资源简介

英语[W]
一　背记单词
◎战争
1．landing n. (军队的)登陆
2．allied adj. (第二次世界大战)同盟国的
3．troop n. 部队；军队
4．code name v. 起代号为
5．gunfire n. 炮火
6．tank n. 坦克
7．solemn adj. 严肃的，庄重的
8．bomb v. 轰炸
9．peacekeeping n. 维持和平(的行动)
10．peacekeeper n. 维和人员
11．friction n. 冲突，摩擦
12．disarm v. 解除武装
13．combatant n. 战斗人员
14．weapon n. 武器，兵器
15．ammunition n. 弹药
16．disrupt v. 扰乱
◎活动
17．drown v. (使)淹死
18．recall v. 回想，回忆起
19．weary v. (使)非常疲倦
20．condemn v. 迫使(某人)处于不幸的境地
21．fortify v. 激励，加强
22．shirk v. 逃避
23．depict v. 描述，描写
24．commemorate v. 庆祝，为……举行纪念活动
25．anniversary n. 周年纪念日
26．reaffirm v. 重申，再次确定
◎描述词
27．supreme adj. 最高的
28．outstanding adj. 杰出的，优秀的
29．intellectual adj. 智力的，脑力的
30．rough adj. 简单的；粗糙的
31．dire adj. 极其严重的
32．daunting adj. 吓人的，使人气馁的
33．crowning adj. 使圆满的，使完美的
◎其他
34．tide n. 潮水
35．parachute n. 降落伞
36．objective n. 目的，目标
37．coastline n. 海岸线
38．amongst (＝among) prep. 在……当中
39．uniform n. 制服
40．sardine n. 沙丁鱼
41．peer n. 同龄人；同辈
42．breeze n. 微风
43．blueprint n. 蓝图
44．sum n. 金额，款项
45．grain n. 谷物，粮食
二　词形变化
1．violent adj. 狂暴的，凶暴的→violence n. 暴力→violently adv. 猛烈地，激烈地；极端地
2．command v. 指挥；命令　n. 命令，指示；掌握，精通→commander n. 指挥官，长官→commanding adj. 指挥的；居高临下的；威风凛凛的
3．horror n. 惊恐→horrible adj. 恐怖的→horribly adv. 可怕地；非常
4．bare adj. 裸露的；光秃秃的→barely adv. 勉强才能
5．liberate v. 解放(城市、国家等)→liberation n. 解放
6．memory n. 记忆→memorize v. 记住→memorial adj. 纪念的，追悼的　n. 纪念物；纪念碑→memorable adj. 值得纪念的；难忘的
7．stable adj. 稳定的→stability n. 稳固，稳定→unstable adj. 不稳定的
8．profession n. 专业；职业→professional adj. 专业的　n. 专业人员→professionalism n. 专业水准；专业素质；职业精神
9．academic adj. 学术的→academically adv. 学术地
10．aggress v. 攻击，侵略→aggression n. 侵略→aggressive adj. 好斗的；侵略的
11．associate v. 联系；联合→associated adj. 联合的→association n. 联系；协会，社团；联合
12．emerge v. 出现→emergence n. 出现→emergency n. 突发事件，紧急情况　adj. 紧急情况下的，应急的
13．invade v. 侵略；侵犯→invader n. 侵略者，侵略军→invasion n. 侵略
14．mist n. 薄雾；水汽→misty adj. 多雾的
15．glory n. 辉煌的成就；荣耀的事→glorious adj. 光荣的，荣耀的
16．prominent adj. 著名的，杰出的→prominence n. 突出，卓越
17．dedicate v. 把……奉献给→dedication n. 奉献→dedicated adj. 献身的，专心致志的
18．represent v. 象征，代表→representative n. 代表→representation n. 代表；陈述；表现
19．collect v. 收集，采集；收藏；聚集→collective adj. 集体的；共同的→collectively adv. 共同地，全体地→collection n. 采集，聚集；征收；收藏品；募捐→collector n. 收藏家；收税员；征收者
20．relevant adj. 有关的，切题的→relevance n. 相关性
1．It is wrong to resist other's violent behaviour with violence. (violent)
2．John is the representative of our company, and he represents us in all important business meetings. (represent)
3．The commander issued a command and commanded that all the soldiers should go to the front line. (command)
4．In 1949, the whole of China was__liberated. After liberation,__the Chinese people lived as masters of their own country. (liberate)
