资源简介

UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Ⅰ.阅读单词
1.cholera n.　　　　　 霍乱
2.diarrhoea n. 腹泻
3.dehydration n. 脱水
4.epidemiology n. 流行病学
5.microscope n. 显微镜
6.protein n. 蛋白质
7.cell n. 细胞;小房间;单间牢房
8.virus n. 病毒
9.vaccine n. 疫苗
10.framework n. 框架;结构
11.plasma n. 血浆
12.aerospace n. 航空航天工业
13.patriotic adj. 爱国的
14.aviation n. 航空制造业;航空;飞行
15.jet n. 喷气式飞机
Ⅱ.核心单词
1.severe diarrhoea　　　 　 严重的腹泻
2.contradictory evidence 相互矛盾的证据
3.be infected with germs 感染了细菌
4.water pump 水泵
5.some households 一些住户
6.raw waste 未处理的废弃物
7.scientific statistics 科学统计
8.subscribe to the theory 同意这种理论
9.the prime suspect 头号嫌疑人
10.take the blame 承担过错
11.the handle of the pump 水泵的把手
12.build a rainbow bridge 建一座彩虹桥
13.a concrete floor 混凝土地面
14.show a link 证明联系
15.substantial changes 重大变化
16.decrease in spending 开支减少
17.transform the way 改变方法
18.change the thinking 改变思维
19.an important finding 一项重大发现
20.do some solid work 做一些稳定的工作
21.cast different shadows 投下不同的影子
22.pour it like a liquid 像倒液体一样倒它
23.trace back to 追溯到
24.an outstanding scientist 一位杰出的科学家
25.abstract thought 抽象思维
26.the original concept 最初的观念
27.besides extra-curricular activities 除课外活动之外
28.a brilliant performance 一场绝妙的表演
29.space and missile programme 航天和导弹项目
30.find fault with my work 挑我工作的毛病
31.a shift in interest 兴趣的改变
Ⅲ.派生单词
1.frustrated adj.　　 懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的
frustrate vt. 使懊恼;使沮丧
frustration n. 沮丧;懊恼;挫败
2.infection n. 感染;传染
infect vt. 使感染;传染
infectious adj. 感染的;传染的
3.proof n. 证据;证明;检验
prove vt. 证明 link v.证明是
4.multiple adj. 数量多的;多种多样的
multiply vi.& vt. 乘;成倍增加;繁殖
5.intervention n. 介入;出面;干涉
intervene vi. 干扰;介入
6.pure adj. 干净的;纯的;纯粹的
purely adv. 完全地;纯粹地
purify vt. 净化;使……洁净;提纯
7.defend vt. 保卫;防守;辩解
defence/defense n. 防御;保卫;保护
8.assistant n. 助理;助手
assist vt.& vi. 帮助;协助
assistance n. 帮助;协助;援助
9.initial adj. 最初的;开始的;第一的
initially adv. 最初,首先
10.leadership n. 领导;领导地位;领导才能
lead vt. 领导;率领;控制;掌管;领路
leader n. 领导者;首领
leading adj. 最重要的;一流的
11.gifted adj. 有天赋的;有天才的;天资聪慧的
gift n. 礼物;天赋
12.steady adj. 稳定的;平稳的;稳步的
steadily adv. 稳定地;持续地
13.vivid adj. 生动的;鲜明的;丰富的
vividly adv. 生动地;逼真地;鲜明地
14.mechanical adj. 机械的;发动机的;机器的
mechanic n. 机械师;机械修理工
15.astronomer n. 天文学家
astronomy n. 天文学
Ⅳ.短语词块
1.come down with　　　 患(病);染上(小病)
2.break out (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始;爆发
3.subscribe to 同意;赞同
4.be to blame 负有责任
5.theoretical framework 理论框架
6.water pump 水泵
7.thanks to 幸亏;由于
8.once and for all 最终地:彻底地
9.above all 最重要的是;尤其是
10.in charge of 主管;掌管
Ⅴ.教材佳句
1.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.(so...that...)
他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重,十天内就有500多人死亡。
2.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.(it作形式主语)
该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
3.Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.[have+宾语+过去分词(短语)]
相应地,他让人把水泵的手柄拆了,这样水泵就不能用了。
4.Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.(无灵主语句)
经过斯诺的不懈努力,饮用水公司开始出售洁净水,世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。
5.Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.(“否定词+比较级”表示最高级)
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
构词法日积月
形容词后缀-ous表示“具有……性质的;充满……的”
直接+ humor幽默→humorous幽默的　　　　　　　　　courage勇气→courageous勇敢的 danger危险→dangerous危险的 mountain山→mountainous多山的
去e+ continue继续→continuous持续的　　　　　　fame名声→famous著名的;出名的 adventure冒险→adventurous有冒险精神的 ※disaster灾难→disastrous灾难性的
辅音之后 y变i+ envy嫉妒;羡慕→envious嫉妒的;羡慕的　　　　　glory光荣→glorious光荣的 harmony融洽;和睦→harmonious和睦的;融洽的 mystery神秘→mysterious神秘的
on变ous infection感染;传染→infectious传染性的　　　caution谨慎;小心→cautious谨慎的;小心的 ambition抱负;雄心→ambitious有抱负的;有雄心的　religion宗教→religious宗教的
特殊 anxiety焦虑→anxious焦虑的　　　　　curiosity好奇心→curious好奇的 variety多样化→various各种各样的
Step One　写一写
Ⅰ.阅读单词
1.die of cholera 死于霍乱
2.under the microscope在显微镜下
3.essential proteins and vitamins
必不可少的蛋白质和维生素
4.a virus infection 病毒感染
5.modern epidemiology现代流行病学
6.set up a framework 创建了一个框架
7.China’s aerospace science 中国的航空航天科学
8.patriotic youth爱国青年
9.aviation industry 航空业
10.a jet aircraft喷气式飞机
Ⅱ.核心单词
1.suspect vt.& vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象
2.blame vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.责备;指责
3.handle n.把手;拉手;柄 vt.处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
4.link n.联系;纽带 vt.把……连接起来;相关联
5.decrease n.减少;降低;减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
6.transform vt.使改观;使改变形态 vi.改变;转变
7.cast vt.(cast,cast)投射;向……投以(视线、笑容等);投掷
8.shadow n.阴影;影子;背光处
9.pour vt.倒出;倾泻;斟(饮料)
10.trace vt.追溯;追踪;查出 n.痕迹;遗迹;踪迹
11.outstanding adj.优秀的;杰出的;明显的
12.brilliant adj.聪颖的;绝妙的;明亮的
13.fault n.弱点;过错
14.shift n.改变;转换;轮班 vi.& vt.转移;挪动;转向
Ⅲ.派生单词
1.frustrate vt.使懊恼;使沮丧→frustrated adj.懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的→frustration n.沮丧;懊恼;挫败
2.infect vt.使感染;传染→infection n.感染;传染→infectious adj.感染的;传染的
3.proof n.证据;证明;检验→prove vt.证明 link v.证明是
4.multiple adj.数量多的;多种多样的→multiply vi.& vt.乘;成倍增加;繁殖
5.intervene vi.干扰;介入→intervention n.介入;出面;干涉
6.pure adj.干净的;纯的;纯粹的→purely adv.完全地;纯粹地→purify vt.净化;使……洁净;提纯
7.defend vt.保卫;防守;辩解→defence/defense n.防御;保卫;保护
8.assist vt.& vi.帮助;协助→assistance n.帮助;协助;援助→assistant n.助理;助手
9.initial adj.最初的;开始的;第一的→initially adv.最初,首先
10.lead vt.领导;率领;控制;掌管;领路→leader n.领导者;首领→leadership n.领导;领导地位;领导才能→leading adj.最重要的;一流的
11.gift n.礼物;天赋→gifted adj.有天赋的;有天才的;天资聪慧的
12.steady adj.稳定的;平稳的;稳步的→steadily adv.稳定地;持续地
13.vivid adj.生动的;鲜明的;丰富的→vividly adv.生动地;逼真地;鲜明地
Ⅳ.短语互译
1.subscribe to同意;赞同
2.break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始;爆发
3.in charge of主管;掌管
4.come down with 患(病);染上(小病)
5.above all最重要的是;尤其是
6.once and for all最终地;彻底地
7.water pump 水泵
8.theoretical framework 理论框架
9.thanks to幸亏;由于
Ⅴ.句式仿写
1.句型公式:so...that...
He was so responsible a teacher that we were all deeply moved.(人物介绍)
他是一位如此负责的老师,以至于我们都被深深地打动了。
2.句型公式:have+宾语+过去分词(短语)
Mrs.Johnson had the broken window fixed before her children arrived,so they could play safely.(动作描写)
约翰逊夫人在她的孩子到来之前修好了破窗户,这样他们就可以安全地玩耍。
3.句型公式:“否定词+比较级”连用表示最高级
Nothing is more exciting than the final bell before the summer holidays begin.(心理描写)
没有什么比暑假开始前的最后一次铃声更激动人心的了。
Step Two　练一练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.The sun shone through the leaves,throwing shadows (影子) on the lawn.
2.Media attention has shifted (转移) recently onto environmental issues.
3.Being addicted to online shopping for too long will greatly decrease (减少) people’s desire to take part in social activities.
4.The police are trying to trace (追踪) the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital.
5.As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine,we must send for an engineer to handle the problem.
6.Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning,and put the blame on the alarm clock.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1.Initially (initial),most of the players in the team were unwilling to accept the defeat.
2.His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant (assist) in class whose creativity would infect other students.
3.With the widespread use of the Internet,communication across the world has steadily (steady) developed over the years.
4.In the absence of proof (prove),the police could not take action against the man.
5.They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections (infect).
6.He tells stories very vividly (vivid) and holds his audience spellbound.
Ⅲ.短语填空
subscribe to;thanks to;break out;come down with
1.Thanks to your help,we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.
2.Since he came down with the disease,he shifted the emphasis away from work to life.
3.I have always subscribed to the view that children should be given responsibility from an early age.
4.When the war broke out,the couple was still living in London.
Ⅳ.串记练习
阅读下面新情景,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Since the severe disease broke out,many people all over the world 1.have been infected(infect).The specialists in epidemiology who are outstanding,gifted and patriotic along with their assistants have been 2.in charge of tracing the source of the virus in order to defend more people from 3.being killed(kill).They desired to produce vaccine to handle the deadly disease once and for all.Initially,with concrete proof collected,they suspected that wild bats were 4.to blame(blame).But by observing the virus with microscopes,they gathered solid and multiple statistics and mastered the framework of the virus,which 5.gradually(gradual) transformed their initial contradictory thinking.All the findings made them subscribe to the idea that the virus was not directly linked to the bats,which made the brilliant experts 6.frustrated(frustrate).This also cast a shadow on the experts,so they had to shift towards 7.how to prevent the virus from spreading among people.Above all,the less we go out,the less likely we will come down with the deadly disease.Furthermore,taking in more protein and eating more vegetables are good 8.choices(choose) as well.Last but not least,what we should do is that we must wear masks outdoors.Thanks to these interventions,the threat of the disease saw a substantial decrease.The disease has taught us to lead a healthy life such as drinking pure or boiled water 9.and avoiding raw foods.Most importantly,we should have faith in our government,under 10.whose leadership,we have achieved steady success.
1.blame vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.责备;指责
佳句背诵　
Some group members tried to place the blame on Tom,claiming he hadn’t done his part.(动作描写)
一些组员试图把责任推给汤姆,声称他没有完成自己的部分。
be to blame (for sth) (对某事)负有责任,应受责备
blame sb for sth 因某事责备某人;把某事归咎于某人
blame sth on sb/sth 把某事归咎于某人/某事
take/bear/shoulder the blame (for sth) 承担(……的)过错/责任
put/place/lay the blame (for sth) on sb 把(……的)责任推给某人
以练促学　单句语法填空/单句写作
①Don’t always blame your own failure on others.You should bear the blame for failure.
