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南京外国语学校阶段练习
第一卷(65分)
一、单项选择(共10题;每小题1.5分，满分15分)
1. The reporter said that the survivors greatly ________ the firefighters’ rescue after the big fire.
A. anticipated B. allocated C. appreciated D. accelerated
2. Mike Morgan, at the University of Ohio, has ________ a series of new experiments in which some animals have learned to understand the sentences.
A. installed B. equipped C. acquired D. devised
3. He couldn’t resist being envious ________ his brother, who had got something________ nothing by inheriting a fortune, while he had to work hard for everything.
A. about; for B. of; about C. about; from D. of; for
4. Some might say that we work because we have to, not least because we need the salary that enables us to be financially independent. The underlined phrase means________.
A. merely B. especially C. let alone D. not only
5. I patted him on ________ shoulder, saying in ________ encouraging voice, "You can do it!”
A. the; an B. his; an C. the; / D. his; /
6. With mountains ________ at the far side and flocks of birds flying overhead, I can’t help but have my eyes ________ on such breath-taking view.
A. stood; focusing B. standing; focusing
C. standing; focused D. stood; focused
7. ________ in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.
A. Unpopular as was white B. Much as white was unpopular
C. As white was unpopular D. Unpopular as white was
8. --- It is five years ____I saw you last.
--- Yes, and what a pity it is since it will be several years ____we see each other again.
A. before; since B. when; when C. since; before D. when; then
9. Though lacking the necessary working experience, my cousin got the job ________ her confidence and flexibility.
A. by virtue of B. in response to C. in terms of D. with respect to
10. If he ________ to the teacher attentively yesterday, he ________ the answer to the problem now.
A. had listened; would have known B. listened; would know
C. listened; would have known D. had listened; would know
二、阅读理解(共10题;每小题2分，满分20分)
A
How to Streamline Your Project Management Process
Effective project management is the cornerstone of any successful attempt. One way to ensure success is streamlining your project management process. Here’s a step-by-step guide to making any project run smoothly.
Step 1: Define Goals and Objectives
Start with a clear understanding of your goals and objectives. A well-defined purpose helps keep the team focused.
Step 2: Develop a Comprehensive Project Plan
Include the key components: a detailed timeline, task breakdown, resource distribution, budget consideration, and risk assessment.
Step 3: Track Progress and Milestones
Use reliable digital tools to judge whether you are on track or not.
Step 4: Determine Responsibility Range
Assess individual strengths and assign tasks accordingly. It’s also necessary to use time and funds wisely, as well as adopt suitable tools to automate tasks.
Step 5: Ensure Effective Communications
Team members should communicate clearly in a centralized project management platform with messaging and commenting features.
Step 6: Close the Project
Collect feedback from participants, document key lessons learned, and store all project-related documents. It’s also important to recognize team members for their efforts.
The streamlined project management process can be applied to various types of projects, whether you are launching a new business initiative, managing a large-scale event or organizing a community service project.
11. This passage is intended for project managers ________.
A. aiming to improve the impact of their projects
B interested in streamlining their management meetings
C. seeking to enrich their management knowledge and skill
D. looking to make their project management efficient
12. David is organizing a charity fundraiser. Arrange the following questions he needs to consider in the correct order based on the project management steps.
(1)Are key participants happy with everything
(2)How much money in total can I expect to raise
(3)Which app can be used to record the amount of money collected at different times
(4)Is email an effective channel for team members to state their points
(5)What tasks are your team members best at
(6)What are the specific tasks involved in organizing the fundraiser
A. (2)(3)(5)(4)(6)(1)
B. (6)(3)(2)(1)(4)(5)
C. (2)(6)(3)(5)(4)(1)
D. (6)(5)(1)(2)(3)(4)
B
Every couple of weeks, Andrew Livingston, 22, stops on his way home from work for a drink — either a beer or an espresso — in a setting where he typically finds like-minded guys.
His destination is the Williamsburg location of Blind Barber, where $45 haircuts are offered alongside beers and ten types of coffee prepared near the hairdressing space. Along with his drink order, Mr. Livingston pays to get a trim (修剪) while seated in one of four vintage salon chairs.
“For its biggest attraction, Blind Barber is a nice spot to catch your breath,” he said. “Especially in a place like New York where guys face huge pressure, it’s important to have an environment like that, in which you can just kind of de-stress and get relaxed.”
Blind Barber’s co-founder Jeff Laub said: “It’s not just about making $3 on a coffee. That coffee is supposed to get customers relaxed, start a conversation and even develop a friendship.”
The cafe-barbershop is a growing trend with plenty of similar establishments blossoming in the city. Such a place moves in the direction of what women do, but in a more “guy” way. Other traditional places for guys to hang out together are bars, which are very noisy, so there’s no real potential for conversations.
Strictly speaking, these establishments do not bar women, but most schedule appointments at tight intervals to accommodate short haircuts. They typically feature straight-razor shaves and brief trims. No wonder they are not the favorite of most women customers who chase fancy styles.
Catering particularly to a taste-conscious group, these shops list haircut prices several times that of a traditional men’s walk-in barbershop, and the decoration has more in common with a farm-to-table restaurant than a beauty salon, except for an eye-catching display of scissors and combs.
Although hairdressing and comestibles would not seem to have much in common, for a specific group, a cappuccino made from locally roasted beans is a natural accompaniment to high-end haircuts. “It’s definitely the same group of customers,” said Jeff Laub. “It’s all one piece. The same people who aro going to get a great haircut are the same people who aro keen to have the best coffee.”
13. Few female customers frequent Barber shops like Blind Barber because _______
A. they don’t serve female customers
B. they serve the kind of coffee which is not women customers’ favorite
C. they charge too much for simple hair cutting
D. the hairstyle they mainly provide is not what most women customers prefer
14. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A. Blind Barber features haircutting and bar atmosphere.
B. Blind Barber’s major advantage is that it helps reduce men’s pressure
C. Blind Barber makes 3 dollars from every customer.
D Blind Barber is the only barbershop in Now York to combine haircut and coffee.
15. The underlined word “comestibles” is closest in meaning to _______
A. modern cities B. food C. gentlemen D. companions
16. Blind Barber is quite different from traditional men’s walk-in barbershops in that _______
A. it has vintage salon chairs B. it is located beside a coffee shop
C. it’s decorated to look like a restaurant D. it shows haircutting tools
C
Trial by boiling water was not as bad as it sounded. In medieval Europe, those accused of grave crimes might be ordered to plunge an arm into a bubbling cauldron. If they were burned, that was God’s way of revealing their guilt. The chance of acquittal (宣判无罪) would seem to be zero, but 60% of those who underwent this ordeal got off. How come
The answer is that defendants believed in divine judgment. The guilty, convinced that God knew all, confessed to avoid the extra punishment of burning. The innocent assumed they would be acquitted, so they refused to confess. The priests who prepared the cauldron knew this, and did not want to undermine their own authority by condemning someone who might later prove innocent. So they did not heat the water as much as they pretended to.
Hanno Sauer of Utrecht University has made a heroic effort to chart how morality has changed since the first humanlike animals began to populate Africa 5m years ago, and to predict how it might change in the future. It is a rich, complex narrative, full of unexpected twists like the tale of trial by boiling water. He blends insights from evolutionary biology, cognitive science and anthropology to ask what makes people good, evil, or a bit of both
Much of his argument hinges on a trait that sets humans apart from other animals: the extraordinary complexity of their social relations. People’s early ancestors lived in an unstable environment the African savannah, and developed “an unusually spontaneous and surprisingly flexible capacity for co-operation”.
Since a hunting party might be successful one week but return empty-handed the next, rules emerged about sharing meat with the wider group, to maximise every member’s chance of petition with other bands of hunter-gatherers over territory swiftly turned violent, however. “Inwardly, our ancestors were family-centric pacifists, but outwardly, they were gangs of murderers and plunderers,” the author writes.
Wars ravaged hunter-gatherer societies yet involved great individual altruism. When each person’s survival depends to a large degree on the clan’s, people have an incentive to co-operate selflessly to defend it. From an evolutionary perspective, such self-sacrifice made sense only if the beneficiaries were closely related.
Early hunter-gatherer bands probably included no more than 150 or so people. To collaborate in larger groups, people needed new rules, vigorously enforced. This is perhaps why all human societies have devised nasty punishments. Cave paintings from 20,000 years ago depict ritual garrotting; in ancient Greece torturers roasted victims in a hollow bronze bull, their screams being amplified by the bull’s horns.
“A species that kills its most aggressive members over hundreds of generations creates a strong selection pressure in favour of peacefulness, tolerance and impulse control,” reckons Mr Sauer. In effect, “We domesticated ourselves.” When it is socially required, humans can show enormous restraint and consideration; unlike, say, chimpanzees, which if crammed together on an aeroplane for a long flight would undoubtedly kill each other.