5．A memorial service is being held for the soldiers in memory of their contributions to the independence of our country. (memory)
6．It is important to keep the stable development of the economy and the stability of it can ensure that all the people share the fruits of development. (stable)
7．In western countries, the number thirteen is associated with bad luck, but actually there isn't any association between them. (associate)
8．Since graduation, Li Lei has__dedicated himself to improving the education of the local people. His dedication to his work moves the villagers deeply. (dedicate)
三　熟词生义
1.objective [熟义] n. 目的，目标
[生义] adj. 客观的 n. 宾格
2．memorial [熟义] adj. 纪念的，追悼的
[生义] n. 纪念碑；纪念物；纪念馆
3．weary [熟义] v. (使)非常疲倦
[生义] adj. 疲倦的；感到厌烦的
4．relevant [熟义] adj. 有关的，切题的
[生义] adj. 有价值的；有意义的；适宜的
1．It's hard to give an objective opinion about your own children.
对自己的孩子很难给出客观的评价。
2．Her novel is still relevant today.
她的小说今天仍有意义。
3．She suddenly felt old and weary.
她突然感到了衰老和疲倦。
4．Building a memorial to Columbus has been his lifelong dream.
为哥伦布建一座纪念碑是他一生的梦想。
小积累—word familes
　　1.趣味“合成词”荟萃 ①blueprint n. 蓝图 ②peacekeeper n. 维和人员 ③daybreak n. 破晓 ④breakthrough n. 突破 ⑤gunfire n. 炮火 ⑥coastline n. 海岸线 2.on短语串联 ①on__standby 待命 ②on__duty 值班，上班 ③on time 准时 ④on foot 步行 ⑤on purpose 故意地 ⑥on display 展览 3.由dis 开头的单词 ①disarm v. 解除武装 ②discourage vt. 使泄气，使灰心 ③disagreement n. 分歧，争论；不相符 ④disappear v. 消失 ⑤discomfort n. 不舒适，不舒服 vt. 使……不舒服
一　词表短语/课文短语
1．on__standby 待命
2．make__up 组成；化妆；弥补；编造
3．free__...__from 使……摆脱/免于……
4．have__confidence__in 对……有信心
5．nothing__less__than 不亚于；不低于；简直；全然
6．prepare__for 为……做准备
7．make__it 获得成功；到达
8．meet__up__with 与……会面
　选用上面的短语填空
1．Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet__up__with colleagues you don't always see.
2．The emergency services were put on__standby after a bomb warning.
3．It's important to prepare__for your trip in advance and to take precautions while you are travelling.
4．My diet is__made__up of meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, water, and milk.
5．If you don't have__confidence__in your self control, ask your parents for help.
二　写作词块
1．wait__for 等待
2．the__combination__of ……的结合
3．hold__down 压住；抑制
4．devotion__to__duty 忠于职守
5．in__the__depths__of__war 在战争的深渊中
6．destroy__the__morale__of__ordinary__people 摧毁了普通人的士气
7．refer__to__...__as__... 把……称作……
8．bring__suffering__and__immense__challenges 带来痛苦和巨大的挑战
9．shirk__one's__duty 逃避某人的责任
10．a__sense__of__commitment 忠诚感
11．light__up 照亮；呈现高兴的情绪
12．defend__the__honour__of__the__nation 捍卫国家的荣誉
1．(教材P34)这次作战行动的代号为“霸王行动”，它是历史上规模最大的海、陆、空三方力量集结的行动，目的是解放德国占领的欧洲西北部地区。(独立主格结构)
Code named__“Operation__Overlord”，__it__was__the__largest__combined__sea,__air__and__land__operation__in__history,__the__aim__being__to__free__north west__Europe__from__German__occupation.