②Blamed for the failure of the performance,Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.(心理描写)
蒂姆因为演出失败被责备,随着一阵悲伤袭来,他忍不住痛哭。
教考衔接　单句写作
③“Was I to blame for all these embarrassments ” I guiltily thought to myself.(心理描写;2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
“这些尴尬都怪我吗 ”我内疚地想。
2.decrease n.减少;降低;减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
佳句背诵　
The temperature decreased by 10 degrees overnight,causing everyone to wear warmer clothes.温度在一夜之间下降了10度,每个人穿上了更暖和的衣服。
decrease (from...) to... (从……)减少到……
decrease by...　　　 降低了……
decrease in... 在……方面减少/减小/下降
on the decrease 在减少
a decrease of...(in...) (在……方面)……的减少量
以练促学　单句语法填空/单句写作
①The number of students in the computer club decreased from 40 to 25 this year,as many graduated.
②Because of human activities,the number of some rare animals is on the decrease/decreasing.
由于人类活动,一些稀有动物的数目在减少。
教考衔接　单句语法填空
③Corn uses less water than rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.This switch has decreased (decrease) pollution in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(全国Ⅱ卷)
3.defend vt.保卫;防守;辩解 [defenc(s)e n.防御;保卫;保护]
佳句背诵　
In the dense forest,David quickly learned how to defend himself against wild animals using just a stick.(动作描写)
密林中,大卫迅速学会了如何仅用一根棍子保护自己不受野生动物的侵害。
defend...from/against　 保护……以免受
defend...with... 用……保护……
defend oneself 为自己辩护;自卫
in defence (of) 保护;保卫;防御;(为……)辩护
以练促学　单句语法填空/一句多译
①It is the nature of a mother to do all she can to defend her child from/against harm and danger.
②狼紧紧地追在他后面,他用棍子保护自己。
→With the wolf running closely after him,he took up a stick in defence of himself.(defence)
→The wolf ran closely after him,and he defended himself with a stick.(defend...with...)
教考衔接　单句语法填空
③As prey animals,parrots are constantly watching out for danger and they instinctively (本能地) react to risks.Their first choice is to take flight.However,if this is not possible,they will fight with their powerful beaks to defend themselves (they).(2024·九省联考)
片段巩固 用blame;decrease;defend完成动作描写的片段
续写训练之情节线:冒险进入森林→气温迅速下降→遇到狼群→没有恐慌→迅速收集树枝和树叶→点燃火堆→自卫→没有人因为这种困境责备彼此→共同努力→安全地返回 We adventured into the forest.Unexpectedly,the temperature began to decrease rapidly,and the weather turned colder than anticipated.Midway through our journey,we encountered a pack of wolves nearby.Instead of panicking,we quickly gathered sticks and leaves to make a fire,using the flames to defend ourselves.The fire not only kept the wolves away but also provided warmth in the cold weather.Despite the danger,no one blamed each other;instead,we worked together to ensure everyone’s safety until we could safely return from our adventurous hike.
4.come down with患(病);染上(小病)
佳句背诵　
Mark came down with a fever last night,so he couldn’t attend the math competition he had been preparing for months.
马克昨晚发烧了,所以他不能参加他准备了几个月的数学竞赛。
come across　　　 (偶然)遇见;碰见;被理解
come about 发生(无被动形式)
come down 下来
come on 加油;到来;得了吧
come out 出版;结果是;(花)开放
come up 走近;上来;被提出
come up with 提出;想出(主意、计划、回答等)
when it comes to... 当谈及……
以练促学　单句语法填空/单句写作
①The new novel by my favorite author finally came out last week,and I couldn’t wait to buy a copy.
②I finally came up with a solution to the math problem that had been bothering me.
③When it comes to learning English,listening to native speakers can help you improve.(建议信)
说到学习英语,听以英语为母语的人讲话可以帮助你进步。
教考衔接　单句写作
④For several days he played all day in the trees surrounding our house but came down at bedtime.(动作描写;2024·四省适应性考试)
在接下来的几天里,他整天都在我们房子周围的树上玩耍,但在晚上睡觉时就下来。
5.above all最重要的是;尤其是
佳句背诵　
She values many qualities in her friends,but above all,she appreciates honesty and loyalty.(人物描写)
她看重朋友身上的许多品质,但最重要的是,她欣赏诚实和忠诚。
after all　 毕竟;终究
first of all 首先;第一
all in all 整体说来;总而言之
in all 全部;合计
at all (否定句)一点也不;(疑问句)到底;究竟
以练促学　all短语填空/单句写作
①The university I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture University.First of all/Above all,you’d better learn some basic Chinese before you come.After all,you will be under completely unfamiliar circumstances.All in all,studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy at all.
②Thanks to your timely and generous help,I managed to handle the four problems in all.(感谢信)
多亏您及时慷慨的帮助,我成功地处理了全部四个问题。
教考衔接　单句写作
③Above all,I hoped he wouldn’t assign me to work with the fiercely competitive and extremely serious fellow who always demanded perfection from his teammates,making every project feel like a high-stakes battle.(心理描写;2022·浙江1月卷)
最重要的是,我希望他不会让我和那个极具竞争力并且非常严肃的人一起工作,他总是要求他的队友做到完美,使每一个项目都感觉像是一场高风险的战斗。
片段巩固 用come down with;above all完成动作描写的片段
续写训练之情节线:杰克患了重感冒,不得不推迟爬山→最重要的是,队长强调了照顾好自己→没有感到失望→聚在一起分享故事,充分利用室内时间 Jack came down with a severe cold,and the trip to the mountain had to be postponed.Above all,our captain stressed the importance of taking care of ourselves during the cold weather.Instead of feeling disappointed,we gathered around to share stories,making the most of our indoor time.
1.trace /tre s/ vt.追溯;追踪;查出 n.痕迹(生义);遗迹;踪迹
①Police are anxious to trace two men seen leaving the house just before 8 am.vt.查出;追踪
②The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient China.vt.追溯
③My wallet has been missing for several days and I can’t find any trace of it.n.踪迹
④She speaks English without the slightest trace of an accent.n.痕迹
2.shift / ft/ n.改变;转换;轮班(生义) vi.& vt.转移;挪动;转向;改变
①They shifted their viewpoints frequently.vt.改变
②The school had to shift resources from less popular programs to more essential academic subjects.vt.转移
③Public attitudes towards this have shifted over the past 50 years.vi.改变
④It’s better to leave your listeners wishing for more than shifting restlessly in their seats waiting for your speech finally to end.vi.挪动
⑤The student volunteers were divided into three shifts,each responsible for different activities and times.n.轮班
3.subscribe to同意;赞同;把……捐赠给……(生义);订购
①He subscribes to the view that children can benefit from being independent.同意
②Amy thought it was worthwhile to read English newspapers every day so she subscribed to the 21st Century.订购
③Many people subscribed money to the education fund.把……捐赠给……
4.handle / h ndl/ vt.处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等);(用手)触,拿 n.把手(生义);拉手;柄
①The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.(2022·全国甲卷)vt.(用手)触,拿
②Driving a car is not just handling controls but judging speed and distance.vt.操纵(车辆)
③Tea in China was traditionally drunk from cups without handles.n.把手
④Consider turning your travel plan over to a travel agent and letting him double-check all the details,make suggestions,and then handle the actual reservations.
(2023·浙江1月卷)vt.处理
句型公式:have+宾语+过去分词(短语)
课本原句:Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
相应地,他让人把水泵的手柄拆了,这样水泵就不能用了。
佳句背诵　
I am sorry I could not attend the dance practice;I had my feet hurt after slipping on the stairs,making it difficult to stand for too long.(道歉信)
很抱歉我不能参加舞蹈练习;我在楼梯上滑倒后脚受伤了,站立时间过长会很困难。
have sth done 使某事被做;请人做某事
have sb do sth 让某人做某事
have sb/sth doing sth 让某人一直做某事或让某事处于某种状态
can’t have sb doing sth 不能容忍某人做某事
have sth to do 有某事要做
以练促学　单句写作
①I regret to tell you that I will have you quit the competition,for we can’t have anybody cheating in the game.
我很遗憾地告诉你,我将会让你退出比赛,因为我们不能容忍任何人在比赛中作弊。
②I am terribly sorry for having you waiting for so long,because I had an urgent thing to attend to just now.(道歉信)
我非常抱歉让你等了这么长时间,因为刚才我有一件紧急的事情要处理。
教考衔接　单句写作
③We began to help pick peaches,working alongside the cheerful farmers who taught us the proper techniques.After filling up several baskets,we then had them delivered to the farmers’ houses.(活动介绍;2020·全国Ⅱ卷)
我们开始帮那些热情的农民一起摘桃子,他们教会我们正确的技巧。在装满了几个篮子后,我们随后将它们送到了农户的家中。
维度一　单元知识运用
1.Many believed that the sudden weather change was to blame (blame) for the failure of the outdoor concert.
2.Littering in the school playground has been on the decrease since the introduction of more trash bins.
3.Several volunteers came down with heat exhaustion during the charity marathon event last summer.
4.Above all,maintaining a positive attitude is essential for overcoming any challenge.
5.She had her artwork destroyed (destroy) in the flood,losing years of hard work.
6.The wind was so strong that it knocked down several trees in the school yard.
7.It seemed that the more they studied,the more questions they had,turning their study session into a lively discussion.
8.Nothing is more satisfying (satisfying) to her than solving a complex puzzle.
9.To defend the garden from/against pests,they introduced natural predators (天敌),which helped maintain the health of the plants without using harmful chemicals.
维度二　单元知识拾遗
1.The software update fixed the bug once and for all,improving the system’s performance.
软件更新彻底修复了这个错误,提升了系统的性能。
2.She subscribes to the idea that a balanced diet is more beneficial than any trendy diet.
她认同均衡饮食比任何时髦的饮食都更有益的观点。
3.She was suspected of cheating on the test because she scored unusually high compared to her previous grades.
她被怀疑在考试中作弊,因为她的成绩与以往相比异常高。
4.The project was a success thanks to the efforts of everyone involved.
由于所有参与者的努力,该项目取得了成功。
5.The old factory was transformed into a community center,offering arts and education programs.
这座旧工厂被改造成了一个社区中心,提供艺术和教育项目。
6.War broke out unexpectedly,forcing many families to flee their homes.
战争突然爆发,迫使许多家庭逃离他们的家园。
7.She was in charge of organizing the school’s sports day,a role she took very seriously.
她负责组织学校的运动会,这是她非常认真对待的一个角色。
8.She is gifted in music,able to play multiple instruments proficiently.
她在音乐方面很有天赋,能熟练地演奏多种乐器。
9.It’s easy to find fault with others,but it’s more productive to offer constructive feedback.
找别人的错很容易,但提供建设性的反馈更有成效。
维度三　单元话题写作(征文投稿——对名言的理解)
你校英文报正在征稿。请你结合下面的名人名言(famous quote),写一篇题为“My Understanding of Failure”的征文。
“A man can fail many times,but he isn’t a failure until he begins to blame somebody else.”—J.Burroughs
内容包括:1.你对该名言的理解;2.生活中的例子;3.你的感悟。
第一步　根据单元知识写美句
1.这句名言告诉我们,面对失败时,我们应该反思自己,而不是责怪他人。(省略句;put the blame on)
This famous quote conveys that when facing failure,we should reflect on ourselves instead of putting the blame on others.
2.进入高中,一些学生考试成绩很差,变得很沮丧。(frustrated)
When entering high school,some students performed poorly in exams and became frustrated.
3.他们把责任归咎于老师而不是自己,结果成绩更差。我也不例外。(blame...on)
They blamed it on the teachers rather than themselves,resulting in even poorer performance.I was no exception.
4.我意识到抱怨没有用,我开始调整我的学习方法,每当遇到困难时就向老师求助。(make no sense)
Aware that complaining made no sense,I got down to adjusting my learning methods and turned to the teacher whenever encountering difficulties.