Rules against killing strangers allowed people to co-exist in much larger societies. This, in turn, fostered the development of sophisticated cultures. Just as science depends on the steady accumulation of thousands of small innovations, so culture evolves over time, with ideas accumulating and being refined from one generation to the next. This process yields the benefits of everything from reading and music to cities and double-entry book-keeping.
For millennia the kinship group was the most important social unit, and morality was understood largely as the duties owed to one’s relatives. But in Europe the Roman Catholic church blew this system apart with a series of reforms that ended around 500 years ago. It banned cousin marriage and changed inheritance rules, encouraging people to choose their own spouses and leave assets as they pleased. This weakened kinship groups and fostered a more individualistic morality. The rise of individualism paved the way for modernity, with contract- based business, participatory politics, impersonal bureaucracies and the pursuit of science unconstrained by religious dogma.
The idea that rules can govern a society has spread far beyond Europe. Mr Sauer thinks universal norms will probably keep spreading but is unsure. As the Holocaust (大屠杀) proved, humankind’s ancient suspicion of out-groups has not vanished, and skilful demagogues (煽动) can harness it in catastrophic ways. Looking at the past five years, the author finds much to worry about. “Morality seems to be boiling over” in the West, he writes. People’s moral vocabulary has become “mangled”. Woke activists describe words as “violence” and use this claim to try to justify restrictions on free speech. They also divide the world simplistically into “oppressors” and “oppressed”, sometimes ascribing original sin by skin colour. And political tribes of left and right have come to see the other lot not merely as misguided, but evil.
Yet despite the fury of the culture wars, Mr Sauer sees “an enormous... unrealised potential for reconciliation”. After hundreds of thousands of years of evolution, people share more moral values than they think, and this could help them cast off the identity politics that tells them they are enemies. He is surely right.
17. Why is “trial by boiling water” mentioned in the first two paragraphs
A. To highlight how absurd ancient harsh rituals could be.
B. To explain how religion defined early punishment rituals.
C. To show how complex moral mechanisms could be.
D. To reveal how human cooperation shaped moral enforcement.
18. Which is NOT discussed in the book’s moral evolution analysis
A. Severe punishments oppressed man’s aggressive nature.
B. Cooperation in unstable environments shaped complex ethics.
C. Religious reforms contributed to modern individualism.
D. Scientific progress greatly advanced moral development.
19. According to Mr Sauer, the recent “culture wars” are rooted in________.
A. man’s ancient tribal instincts B. abuse of moral vocabulary
C. lack of strict social rules D. society’s declining moral standards
20. Which of the following would be the best title
A. The Symbolism of Good and Evil B. The Domestication of Humanity
C The Triumph of Individual Ethics D. The Power of Modern Morality
三、七选五(共5小题;每小题2分，满分10分)
A dropped bag of Cheetos dramatically disturbed a delicate cave ecosystem in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico, according to a Facebook post from park officials.
This cavern is almost entirely cut off from the outside world so introducing anything alien can be disastrous. ____21____ The mushy (糊状的) snack attracts microbes, encouraging mold growth. Soon, insects flood in to feed, spreading contamination. With more than 500 million people visiting American public lands each year, there are countless opportunities to harm our wild places. ____22____
Visiting a park without leaving a trace isn’t just about keeping nature clean. ____23____
While the discarded chips were quickly removed from Carlsbad Caverns, food waste can take a longy time to break down, especially in certain environments. ____24____ If we drop things like plastic bags or metal cans into the ocean, the decay times might be centuries to millennia. Leaving waste introduces animals to an unnatural diet and changes their behavior with sometimes disastrous consequences. When birds or fish mistake plastic for food, it fills up their stomachs so they can’t eat. They basically starve to death.
Biological waste is also problematic. Dog feces (排泄物) introduce new pathogens (病原体) into the ecosystem and the trace of this predator disturbs some species like deer. Meanwhile, human feces and toilet paper introduces bacteria into water sources. ____25____
Experiencing nature is good for people’s mental and physical health but the Cheetos incident “illustrates the need for people to understand their own impacts.”
A. Packaging is even worse.
B. It can make animals sick.
C. It’s also about keeping our health.
D. When you look at the scale, it’s incredible.
E. Here’s the science behind why it protects wildlife.
F. The risk to sensitive ecosystems can’t be seen with the naked eye.
G. The cave has 90 to 100 percent humidity so things go bad pretty quickly.
四、完形填空(共20题;每小题1分，满分20分)
Recently, I was asked to discuss the ____26____ between Human Resources and Artificial Intelligence. One speaker noted that the most amazing thing about Generative AI is that it can ____27____ human interaction and can even teach us social skills.
This got me thinking: If AI could be as near-human as she said, could it be my ____28____
As yet another 24-year-old affected by the loneliness epidemic that ____29____ a digital- heavy, interaction-light, post-pandemic world, I suffered the all too common problem of having too few friends. In the span of a year, texting began to replace face-to-face conversations and plans to meet up were often canceled or ____30____.
Then AI began to thrive. Was I supposed to embrace AI friendships as the new ____31____ Though ____32____, I found myself on ChatGPT the next day. It’s a(an) ____33____ platform: Type your question and AI answers. Don’t like the answer Refine your question, and it will ____34____ its answers to what you’re looking for.
I decided to _____35_____ the theory by chatting with AI as if it were a friend. Surprisingly, I received sympathetic and supportive responses. After 20 minutes of chatting, I asked, “Will you be my friend ” Following a pause, it politely _____36_____, ending with, “If you’re looking for human connections, it’s always great to _____37_____ friends, family, or people around you.”
The rejection from AI was _____38_____ and natural. I believe that AI can never offer what humans can: that _____39_____. Every person in your life does, at some point, screw up. They may ignore you, hurt your feelings or speak _____40_____, but they never, ever let you ask the question again to get a different answer. AI, on the other hand, can _____41_____ be your friend, because it will never show up late for your lunch. It will never hurt your feelings and it will certainly never be the one to reach out first to apologize. AI lacks _____42_____ and the surprising joy and pain that comes with it.
To end the group discussion, I raised a question. I asked the group who, when calling a customer service hotline, did everything they could to _____43_____ the robotic prompts (提示) to speak to a real person-anyone who could be rude but _____44_____ more helpful than a robotic answer. Everyone raised their hand. We all _____45_____ the same connection. And I know that we still have a chance.
26. A. conflict B. cooperation C. connection D. dilemma
27. A. simulate B. substitute C. transform D. disrupt
28. A. assistant B. teacher C. child D. friend
29. A. depended on B. consisted of C. accounted for D. arose from
30. A. put down B. put off C. put through D. put forward
31. A. policy B. principle C. norm D. drive
32. A. optimistic B. curious C. sensitive D. skeptical
33. A. rigid B. straightforward C. fancy D. sophisticated
34. A. compare B. adjust C. expose D. apply
35. A. develop B. challenge C. reject D. test
36. A. declined B. agreed C. interrupted D. requested
37. A. stand up for B. look up to C. fit in with D. reach out to
38. A. frightening B. unsurprising C. disappointing D. shocking
39. A. conscience B. independence C. humanness D. belonging
40. A. sharply B. loudly C. nervously D. quickly
41. A. sometimes B. always C. often D. never
42. A. sympathy B. fault C. compromise D. gratitude
43. A. skip B. scold C. repeat D. miss
44. A. initially B. accordingly C. ultimately D. temporarily
45. A. imagine B. desire C. find D. establish
第二卷(35分)
五、首字母填空(共10题;每小题1分，满分10分)
46. The system is no doubt expensive, but we should not g_________ money spent on schools, because ignorance is even more expensive than education.(根据首字母单词拼写)
47. The teacher’s expression of c_________ was unmistakable as she graded the lazy, plagiarized (剽窃) assignment. (根据首字母单词拼写)
48. Through disciplined practice and unwavering dedication, the athlete managed to a_________ peak physical condition, setting a new personal record last weekend. (根据首字母单词拼写)
49. Parents often underestimate the power they hold in e_________ lifelong influences on their children’s values, simply through daily conversations and unconscious role modeling. (根据首字母单词拼写)
50. The spy made a s_________ change to the document altering just one digit in the code so slight that even trained eyes might miss it. (根据首字母单词拼写)
51. Normally I don’t accept late submissions, but I’ll make an e_________ this time because you were hospitalized. (根据首字母单词拼写)
52. Even when facing extreme poverty, he still kept his d________, never asking for alms (施舍物) from others without good reason. (根据首字母单词拼写)
53. The remote village has been a_________ by a mysterious illness for months, leaving doctors puzzled and residents desperate for answers. (根据首字母单词拼写)
54. In her memoir, she recounted how she e_________ to adapt to a new culture, study hard, and keep in touch with family when abroad. (根据首字母单词拼写)
55. The Great Gatsby features complex characters like Jay Gatsby, whose mysterious wealth and unrequited love for Daisy c_________ readers’ imagination with themes of the American Dream and lost romance. (根据首字母单词拼写)
六、词组替换(共5题;每小题2分，满分10分)
词组替换
56. In view of the recent technological advancements in renewable energy, many countries are now reevaluating their energy policies to prioritize sustainability.