2．(教材P35)船被击翻，一些人落水而亡，而那些成功登陆的人面对的则是机关枪的猛烈扫射。(while表示对比)
Boats__were__hit__and__men__drowned,__while__those__who__did__make__it__to__the__beach__faced__heavy__machine__gunfire.
3．(教材P35)第七个冲出来的士兵是第二个穿过海滩没有被击中的。(动词不定式(短语)作后置定语)
The__seventh__man__was__the__next__one__to__get__across__the__beach__without__being__hit.
自主检测
一、重点单词
1．liberate v. 解放(城市、国家等)
2．relevant adj. 有关的，切题的
3．represent v. 象征，代表→representative n. 代表→representation n. 代表；陈述；表现
4．memory n. 记忆→memorize v. 记住→memorial adj. 纪念的，追悼的　n. 纪念物；纪念碑→memorable adj. 值得纪念的；难忘的
5．emerge v. 出现→emergence n. 出现→emergency n. 突发事件，紧急情况　adj. 紧急情况下的，应急的
6．violent adj. 狂暴的，凶暴的→violence n. 暴力→violently adv. 猛烈地，激烈地；极端地
7．command v. 指挥；命令　n. 命令，指示；掌握，精通→commander n. 指挥官，长官→commanding adj. 指挥的；居高临下的；威风凛凛的
8．associate v. 联系；联合→associated adj. 联合的→association n. 联系；协会，社团；联合
9．collect v. 收集，采集；收藏；聚集→collective adj. 集体的；共同的→collectively adv. 共同地，全体地→collection n. 采集，聚集；征收；收藏品；募捐→collector n. 收藏家；收税员；征收者
10．profession n. 专业；职业→professional adj. 专业的　n. 专业人员→professionalism n. 专业水准；专业素质；职业精神
拔高词汇— 高分必备
1.refresh/rI'fre /v. 使恢复精力；使凉爽；刷新 2．vague/veIɡ/adj. 模糊的 3．facilitate/f 'sIlIteIt/vt. 促进；促使；使便利 4．frame/freIm/n. 构架；框架　vt. 镶框 5.obstruction/ b'str k n/n. 阻碍；堵塞；阻塞物 6．slap/sl p/v.& n. (用手)打、拍；拍击 7．oblige/ 'blaId /v. 迫使，强迫 8．sprain/spreIn/vt. 扭伤(关节)　n. 扭伤
二、重点语块
Before the big presentation, everyone was on__standby (待命), ensuring they were ready at a moment's notice. I had__confidence__in (对……有信心) my team's abilities and knew we had__prepared__for (为……做准备) every possible scenario. As we made__it (到达) to the conference room on time, we were all eager to meet__up__with (与……会面) our clients and show them what we had accomplished. The hard work had paid off, and we were ready to shine.
三、重点句式
1．天气很好，我们都出去玩了。 (独立主格结构)
The__weather__being__good,__we all went out to play.
2．这次展览是欣赏她作品的一次难得的机会。(动词不定式(短语)作后置定语)
The exhibition is a rare opportunity to__see__her__works．
四、写作佳句
1．【教材P35】我对你们的勇气、责任心和作战能力十分有信心。我们将迎接的只会是彻底的胜利！
I__have__full__confidence__in__your__courage,__devotion__to__duty__and__skill__in__battle.__We__will__accept__nothing__less__than__full__Victory!
2．【教材P42】真正的战争从来不是浪漫的，因为它会带来痛苦和巨大的挑战。
Real__war__is__never__romantic__as__it__brings__suffering__and__immense__challenges.
3．【教材P43】在献身精神的驱使下，许多人参军抵抗日本侵略者，保卫国家的荣誉。
Driven__by__a__sense__of__commitment,__a__great__many__joined__the__army__to__resist__the__Japanese__invaders__and__defend__the__honour__of__the__nation.