5.多亏了老师的帮助,我取得了稳定的进步,这反过来又增强了我的信心。(thanks to)
Thanks to the teacher’s help,I made steady progress,which in turn boosted my confidence.
6.我意识到只有勇敢地承担失败的全部责任,而不是责怪别人,我们才能成功。(宾语从句;blame)
I realize that only by bravely taking full responsibility for failure rather than blaming others can we succeed.
第二步　连句成篇创佳作
【参考范文】
My Understanding of Failure
This famous quote conveys that when facing failure,we should reflect on ourselves instead of putting the blame on others.
When entering high school,some students performed poorly in exams and became frustrated.They blamed it on the teachers rather than themselves,resulting in even poorer performance.I was no exception.However,aware that complaining made no sense,I got down to adjusting my learning methods and turned to the teacher whenever encountering difficulties.Gradually,thanks to the teacher’s help,I made steady progress,which in turn boosted my confidence.
I realize that only by bravely taking full responsibility for failure rather than blaming others can we succeed.
Part Ⅰ　续写能力提升
续写构思训练(根据提示续写2场景)
场景导语:患有自闭症的赛车手奥斯汀·莱利在赛道上克服困难,展现出惊人的驾驶才能。尽管日常生活中简单任务对他来说都很复杂,但一旦坐进赛车,他就能让人大吃一惊。莱利的赛车生涯从卡丁车开始,后来他成为加拿大首位获得赛车执照的自闭症患者,并在北美各地比赛,几乎每次都能登上领奖台。
场景续写1:
成功背后的艰辛→接受训练→改进人际交往→培养乐观的态度→学习赛车理论→提高赛车技能→父母牺牲了很多→比赛费用巨大→资金来源
However,behind every success for Riley and his family is a story of hardship.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
场景续写2:
莱利在赛道之外也产生了影响→发起了一个名为“与自闭症比赛(Racing with Autism)”的教育运动→主持了数百场演讲→莱利想改变世界
Riley has also made a difference off the track.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
【参考范文】
However,behind every success for Riley and his family is a story of hardship.On the one hand,Riley had to accept training.He improved his interpersonal skills and developed a positive and optimistic attitude.On the other hand,he worked hard to learn the theory of racing,underwent intensive training and boosted racing skills through frequent competitions.His parents sacrificed a lot to keep him racing.It was expensive.A weekend tournament could cost tens of thousands of dollars,not including travel,food and hotels.Their fund came from some sponsors,donations and commercial sales.
Riley has also made a difference off the track.He launched an education campaign named“Racing with Autism”.He hosted hundreds of presentations,telling kids,teachers and parents about his story.Families with children with autism felt if Riley could do what he was doing,their kids would have a chance too.Riley often tells us he wants to change the world.“I feel very happy and proud of what I’m doing...Because,yes,I’m a racer and yes,I love racing,but I’m doing it to change the world,” he says.“My heart is changing the world.”
Part Ⅱ　高考同源研探
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D)
On March 7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases,the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance,the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time,but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently,the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow,these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
真题再做
【语篇解读】　本文是议论文。作者从多个角度探讨群体智慧,指出群体讨论的结果比个人思考的结果更准确。
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
答案　B　[段落大意题。通读第二段内容可知,本段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑,故选B项。]
33.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if　　　　.
A.the crowds were relatively small
B.there were occasional underestimates
C.individuals did not communicate
D.estimates were not fully independent
答案　D　[推理判断题。结合第二段中的“In more technical...be independent.”和第三段中的“when crowds were further...independent individuals”可知,Navajas的研究发现,即使团队成员的估算不是完全独立的,平均的估算准确度也会提高,故选D项。]
34.What did the follow-up study focus on
A.The size of the groups.
B.The dominant members.
C.The discussion process.
D.The individual estimates.
答案　C　[细节理解题。通过第四段第一句话可知,在随后对100名大学生的研究中,研究人员的重点在于团队讨论中队员们干了什么,即讨论的过程,故选C项。]
35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A.Unclear. B.Dismissive.
C.Doubtful. D.Approving.
答案　D　[观点态度题。通过最后一段可知,虽然Navajas的研究有局限性,但是从他的研究看,团队讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的,由此可判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度,故选D项。]
思维建模
揣摩段落大意
有时,作者可能不直接给出主题句,而是通过各种方法暗示给读者,这就需要读者充分发挥想象力与判断力,揣摩段落大意。
以例示法(如32题)
第一步:细揣摩,概括段意
作者在此段中没有给出主题句,需要我们揣摩其段意。本段解释了“群体智慧”效应背后的逻辑,特别是从人们在做估算时的错误出发,说明这些错误如何在群体中互相抵消,进而产生较为准确的结果。
第二步:析选项,斟酌判断
A 本段的重点不是描述具体的估算方法,而是在解释估算准确性的原理和逻辑。
B 本段的确是在解释“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑。因此,B选项准确反映了第2段的核心内容。
C 虽然段落提到了人们在估算中的一些倾向,比如高估或低估,但段落的重点并不是分析人们犯错的具体原因,而是解释这些错误如何被抵消。
D 第2段没有提及高尔顿实验的设计细节,而是侧重于解释“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑。
积阅读单词 垒主题词块
Para.1:statistician n.统计学家;Para.2:independent adj.独立的;Para.3:phenomenon n.现象; Para.4:confident adj.自信的;dominant adj.主导的; Para.5:limitation n.限制 Para.1:average of estimates估计的平均值; Para.3:key finding关键发现;smaller groups更小的组; Para.4:global reduction全局减少; Para.5:potential implications潜在影响
析 长 难 语 句 Para.3:The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. [句式分析]　这是一个复合句。that引导表语从句,在这个从句中含有when引导的时间状语从句和that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词groups。 [尝试翻译]　这项研究的关键发现是,当人群被进一步分为可以进行讨论的小组时,这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体间的平均值更为准确。 [语言赏析]　句子采用了对比手法,强调了讨论后的群体与独立个体在估算准确性方面的差异。通过使用more accurate than的比较结构,清楚表达了群体智慧的优势。
课时作业　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2025·济南高三模拟)
A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence,enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans.Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy,involving a trial-and-error approach,which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use.To examine it,Brandon Turner,a psychology professor at The Ohio State University,and his colleagues conducted the new study.
In the study,the pigeons were presented with various visual images,including lines of different widths and angles,and different types of rings.The pigeons had to peck (啄) a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged.If they got it correct,they received food;if they were wrong,they received nothing.Results showed that,through trial and error,the pigeons improved their accuracy in categorization tasks,increasing their correct choices from about 55% to 95%.
Researchers believed pigeons used associative learning,which is linking two phenomena with each other.For example,it is easy to understand the link between “water” and “wet”.“Associative learning is frequently assumed to be far too primitive to explain complex visual categorization like what we saw the pigeons do,” Tumer said.But that’s exactly what the researchers found.
The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use:associative learning and error correction.And,like the pigeons,the AI model learned to make the right predictions to significantly increase the number of correct answers.For humans,the challenge when given tasks like those given to pigeons is that they would try to come up with rules that could make the tasks easier.But in this case,there were no rules,which upsets humans.
“What’s interesting,though,is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans,” Turner said.“We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence;at the same time,we regard pigeons as not clever animals,” he said.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的科学发现表明,鸽子可以像人工智能一样解决一些复杂的问题。
1.What is the purpose of the new study
A.To test a theory.
B.To evaluate a model.
C.To employ a strategy.
D.To involve an approach.
答案　A　[推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy...To examine it,Brandon Turner...and his colleagues conducted the new study.”可知,Brandon Turner和他的同事之所以展开新的研究,是为了验证之前研究提出的理论,故选A项。]
2.What were the pigeons expected to do in the experiment
A.Draw circles. B.Correct errors.
C.Copy gestures. D.Identify images.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The pigeons had to peck(啄)a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged.”可知,科学家们希望鸽子可以按动左右按钮来确认图像所属的类别,也就是说,科学家希望鸽子能够识别图像,故选D项。]
3.What do pigeons and AI have in common according to the study
A.They are of equal intelligence.
B.They are good at making rules.
C.They respond rapidly to orders from humans.
D.They employ simple ways to get things done.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use”可知,研究人员的人工智能模型也使用了鸽子使用的简单的方法来处理相同的任务,这是二者的共同之处,故选D项。]
4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Pigeons’ trial-and-error method is revealed
B.Pigeons outperform humans in tough tasks
C.“Not smart” pigeons may be as smart as AI
D.AI models after pigeons’ learning approach
答案　C　[标题归纳题。根据本文第一段中的“A new study reveals that pigeons(鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence”和最后一段中的“We celebrate how smart we are...we regard pigeons as not clever animals”可知,本文首尾呼应,都讲到了原本被认为不怎么聪明的鸽子可以像人工智能一样去解决问题,故选C项。]
(2025·湖北十校第一次联考)
Many robots track objects by “sight” as they work with them,but optical (光学的) sensors can’t take in an item’s entire shape when it’s in the dark or partially blocked from view.Now a new low-cost technique lets a robotic hand “feel” an unfamiliar object’s form—and skillfully handle it based on this information alone.
University of California,San Diego,roboticist Wang Xiaolong and his team wanted to find out whether complex actions could be achieved in robotics using only simple touch data.
The researchers attached 16 contact sensors,each costing about $12,to the palm and fingers of a four-fingered robot hand.These sensors simply indicate whether an object is touching the hand or not.“While one sensor doesn’t catch much,a lot of them can help you capture different aspects of the object,” Wang says.In this case,the robot’s task was to rotate (旋转) items placed in its palm.
They first ran simulations (模拟) to collect enough touch data as a virtual robot hand practiced rotating objects,including balls and other irregular objects.Using information from each sensor,the team built a computer model that determines an object’s position at every step of the handling process and moves the fingers to rotate it smoothly and stably.
Next they transferred this capability to operate a real robot hand,which successfully controlled previously unfamiliar objects such as apples,tomatoes,soup cans and rubber ducks.Transferring the computer model to the real world was relatively easy because the sensor data were so simple.However,New York University’s Lerrel Pinto,who studies robots’ interactions,wonders whether the system would fail at more complicated tasks.
So in future work,Wang’s group aims to tackle more complex movements as well as to add sensors in places such as the sides of the fingers.“This means that there will be more accurate information from touching that allows reconstructing the object’s shape,” Wang says.The researchers will also try adding vision to complement touch data for handling complicated shape.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校的机器人专家王小龙和他的团队通过模拟实验,探索仅用简单的触摸数据,机器人是否可以实现复杂的动作。这项新的低成本技术可以让机械手“感觉”不熟悉物体的形状,并仅根据简单信息就能熟练地完成复杂任务。
5.What was the intention of the research conducted by Wang Xiaolong’s group
A.To develop a robot with advanced optical sensors.
B.To create a robotic hand to grasp familiar objects.
C.To explore the use of touch data in complex robotic actions.
D.To investigate the impact of lighting on robotic recognition.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“wanted to find out whether...simple touch data”可知,王小龙和他的团队想弄清,仅用简单的触摸数据,机器人是否可以实现复杂的动作。]
6.What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A.The working principle of the robot hand in Wang’s research.
B.The type of contact sensors attached to the robot hand.
C.The way that the robot hand captured different objects.
D.The function of the robot hand in Wang’s research.
答案　A　[段落大意题。第三段主要讲研究人员将16个接触式传感器安装在四指机械手的手掌和手指上。这些传感器只显示一个物体是否接触到手。在这种情况下,机器人的任务是旋转放在它手掌中的物品。由此可知,第三段主要介绍了王小龙研究中机械手的工作原理。]
7.How did the researchers gather touch data for the robotic hand’s training
A.They used real-world objects.
B.They used complex optical sensors.
C.They relied on vision-based technology.
D.They conducted simulations with the robot hand.