57. Researchers found that musicians aged 45 to 65 do well in memory and hearing speech in noise compared with non-musicians.
58. Linda is proud of being punctual, believing that it shows respect for others.
59. When the meeting was about to begin, the last participant finally appeared, apologizing for being late.
60. Government policies should be aimed at improving public welfare, not just economic growth.
七、语法填空(共10题;每小题1.5分，满分15分)
语法填空
It was after tripping on hallucinogenic mushrooms ____61____ Christian Angermayer realised he had a personal mission to help the human race improve itself. Having passed through the “gateway to God” opened by psychedelic (致幻的) drugs, the German tech billionaire wanted to usher the rest of humanity in the same direction. Nowadays his investment fund not only champions the use of such drugs as ____62____ treatment for mental-health problems, but is also “pushing the boundaries for human enhancement overall”, meaning treatments to make people stronger, smarter and longer-lived. He has also founded a competition called the Enhanced Games, in which athletes can earn $1m for breaking world records using the sorts of doping (兴奋剂) that would normally disqualify ____63____ (they).
Some may dismiss all this as unrealistic, ____64____ Mr Angermayer is far from the only believer. Human enhancement, from wearable devices that monitor health to neural implants ____65____ (intend) to overcome paralysis, is already a $125bn industry. And it is not just the vision of a future where ageing is held at bay and Olympic feats of strength, speed or endurance are commonplace that ____66____ (excite) investors. They are also energised by the sense that America’s current leaders are open to this sort of techno-utopianism.
Though that prospect is exciting to ____67____ (advocate) of enhancement, the general public may not be so enthusiastic. A study found that only a minority of Americans endorsed the idea of developing enhancements to human abilities beyond the typical range. Whether this reflects only a fear of the unknown, or a more deep-seated unease about tinkering with nature, is hard to say. Other intrusive technologies, such as mobile phones, have been greeted with scepticism at first only ____68____ (embrace) almost universally as their benefits become apparent.
Supporters of enhancement, at any rate, are very ____69____ (optimism). Mr D’Souza was a participant at a recent conference in Britain that championed enhancement as both a right and a moral duty. He wants the Enhanced Games to be a popular spectacle and to receive lots of attention. That might help _____70_____ (popular) the idea of enhancement. “I believe in superhumanity,” he declares. The rest of us will soon have the chance to decide if we do, too.南京外国语学校阶段练习
第一卷(65分)
一、单项选择(共10题;每小题1.5分，满分15分)
1. The reporter said that the survivors greatly ________ the firefighters’ rescue after the big fire.
A. anticipated B. allocated C. appreciated D. accelerated
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：记者说大火过后，幸存者非常感激消防员的救援。A. anticipated预期、预料；B. allocated分配、拨出；C. appreciated感激、欣赏；D. accelerated加速。根据常识和“the firefighters’ rescue after the big fire”可知，在经历大火后，幸存者对于消防员的救援应该是心怀感激之情的。所以用appreciated符合语境。故选C项。
2. Mike Morgan, at the University of Ohio, has ________ a series of new experiments in which some animals have learned to understand the sentences.
A. installed B. equipped C. acquired D. devised
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：俄亥俄大学的迈克·摩根设计了一系列新实验，在这些实验中一些动物已经学会了理解句子。A. installed安装；B. equipped装备；C. acquired获得；D. devised设计。根据“a series of new experiments”可知，此处应是说设计了一系列新实验， devised符合语境。故选D项。
3. He couldn’t resist being envious ________ his brother, who had got something________ nothing by inheriting a fortune, while he had to work hard for everything.
A. about; for B. of; about C. about; from D. of; for
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查固定搭配和介词。句意：他忍不住嫉妒他的哥哥，他哥哥继承了一笔财富，不费吹灰之力就得到了一些东西，而他却不得不为每一件事努力工作。be envious of是固定搭配，意为“嫉妒……”；for nothing意为“不费吹灰之力；免费”，在本句中表示他哥哥继承财富，不费什么力气就得到了东西，符合语境。故选D项。
4. Some might say that we work because we have to, not least because we need the salary that enables us to be financially independent. The underlined phrase means________.
A. merely B. especially C. let alone D. not only
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查副词和短语辨析。句意：有些人可能会说，我们工作是因为我们不得不工作，尤其是因为我们需要那份能让我们在经济上独立的薪水。A. merely仅仅；B. especially尤其、特别；C. let alone更不用说；D. not only不仅。句中原句中“not least”意为“尤其，特别是”，强调需要薪水来实现经济独立这一重要原因，副词especially能体现出对这一原因的着重强调。故选B项。
5. I patted him on ________ shoulder, saying in ________ encouraging voice, "You can do it!”
A. the; an B. his; an C. the; / D. his; /
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查冠词。句意：我拍了拍他的肩膀，用鼓励的声音说：“你能做到的！”pat sb. on the shoulder为固定用法，意为“拍某人肩膀”；voice为可数名词单数形式，前面应加不定冠词，表泛指，由于encouraging为元音音素开头，故使用an。故选A项。
6. With mountains ________ at the far side and flocks of birds flying overhead, I can’t help but have my eyes ________ on such breath-taking view.
A. stood; focusing B. standing; focusing
C. standing; focused D. stood; focused
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：远处群山矗立，头顶飞鸟成群，我不禁将目光投向了这令人屏息的美景。第一空为with的复合结构“with+宾语+宾补”，mountain和stand之间为主动关系，因此需用现在分词形式作宾补，并与空格后的flying并列；第二空是“have+宾语+宾补”结构，focus和my eyes之间是被动关系，此处需用过去分词作宾补。故选C。
7. ________ in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.
A. Unpopular as was white B. Much as white was unpopular
C. As white was unpopular D. Unpopular as white was
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查部分倒装句。句意：尽管白色在过去不受欢迎，但当下它却是婚纱的热门之选。as表示“尽管”时，引导让步状语从句，且句子用部分倒装句。本句倒装句为：形容词+as+主语+be。故选D项。
8. --- It is five years ____I saw you last.
--- Yes, and what a pity it is since it will be several years ____we see each other again.
A. before; since B. when; when C. since; before D. when; then
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查连词。句意：——从我上次见你已经3年了。——是的，我们再次见面还要几年之后，这多么可惜啊。第一空结合句式it is +一段时间+since从句，表示““自...发生以来已经一段时间了”。第二空结合句式：it will be+一段时间+before从句，表示“过了多长时间之后才...”。故选C项。
9. Though lacking the necessary working experience, my cousin got the job ________ her confidence and flexibility.
A. by virtue of B. in response to C. in terms of D. with respect to
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：尽管缺乏必要的工作经验，我的表妹还是凭借自信和灵活性得到了这份工作。A. by virtue of凭借，由于；B. in response to作为对……的回应；C. in terms of就……而言；D. with respect to关于。根据句意，“自信和灵活性”是成功的原因，由此可知，此处应为“by virtue of”表示凭借某种优势达成结果，符合语境。故选A项。
10. If he ________ to the teacher attentively yesterday, he ________ the answer to the problem now.
A. had listened; would have known B. listened; would know
C. listened; would have known D. had listened; would know
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他昨天认真听老师讲课，他现在就知道问题的答案了。根据句意和if从句的时间状语yesterday和主句的时间状语now可知，这个句子是一个含错综时间条件句的虚拟语气，从句与过去事实相反，从句的谓语动词应该用had done形式，主句与现在事实相反，主句的谓语动词应该用would do形式。故选D项。
二、阅读理解(共10题;每小题2分，满分20分)
A
How to Streamline Your Project Management Process
Effective project management is the cornerstone of any successful attempt. One way to ensure success is streamlining your project management process. Here’s a step-by-step guide to making any project run smoothly.
Step 1: Define Goals and Objectives
Start with a clear understanding of your goals and objectives. A well-defined purpose helps keep the team focused.
Step 2: Develop a Comprehensive Project Plan
Include the key components: a detailed timeline, task breakdown, resource distribution, budget consideration, and risk assessment.
Step 3: Track Progress and Milestones
Use reliable digital tools to judge whether you are on track or not.
Step 4: Determine Responsibility Range
Assess individual strengths and assign tasks accordingly. It’s also necessary to use time and funds wisely, as well as adopt suitable tools to automate tasks.
Step 5: Ensure Effective Communications
Team members should communicate clearly in a centralized project management platform with messaging and commenting features.