4．【教材P44】但它已经成为中国现代大学的最高荣耀，这不仅仅是因为那些杰出的教授和才华横溢的学生，也因为联大坚韧不拔和勇于奉献的精神。
But__it__has__become__the__crowning__glory__of__China's__modern__universities,__not__only__because__of__its__prominent__professors__and__talented__students,__but__also__because__of__the__school's__strong__spirit__of__perseverance__and__dedication.
硬核考点
考点1　commander n. 指挥官，长官 at one's command 听从某人的吩咐；在某人的吩咐下 take command of 控制……；担任……的指挥 have a good command of 掌握；精通(尤指语言) command sb to do sth 命令某人做某事 command that ... (should) do ... 命令……做……
1.The commander (command) of the army led the troops to victory.
2．使我们怒不可遏的是班长总是命令我们做我们不喜欢做的事。
What makes us boil with anger is that our monitor always commands__us__to__do__what__we__dislike. (动词不定式)
＝What makes us boil with anger is that our monitor always commands__that__we__(should)__do__what__we__dislike. (宾语从句)
3．首先，我的英语很好，能流利准确地说英语，这使我很容易与他人交流。(写作佳句)First of all, I have__a__good__command__of__English and can speak English fluently and accurately, which makes it easy for me to communicate with others.
考点2　condemn v. 迫使(某人)处于不幸的境地；判处(某人某种刑罚)；谴责，指责 be condemned to sth 被处以某种刑罚；被迫接受困境 be condemned to do sth 被迫接受做某事 condemn sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事而谴责某人 condemn ... as ... 指责……为……
1.She knew that society would condemn her for leaving her children.
2．They were condemned to a lifetime of boring, usually poorly paid work.
3．The law has been condemned as an attack on personal liberty.
4．他无可奈何，只能在这个足球赛季剩下的时间里作替补队员。
He was__condemned__to__spend the rest of the football season on the bench.
考点3　representative n. 代表；典型人物 adj. 典型的；有代表性的 a representative of＝be representative of ……的代表；代表着…… represent ... as/to be ... 把……描绘成……；宣称……为……
1．He is representative of a large steel company.
2．The representative (represent) from New Zealand spoke at the Pacific Islands Forum.
3．这个事例典型地反映了警方的态度。
This case is a__representative__of__the__attitude__of__the__police．
4．我写信是想推荐张朗作为我们的英语课代表。(写作佳句)
I'm__writing__to__recommend__Zhang__Lang__as__our__English__class__representative.
考点4　collective adj. 集体的；共同的 collect sth (from sb/sth) (从某人/物那里)收集某物 collect sb/sth (from ... ) (从……)领走/接走某人/物 collect oneself/one's thoughts (尽力)镇定下来， 敛神专注；做好精神准备 collect sth up 把某物收起来
1.(2024·浙江高考1月)Any passer by can “borrow” a book from its shelves, return it later, or replace it with another title from their own collection (collect).
2．(2023·北京高考)I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely.
3．To accomplish his own end, he placed collective (collect) interests in the back of his mind.
4．她到学校接她儿子去了。
She's gone to collect__her__son__from__school．
【北师版选择性必修第四册写作佳句】
One of their men, speaking in English, said that he had worked in England for some years and that he was fed up to the neck with this war and would be glad when it was over.
他们中的一个人用英语说，他在英国工作过几年，受够了这场战争，如果战争结束，他会很高兴。
考点5　sum n. 金额，款项；总数，全部　v. 概括，总结 a large sum of 一大笔…… in sum 总之，简而言之 sum up 总结，概述；计算……的总数 to sum up 总之，简而言之
1.Many people spoke at the meeting, and finally the chairman summed up the discussion.
2．He owes me a large sum of money.
3．总之，你会发现以上建议对你的汉语学习有益。(写作佳句)
To__sum__up/In__sum,__you will find the above suggestions beneficial to your Chinese learning.
考点6　relevant adj. 有关的，切题的 be relevant to ... 和……有关 have relevance to ... 与……有关
1.He refused to comment before he had seen all the relevant (relevance) information.