答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第四段的内容可知,研究人员首先进行模拟,在虚拟机械手练习旋转包括球和其他不规则物体的物体时,收集足够的触摸数据。利用来自每个传感器的信息,该团队建立了一个计算机模型,该模型可以在处理过程的每一步确定物体的位置,并使手指平稳地旋转物体。]
8.What is Wang Xiaolong’s attitude towards Pinto’s concern over the system
A.Doubtful. B.Positive.
C.Unclear. D.Dismissive.
答案　B　[观点态度题。倒数第二段最后一句讲Pinto怀疑该系统是否会在更复杂的任务中失败。最后一段讲王小龙的团队的目标是解决更复杂的动作,并在手指侧面等地方添加传感器,他说这意味着通过触摸会获得更准确的信息,从而可以重建更精确的物体形状。由此可知,对于Pinto对他们研究现状的担忧,王小龙和他的团队是以积极的态度去应对。]
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2025·湛江高三模拟)
As an assistant manager at a restaurant,I encountered a heart-warming experience.One day,a father and his young son 　1　 the restaurant and spent a very long time looking through the menu.　2　,the father came up and started asking me about 　3　 because his son was allergic (过敏的)to some food.
At some point,the boy,who was probably six or seven,　4　 me a laminated (覆膜的) card that listed all his allergens.They were a lot.It was 　5　 for me to remember them,and I didn’t know what the seasoning mixtures were,so I asked to borrow the 　6　 so I could go check.He 　7　,and off I went.
It 　8　 that many of our seasoning and sauces contained allergens for the boy.After much effort,I found a 　9　 option for him and took extra precautions due to his meat allergy.The father was grateful and explained they had 　10　 to find suitable dining options.This 　11　 the beginning of a special connection,as they became 　12　 customers,visiting at least once a week.
The positive 　13　 I received was a heartening reminder that through genuine care and understanding,we can make a 　14　.It reinforces my commitment to ensure that each guest’s experience is memorable and that they can 　15　 their unique needs.
【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者作为一家餐厅的助理经理,为食物过敏的小男孩定制菜品的暖心故事。
1.A.entered B.denied
C.noticed D.checked
答案　A　[句意:一天,一位父亲和他的小儿子走进餐厅,花了很长时间浏览菜单。enter进入;deny否认;notice注意;check检查。根据下文“spent a very long time looking through the menu”可知,应是一位父亲和他的儿子先进入餐厅,然后浏览菜单,故选A项。]
2.A.Formally B.Gradually
C.Immediately D.Eventually
答案　D　[句意:最后,这位父亲走了过来,开始问我有关食物材料的问题,因为他的儿子对一些食物过敏。formally正常地;gradually逐渐地;immediately立即;eventually最后。根据上文“spent a very long time looking through the menu”可知,这位父亲花了很长时间浏览菜单。最后走过来问作者有关配料的问题,故选D项。]
3.A.expenses B.ingredients
C.tastes D.quantities
答案　B　[句意同上。expense开支;ingredient材料;成分;taste口味;quantity质量。根据下文“because his son was allergic(过敏的)to some food”可知,小男孩对一些食物过敏,所以询问的是有关食物材料的问题,故选B项。]
4.A.wrote B.drew
C.handed D.lent
答案　C　[句意:某个时候,这个可能六七岁的男孩递给我一张覆膜卡片,上面列出了他所有的过敏原。write写;draw画;hand递;lend借出。根据下文“so I asked to borrow the 　　　　”可知,男孩递给作者一张卡片,故选C项。]
5.A.interesting B.enjoyable
C.useless D.impossible
答案　D　[句意:我不可能记住它们,也不知道调料混合物是什么,所以我请求借用卡片,这样我就可以去检查了。interesting有趣的;enjoyable令人愉快的;useless无用的;impossible不可能的。根据上文“They were a lot.”可知,男孩的过敏原很多,所以作者不可能记住它们,于是要求借卡片,故选D项。]
6.A.card B.boy
C.money D.menu
答案　A　[句意同上。card卡片;boy男孩;money钱;menu菜单。根据上文“a laminated(覆膜的) card”可知,男孩给作者递了一张卡片。作者请求借卡片。card是原词复现,故选A项。]
7.A.hesitated B.agreed
C.cried D.laughed
答案　B　[句意:他同意了,我就走了。hesitate犹豫;agree答应;cry哭;laugh笑。根据下文“and off I went”可知,男孩的父亲同意了作者的请求,故选B项。]
8.A.came to B.looked like
C.ended up D.turned out
答案　D　[句意:事实证明,我们的许多调味料和酱汁都含有男孩会过敏的成分。come to来到;look like看起来像;end up结果;最终;turn out结果是;事实证明。It turned out that是固定句型,意为“结果证明;事实证明”,故选D项。]
9.A.clever B.cheap C.safe D.new
答案　C　[句意:经过努力,我为他找到了一个安全的选择,并因他对肉类过敏而采取了额外的预防措施。clever聪明的;cheap便宜的;safe安全的;new新的。根据下文“took extra precautions”可知,作者还采取了额外的预防措施,所以此处应是为小男孩找到了一个安全的选择,故选C项。]
10.A.struggled B.pretended
C.decided D.forgotten
答案　A　[句意:这位父亲很感激,并解释说他们一直在努力寻找合适的用餐选择。struggle努力;pretend假装;decide决定;forget忘记。根据本句的过去完成时态以及空后的“to find suitable dining options”可知,他们一直在努力寻找合适的用餐选择。struggle to do sth意为“努力做某事”,故选A项。]
11.A.designed B.broke
C.marked D.kept
答案　C　[句意:这标志着一种特殊联系的开始,因为他们成为了常客,每周至少来(餐馆)一次。design设计;break打破;mark标志;keep保持。根据下文“as they became 　　　　customers,visiting at least once a week.”可知,父子俩成为了餐馆的常客,所以那一次就餐标志着一种特殊联系的开始,故选C项。]
12.A.private B.regular
C.normal D.curious
答案　B　[句意:同上。private私人的;regular有规律的;经常的;normal正常的;curious好奇的。根据下文“visiting at least once a week”可知,父子俩成为了餐馆的常客,故选B项。]
13.A.lesson B.present
C.envy D.response
答案　D　[句意:我得到的积极反馈令人振奋地提醒我,通过真正的关心和理解,我们可以有所作为。lesson课;教训;present礼物;envy羡慕;response反应。根据上文“This 　　　　the beginning of a special connection,as they became 　　　　customers,visiting at least once a week.”可知,这是作者得到的积极回应,故选D项。]
14.A.difference B.change
C.sense D.promise
答案　A　[句意同上。difference差异;change改变;sense意义;promise承诺。make a difference意为“有影响;起(重要)作用”。此处指通过真正的关心和理解,我们可以有所作为,故选A项。]
15.A.accept B.promote
C.tailor D.dismiss
答案　C　[句意:这强化了我的承诺,即确保每位客人的体验都令人难忘,让顾客可以定制自己的独特需求。accept接受;promote促进;tailor定制;dismiss解雇。根据下文“their unique needs”可知,此处指定制顾客的独特需求,故选C项。]
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2025·潍坊高三统考)
The Cultural Landscape of Old Tea Forests of the Jingmai Mountain in Pu’er gained the World Heritage Site status at the 45th session of UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee,1.　　　　　　 (become) the first World Heritage Site related to tea.
The 2.　　　　　　 (new) named heritage site,located in Lancang Lahu Autonomous County in Pu’er,Yunnan Province,3.　　　　　　 (comprise) five large-scale,well-preserved old tea forests,three protective barrier forests 4.　　　　　　 nine ancient villages in the old tea forests.
The committee said the cultural landscape is an outstanding example of a sustainable land-use system 5.　　　　　　 (base) on the combination of horizontal and vertical land-use patterns.“This land-use system permits the use of natural resources in the typically 6.　　　　　　 (mountain) environment of Jingmai Mountain and represents an exceptional example of a human interaction by Blang and Dai 7.　　　　　　 (people) with a challenging environment.”
Chen Yaohua,director of Peking University’s World Heritage Research Center,said the tea-growing technique on the Jingmai Mountain is quite unique,particularly in these years 8.　　　　　　 large-scale terraced (阶梯形的) tea plantations play a dominant role in the world.It represents the ecological ethics (伦理) and 9.　　　　　　 (wise) that can inspire sustainable development in the world today.
The local government of Pu’er and the Yunnan provincial authorities have released three laws and seven regulations focusing 10.　　　　　　 the protection of the cultural landscape resources.
【语篇解读】　本文是新闻报道。文章主要报道了中国普洱景迈山古茶林文化景观被列入世界遗产名录,还介绍了该文化景观的特色和价值等。
1.becoming　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处作非谓语。become与其逻辑主语“The Cultural Landscape...in Pu’er”之间是主谓关系,用动词-ing形式作状语,故填becoming。]
2.newly　[考查词性转换。空处修饰形容词化的过去分词named,应填副词,故填newly。]
3.comprises　[考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,空处作谓语。根据句意可知,此处描述客观事实,故使用一般现在时;句子的主语The newly named heritage site表示第三人称单数概念,故填comprises。]
4.and　[考查并列连词。分析句子结构可知,设空前后是并列关系,故填and。]
5.based　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,句中is为宾从的谓语动词,空处作非谓语。逻辑主语land-use system与base之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词短语作后置定语,故填based。]
6.mountainous　[考查词性转换。修饰空后名词environment,应用形容词。故填mountainous。]
7.peoples　[考查名词的数。分析句子结构可知,空处应用名词作宾语,此处表示“布朗族和傣族人”。people在此为可数名词,意为“民族”,故填peoples。]
8.when　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为these years,从句中缺时间状语,故填when。]
9.wisdom　[考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知,空处与ethics构成并列关系,此处用wise的名词形式,故填wisdom。]
10.on　[考查介词。此处考查固定搭配focus on“集中于……”,故填on。]
A Para.1:strategy n.策略;Para.2:category n.类别;accuracy n.准确性;Para.3:primitive adj.原始的
B Para.1:track v.跟踪;追踪;block v.挡住;Para.4:smoothly adv.流畅地;平稳地; Para.5:transfer v.使转移;Para.6:complement v.补足,补充
A Para.5:celebrate　熟义:vt.庆祝;生义:vt.赞扬
B Para.5:can 　熟义:modal verb能,可以　生义:n.金属罐
A Para.1:tackle problems处理问题;Para.2:visual images视觉图像; Para.3:complex visual categorization复杂视觉分类;Para.5:similar to类似于
B Para.1:take in接收;看到;注意到
长 难 句 式 A Para.1:A new study reveals that pigeons can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence,enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. [分析]　第一个that引导宾语从句;第二个that引导定语从句,修饰先行词tasks;现在分词短语enabling them to solve difficult tasks作状语。 [译文]　一项新的研究表明,鸽子可以像人工智能一样处理一些问题,使它们能够解决一些人类也难以解决的困难任务。(共164张PPT)
UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
选择性必修第二册
单元词句识记
内
容
索
引
单元默写检测
核心知识突破
关键能力考查
读写素养培优
课时作业
单 元 词 句 识 记
Ⅰ.阅读单词
1.cholera n.　　　 霍乱
2.diarrhoea n. 腹泻
3.dehydration n. 脱水
4.epidemiology n. 流行病学
5.microscope n. 显微镜
6.protein n. 蛋白质
7.cell n. 细胞;小房间;单间牢房
8.virus n. 病毒
9.vaccine n. 疫苗
10.framework n. 框架;结构
11.plasma n. 血浆
12.aerospace n. 航空航天工业
13.patriotic adj. 爱国的
14.aviation n. 航空制造业;航空;飞行
15.jet n. 喷气式飞机
Ⅱ.核心单词
1.severe diarrhoea　　　 　严重的腹泻
2.contradictory evidence 相互矛盾的证据
3.be infected with germs 感染了细菌
4.water pump 水泵
5.some households 一些住户
6.raw waste 未处理的废弃物
7.scientific statistics 科学统计
8.subscribe to the theory 同意这种理论
9.the prime suspect 头号嫌疑人
10.take the blame 承担过错
11.the handle of the pump 水泵的把手
12.build a rainbow bridge 建一座彩虹桥
13.a concrete floor 混凝土地面
14.show a link 证明联系
15.substantial changes 重大变化
16.decrease in spending 开支减少
17.transform the way 改变方法
18.change the thinking 改变思维
19.an important finding 一项重大发现
20.do some solid work 做一些稳定的工作
21.cast different shadows 投下不同的影子
22.pour it like a liquid 像倒液体一样倒它
23.trace back to 追溯到
24.an outstanding scientist 一位杰出的科学家
25.abstract thought 抽象思维
26.the original concept 最初的观念
27.besides extra-curricular activities 除课外活动之外
28.a brilliant performance 一场绝妙的表演
29.space and missile programme 航天和导弹项目
30.find fault with my work 挑我工作的毛病
31.a shift in interest 兴趣的改变
Ⅲ.派生单词
1.frustrated adj. 懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的
frustrate vt. 使懊恼;使沮丧
frustration n. 沮丧;懊恼;挫败
2.infection n. 感染;传染
infect vt. 使感染;传染
infectious adj. 感染的;传染的
3.proof n. 证据;证明;检验
prove vt. 证明 link v.证明是
4.multiple adj. 数量多的;多种多样的
multiply vi.& vt. 乘;成倍增加;繁殖
5.intervention n. 介入;出面;干涉
intervene vi. 干扰;介入
6.pure adj. 干净的;纯的;纯粹的
purely adv. 完全地;纯粹地
purify vt. 净化;使……洁净;提纯
7.defend vt. 保卫;防守;辩解
defence/defense n. 防御;保卫;保护
8.assistant n. 助理;助手
assist vt.& vi. 帮助;协助
assistance n. 帮助;协助;援助
9.initial adj. 最初的;开始的;第一的
initially adv. 最初,首先
10.leadership n. 领导;领导地位;领导才能
lead vt. 领导;率领;控制;掌管;领路
leader n. 领导者;首领
leading adj. 最重要的;一流的
11.gifted adj. 有天赋的;有天才的;天资聪慧的
gift n. 礼物;天赋
12.steady adj. 稳定的;平稳的;稳步的
steadily adv. 稳定地;持续地
13.vivid adj. 生动的;鲜明的;丰富的
vividly adv. 生动地;逼真地;鲜明地
14.mechanical adj. 机械的;发动机的;机器的
mechanic n. 机械师;机械修理工
15.astronomer n. 天文学家
astronomy n. 天文学
Ⅳ.短语词块
1.come down with　　患(病);染上(小病)
2.break out (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始;爆发
3.subscribe to 同意;赞同
4.be to blame 负有责任
5.theoretical framework理论框架
6.water pump 水泵
7.thanks to 幸亏;由于
8.once and for all 最终地:彻底地
9.above all 最重要的是;尤其是
10.in charge of 主管;掌管
Ⅴ.教材佳句
1.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.(so...that...)
