语法填空
(2023·全国甲卷改编)For thousands of years，people have told fables (寓言) to teach a lesson or to pass on 1．_____________ (wise)．Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures，and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the 2．_____ (six) century B．C．Yet，the form of the fable still has values today，3．__ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”．
wisdom
sixth
as
Carson uses a simple，direct style common to fables．In fact，her style and tone (口吻) are seemingly directed at children．“There was once a town in the heart of America 4．______ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful 5．___________ (coexist) with its surroundings，” her fable begins，borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables．
Behind the simple style，however，is a serious message 6．________(intend) for everyone．
where
coexistence
intended
Different from traditional fables，Carson's story ends with an 7．__________ (accuse)instead of a moral．She warns of the environmental dangers facing society，and she teaches that people must take responsibility for saving their environment．
accusation
The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple 8．_______
(truth)about everyday life．However，Carson's theme is a more weighty warning about environmental 9．_______________ (destroy)．
Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still 10．___________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths．
truths
destruction
be employed
谢 谢！

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