Step 6: Close the Project
Collect feedback from participants, document key lessons learned, and store all project-related documents. It’s also important to recognize team members for their efforts.
The streamlined project management process can be applied to various types of projects, whether you are launching a new business initiative, managing a large-scale event or organizing a community service project.
11. This passage is intended for project managers ________.
A. aiming to improve the impact of their projects
B. interested in streamlining their management meetings
C. seeking to enrich their management knowledge and skill
D. looking to make their project management efficient
12. David is organizing a charity fundraiser. Arrange the following questions he needs to consider in the correct order based on the project management steps.
(1)Are key participants happy with everything
(2)How much money in total can I expect to raise
(3)Which app can be used to record the amount of money collected at different times
(4)Is email an effective channel for team members to state their points
(5)What tasks are your team members best at
(6)What are the specific tasks involved in organizing the fundraiser
A. (2)(3)(5)(4)(6)(1)
B. (6)(3)(2)(1)(4)(5)
C. (2)(6)(3)(5)(4)(1)
D. (6)(5)(1)(2)(3)(4)
【答案】11. D 12. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章围绕如何简化项目管理流程展开，给出了六个步骤具体指南。
【11题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章标题“How to Streamline Your Project Management Process(如何简化你的项目管理流程)”和第一段“Effective project management is the cornerstone of any successful attempt. One way to ensure success is streamlining your project management process. Here’s a step-by-step guide to making any project run smoothly.(有效的项目管理是任何成功尝试的基石。确保成功的一个方法是简化您的项目管理过程。这里有一个循序渐进的指导，使任何项目顺利运行)”可知，这篇文章是写给那些希望提高项目管理效率的项目经理的。故选D项。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章给出的六个步骤来排序。首先第一步“Define Goals and Objectives(明确目标)”，对应问题(2)“How much money in total can I expect to raise (我总共可以期望筹集到多少钱 )”；第二步“Develop a Comprehensive Project Plan(制定全面的项目计划)”，对应问题(6)“What are the specific tasks involved in organizing the fundraiser (组织这次筹款活动涉及哪些具体任务 )”；第三步“Track Progress and Milestones(跟踪进度和里程碑)”，对应问题(3)“Which app can be used to record the amount of money collected at different times (可以用哪个应用程序来记录不同时间筹集到的资金数额 )”；第四步“Determine Responsibility Range(确定责任范围)”，对应问题(5)“What tasks are your team members best at (你的团队成员最擅长哪些任务 )；第五步“Ensure Effective Communications(确保有效沟通)”，对应问题(4)“Is email an effective channel for team members to state their points (电子邮件是团队成员表达观点的有效渠道吗 )”；第六步“Close the Project(结束项目)”，对应问题(1)“Are key participants happy with everything (关键参与者对一切都满意吗 )”。所以顺序为(2)(6)(3)(5)(4)(1)。故选C项。
B
Every couple of weeks, Andrew Livingston, 22, stops on his way home from work for a drink — either a beer or an espresso — in a setting where he typically finds like-minded guys.
His destination is the Williamsburg location of Blind Barber, where $45 haircuts are offered alongside beers and ten types of coffee prepared near the hairdressing space. Along with his drink order, Mr. Livingston pays to get a trim (修剪) while seated in one of four vintage salon chairs.
“For its biggest attraction, Blind Barber is a nice spot to catch your breath,” he said. “Especially in a place like New York where guys face huge pressure, it’s important to have an environment like that, in which you can just kind of de-stress and get relaxed.”
Blind Barber’s co-founder Jeff Laub said: “It’s not just about making $3 on a coffee. That coffee is supposed to get customers relaxed, start a conversation and even develop a friendship.”
The cafe-barbershop is a growing trend with plenty of similar establishments blossoming in the city. Such a place moves in the direction of what women do, but in a more “guy” way. Other traditional places for guys to hang out together are bars, which are very noisy, so there’s no real potential for conversations.
Strictly speaking, these establishments do not bar women, but most schedule appointments at tight intervals to accommodate short haircuts. They typically feature straight-razor shaves and brief trims. No wonder they are not the favorite of most women customers who chase fancy styles.
Catering particularly to a taste-conscious group, these shops list haircut prices several times that of a traditional men’s walk-in barbershop, and the decoration has more in common with a farm-to-table restaurant than a beauty salon, except for an eye-catching display of scissors and combs.
Although hairdressing and comestibles would not seem to have much in common, for a specific group, a cappuccino made from locally roasted beans is a natural accompaniment to high-end haircuts. “It’s definitely the same group of customers,” said Jeff Laub. “It’s all one piece. The same people who aro going to get a great haircut are the same people who aro keen to have the best coffee.”
13. Few female customers frequent Barber shops like Blind Barber because _______
A. they don’t serve female customers
B. they serve the kind of coffee which is not women customers’ favorite
C. they charge too much for simple hair cutting
D. the hairstyle they mainly provide is not what most women customers prefer
14. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A. Blind Barber features haircutting and bar atmosphere.
B. Blind Barber’s major advantage is that it helps reduce men’s pressure
C. Blind Barber makes 3 dollars from every customer.
D. Blind Barber is the only barbershop in Now York to combine haircut and coffee.
15. The underlined word “comestibles” is closest in meaning to _______
A. modern cities B. food C. gentlemen D. companions
16. Blind Barber is quite different from traditional men’s walk-in barbershops in that _______
A. it has vintage salon chairs B. it is located beside a coffee shop
C. it’s decorated to look like a restaurant D. it shows haircutting tools
【答案】13. D 14. A 15. B 16. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种名为Blind Barber的理发店，其将理发和咖啡结合在一起吸引顾客。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“They typically feature straight-razor shaves and brief trims. No wonder they are not the favorite of most women customers who chase fancy styles.(它们的特点通常是直剃刀和短修剪。难怪大多数追求花哨款式的女顾客不喜欢它们)”可知，很少有女性顾客光顾Blind Barber这样的理发店，因为他们主要提供的发型不是大多数女性顾客喜欢的。故选D。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“His destination is the Williamsburg location of Blind Barber, where $45 haircuts are offered alongside beers and ten types of coffee prepared near the hairdressing space. Along with his drink order, Mr. Livingston pays to get a trim (修剪) while seated in one of four vintage salon chairs.(他的目的地是Blind Barber在威廉斯堡的分店，那里提供45美元的理发服务，还有在美发区附近准备的啤酒和十种咖啡。除了点饮料，利文斯顿还花钱在四把老式沙龙椅上理发)”可知，A选项“Blind Barber的特色是理发和酒吧氛围”正确。故选A。
【15题详解】
词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Catering particularly to a taste-conscious group, these shops list haircut prices several times that of a traditional men’s walk-in barbershop, and the decoration has more in common with a farm-to-table restaurant than a beauty salon, except for an eye-catching display of scissors and combs.(为了迎合注重品味的人群，这些理发店列出的理发价格是传统男士步入式理发店的几倍，除了引人注目的剪刀和梳子展示外，它们的装饰更像一家从农场到餐桌的餐厅，而不是美容院)”以及划线词上文“hairdressing and(美发和……)”可知，此处指理发店中美发和食物融合在一起的情况，故划线词意思是“食物”。故选B。
【16题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Catering particularly to a taste-conscious group, these shops list haircut prices several times that of a traditional men’s walk-in barbershop, and the decoration has more in common with a farm-to-table restaurant than a beauty salon, except for an eye-catching display of scissors and combs.(为了迎合注重品味的人群，这些理发店列出的理发价格是传统男士步入式理发店的几倍，除了引人注目的剪刀和梳子展示外，它们的装饰更像一家从农场到餐桌的餐厅，而不是美容院)”可知，Blind Barber与传统的男士步入式理发店有很大的不同，因为它的装饰看起来像一家餐厅。故选C。
C
Trial by boiling water was not as bad as it sounded. In medieval Europe, those accused of grave crimes might be ordered to plunge an arm into a bubbling cauldron. If they were burned, that was God’s way of revealing their guilt. The chance of acquittal (宣判无罪) would seem to be zero, but 60% of those who underwent this ordeal got off. How come
The answer is that defendants believed in divine judgment. The guilty, convinced that God knew all, confessed to avoid the extra punishment of burning. The innocent assumed they would be acquitted, so they refused to confess. The priests who prepared the cauldron knew this, and did not want to undermine their own authority by condemning someone who might later prove innocent. So they did not heat the water as much as they pretended to.
Hanno Sauer of Utrecht University has made a heroic effort to chart how morality has changed since the first humanlike animals began to populate Africa 5m years ago, and to predict how it might change in the future. It is a rich, complex narrative, full of unexpected twists like the tale of trial by boiling water. He blends insights from evolutionary biology, cognitive science and anthropology to ask what makes people good, evil, or a bit of both
Much of his argument hinges on a trait that sets humans apart from other animals: the extraordinary complexity of their social relations. People’s early ancestors lived in an unstable environment, the African savannah, and developed “an unusually spontaneous and surprisingly flexible capacity for co-operation”.