他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重,十天内就有500多人死亡。
2.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.(it作形式主语)
该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
3.Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.[have+宾语+过去分词(短语)]
相应地,他让人把水泵的手柄拆了,这样水泵就不能用了。
4.Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.(无灵主语句)
经过斯诺的不懈努力,饮用水公司开始出售洁净水,世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。
5.Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.(“否定词+比较级”表示最高级)
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
构词法日积月累
形容词后缀-ous表示“具有……性质的;充满……的”
直接+ humor幽默→humorous幽默的　courage勇气→courageous勇敢的
danger危险→dangerous危险的 mountain山→mountainous多山的
去e+ continue继续→continuous持续的　fame名声→famous著名的;出名的
adventure冒险→adventurous有冒险精神的
※disaster灾难→disastrous灾难性的
辅音之后 y变i+ envy嫉妒;羡慕→envious嫉妒的;羡慕的　glory光荣→glorious光荣的
harmony融洽;和睦→harmonious和睦的;融洽的 mystery神秘→mysterious神秘的
on变ous infection感染;传染→infectious传染性的　caution谨慎;小心→cautious谨慎的;小心的　ambition抱负;雄心→ambitious有抱负的;有雄心的　religion宗教→religious宗教的
特殊 anxiety焦虑→anxious焦虑的　curiosity好奇心→curious好奇的
variety多样化→various各种各样的
单 元 默 写 检 测
Step One　写一写
Ⅰ.阅读单词
1.die of cholera 　　　　 死于____________
2.under the microscope 在____________下
3.essential proteins and vitamins
必不可少的____________和维生素
4.a virus infection ____________感染
5.modern epidemiology 现代____________
霍乱
显微镜
蛋白质
病毒
流行病学
6.set up a framework 创建了一个____________
7.China’s aerospace science 中国的____________科学
8.patriotic youth ____________青年
9.aviation industry ____________业
10.a jet aircraft ____________
框架
航空航天
爱国
航空
喷气式飞机
Ⅱ.核心单词
1.____________ vt.& vi.怀疑;疑有;不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象
2.____________ vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.责备；指责
3.____________ n.把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
4.____________ n.联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
5.____________ n.减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
6.____________ vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变
suspect
blame
handle
link
decrease
transform
7.____________ vt.(__________，__________)投射；向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投掷
8.____________ n.阴影；影子；背光处
9.____________ vt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
10.____________ vt.追溯；追踪；查出 n.痕迹；遗迹；踪迹
11.____________ adj.优秀的；杰出的；明显的
12.____________ adj.聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的
13.____________ n.弱点；过错
14.____________ n.改变；转换；轮班 vi.& vt.转移；挪动；转向
cast
cast
cast
shadow
pour
trace
outstanding
brilliant
fault
shift
Ⅲ.派生单词
1.____________ vt.使懊恼；使沮丧→__________ adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的→______________ n.沮丧；懊恼；挫败
2.____________ vt.使感染；传染→____________ n.感染；传染→__________ adj.感染的；传染的
3.____________ n.证据；证明；检验→__________ vt.证明 link v.证明是
frustrate
frustrated
frustration
infect
infection
infectious
proof
prove
4.____________ adj.数量多的；多种多样的→____________ vi.& vt.乘；成倍增加；繁殖
5.____________ vi.干扰；介入→______________ n.介入;出面;干涉
6.____________ adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的→____________ adv.完全地；纯粹地→___________ vt.净化；使……洁净；提纯
7.____________ vt.保卫；防守；辩解→_________________ n.防御；保卫；保护
multiple
multiply
intervene
intervention
pure
purely
purify
defend
defence/defense
8.____________ vt.& vi.帮助；协助→__________ n.帮助；协助；援助→____________ n.助理；助手
9.____________ adj.最初的；开始的；第一的→____________ adv.最初，首先
10.____________ vt.领导；率领；控制；掌管；领路→____________ n.领导者；首领→____________ n.领导；领导地位；领导才能→____________ adj.最重要的；一流的
assist
assistance
assistant
initial
initially
lead
leader
leadership
leading
11.____________ n.礼物；天赋→____________ adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
12.____________ adj.稳定的；平稳的；稳步的→____________ adv.稳定地；持续地
13.____________ adj.生动的；鲜明的；丰富的→____________ adv.生动地；逼真地；鲜明地
gift
gifted
steady
steadily
vivid
vividly
Ⅳ.短语互译
1.________________同意；赞同
2.________________(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
3.________________主管；掌管
4.________________患(病)；染上(小病)
5.________________最重要的是；尤其是
subscribe to
break out
in charge of
come down with
above all
6.once and for all　　 ________________
7.water pump ________________
8.theoretical framework ________________
9.thanks to ________________
最终地;彻底地
水泵
理论框架
幸亏;由于
Ⅴ.句式仿写
1.句型公式：so...that...
He was ___________________________________ we were all deeply moved.(人物介绍)
他是一位如此负责的老师，以至于我们都被深深地打动了。
so responsible a teacher that
2.句型公式：have＋宾语＋过去分词(短语)
Mrs.Johnson _____________________________________ before her children arrived，so they could play safely.(动作描写)
约翰逊夫人在她的孩子到来之前修好了破窗户，这样他们就可以安全地玩耍。
had the broken window fixed
3.句型公式：“否定词＋比较级”连用表示最高级
______________________________________ the final bell before the summer holidays begin.(心理描写)
没有什么比暑假开始前的最后一次铃声更激动人心的了。
Nothing is more exciting than
Step Two　练一练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.The sun shone through the leaves，throwing ____________ (影子) on the lawn.
2.Media attention has ________________ (转移) recently onto environmental issues.
3.Being addicted to online shopping for too long will greatly ____________ (减少) people’s desire to take part in social activities.
shadows
shifted
decrease
4.The police are trying to ____________ (追踪) the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital.
5.As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine，we must send for an engineer to h____________ the problem.
6.Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the b____________ on the alarm clock.
trace
andle
lame
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1.____________ (initial)，most of the players in the team were unwilling to accept the defeat.
2.His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching ____________ (assist) in class whose creativity would infect other students.
3.With the widespread use of the Internet，communication across the world has ____________ (steady) developed over the years.
Initially
assistant
steadily
4.In the absence of ____________ (prove)，the police could not take action against the man.
5.They help the body defend itself against some kinds of ____________ (infect).
6.He tells stories very ____________ (vivid) and holds his audience spellbound.
proof
infections
vividly
Ⅲ.短语填空
subscribe to；thanks to；break out；come down with
1.________________ your help，we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.
2.Since he ________________ the disease，he shifted the emphasis away from work to life.
3.I have always ________________ the view that children should be given responsibility from an early age.
4.When the war ________________，the couple was still living in London.
Thanks to
came down with
subscribed to
broke out
Ⅳ.串记练习
阅读下面新情景，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Since the severe disease broke out，many people all over the world 1._________________(infect).The specialists in epidemiology who are outstanding，gifted and patriotic along with their assistants have been 2._______ charge of tracing the source of the virus in order to defend more people from 3._______________(kill).They desired to
have been infected
in
being killed
produce vaccine to handle the deadly disease once and for all.Initially，with concrete proof collected，they suspected that wild bats were 4.____________(blame).But by observing the virus with microscopes，they gathered solid and multiple statistics and mastered the framework of the virus，which 5.___________(gradual) transformed their initial contradictory thinking.All the findings made them subscribe to the idea that the virus was not directly linked to the bats，which made the brilliant experts 6.________________(frustrate).This
to blame
gradually
frustrated
also cast a shadow on the experts，so they had to shift towards 7.____________ to prevent the virus from spreading among people. Above all，the less we go out，the less likely we will come down with the deadly disease.Furthermore，taking in more protein and eating more vegetables are good 8.____________(choose) as well.Last but not least，what we should do is that we must wear masks outdoors. Thanks to these interventions，the threat of the disease saw a substantial decrease.The disease has taught us to lead a healthy life
how
choices
such as drinking pure or boiled water 9.____________ avoiding raw foods.Most importantly，we should have faith in our government，under 10.____________ leadership，we have achieved steady success.
and
whose
核 心 知 识 突 破
No.1 热考词汇
No.3写作迁移
No.2 一词多义/熟词生义
1.blame vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.责备;指责
佳句背诵　
Some group members tried to place the blame on Tom,claiming he hadn’t done his part.(动作描写)
一些组员试图把责任推给汤姆,声称他没有完成自己的部分。
be to blame (for sth) (对某事)负有责任,应受责备
blame sb for sth 因某事责备某人;把某事归咎于某人
blame sth on sb/sth 把某事归咎于某人/某事
take/bear/shoulder the blame (for sth) 承担(……的)过错/责任
put/place/lay the blame (for sth) on sb 把(……的)责任推给某人
以练促学　单句语法填空/单句写作
①Don’t always blame your own failure 　　　　　　　others.You should bear the blame 　　　　　　failure.