2．What relevance does that point have to the discussion
3．The increase is particularly relevant to items related to manufacturing.
4．我有与这个职位相关的工作经验。(写作佳句)
I have the work experience that is__relevant__to this position. (relevant)
＝I have the work experience that has__relevance__to this position. (relevance)
考点7　hold down 压(制)住；限制；保住(工作) hold up 举起；阻碍；支撑 hold on 坚持；别挂电话 hold back 隐瞒；阻止；抑制 hold out 伸出(手等)；坚持 hold on to 坚守，保留(房屋、财产等)；抓住
1.She closed her eyes tightly in a vain attempt to hold back the tears.
2．Any small interruption—a price check, a chatty customer—can have downstream effects, holding up an entire line.
3．Hold on a minute while I get my breath back.
4．The government has done something to hold down food prices.
5．目前我不能出让那所房子，因为此刻房价正在急剧上涨。
I'd hold__on__to__that__house for the time being because house prices are rising sharply at the moment.
考点8　不定式(短语)作后置定语 当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰或其前有the next, the only, the last等时，常用不定式(短语)作后置定语。 不定式(短语)作后置定语还用来修饰抽象名词，常见的有： ability, chance, ambition, offer, anxiety, answer, reply, attempt, belief等。
1.(2024·全国甲卷)She did not have a chance to__go (go) to school.
2．Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to__be__held (hold) in over forty years.
3．这种不管障碍和挫折的锲而不舍的能力是人们最为钦佩的品质。(写作佳句)
This ability to__persevere__despite__obstacles__and__setbacks is the quality people most admire.
【人教版必修第二册写作佳句】
The capital city London is a great place to start, as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all the way back to Roman times.
以首都伦敦为第一站，是个不错的选择。伦敦是一个古老的港口城市，其历史可以追溯到罗马时代。
强化训练
一、单句语法填空
1．We condemned him for his bad conduct.
2．I thought she was a representative (represent) of people with strong determination.
3．Gerald was convinced that nothing that had happened in the past was relevant to his life.
4．Her ambition to__lead (lead) the company to new heights motivated her to take on challenging projects.
5．These measures are aimed at preventing violent (violence) crime.
6．You might end up being selected chairman of the association (associate) if you play your cards right.
7．They had faced one difficulty after another with bravery and dedication (dedicate)．
8．They are important individuals, so they each are (be) worth your consideration and care.
9．In sum, I recommend that we adopt a more proactive approach to solving this problem.
10．My father wanted me to become a professional and have more stability (stable)．
二、熟词生义
1．(2024·北京高考)While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. 客观的
2．After listening to the same song over and over, I'm weary of it. 感到厌烦的
3．This report provides relevant information that will help us make an informed decision. 有价值的
4．The war memorial stands upright in the square, reminding people of the sacrifices made by soldiers. 纪念碑
三、构词法
词缀 含义 例词
ity 表示性质、状态或程度等 stability,__equality, reality, electricity, security, sustainability, personality, similarity
写出下列黑体词的含义
1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.可持续性
2．Getting quality sleep every night directly affects your happiness and emotional stability during the day. 稳定性
3．Cultural equality means respecting and valuing the diversity of cultures in our society. 平等
4．No matter which route you choose, you should pay attention to your security. 安全
5．Despite their geographical distance, the two countries share many cultural similarities. 相似点
6．The Chinese people had dreamed of flying to the moon for more than 1，000 years and now it has become a reality.现实
四、补全句子
1．他试图学好英语。
He made an attempt to__learn__English__well．
2．研究人员从他们的研究参与者那里收集数据。
Researchers collect__data__from__participants in their studies.
3．东南部雨量充足，而西北部则很少下雨。
There's plenty of rain in the southeast, while__there's__little__in__the__northwest．
4．一旦你掌握了英语，你在找工作的时候就会比别人有优势。
Once__you__have__a__good__command__of__English,__you will have an advantage over others when you hunt for a job.