Since a hunting party might be successful one week but return empty-handed the next, rules emerged about sharing meat with the wider group, to maximise every member’s chance of petition with other bands of hunter-gatherers over territory swiftly turned violent, however. “Inwardly, our ancestors were family-centric pacifists, but outwardly, they were gangs of murderers and plunderers,” the author writes.
Wars ravaged hunter-gatherer societies yet involved great individual altruism. When each person’s survival depends to a large degree on the clan’s, people have an incentive to co-operate selflessly to defend it. From an evolutionary perspective, such self-sacrifice made sense only if the beneficiaries were closely related.
Early hunter-gatherer bands probably included no more than 150 or so people. To collaborate in larger groups, people needed new rules, vigorously enforced. This is perhaps why all human societies have devised nasty punishments. Cave paintings from 20,000 years ago depict ritual garrotting; in ancient Greece torturers roasted victims in a hollow bronze bull, their screams being amplified by the bull’s horns.
“A species that kills its most aggressive members over hundreds of generations creates a strong selection pressure in favour of peacefulness, tolerance and impulse control,” reckons Mr Sauer. In effect, “We domesticated ourselves.” When it is socially required, humans can show enormous restraint and consideration; unlike, say, chimpanzees, which if crammed together on an aeroplane for a long flight would undoubtedly kill each other.
Rules against killing strangers allowed people to co-exist in much larger societies. This, in turn, fostered the development of sophisticated cultures. Just as science depends on the steady accumulation of thousands of small innovations, so culture evolves over time, with ideas accumulating and being refined from one generation to the next. This process yields the benefits of everything from reading and music to cities and double-entry book-keeping.
For millennia, the kinship group was the most important social unit, and morality was understood largely as the duties owed to one’s relatives. But in Europe the Roman Catholic church blew this system apart with a series of reforms that ended around 500 years ago. It banned cousin marriage and changed inheritance rules, encouraging people to choose their own spouses and leave assets as they pleased. This weakened kinship groups and fostered a more individualistic morality. The rise of individualism paved the way for modernity, with contract- based business, participatory politics, impersonal bureaucracies and the pursuit of science unconstrained by religious dogma.
The idea that rules can govern a society has spread far beyond Europe. Mr Sauer thinks universal norms will probably keep spreading but is unsure. As the Holocaust (大屠杀) proved, humankind’s ancient suspicion of out-groups has not vanished, and skilful demagogues (煽动) can harness it in catastrophic ways. Looking at the past five years, the author finds much to worry about. “Morality seems to be boiling over” in the West, he writes. People’s moral vocabulary has become “mangled”. Woke activists describe words as “violence” and use this claim to try to justify restrictions on free speech. They also divide the world simplistically into “oppressors” and “oppressed”, sometimes ascribing original sin by skin colour. And political tribes of left and right have come to see the other lot not merely as misguided, but evil.
Yet despite the fury of the culture wars, Mr Sauer sees “an enormous... unrealised potential for reconciliation”. After hundreds of thousands of years of evolution, people share more moral values than they think, and this could help them cast off the identity politics that tells them they are enemies. He is surely right.
17. Why is “trial by boiling water” mentioned in the first two paragraphs
A. To highlight how absurd ancient harsh rituals could be.
B. To explain how religion defined early punishment rituals.
C. To show how complex moral mechanisms could be.
D. To reveal how human cooperation shaped moral enforcement.
18. Which is NOT discussed in the book’s moral evolution analysis
A. Severe punishments oppressed man’s aggressive nature.
B. Cooperation in unstable environments shaped complex ethics.
C. Religious reforms contributed to modern individualism.
D. Scientific progress greatly advanced moral development.
19. According to Mr Sauer, the recent “culture wars” are rooted in________.
A. man’s ancient tribal instincts B. abuse of moral vocabulary
C. lack of strict social rules D. society’s declining moral standards
20. Which of the following would be the best title
A. The Symbolism of Good and Evil B. The Domestication of Humanity
C. The Triumph of Individual Ethics D. The Power of Modern Morality
【答案】17. C 18. D 19. A 20. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨人类道德观念的演变历程及其背后的社会、文化和生物因素。
【17题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中的“It is a rich, complex narrative, full of unexpected twists like the tale of trial by boiling water. He blends insights from evolutionary biology, cognitive science and anthropology to ask what makes people good, evil, or a bit of both (这是一段丰富复杂的叙事，充满了如沸水审判般意想不到的转折。他融合进化生物学、认知科学和人类学的洞见，探讨是什么让人们善良、邪恶，或两者兼具？)”可知，提及沸水审判是为了说明道德机制的复杂性，呼应全书对道德多面性的探讨。故选C项。
【18题详解】
细节理解题。根据第八段中的““A species that kills its most aggressive members over hundreds of generations creates a strong selection pressure in favour of peacefulness, tolerance and impulse control,” reckons Mr Sauer. ( Sauer认为，“一个物种若在数百代中持续淘汰最具攻击性的成员，就会形成有利于平和、宽容和冲动控制的强大选择压力。”)”可知，严厉的惩罚压制了人类的攻击性本性，所以A项正确；根据第四段中的“People’s early ancestors lived in an unstable environment, the African savannah, and developed “an unusually spontaneous and surprisingly flexible capacity for co-operation”. (人类早期的祖先生活在不稳定的环境 —— 非洲大草原上，逐渐形成了 “一种异常自发且极具灵活性的合作能力”。)”可知，在不稳定环境中的合作塑造了复杂的伦理观念，所以B项正确；根据倒数第三段中的“But in Europe the Roman Catholic church blew this system apart with a series of reforms that ended around 500 years ago. It banned cousin marriage and changed inheritance rules, encouraging people to choose their own spouses and leave assets as they pleased. This weakened kinship groups and fostered a more individualistic morality. (但在欧洲，罗马天主教会通过一系列约 500 年前结束的改革打破了这一体系。教会禁止表亲通婚，改变了继承规则，鼓励人们自由选择配偶，并按自己的意愿分配财产。这削弱了亲属群体的影响力，催生了一种更个人主义的道德观念。)”可知，宗教改革促成了现代个人主义的形成，所以C项正确，全文未讨论“科学进步推动道德发展”。故选D项。
【19题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“As the Holocaust (大屠杀) proved, humankind’s ancient suspicion of out-groups has not vanished, and skilful demagogues (煽动) can harness it in catastrophic ways. (正如大屠杀所证明的，人类对外部群体的古老猜疑并未消失，狡猾的煽动者仍能以灾难性的方式利用这一点。)”及“And political tribes of left and right have come to see the other lot not merely as misguided, but evil.”(左右两翼的政治阵营已逐渐将对方不仅视为误入歧途，更视为邪恶的存在。)可知，近期文化战争的根源在于人类古老的部落本能——对非己群体的猜疑。故选A项。
【20题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第八段中的“In effect, “We domesticated ourselves.” (事实上，“我们驯化了自己。”)”及全文对人类通过社会规则抑制攻击性、塑造道德的论述可知，“人类的自我驯化”最能概括文章核心——道德演变本质是人类通过社会机制实现的自我约束与进化，所以适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。
三、七选五(共5小题;每小题2分，满分10分)
A dropped bag of Cheetos dramatically disturbed a delicate cave ecosystem in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico, according to a Facebook post from park officials.
This cavern is almost entirely cut off from the outside world so introducing anything alien can be disastrous. ____21____ The mushy (糊状的) snack attracts microbes, encouraging mold growth. Soon, insects flood in to feed, spreading contamination. With more than 500 million people visiting American public lands each year, there are countless opportunities to harm our wild places. ____22____
Visiting a park without leaving a trace isn’t just about keeping nature clean. ____23____
While the discarded chips were quickly removed from Carlsbad Caverns, food waste can take a longy time to break down, especially in certain environments. ____24____ If we drop things like plastic bags or metal cans into the ocean, the decay times might be centuries to millennia. Leaving waste introduces animals to an unnatural diet and changes their behavior with sometimes disastrous consequences. When birds or fish mistake plastic for food, it fills up their stomachs so they can’t eat. They basically starve to death.
Biological waste is also problematic. Dog feces (排泄物) introduce new pathogens (病原体) into the ecosystem and the trace of this predator disturbs some species like deer. Meanwhile, human feces and toilet paper introduces bacteria into water sources. ____25____
Experiencing nature is good for people’s mental and physical health but the Cheetos incident “illustrates the need for people to understand their own impacts.”