②　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.(心理描写)
蒂姆因为演出失败被责备,随着一阵悲伤袭来,他忍不住痛哭。
on
for
Blamed for the failure of the performance
教考衔接　单句写作
③“　　　　　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　　　　　　 ” I guiltily thought to myself.(心理描写;2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
“这些尴尬都怪我吗 ”我内疚地想。
Was I to blame for all these embarrassments
2.decrease n.减少;降低;减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低
佳句背诵　
The temperature decreased by 10 degrees overnight,causing everyone to wear warmer clothes.
温度在一夜之间下降了10度,每个人穿上了更暖和的衣服。
decrease (from...) to... (从……)减少到……
decrease by...　　 　 降低了……
decrease in... 在……方面减少/减小/下降
on the decrease 在减少
a decrease of...(in...) (在……方面)……的减少量
以练促学　单句语法填空/单句写作
①The number of students in the computer club decreased
40 to 25 this year,as many graduated.
②Because of human activities,the number of some rare animals
　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　　.
由于人类活动,一些稀有动物的数目在减少。
from
is on the decrease/decreasing
教考衔接　单句语法填空
③Corn uses less water than rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.This switch 　　　　　　　　(decrease) pollution in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(全国Ⅱ卷)
has decreased
3.defend vt.保卫;防守;辩解 [defenc(s)e n.防御;保卫;保护]
佳句背诵　
In the dense forest,David quickly learned how to defend himself against wild animals using just a stick.(动作描写)密林中,大卫迅速学会了如何仅用一根棍子保护自己不受野生动物的侵害。
defend...from/against　 保护……以免受
defend...with... 用……保护……
defend oneself 为自己辩护;自卫
in defence (of) 保护;保卫;防御;(为……)辩护
以练促学　单句语法填空/一句多译
①It is the nature of a mother to do all she can to defend her child
　　　　　　　　　　　harm and danger.
②狼紧紧地追在他后面,他用棍子保护自己。
→With the wolf running closely after him,he
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.(defence)
→The wolf ran closely after him,and he
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.(defend...with...)
from/against
took up a stick in defence of himself
defended himself with a stick
教考衔接　单句语法填空
③As prey animals,parrots are constantly watching out for danger and they instinctively (本能地) react to risks.Their first choice is to take flight.However,if this is not possible,they will fight with their powerful beaks to defend 　　　　　　　　　(they).(2024·九省联考)
themselves
片段巩固　用blame;decrease;defend完成动作描写的片段
续写训练之情节线:冒险进入森林→气温迅速下降→遇到狼群→没有恐慌→迅速收集树枝和树叶→点燃火堆→自卫→没有人因为这种困境责备彼此→共同努力→安全地返回
We adventured into the forest.Unexpectedly,the temperature began to decrease rapidly,and the weather turned colder than anticipated.Midway through our journey,we encountered a pack of wolves nearby.Instead of panicking,we quickly gathered sticks and leaves to make a fire,using the flames to defend ourselves.The fire not only kept the wolves away but also provided warmth in the cold weather.Despite the danger,no one blamed each other;instead,we worked together to ensure everyone’s safety until we could safely return from our adventurous hike.
4.come down with患(病);染上(小病)
佳句背诵　
Mark came down with a fever last night,so he couldn’t attend the math competition he had been preparing for months.
马克昨晚发烧了,所以他不能参加他准备了几个月的数学竞赛。
come across　　　 (偶然)遇见;碰见;被理解
come about 发生(无被动形式)
come down 下来
come on 加油;到来;得了吧
come out 出版;结果是;(花)开放
come up 走近;上来;被提出
come up with 提出;想出(主意、计划、回答等)
when it comes to... 当谈及……
以练促学　单句语法填空/单句写作
①The new novel by my favorite author finally came
last week,and I couldn’t wait to buy a copy.
②I finally came up 　　　　　　a solution to the math problem that had been bothering me.
③　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,listening to native speakers can help you improve.(建议信)
说到学习英语,听以英语为母语的人讲话可以帮助你进步。
out
with
When it comes to learning English
教考衔接　单句写作
④For several days he played all day in the trees surrounding our house but 　　　　　　　　　　　at bedtime.
(动作描写;2024·四省适应性考试)
在接下来的几天里,他整天都在我们房子周围的树上玩耍,但在晚上睡觉时就下来。
came down
5.above all最重要的是;尤其是
佳句背诵　
She values many qualities in her friends,but above all,she appreciates honesty and loyalty.(人物描写)
她看重朋友身上的许多品质,但最重要的是,她欣赏诚实和忠诚。
after all　 毕竟;终究
first of all 首先;第一
all in all 整体说来;总而言之
in all 全部;合计
at all (否定句)一点也不;(疑问句)到底;究竟
以练促学　all短语填空/单句写作
①The university I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture University.　　　　　　　　　　　　　,you’d better learn some basic Chinese before you come.　　　　　　,you will be under completely unfamiliar circumstances.　　　　　　　　,studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy 　　　　　　　　.
②Thanks to your timely and generous help,I managed
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.(感谢信)
多亏您及时慷慨的帮助,我成功地处理了全部四个问题。
First of all/Above all
After all
All in all
at all
to handle the four problems in all
教考衔接　单句写作
③　　　　　　　　　,I hoped he wouldn’t assign me to work with the fiercely competitive and extremely serious fellow who always demanded perfection from his teammates,making every project feel like a high-stakes battle.(心理描写;2022·浙江1月卷)
最重要的是,我希望他不会让我和那个极具竞争力并且非常严肃的人一起工作,他总是要求他的队友做到完美,使每一个项目都感觉像是一场高风险的战斗。
Above all
片段巩固　用come down with;above all完成动作描写的片段
续写训练之情节线:杰克患了重感冒,不得不推迟爬山→最重要的是,队长强调了照顾好自己→没有感到失望→聚在一起分享故事,充分利用室内时间
Jack came down with a severe cold,and the trip to the mountain had to be postponed.Above all,our captain stressed the importance of taking care of ourselves during the cold weather.Instead of feeling disappointed,we gathered around to share stories,making the most of our indoor time.
1.trace /tre s/ vt.追溯;追踪;查出 n.痕迹(生义);遗迹;踪迹
①Police are anxious to trace two men seen leaving the house just before 8 am.　　　　　　
②The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient China.　　　　　
③My wallet has been missing for several days and I can’t find any trace of it.　　　　　
④She speaks English without the slightest trace of an accent.
　　　　　
vt.查出;追踪
vt.追溯
n.踪迹
n.痕迹
2.shift / ft/ n.改变;转换;轮班(生义) vi.& vt.转移;挪动;转向;改变
①They shifted their viewpoints frequently.　　　　　
②The school had to shift resources from less popular programs to more essential academic subjects.　　　　　
③Public attitudes towards this have shifted over the past 50 years.
　　　　　
vt.改变
vt.转移
vi.改变
④It’s better to leave your listeners wishing for more than shifting restlessly in their seats waiting for your speech finally to end.
　　　　　
⑤The student volunteers were divided into three shifts,each responsible for different activities and times.　　　　　
vi.挪动
n.轮班
3.subscribe to同意;赞同;把……捐赠给……(生义);订购
①He subscribes to the view that children can benefit from being independent.　　　　　
②Amy thought it was worthwhile to read English newspapers every day so she subscribed to the 21st Century.　　　　　
③Many people subscribed money to the education fund.
　　　　　　　　　　
同意
订购
把……捐赠给……
4.handle / h ndl/ vt.处理;搬动;操纵(车辆、动物、工具等);(用手)触,拿 n.把手(生义);拉手;柄
①The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.(2022·全国甲卷)　　　　　　　
②Driving a car is not just handling controls but judging speed and distance.　　　　　　　
③Tea in China was traditionally drunk from cups without handles.
　　　　　
vt.(用手)触,拿
vt.操纵(车辆)
n.把手
④Consider turning your travel plan over to a travel agent and letting him double-check all the details,make suggestions,and then handle the actual reservations.(2023·浙江1月卷)　　　　　
vt.处理
句型公式:have+宾语+过去分词(短语)
课本原句:Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
相应地,他让人把水泵的手柄拆了,这样水泵就不能用了。
佳句背诵　
I am sorry I could not attend the dance practice;I had my feet hurt after slipping on the stairs,making it difficult to stand for too long.
(道歉信)很抱歉我不能参加舞蹈练习;我在楼梯上滑倒后脚受伤了,站立时间过长会很困难。
have sth done 使某事被做;请人做某事
have sb do sth 让某人做某事
have sb/sth doing sth 让某人一直做某事或让某事处于某种状态
can’t have sb doing sth不能容忍某人做某事
have sth to do 有某事要做
以练促学　单句写作
①I regret to tell you that I will 　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　,
for we 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 in the game.
我很遗憾地告诉你,我将会让你退出比赛,因为我们不能容忍任何人在比赛中作弊。
②I am terribly sorry for 　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　,
because 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 just now.(道歉信)
我非常抱歉让你等了这么长时间,因为刚才我有一件紧急的事情要处理。
have you quit the competition
can’t have anybody cheating
having you waiting for so long
I had an urgent thing to attend to
教考衔接　单句写作
③We began to help pick peaches,working alongside the cheerful farmers who taught us the proper techniques.After filling up several baskets,we then 　　　　　　　　　　　 to the farmers’ houses.
(活动介绍;2020·全国Ⅱ卷)
我们开始帮那些热情的农民一起摘桃子,他们教会我们正确的技巧。在装满了几个篮子后,我们随后将它们送到了农户的家中。
had them delivered
关 键 能 力 考 查
维度一　单元知识运用
1.Many believed that the sudden weather change was
(blame) for the failure of the outdoor concert.
2.Littering in the school playground has been 　　　　　　the decrease since the introduction of more trash bins.
3.Several volunteers came 　　　　　　with heat exhaustion during the charity marathon event last summer.
to blame
on
down
4.　　　　　　　　 all,maintaining a positive attitude is essential for overcoming any challenge.
5.She had her artwork 　　　　　　(destroy) in the flood,losing years of hard work.
6.The wind was so strong 　　　　　　it knocked down several trees in the school yard.
7.　　　　　　 seemed that the more they studied,the more questions they had,turning their study session into a lively discussion.
Above
destroyed
that
It
8.Nothing is 　　　　　　　　　　(satisfying) to her than solving a complex puzzle.
9.To defend the garden 　　　　　　pests,they introduced natural predators (天敌),which helped maintain the health of the plants without using harmful chemicals.
more satisfying
from/against
维度二　单元知识拾遗
1.The software update fixed the bug 　　　　　 　　　　　　　　,
improving the system’s performance.
软件更新彻底修复了这个错误,提升了系统的性能。
2.She 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 that a balanced diet is more beneficial than any trendy diet.
她认同均衡饮食比任何时髦的饮食都更有益的观点。
once and for all
subscribes to the idea
3.She 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 on the test because she scored unusually high compared to her previous grades.
她被怀疑在考试中作弊,因为她的成绩与以往相比异常高。
4.The project was a success 　　　　　 　　　　　　　 of everyone involved.
由于所有参与者的努力,该项目取得了成功。
was suspected of cheating
thanks to the efforts
5.The old factory 　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,
offering arts and education programs.
这座旧工厂被改造成了一个社区中心,提供艺术和教育项目。
6.War 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, forcing many families to flee their homes.
战争突然爆发,迫使许多家庭逃离他们的家园。
was transformed into a community center
broke out unexpectedly
7.She was 　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,
a role she took very seriously.
她负责组织学校的运动会,这是她非常认真对待的一个角色。
8.She 　　　　　　　　　　　　,able to play multiple instruments proficiently.
她在音乐方面很有天赋,能熟练地演奏多种乐器。
9.It’s easy to 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, but it’s more productive to offer constructive feedback.