5．他对工作一丝不苟，所以老板很信任他。
He is very conscientious in doing his work, so his boss has__confidence__in__him．
6．有很多工作要完成，我们昨天晚上都熬夜到很晚。
A__lot__of__work__to__finish,__we all stayed up late last night.
五、长难句分析
　(2024·全国甲卷)It actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly and stop eating before you feel full.
句意：实际上，你的大脑需要几分钟的时间来告诉你的身体它已经吃饱了，所以慢慢吃，在你感觉饱之前停止进食。
分析：第一个It为形式主语，to tell your body ... enough food为真正的主语，其中的that引导宾语从句；before引导时间状语从句。
读写用—素养提升
一、深化阅读——明晰考向　以阅读养阅读
(2022·全国乙卷)Friendship needs care and attention to keep it in good health. Here are five ways to sustain (保持) long distance friendships.
Set a regular date
Long lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally contact (联系) and share with one another. With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge. __36__．
More isn't always merrier
Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both. __37__. There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.
Practise empathy (共情)
__38__. The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved. The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned.
__39__
Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long distance friendships. Although technology might make day to day communication possible, extra effort goes a long way on special days. Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends' birthdays and other important dates will make sure nothing slips by you.
Don't rely on technology alone
__40__， but long distance friendships—even close ones—may require more conscious effort to sustain. Try to seek out chances to renew friendships. How to do it Just spend face to face time together whenever possible.
A．Remember important dates
B．Compensate by writing letters
C．It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper
D．Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
E．Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication
F．It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media
G．You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了维系异地友谊的五种方法。
36．答案：D
解析：根据上文“With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge.(平日繁忙，很难抽出时间打电话。)”可知，D项(尽量找个双方都有空的时间去打电话，并坚持下去)承接上文，给出了解决方法。故选D。
37．答案：E
解析：上文“Make sure you have communicated with your friend ... works best for you both.”提到异地朋友之间要商量沟通方式，下文“There are alternatives to constant written communication ... having a group chat.”提到除了持续的文字交流，还有其他选择，比如留下语音信息或进行群聊；E项(朋友需要谈论他们更喜欢的交流方式)承上启下，上文中的“communicated” 和下文中的“communication”与E项中的communication为原词复现。故选E。
38．答案：G
解析：下文“The friend who is remaining”和“The one in the new environment”提到朋友的两个不同处境，G项(你可能是朋友中离开的那一方，也可能是被留下的那一方)呼应下文。故选G。
39．答案：A
解析：设空处是本段小标题。根据下文“Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long distance friendships.(周年纪念日和生日对于异地友谊而言甚至更重要。)”可知，A项(记得重要的日子)总结本段内容。故选A。
40．答案：F
解析：设空处下文提到但是异地友谊——甚至是关系亲密的友谊——可能需要更加自觉地去维系。F项(朋友之间很容易通过社交媒体产生一种联结感)与下文构成转折，而且其中的“social media”呼应了本段的小标题中的“technology”。故选F。
词汇关系法
1．词汇复现：原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。
2．代词衔接：代词指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题，如：it, they, this, these等。
二、读后续写——必备微技能
高品素材　季节描写
1．the cool breeze 凉爽的微风 　 2.the crisp autumn night 凉爽的秋夜 3．a canvas of vibrant life一幅生机勃勃的画卷 4.the branches laden with fruits 结满果实的枝头 5．wake up from the winter slumber 从冬眠中醒来 6.be surrounded by a sea of flowers 被一片花海包围 7．the gradual return of color to the world 世界逐渐恢复色彩 8．in the quietude of spring mornings在春日清晨的宁静中 9．a season of growth and renewal一个生长和新生的季节 10．the sun beats down relentlessly 烈日无情地炙烤着大地 11．a shade from the scorching sun 烈日下的阴凉 12.the lazy days of summer 夏日的慵懒时光 13．the leisurely spring afternoons 悠闲的春日午后 14.a symphony of summer 夏日交响曲 15．wander through the lush greenery漫步在郁郁葱葱的绿意中 16．the scent of apples ripening on the trees 苹果树上果实成熟的香气 17．falling leaves dance down in the cool autumn air 落叶在凉爽的秋风中飞舞 18．the bare skeletons of the trees 光秃秃的树干 19.in the frigid air 在寒冷的空气中 20．withstand the harshness of winter 经受严冬
高效课时作业
　
Ⅰ.阅读
A
(2025·湖南省邵东市创新高级中学高三月考)
The Barbara Mandigo Kelly Peace Poetry Awards
The awards contest (奖赛) is to encourage people to explore peace and the human spirit. There are three age categories (类型): Adult (19 & over), Youth (13－18), and Youth (12 & under). The yearly contest is open to people worldwide. Your poems must be unpublished (未发表的), and in English.