A. Packaging is even worse.
B. It can make animals sick.
C. It’s also about keeping our health.
D. When you look at the scale, it’s incredible.
E. Here’s the science behind why it protects wildlife.
F. The risk to sensitive ecosystems can’t be seen with the naked eye.
G. The cave has 90 to 100 percent humidity so things go bad pretty quickly.
【答案】21. G 22. D 23. E 24. A 25. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍新墨西哥州卡尔斯巴德洞穴国家公园因奇多薯片掉落破坏生态的案例及背后的科学原理。
【21题详解】
根据上文“This cavern is almost entirely cut off from the outside world so introducing anything alien can be disastrous.(这个洞穴几乎完全与外界隔绝，因此引入任何外来物质都可能是灾难性的。)”可知，此处强调洞穴环境的敏感性，结合下文“The mushy snack attracts microbes, encouraging mold growth.(糊状零食会吸引微生物，促进霉菌生长。)”可知，需解释为何外来物易变质。G选项“The cave has 90 to 100 percent humidity so things go bad pretty quickly.(洞穴湿度高达90%到100%，因此物品很快就会变质。)”中的“humidity”与“go bad quickly”直接解释了潮湿环境加速零食腐败、引发连锁生态问题的原因，承上启下。故选G项。
【22题详解】
根据上文“With more than 500 million people visiting American public lands each year, there are countless opportunities to harm our wild places.(每年有超过5亿人参观美国公共土地，因此有无数伤害野生区域的可能性。)”可知，此处强调访客数量庞大，潜在危害多。D选项“When you look at the scale, it’s incredible.(当你看到这个规模时，它令人震惊。)”中的“scale”指代上文“5亿人次”，“incredible”呼应“countless opportunities”，突出人为破坏的潜在严重性，总结前文数据。故选D项。
【23题详解】
根据上文“Visiting a park without leaving a trace isn’t just about keeping nature clean.(游览公园不留痕迹不仅仅是为了保持自然清洁。)”可知，此处需引出“无痕游览”的深层意义，E选项“Here’s the science behind why it protects wildlife.(以下是它保护野生动物背后的科学原理。)”通过“science behind”衔接上文“not just about clean”，引出下文对生态破坏原理的具体解释，符合逻辑过渡。故选E项。
【24题详解】
根据上文“While the discarded chips were quickly removed from Carlsbad Caverns, food waste can take a long time to break down, especially in certain environments.(虽然丢弃的薯片很快从卡尔斯巴德洞穴中移除，但食物垃圾可能需要很长时间才能分解，尤其是在某些环境中。)”可知，此处讨论食物垃圾的分解问题，结合下文“If we drop things like plastic bags or metal cans into the ocean, the decay times might be centuries to millennia.(如果我们将塑料袋或金属罐扔进海洋，分解时间可能长达几个世纪到几千年。)”可知，需对比引出包装垃圾的更严重危害。A选项“Packaging is even worse.(包装制品更糟糕。)”通过“even worse”形成递进，“plastic bags or metal cans”属于“packaging”范畴，衔接上下文对不同垃圾的讨论。故选A项。
【25题详解】
根据上文“Dog feces (排泄物) introduce new pathogens (病原体) into the ecosystem and the trace of this predator disturbs some species like deer. Meanwhile, human feces and toilet paper introduces bacteria into water sources. (狗的排泄物会将新的病原体引入生态系统，而且这种捕食者的踪迹会干扰鹿等物种。与此同时，人类排泄物和卫生纸会将细菌带入水源。)”可知，此处列举生物废弃物对生态的污染，B选项“It can make animals sick.(它会使动物生病。)”中的“It”指代上文“pathogens”和“bacteria”，“make animals sick”总结了污染导致的直接后果，与前文“starve to death”并列说明生态危害。故选B项。
四、完形填空(共20题;每小题1分，满分20分)
Recently, I was asked to discuss the ____26____ between Human Resources and Artificial Intelligence. One speaker noted that the most amazing thing about Generative AI is that it can ____27____ human interaction and can even teach us social skills.
This got me thinking: If AI could be as near-human as she said, could it be my ____28____
As yet another 24-year-old affected by the loneliness epidemic that ____29____ a digital- heavy, interaction-light, post-pandemic world, I suffered the all too common problem of having too few friends. In the span of a year, texting began to replace face-to-face conversations and plans to meet up were often canceled or ____30____.
Then AI began to thrive. Was I supposed to embrace AI friendships as the new ____31____ Though ____32____, I found myself on ChatGPT the next day. It’s a(an) ____33____ platform: Type your question and AI answers. Don’t like the answer Refine your question, and it will ____34____ its answers to what you’re looking for.
I decided to _____35_____ the theory by chatting with AI as if it were a friend. Surprisingly I received sympathetic and supportive responses. After 20 minutes of chatting, I asked, “Will you be my friend ” Following a pause, it politely _____36_____, ending with, “If you’re looking for human connections, it’s always great to _____37_____ friends, family, or people around you.”
The rejection from AI was _____38_____ and natural. I believe that AI can never offer what humans can: that _____39_____. Every person in your life does, at some point, screw up. They may ignore you, hurt your feelings or speak _____40_____, but they never, ever let you ask the question again to get a different answer. AI, on the other hand, can _____41_____ be your friend, because it will never show up late for your lunch. It will never hurt your feelings and it will certainly never be the one to reach out first to apologize. AI lacks _____42_____ and the surprising joy and pain that comes with it.
To end the group discussion, I raised a question. I asked the group who, when calling a customer service hotline, did everything they could to _____43_____ the robotic prompts (提示) to speak to a real person-anyone who could be rude but _____44_____ more helpful than a robotic answer. Everyone raised their hand. We all _____45_____ the same connection. And I know that we still have a chance.
26. A. conflict B. cooperation C. connection D. dilemma
27. A. simulate B. substitute C. transform D. disrupt
28. A. assistant B. teacher C. child D. friend
29. A. depended on B. consisted of C. accounted for D. arose from
30. A. put down B. put off C. put through D. put forward
31. A. policy B. principle C. norm D. drive
32. A. optimistic B. curious C. sensitive D. skeptical
33. A. rigid B. straightforward C. fancy D. sophisticated
34. A. compare B. adjust C. expose D. apply
35. A. develop B. challenge C. reject D. test
36. A. declined B. agreed C. interrupted D. requested
37. A. stand up for B. look up to C. fit in with D. reach out to
38. A. frightening B. unsurprising C. disappointing D. shocking
39. A. conscience B. independence C. humanness D. belonging
40. A. sharply B. loudly C. nervously D. quickly
41. A. sometimes B. always C. often D. never
42. A. sympathy B. fault C. compromise D. gratitude
43. A. skip B. scold C. repeat D. miss
44. A. initially B. accordingly C. ultimately D. temporarily
45. A. imagine B. desire C. find D. establish
【答案】26. C 27. A 28. D 29. D 30. B 31. C 32. D 33. B 34. B 35. D 36. A 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. A 41. D 42. B 43. A 44. C 45. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。主要讲述作者探讨人力资源与人工智能的关联，通过自身尝试AI交友的经历，阐述AI缺乏人性特质，强调人类更渴望真实情感连接。
【26题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近，我被要求讨论人力资源和人工智能之间的联系。A. conflict冲突；B. cooperation合作；C. connection联系；D. dilemma困境。根据下文的“One speaker noted that the most amazing thing about Generative AI is that it can ____2____ human interaction and can even teach us social skills.”可知，有人认为AI能教我们社会技能，由此可推断，此处讨论两者的“联系”符合语境。故选C项。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一位发言者指出，生成式人工智能最令人惊叹的是它可以模拟人类互动，甚至可以教我们社交技能。A. simulate模拟；B. substitute替代；C. transform改变；D. disrupt破坏。根据下文的“and can even teach us social skills.”可知，有人认为AI能教我们社会技能，由此可知，此处指的是AI能“模拟”人类互动。故选A项。
【28题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果人工智能能像她说的那样接近人类，它能成为我的朋友吗？A. assistant助手；B. teacher老师；C. child孩子；D. friend朋友。根据语境和上文的“If AI could be as near-human as she said”以及下文“I decided to ____10____the theory by chatting with AI as if it were a friend.”可知，作者思考AI能否成为“朋友”符合语境。故选D项。
【29题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：作为又一个受孤独流行病影响的24岁年轻人，这种流行病源于一个数字化程度高、互动少的后疫情世界，我也面临着朋友太少这个普遍问题。A. depended on依赖；B. consisted of由……组成；C. accounted for解释；D. arose from源于。根据下文的“I suffered the all too common problem of having too few friends.”可知，作者也面临着朋友太少的问题，结合的“a digital- heavy, interaction-light, post-pandemic world”可知，此处指的是孤独感“源于”后疫情时代的社会特征。故选D项。