找别人的错很容易,但提供建设性的反馈更有成效。
in charge of organizing the school’s sports day
is gifted in music
find fault with others
维度三　单元话题写作(征文投稿——对名言的理解)
你校英文报正在征稿。请你结合下面的名人名言(famous quote),写一篇题为“My Understanding of Failure”的征文。
“A man can fail many times,but he isn’t a failure until he begins to blame somebody else.”—J.Burroughs
内容包括:1.你对该名言的理解;2.生活中的例子;3.你的感悟。
第一步　根据单元知识写美句
1.这句名言告诉我们,面对失败时,我们应该反思自己,而不是责怪他人。
(省略句;put the blame on)
2.进入高中,一些学生考试成绩很差,变得很沮丧。(frustrated)
This famous quote conveys that when facing failure,we should reflect on ourselves instead of putting the blame on others.
When entering high school,some students performed poorly in exams and became frustrated.
3.他们把责任归咎于老师而不是自己,结果成绩更差。我也不例外。
(blame...on)
4.我意识到抱怨没有用,我开始调整我的学习方法,每当遇到困难时就向老师求助。(make no sense)
They blamed it on the teachers rather than themselves, resulting in even poorer performance.I was no exception.
Aware that complaining made no sense,I got down to adjusting my learning methods and turned to the teacher whenever encountering difficulties.
5.多亏了老师的帮助,我取得了稳定的进步,这反过来又增强了我的信心。(thanks to)
6.我意识到只有勇敢地承担失败的全部责任,而不是责怪别人,我们才能成功。(宾语从句;blame)
Thanks to the teacher’s help,I made steady progress,which in turn boosted my confidence.
I realize that only by bravely taking full responsibility for failure rather than blaming others can we succeed.
【参考范文】
My Understanding of Failure
This famous quote conveys that when facing failure,we should reflect on ourselves instead of putting the blame on others.
第二步　连句成篇创佳作
When entering high school,some students performed poorly in exams and became frustrated.They blamed it on the teachers rather than themselves,resulting in even poorer performance.I was no exception.However,aware that complaining made no sense,I got down to adjusting my learning methods and turned to the teacher whenever encountering difficulties.Gradually,thanks to the teacher’s help,I made steady progress,which in turn boosted my confidence.
I realize that only by bravely taking full responsibility for failure rather than blaming others can we succeed.
读 写 素 养 培 优
Part Ⅰ　续写能力提升
续写构思训练(根据提示续写2场景)
场景导语:患有自闭症的赛车手奥斯汀·莱利在赛道上克服困难,展现出惊人的驾驶才能。尽管日常生活中简单任务对他来说都很复杂,但一旦坐进赛车,他就能让人大吃一惊。莱利的赛车生涯从卡丁车开始,后来他成为加拿大首位获得赛车执照的自闭症患者,并在北美各地比赛,几乎每次都能登上领奖台。
场景续写1:
成功背后的艰辛→接受训练→改进人际交往→培养乐观的态度→学习赛车理论→提高赛车技能→父母牺牲了很多→比赛费用巨大→资金来源
However,behind every success for Riley and his family is a story of hardship.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
场景续写2:
莱利在赛道之外也产生了影响→发起了一个名为“与自闭症比赛(Racing with Autism)”的教育运动→主持了数百场演讲→莱利想改变世界
Riley has also made a difference off the track.　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
【参考范文】
However,behind every success for Riley and his family is a story of hardship.On the one hand,Riley had to accept training.He improved his interpersonal skills and developed a positive and optimistic attitude.On the other hand,he worked hard to learn the theory of racing,underwent intensive training and boosted racing skills through frequent competitions.His parents sacrificed a lot to keep him racing.It was expensive.A weekend tournament could cost tens of thousands of dollars,not including travel,food and hotels.Their fund came from some sponsors,donations and commercial sales.
Riley has also made a difference off the track.He launched an education campaign named“Racing with Autism”.He hosted hundreds of presentations,telling kids,teachers and parents about his story.Families with children with autism felt if Riley could do what he was doing,their kids would have a chance too.Riley often tells us he wants to change the world.“I feel very happy and proud of what I’m doing...Because,yes,I’m a racer and yes,I love racing,but I’m doing it to change the world,” he says.“My heart is changing the world.”
Part Ⅱ　高考同源研探
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D)
On March 7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases,the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance,the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time,but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently,the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow,these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
真题再做
【语篇解读】　本文是议论文。作者从多个角度探讨群体智慧,指出群体讨论的结果比个人思考的结果更准确。
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
解析　段落大意题。通读第二段内容可知,本段解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑,故选B项。
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33.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if　　　　.
A.the crowds were relatively small
B.there were occasional underestimates
C.individuals did not communicate
D.estimates were not fully independent
解析　推理判断题。结合第二段中的“In more technical...be independent.”和第三段中的“when crowds were further... independent individuals”可知,Navajas的研究发现,即使团队成员的估算不是完全独立的,平均的估算准确度也会提高,故选D项。
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34.What did the follow-up study focus on
A.The size of the groups.
B.The dominant members.
C.The discussion process.
D.The individual estimates.
解析　细节理解题。通过第四段第一句话可知,在随后对100名大学生的研究中,研究人员的重点在于团队讨论中队员们干了什么,即讨论的过程,故选C项。
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35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A.Unclear. B.Dismissive.
C.Doubtful. D.Approving.
解析　观点态度题。通过最后一段可知,虽然Navajas的研究有局限性,但是从他的研究看,团队讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的,由此可判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度,故选D项。
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思维建模
揣摩段落大意
有时,作者可能不直接给出主题句,而是通过各种方法暗示给读者,这就需要读者充分发挥想象力与判断力,揣摩段落大意。
以例示法(如32题)
第一步:细揣摩,概括段意
作者在此段中没有给出主题句,需要我们揣摩其段意。本段解释了“群体智慧”效应背后的逻辑,特别是从人们在做估算时的错误出发,说明这些错误如何在群体中互相抵消,进而产生较为准确的结果。
第二步:析选项,斟酌判断
A 本段的重点不是描述具体的估算方法,而是在解释估算准确性的原理和逻辑。
B 本段的确是在解释“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑。因此,B选项准确反映了第2段的核心内容。
C 虽然段落提到了人们在估算中的一些倾向,比如高估或低估,但段落的重点并不是分析人们犯错的具体原因,而是解释这些错误如何被抵消。
D 第2段没有提及高尔顿实验的设计细节,而是侧重于解释“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑。
积阅读单词
Para.1:statistician n.统计学家;
Para.2:independent adj.独立的;
Para.3:phenomenon n.现象;
Para.4:confident adj.自信的;dominant adj.主导的;
Para.5:limitation n.限制
垒主题词块
Para.1:average of estimates估计的平均值;
Para.3:key finding关键发现;smaller groups更小的组;
Para.4:global reduction全局减少;
Para.5:potential implications潜在影响
析长难语句
Para.3:The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
[句式分析]　这是一个复合句。that引导表语从句,在这个从句中含有when引导的时间状语从句和that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词groups。
[尝试翻译]　
[语言赏析]　句子采用了对比手法,强调了讨论后的群体与独立个体在估算准确性方面的差异。通过使用more accurate than的比较结构,清楚表达了群体智慧的优势。
这项研究的关键发现是,当人群被进一步分为可以进行讨论的小组时,这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体间的平均值更为准确。
课 时 作 业
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2025·济南高三模拟)
A new study reveals that pigeons (鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence,enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans.Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy,involving a trial-and-error approach,which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans’ reliance on selective attention and rule use.To examine it,Brandon Turner,a psychology professor at The Ohio State University,and his colleagues conducted the new study.
In the study,the pigeons were presented with various visual images,including lines of different widths and angles,and different types of rings.The pigeons had to peck (啄) a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged.If they got it correct,they received food;if they were wrong,they received nothing.Results showed that,through trial and error,the pigeons improved their accuracy in categorization tasks,increasing their correct choices from about 55% to 95%.
Researchers believed pigeons used associative learning,which is linking two phenomena with each other.For example,it is easy to understand the link between “water” and “wet”.“Associative learning is frequently assumed to be far too primitive to explain complex visual categorization like what we saw the pigeons do,” Tumer said.But that’s exactly what the researchers found.
The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use:associative learning and error correction.And,like the pigeons,the AI model learned to make the right predictions to significantly increase the number of correct answers.For humans,the challenge when given tasks like those given to pigeons is that they would try to come up with rules that could make the tasks easier.But in this case,there were no rules,which upsets humans.
“What’s interesting,though,is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans,” Turner said.“We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence;at the same time,we regard pigeons as not clever animals,” he said.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的科学发现表明,鸽子可以像人工智能一样解决一些复杂的问题。
1.What is the purpose of the new study
A.To test a theory. B.To evaluate a model.
C.To employ a strategy. D.To involve an approach.
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy...To examine it,Brandon Turner...and his colleagues conducted the new study.”可知,Brandon Turner和他的同事之所以展开新的研究,是为了验证之前研究提出的理论,故选A项。
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2.What were the pigeons expected to do in the experiment
A.Draw circles. B.Correct errors.
C.Copy gestures. D.Identify images.
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The pigeons had to peck(啄)a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged.”可知,科学家们希望鸽子可以按动左右按钮来确认图像所属的类别,也就是说,科学家希望鸽子能够识别图像,故选D项。
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3.What do pigeons and AI have in common according to the study
A.They are of equal intelligence.
B.They are good at making rules.
C.They respond rapidly to orders from humans.
D.They employ simple ways to get things done.
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The researchers’ AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use”可知,研究人员的人工智能模型也使用了鸽子使用的简单的方法来处理相同的任务,这是二者的共同之处,故选D项。
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4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Pigeons’ trial-and-error method is revealed
B.Pigeons outperform humans in tough tasks
C.“Not smart” pigeons may be as smart as AI
D.AI models after pigeons’ learning approach
√
解析　标题归纳题。根据本文第一段中的“A new study reveals that pigeons(鸽子) can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence”和最后一段中的“We celebrate how smart we are...we regard pigeons as not clever animals”可知,本文首尾呼应,都讲到了原本被认为不怎么聪明的鸽子可以像人工智能一样去解决问题,故选C项。
(2025·湖北十校第一次联考)
Many robots track objects by “sight” as they work with them,but optical (光学的) sensors can’t take in an item’s entire shape when it’s in the dark or partially blocked from view.Now a new low-cost technique lets a robotic hand “feel” an unfamiliar object’s form—and skillfully handle it based on this information alone.
University of California,San Diego,roboticist Wang Xiaolong and his team wanted to find out whether complex actions could be achieved in robotics using only simple touch data.
The researchers attached 16 contact sensors,each costing about $12,to the palm and fingers of a four-fingered robot hand.These sensors simply indicate whether an object is touching the hand or not.“While one sensor doesn’t catch much,a lot of them can help you capture different aspects of the object,” Wang says.In this case,the robot’s task was to rotate (旋转) items placed in its palm.
They first ran simulations (模拟) to collect enough touch data as a virtual robot hand practiced rotating objects,including balls and other irregular objects.Using information from each sensor,the team built a computer model that determines an object’s position at every step of the handling process and moves the fingers to rotate it smoothly and stably.
Next they transferred this capability to operate a real robot hand,which successfully controlled previously unfamiliar objects such as apples,tomatoes,soup cans and rubber ducks.Transferring the computer model to the real world was relatively easy because the sensor data were so simple.However,New York University’s Lerrel Pinto,who studies robots’ interactions,wonders whether the system would fail at more complicated tasks.
So in future work,Wang’s group aims to tackle more complex movements as well as to add sensors in places such as the sides of the fingers.“This means that there will be more accurate information from touching that allows reconstructing the object’s shape,” Wang says.The researchers will also try adding vision to complement touch data for handling complicated shape.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校的机器人专家王小龙和他的团队通过模拟实验,探索仅用简单的触摸数据,机器人是否可以实现复杂的动作。这项新的低成本技术可以让机械手“感觉”不熟悉物体的形状,并仅根据简单信息就能熟练地完成复杂任务。
5.What was the intention of the research conducted by Wang Xiaolong’s group
A.To develop a robot with advanced optical sensors.