Deadline
All entries (参赛作品) must be submitted (提交) by July 1.
Entry Fee
Adults—$15
Youth (13－18)—$5
Youth (12 & under)—no fee
Notes
1．You may submit up to three unpublished poems. At most 30 lines per poem.
2．Include name, address, email, telephone number, and age in the upper right hand corner of each poem. For the Youth (12 & under) category, please also include your school's name and your teacher's name.
3．Title each poem.
4．Please keep copies of all entries as we will be unable to return.
5．Email your entries to: cwarner@napf.org and Click__here to pay our entry fee online; or send your entries and entry fee to Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 1622 Anacapa Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101.
Awards
Adult Winner—$1，000
Youth (13－18) Winner—$200
Youth (12 & under) Winner—$200
Winners will be announced by October 1 on our website. Winners will be notified by email and/or mail. Past years' winning poems can be found here.
篇章导读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了芭芭拉·曼迪戈·凯利和平诗歌奖的参赛要求和奖项设置。
1．What can we learn about the contest
A．It includes two categories.
B．It is held every three years.
C．It only accepts poems in English.
D．It is open to people aged 12 and over.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Your poems must be unpublished (未发表的), and in English.(你的诗必须是英文的，且未发表过。)”可知，这次比赛只接受未发表的英文诗歌。故选C。
2．To enter the contest, a 12 year old boy must ________．
A．pay an entry fee of $5
B．write a poem of at least 30 lines
C．submit his entry by October 1
D．include his teacher's name in his entry
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据Notes部分第2点第二句“For the Youth (12 & under) category, please also include your school's name and your teacher's name.(对于青少年(12岁及以下)类别，请同时填写学校名称和教师姓名。)”可知， 12岁的男孩参加比赛，其作品必须包括他的老师的名字。故选D。
3．What will an adult winner get
A．$200 in prize money.
B．$1，000 in prize money.
C．A collection of this year's winning poems.
D．A collection of past year's winning poems.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据Awards部分中的“Adult Winner—$1，000”可知，成年获奖者将会获得1，000美元的奖励。故选B。
B
(2025·山东省新高考适应性考试高三月考)The Norwegian Nobel Committee has awarded the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize to Nihon Hidankyo, a grassroots movement formed by atomic bomb (原子弹) survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, also known as Hibakusha. This organization has been dedicated to advocating for a world free of nuclear weapons, emphasizing through first hand testimonies (见证) that nuclear weapons should never be used again.
The atomic bombings of August 1945 sparked a global movement to raise awareness of the devastating humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons. Over time, this effort led to the creation of a strong international norm that stigmatizes (污名化) the use of nuclear weapons, widely referred to as the “Nuclear Taboo”. This taboo reflects the global consensus that the use of such destructive weapons is morally unacceptable.
The testimonies of Hibakusha have played a critical role in shaping this movement. Through sharing their experiences, they have engaged in educational campaigns and warnings that have helped the world understand the immense suffering caused by nuclear weapons. This has contributed to the growing global opposition to nuclear weapons.