【30题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：在一年的时间里，发短信开始取代面对面的交谈，见面的计划经常被取消或推迟。A. put down放下；B. put off推迟；C. put through接通；D. put forward提出。根据语境和上文的“and plans to meet up were often canceled”可知，此处与canceled为并列关系，由此可知，此处表示见面计划常被“推迟”符合语境。故选B项。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我应该把人工智能友谊作为新常态来接受吗？A. policy政策；B. principle原则；C. norm常态；D. drive动力。根据上文的“Then AI began to thrive.”可知，然后人工智能开始蓬勃发展，结合上文的“embrace AI friendships”可知，作者思考是否将其视为新“常态”符合语境。故选C项。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管持怀疑态度，第二天我还是用上了ChatGPT。A. optimistic乐观的；B. curious好奇的；C. sensitive敏感的；D. skeptical怀疑的。根据上文的“though”的转折逻辑以及下文的“I found myself on ChatGPT the next day.”可知，作者虽持“怀疑”态度，但是仍尝试使用人工智能。故选D项。
【33题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是一个简单直接的平台：输入你的问题，人工智能就会回答。A. rigid僵化的；B. straightforward简单直接的；C. fancy花哨的；D. sophisticated复杂的。根据下文的“Type your question and AI answers”可知，输入你的问题，人工智能就会回答，由此可知，平台操作“简单直接”符合语境。故选B项。
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：不喜欢这个答案？优化你的问题，它会根据你的需求调整答案。A. compare比较；B. adjust调整；C. expose暴露；D. apply应用。根据上文的“refine your question”以及下文的“what you’re looking for.”可知，AI会“调整”答案来适应你的需求。故选B项。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我决定通过像和朋友聊天一样与人工智能聊天来测试这个理论。A. develop发展；B. challenge挑战；C. reject拒绝；D. test测试。根据下文的“by chatting with AI as if it were a friend.”可知，作者通过像和朋友聊天一样与人工智能聊天，以此来“测试”AI能否成为朋友。故选D项。
【36题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：停顿了一下后，它礼貌地拒绝了，最后说：“如果你在寻找人际关系，联系朋友、家人或你周围的人总是很好的。”A. declined拒绝；B. agreed同意；C. interrupted打断；D. requested请求。根据下文的“The rejection from AI was ___13____ and natural.”可知，AI“拒绝”了交友请求。故选A项。
【37题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：停顿了一下后，它礼貌地拒绝了，最后说：“如果你在寻找人际关系，联系朋友、家人或你周围的人总是很好的。”A. stand up for支持；B. look up to尊敬；C. fit in with适应；D. reach out to联系。根据上文的“If you’re looking for human connections”可知，AI建议“联系”真实的人。故选D项。
【38题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：人工智能的拒绝并不意外，也很自然。A. frightening可怕的；B. unsurprising意料之中的；C. disappointing失望的；D. shocking震惊的。根据下文的“natural”可知，作者认为拒绝是“意料之中的”符合语境。故选B项。
【39题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我相信人工智能永远无法提供人类所能提供的东西：那种人性。A. conscience良心；B. independence独立；C. humanness人性；D. belonging归属感。根据下文的“Every person in your life does, at some point, screw up. They may ignore you, hurt your feelings or speak ___15____ , but they never, ever let you ask the question again to get a different answer. AI, on the other hand, can ____16____ be your friend, because it will never show up late for your lunch.”可知，此处对比人类与AI的差异，由此可知，此处指的是AI缺乏“人性”符合语境。故选C项。
【40题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们可能会忽视你，伤害你的感情，或者说话尖刻，但他们永远不会让你再问一次问题来得到不同的答案。A. sharply尖刻地；B. loudly大声地；C. nervously紧张地；D. quickly快速地。根据上文的“They may ignore you, hurt your feelings”可知，他们可能会忽视你，伤害你的感情，由此可知，此处指说话“尖刻”符合语境。故选A项。
【41题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：另一方面，人工智能永远不可能成为你的朋友，因为它永远不会在午餐时迟到。A. sometimes有时；B. always总是；C. often经常；D. never从不。根据下文的“because it will never show up late for your lunch. It will never hurt your feelings and it will certainly never be the one to reach out first to apologize.”可知，作者认为AI“永远不”能成为朋友。故选D项。
【42题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：人工智能缺乏缺点，以及随之而来的惊喜、快乐和痛苦。A. sympathy同情；B. fault缺点；C. compromise妥协；D. gratitude感激。根据上文“Every person in your life does, at some point, screw up.”可知，人类会有“缺点”，而AI没有，由此可知，此处指的是AI缺少缺点。故选B项。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我问小组成员，当他们拨打客户服务热线时，谁会尽一切可能跳过机器人提示，去和一个真实的人交谈——这个人可能很粗鲁，但最终比机器人的回答更有帮助。A. skip跳过；B. scold责骂；C. repeat重复；D. miss错过。根据下文的“to speak to a real person-anyone”可知，人们会和真人交谈，由此可知，人们会试图“跳过”机器人提示。故选A项。
【44题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：我问小组成员，当他们拨打客户服务热线时，谁会尽一切可能跳过机器人提示，去和一个真实的人交谈——这个人可能很粗鲁，但最终比机器人的回答更有帮助。A. initially最初；B. accordingly因此；C. ultimately最终；D. temporarily暂时地。根据上文的“did everything they could to ____18____ the robotic prompts (提示) to speak to a real person-anyone who could be rude”可知，人们可能会尽可能地跳过机器人提示和真人交谈，这可能有些粗鲁，结合下文的but以及“more helpful”可知，此处指的是跳过机器人与真人交谈虽显得有些粗鲁，但“最终”更有帮助。故选C项。
【45题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们都渴望同样的情感连接。A. imagine想象；B. desire渴望；C. find找到；D. establish建立。根据语境和上文讲述的作者的提问以及人们的回应“Everyone raised their hand.”可知，人们“渴望”真实的人际连接。故选B项。
第二卷(35分)
五、首字母填空(共10题;每小题1分，满分10分)
46. The system is no doubt expensive, but we should not g_________ money spent on schools, because ignorance is even more expensive than education.(根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】grieve##rieve
【解析】
【详解】考查动词。句意：这个系统无疑很昂贵，但我们不应为花在学校的钱而感到痛心，因为无知比教育更加代价高昂。根据句意以及首字母“g”可知，此处为动词grieve表示“感到痛心”，且情态动词“should”后接动词原形。故填grieve。
47. The teacher’s expression of c_________ was unmistakable as she graded the lazy, plagiarized (剽窃) assignment. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】criticism##riticism
【解析】
【详解】考查名词。句意：当老师批改这份偷懒抄袭的作业时，她明显流露出了批评之意。根据“she graded the lazy, plagiarized (剽窃) assignment”可推知，对于偷懒抄袭的作业，老师流露出批评之意，结合首字母提示，用名词criticism，作宾语，意为“批评”，表示抽象概念，不可数名词。故填criticism。
48. Through disciplined practice and unwavering dedication, the athlete managed to a_________ peak physical condition, setting a new personal record last weekend. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】attain##ttain
【解析】
【详解】考查动词。句意：通过有规律的训练和坚定不移的付出，这位运动员成功达到了最佳身体状态，并在上周末创造了新的个人纪录。根据句意和提示的首字母“a”可知，此处应为动词attain表示“达到；获得”，不定式符号to后接动词原形，符合语法规则及句意。故填attain。
49. Parents often underestimate the power they hold in e_________ lifelong influences on their children’s values, simply through daily conversations and unconscious role modeling. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】exerting##xerting
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：父母常常低估了他们通过日常对话和无意识的榜样作用，对孩子的价值观产生终身影响的力量。根据句意和首字母提示，用动词exert(运用，施加)构成动词短语exert influence on…，意为“对……施加影响”，在介词in后，用动名词形式作宾语。故填exerting。
50. The spy made a s_________ change to the document altering just one digit in the code so slight that even trained eyes might miss it. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】slight##light
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词。句意：这名间谍对文件做了一处细微改动，仅更改了密码中的一位数字。改动如此细微，即便是训练有素的人也可能会忽略。根据句意和首字母以及“so slight”可知，空处填形容词slight作定语。故填slight。
51. Normally I don’t accept late submissions, but I’ll make an e_________ this time because you were hospitalized. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】exception##xception
【解析】
【详解】考查名词。句意：通常我不接受迟交的作业，但这次我会破例，因为你住院了。根据句意以及提示的首字母“e”可知，此处应为名词exception，make an exception为固定短语，意为“破例”，符合句意及搭配。故填exception。
52. Even when facing extreme poverty, he still kept his d________, never asking for alms (施舍物) from others without good reason. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】dignity##ignity
【解析】
【详解】考查名词。句意：即使面临极度贫困，他仍然保持着自己的尊严，从不无故向别人乞讨施舍物。根据“never asking for alms from others without good reason”可知，他在贫困的情况下也不轻易接受别人的施舍，说明他保持着自己的尊严。结合首字母提示，用名词dignity作宾语，意为“尊严”，符合语境。故填dignity。
53. The remote village has been a_________ by a mysterious illness for months, leaving doctors puzzled and residents desperate for answers. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】affected##ffected
【解析】
【详解】考查动词。句意：这个偏远村庄已经被一种神秘疾病困扰了数月，让医生们困惑不已，居民们急切渴望找到答案。根据句意和提示的首字母“a”可知，此处应填动词affect表示“影响；侵袭”，与主语之间为被动关系，所以此处使用过去分词形式与has been构成现在完成时的被动语态。故填affected。
54. In her memoir, she recounted how she e_________ to adapt to a new culture, study hard, and keep in touch with family when abroad. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】endeavoured##ndeavoured##endeavored##ndeavored
【解析】
【详解】考查动词。句意：在她的回忆录中，她讲述了自己在国外如何努力适应新文化、努力学习并与家人保持联系。根据句意和提示的首字母“e”可知，此处应填动词endeavour或endeavor表示“努力；尽力”，句子描述过去发生的事情，时态为一般过去时，故用动词过去式endeavoured或者endeavored。故填endeavoured/endeavored。
55. The Great Gatsby features complex characters like Jay Gatsby, whose mysterious wealth and unrequited love for Daisy c_________ readers’ imagination with themes of the American Dream and lost romance. (根据首字母单词拼写)
【答案】combine
【解析】
【详解】考查动词。句意：《了不起的盖茨比》塑造了像杰伊·盖茨比这样复杂的人物，他神秘的财富和对黛西单相思将读者的想象力与美国梦和失落的浪漫的主题结合在一起。根据句意和首字母可知，空处的词为combine。用在文学作品中，为一般现在时。故填combine。
六、词组替换(共5题;每小题2分，满分10分)
词组替换
56. In view of the recent technological advancements in renewable energy many countries are now reevaluating their energy policies to prioritize sustainability.