B.To create a robotic hand to grasp familiar objects.
C.To explore the use of touch data in complex robotic actions.
D.To investigate the impact of lighting on robotic recognition.
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段的“wanted to find out whether... simple touch data”可知,王小龙和他的团队想弄清,仅用简单的触摸数据,机器人是否可以实现复杂的动作。
√
6.What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A.The working principle of the robot hand in Wang’s research.
B.The type of contact sensors attached to the robot hand.
C.The way that the robot hand captured different objects.
D.The function of the robot hand in Wang’s research.
解析　段落大意题。第三段主要讲研究人员将16个接触式传感器安装在四指机械手的手掌和手指上。这些传感器只显示一个物体是否接触到手。在这种情况下,机器人的任务是旋转放在它手掌中的物品。由此可知,第三段主要介绍了王小龙研究中机械手的工作原理。
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7.How did the researchers gather touch data for the robotic hand’s training
A.They used real-world objects.
B.They used complex optical sensors.
C.They relied on vision-based technology.
D.They conducted simulations with the robot hand.
√
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段的内容可知,研究人员首先进行模拟,在虚拟机械手练习旋转包括球和其他不规则物体的物体时,收集足够的触摸数据。利用来自每个传感器的信息,该团队建立了一个计算机模型,该模型可以在处理过程的每一步确定物体的位置,并使手指平稳地旋转物体。
8.What is Wang Xiaolong’s attitude towards Pinto’s concern over the system
A.Doubtful. B.Positive. C.Unclear. D.Dismissive.
解析　观点态度题。倒数第二段最后一句讲Pinto怀疑该系统是否会在更复杂的任务中失败。最后一段讲王小龙的团队的目标是解决更复杂的动作,并在手指侧面等地方添加传感器,他说这意味着通过触摸会获得更准确的信息,从而可以重建更精确的物体形状。由此可知,对于Pinto对他们研究现状的担忧,王小龙和他的团队是以积极的态度去应对。
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Ⅱ.完形填空
(2025·湛江高三模拟)
As an assistant manager at a restaurant,I encountered a heart-warming experience.One day,a father and his young son 　1　 the restaurant and spent a very long time looking through the menu.　2　,the father came up and started asking me about 　3　 because his son was allergic (过敏的)to some food.
At some point,the boy,who was probably six or seven,　4　 me a laminated (覆膜的) card that listed all his allergens.They were a lot.It was 　5　 for me to remember them,and I didn’t know what the seasoning mixtures were,so I asked to borrow the 　6　 so I could go check.He 　7　,and off I went.
It 　8　 that many of our seasoning and sauces contained allergens for the boy.After much effort,I found a 　9　 option for him and took extra precautions due to his meat allergy.The father was grateful and explained they had 　10　 to find suitable dining options.This 　11　 the beginning of a special connection,as they became 　12　 customers,visiting at least once a week.
The positive 　13　 I received was a heartening reminder that through genuine care and understanding,we can make a 　14　.It reinforces my commitment to ensure that each guest’s experience is memorable and that they can 　15　 their unique needs.
【语篇解读】　本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者作为一家餐厅的助理经理,为食物过敏的小男孩定制菜品的暖心故事。
1.A.entered B.denied C.noticed D.checked
解析　句意:一天,一位父亲和他的小儿子走进餐厅,花了很长时间浏览菜单。enter进入;deny否认;notice注意;check检查。根据下文“spent a very long time looking through the menu”可知,应是一位父亲和他的儿子先进入餐厅,然后浏览菜单,故选A项。
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2.A.Formally B.Gradually C.Immediately D.Eventually
解析　句意:最后,这位父亲走了过来,开始问我有关食物材料的问题,因为他的儿子对一些食物过敏。formally正常地;gradually逐渐地;immediately立即;eventually最后。根据上文“spent a very long time looking through the menu”可知,这位父亲花了很长时间浏览菜单。最后走过来问作者有关配料的问题,故选D项。
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3.A.expenses B.ingredients C.tastes D.quantities
解析　句意同上。expense开支;ingredient材料;成分;taste口味; quantity质量。根据下文“because his son was allergic(过敏的)to some food”可知,小男孩对一些食物过敏,所以询问的是有关食物材料的问题,故选B项。
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4.A.wrote B.drew C.handed D.lent
解析　句意:某个时候,这个可能六七岁的男孩递给我一张覆膜卡片,上面列出了他所有的过敏原。write写;draw画;hand递;lend借出。根据下文“so I asked to borrow the 　　　　”可知,男孩递给作者一张卡片,故选C项。
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5.A.interesting B.enjoyable C.useless D.impossible
解析　句意:我不可能记住它们,也不知道调料混合物是什么,所以我请求借用卡片,这样我就可以去检查了。interesting有趣的;enjoyable令人愉快的;useless无用的;impossible不可能的。根据上文“They were a lot.”可知,男孩的过敏原很多,所以作者不可能记住它们,于是要求借卡片,故选D项。
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6.A.card B.boy C.money D.menu
解析　句意同上。card卡片;boy男孩;money钱;menu菜单。根据上文“a laminated(覆膜的) card”可知,男孩给作者递了一张卡片。作者请求借卡片。card是原词复现,故选A项。
7.A.hesitated B.agreed C.cried D.laughed
解析　句意:他同意了,我就走了。hesitate犹豫;agree答应;cry哭;laugh笑。根据下文“and off I went”可知,男孩的父亲同意了作者的请求,故选B项。
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8.A.came to B.looked like C.ended up D.turned out
解析　句意:事实证明,我们的许多调味料和酱汁都含有男孩会过敏的成分。come to来到;look like看起来像;end up结果;最终;turn out结果是;事实证明。It turned out that是固定句型,意为“结果证明;事实证明”,故选D项。
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9.A.clever B.cheap C.safe D.new
解析　句意:经过努力,我为他找到了一个安全的选择,并因他对肉类过敏而采取了额外的预防措施。clever聪明的;cheap便宜的;safe安全的;new新的。根据下文“took extra precautions”可知,作者还采取了额外的预防措施,所以此处应是为小男孩找到了一个安全的选择,故选C项。
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10.A.struggled B.pretended C.decided D.forgotten
解析　句意:这位父亲很感激,并解释说他们一直在努力寻找合适的用餐选择。struggle努力;pretend假装;decide决定;forget忘记。根据本句的过去完成时态以及空后的“to find suitable dining options”可知,他们一直在努力寻找合适的用餐选择。struggle to do sth意为“努力做某事”,故选A项。
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11.A.designed B.broke C.marked D.kept
解析　句意:这标志着一种特殊联系的开始,因为他们成为了常客,每周至少来(餐馆)一次。design设计;break打破;mark标志;keep保持。根据下文“as they became 　　　　customers,visiting at least once a week.”可知,父子俩成为了餐馆的常客,所以那一次就餐标志着一种特殊联系的开始,故选C项。
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12.A.private B.regular C.normal D.curious
解析　句意:同上。private私人的;regular有规律的;经常的;normal正常的;curious好奇的。根据下文“visiting at least once a week”可知,父子俩成为了餐馆的常客,故选B项。
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13.A.lesson B.present C.envy D.response
解析　句意:我得到的积极反馈令人振奋地提醒我,通过真正的关心和理解,我们可以有所作为。lesson课;教训;present礼物;envy羡慕;response反应。根据上文“This 　　　　the beginning of a special connection,as they became 　　　　customers,visiting at least once a week.”可知,这是作者得到的积极回应,故选D项。
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14.A.difference B.change C.sense D.promise
解析　句意同上。difference差异;change改变;sense意义;promise承诺。make a difference意为“有影响;起(重要)作用”。此处指通过真正的关心和理解,我们可以有所作为,故选A项。
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15.A.accept B.promote C.tailor D.dismiss
解析　句意:这强化了我的承诺,即确保每位客人的体验都令人难忘,让顾客可以定制自己的独特需求。accept接受;promote促进;tailor定制;dismiss解雇。根据下文“their unique needs”可知,此处指定制顾客的独特需求,故选C项。
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Ⅲ.语法填空
(2025·潍坊高三统考)
The Cultural Landscape of Old Tea Forests of the Jingmai Mountain in Pu’er gained the World Heritage Site status at the 45th session of UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee,1.　　　　 (become) the first World Heritage Site related to tea.
The 2.　　　　　　 (new) named heritage site,located in Lancang Lahu Autonomous County in Pu’er,Yunnan Province,
3.　　　　　　 (comprise) five large-scale,well-preserved old tea forests,three protective barrier forests 4.　　　　　　 nine ancient villages in the old tea forests.
The committee said the cultural landscape is an outstanding example of a sustainable land-use system 5.　　　　　　 (base) on the combination of horizontal and vertical land-use patterns.“This land-use system permits the use of natural resources in the typically
6.　　　　　　 (mountain) environment of Jingmai Mountain and represents an exceptional example of a human interaction by Blang and Dai 7.　　　　　　 (people) with a challenging environment.”
Chen Yaohua,director of Peking University’s World Heritage Research Center,said the tea-growing technique on the Jingmai Mountain is quite unique,particularly in these years 8.
large-scale terraced (阶梯形的) tea plantations play a dominant role in the world.It represents the ecological ethics (伦理) and 9.
(wise) that can inspire sustainable development in the world today.
The local government of Pu’er and the Yunnan provincial authorities have released three laws and seven regulations focusing
10.　　　　　　 the protection of the cultural landscape resources.
【语篇解读】　本文是新闻报道。文章主要报道了中国普洱景迈山古茶林文化景观被列入世界遗产名录,还介绍了该文化景观的特色和价值等。
1.becoming　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空处作非谓语。become与其逻辑主语“The Cultural Landscape...in Pu’er”之间是主谓关系,用动词-ing形式作状语,故填becoming。]
2.newly　[考查词性转换。空处修饰形容词化的过去分词named,应填副词,故填newly。]
3.comprises　[考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,空处作谓语。根据句意可知,此处描述客观事实,故使用一般现在时;句子的主语The newly named heritage site表示第三人称单数概念,故填comprises。]
4.and　[考查并列连词。分析句子结构可知,设空前后是并列关系,故填and。]
5.based　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,句中is为宾从的谓语动词,空处作非谓语。逻辑主语land-use system与base之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词短语作后置定语,故填based。]
6.mountainous　[考查词性转换。修饰空后名词environment,应用形容词。故填mountainous。]
7.peoples　[考查名词的数。分析句子结构可知,空处应用名词作宾语,此处表示“布朗族和傣族人”。people在此为可数名词,意为“民族”,故填peoples。]
8.when　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为these years,从句中缺时间状语,故填when。]
9.wisdom　[考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知,空处与ethics构成并列关系,此处用wise的名词形式,故填wisdom。]
10.on　[考查介词。此处考查固定搭配focus on“集中于……”,故填on。]
单词聚焦 A Para.1:strategy n.策略;Para.2:category n.类别;
accuracy n.准确性;Para.3:primitive adj.原始的
B Para.1:track v.跟踪;追踪;block v.挡住;
Para.4:smoothly adv.流畅地;平稳地;
Para.5:transfer v.使转移;Para.6:complement v.补足,补充
熟词生义 A Para.5:celebrate　熟义:vt.庆祝;生义:vt.赞扬
B Para.5:can 　熟义:modal verb能,可以　生义:n.金属罐
词块 积累 A Para.1:tackle problems处理问题;
Para.2:visual images视觉图像;
Para.3:complex visual categorization复杂视觉分类;
Para.5:similar to类似于
B Para.1:take in接收;看到;注意到
长 难 句 式 A Para.1:A new study reveals that pigeons can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence,enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans.
[分析]　第一个that引导宾语从句;第二个that引导定语从句,修饰先行词tasks;现在分词短语enabling them to solve difficult tasks作状语。
[译文]　一项新的研究表明,鸽子可以像人工智能一样处理一些问题,使它们能够解决一些人类也难以解决的困难任务。

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