57. Researchers found that musicians aged 45 to 65 do well in memory and hearing speech in noise compared with non-musicians.
58. Linda is proud of being punctual, believing that it shows respect for others.
59. When the meeting was about to begin, the last participant finally appeared, apologizing for being late.
60. Government policies should be aimed at improving public welfare, not just economic growth.
【答案】56. Taking into consideration
57. excel at
58. prides herself on
59. made his/her appearance
60. be intended for
【解析】
【56题详解】
考查短语。句意：鉴于可再生能源领域近期的技术进步，许多国家如今正在重新评估其能源政策，将可持续性置于优先地位。根据句意可知，划线词可以替换成：Taking into consideration。故填Taking into consideration。
【57题详解】
考查短语。句意：研究人员发现，与非音乐家相比，年龄在 45 岁至 65 岁之间的音乐家在记忆以及在噪音环境中听清话语方面表现出色。根据句意可知，划线词可以替换成：excel at。故填excel at。
【58题详解】
考查短语。句意：琳达为自己守时感到自豪，她认为守时体现了对他人的尊重。根据句意可知，划线词可以替换成：prides herself on。故填prides herself on。
【59题详解】
考查短语。句意：会议即将开始时，最后一位参会者终于出现了，并为迟到表示歉意。根据句意可知，划线词可以替换成：made his/her appearance。故填made his/her appearance。
【60题详解】
考查短语。句意：政府政策应旨在提高公共福利，而不仅仅是追求经济增长。根据句意可知，划线词可以替换成：be intended for。故填be intended for。
七、语法填空(共10题;每小题1.5分，满分15分)
语法填空
It was after tripping on hallucinogenic mushrooms ____61____ Christian Angermayer realised he had a personal mission to help the human race improve itself. Having passed through the “gateway to God” opened by psychedelic (致幻的) drugs, the German tech billionaire wanted to usher the rest of humanity in the same direction. Nowadays his investment fund not only champions the use of such drugs as ____62____ treatment for mental-health problems, but is also “pushing the boundaries for human enhancement overall”, meaning treatments to make people stronger, smarter and longer-lived. He has also founded a competition called the Enhanced Games, in which athletes can earn $1m for breaking world records using the sorts of doping (兴奋剂) that would normally disqualify ____63____ (they).
Some may dismiss all this as unrealistic, ____64____ Mr Angermayer is far from the only believer. Human enhancement, from wearable devices that monitor health to neural implants ____65____ (intend) to overcome paralysis, is already a $125bn industry. And it is not just the vision of a future where ageing is held at bay and Olympic feats of strength, speed or endurance are commonplace that ____66____ (excite) investors. They are also energised by the sense that America’s current leaders are open to this sort of techno-utopianism.
Though that prospect is exciting to ____67____ (advocate) of enhancement, the general public may not be so enthusiastic. A study found that only a minority of Americans endorsed the idea of developing enhancements to human abilities beyond the typical range. Whether this reflects only a fear of the unknown, or a more deep-seated unease about tinkering with nature, is hard to say. Other intrusive technologies, such as mobile phones, have been greeted with scepticism at first only ____68____ (embrace) almost universally as their benefits become apparent.
Supporters of enhancement, at any rate, are very ____69____ (optimism). Mr D’Souza was a participant at a recent conference in Britain that championed enhancement as both a right and a moral duty. He wants the Enhanced Games to be a popular spectacle and to receive lots of attention. That might help _____70_____ (popular) the idea of enhancement. “I believe in superhumanity,” he declares. The rest of us will soon have the chance to decide if we do, too.
【答案】61. that
62. a 63. them
64. but 65. intended
66. excites
67. advocates
68. to be embraced
69. optimistic
70. popularize##to popularize
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了德国科技亿万富翁克里斯蒂安·安格迈尔对人类增强技术的倡导，包括其投资方向、相关产业现状、公众态度及支持者的愿景等内容。
61题详解】
考查强调句。句意：正是在服用致幻蘑菇后，克里斯蒂安·安格迈尔意识到自己有帮助人类提升自我的个人使命。此处为强调句结构“It is/was +被强调部分+that+其他”，强调时间状语“after tripping on hallucinogenic mushrooms”，所以此处使用that。故填that。
【62题详解】
考查冠词。句意：如今，他的投资基金不仅支持将这类药物用作心理健康问题的治疗手段，还在“全面拓展人类增强的边界”，即推动旨在让人们更强壮、更聪明、更长寿的治疗方法。treatment为可数名词单数，空前无限定词，所以使用冠词，结合句意，此处表泛指“一种治疗手段”，且treatment以辅音音素开头。故填a。
【63题详解】
考查代词。句意：他还创办了一项名为“增强运动会”的比赛，运动员使用通常会让他们被取消资格的兴奋剂打破世界纪录，可获得100万美元奖金。动词disqualify后接宾语用宾格代词，they的宾格为them。故填them。
【64题详解】
考查连词。句意：有些人可能认为这一切都不切实际，但安格迈尔远非唯一的信徒。根据句意，空前“Some may dismiss all this as unrealistic”与空后“Mr Angermayer is far from the only believer.”为转折关系，所以此处还使用表示转折关系的连词but。故填but。
【65题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：从监测健康的可穿戴设备到旨在克服瘫痪的神经植入物，人类增强技术已经是一个价值1250亿美元的产业。此处为谓语动词作定语，根据be intended to do sth.意为“旨在做某事”可知，intend与逻辑主语implants之间为被动关系，所以此处用过去分词intended作后置定语。故填intended。
【66题详解】
考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：令投资者激动的，不只是一个人类延缓衰老、奥运级体能表现成为日常的未来图景。此处为主语从句中的谓语动词，主语为the vision，且陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数，所以谓语动词为excites。故填excites。
【67题详解】
考查名词复数。句意：尽管这一前景让增强技术的倡导者感到兴奋，但普通公众可能并不那么热情。advocate为可数名词，此处泛指“倡导者”，空前无限定词，所以使用复数形式advocates表示泛指意义。故填advocates。
【68题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：其他侵入性技术，如移动电话，一开始受到怀疑，但随着其好处变得明显，几乎被普遍接受。此处为非谓语动词作状语，根据only to do sth.表示意料之外的结果，且technologies与embrace为被动关系，用不定式的被动形式to be embraced。故填to be embraced。
【69题详解】
考查形容词。句意：无论如何，增强技术的支持者非常乐观。此处作表语，用形容词形式，optimism的形容词为optimistic意为“乐观的”符合句意。故填optimistic。
【70题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：这可能有助于普及增强技术的理念。根据help (to) do sth.意为“帮助做某事”以及空后为名词作宾语可知，此处用动词不定式，可省略to，popular的动词为popularize意为“普及”。故填(to)popularize。

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