However, despite the fact that nuclear weapons have not been used in war for nearly 80 years, the nuclear taboo is currently under pressure. Nuclear powers are modernizing their arsenals (核武库), and new nations are seeking to acquire nuclear weapons. The threat of nuclear weapon use in conflicts is re emerging, reminding us of the unparalleled destructiveness of these weapons and their potential to destroy civilizations and cause catastrophic damage to the global climate.
In 1956, the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki came together to form Nihon Hidankyo, which became Japan's largest and most influential Hibakusha organization. They have tirelessly campaigned for peace and nuclear disarmament (裁军), including witness accounts, public appeals, and annual delegations to the United Nations. Although the Hibakusha cannot always share their experiences in person, their message is being carried forward by younger generations in Japan, continuing the effort to uphold the nuclear taboo and ensure a peaceful future for humanity.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了日本原子弹受害者团体协会获得2024年诺贝尔和平奖及这个组织的目的。
4．What is the Nobel Prize Committee's view on nuclear weapons
A．Ambivalent. B．Neutral.
C．Condemnatory. D．Indifferent.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，挪威诺贝尔委员会将2024年诺贝尔和平奖授予日本原子弹氢弹受害者团体协会，该组织一直致力于倡导一个无核武器的世界，通过受害者的第一手证词强调核武器永远不应再被使用。由此可推知，诺贝尔委员会支持不再使用核武器，对核武器是表示谴责的。故选C。
5．Why did the global movement against nuclear weapons begin
A．To support atomic bomb survivors.
B．To establish an international ban on nuclear tests.
C．To encourage the modernization of nuclear arsenals.
D．To highlight the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The atomic bombings ... of nuclear weapons.(1945年8月的原子弹爆炸引发了一场全球运动，以提高人们对核武器毁灭性人道主义影响的认识。)”可知，开始全球反对核武器运动是为了强调核武器的人道主义影响。故选D。
6．What role do Hibakusha testimonies play in the movement against nuclear weapons
A．They focus on advancing nuclear technology.
B．They offer personal perspectives on the horrors of nuclear war.
C．They provide financial aid to atomic bomb survivors.
D．They create legal frameworks for nuclear disarmament.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段前两句“The testimonies of ... by nuclear weapons.(核爆幸存者的证词在塑造这场运动中发挥了关键作用。通过分享他们的经历，他们参与了教育活动和警告行动，帮助世界了解核武器造成的巨大痛苦。)”可推知，在反对核武器运动中，核爆幸存者的证词对核战争的恐怖提供了个人观点。故选B。
7．What is the main purpose of this article
A．To highlight the importance of nuclear survivors in advocating for disarmament and peace.
B．To explore the threat posed by the modernization of nuclear weapons to global peace.
C．To describe the history and members of Japan's hibakusha organizations.
D．To discuss the contributions of younger generations in maintaining the nuclear taboo.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Although the Hibakusha ... a peaceful future for humanity.(虽然核爆幸存者不能总是亲自分享他们的经历，但他们的证言正在被日本的年轻一代传承，继续努力维护核禁忌，确保人类拥有一个和平的未来。)”可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是强调核爆幸存者在倡导裁减核武器军备与维护和平方面的重要性。故选A。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2025·重庆巴蜀中学高考适应性月考)Everyone knows that it takes 21 days to develop a new habit. We probably owe this particular example of pop psychology wisdom to Maxwell Maltz, the plastic surgeon who claimed to have observed that individuals who had had an arm or leg cut off took an average of only 21 days to adjust to the loss of a limb (肢体). __1__. And therefore it must take 21 days to change a habit, maybe, perhaps!
__2__， as a new study by psychologist Phillippa Lally and her colleagues helps confirm. On average, her subjects, who were trying to learn new habits such as eating fruit daily or going jogging, took a depressing 66 days before reporting that the behaviour had become unchangingly automatic. __3__. It couldn't be just as easy to start eating a few more apples as to start finding five hours a week to study Chinese.
Self help culture sticks to the fiction of the 21 day rule, probably because it makes habit change sound basically easy. __4__. Our brains are designed to take short cuts, making as many behaviours as possible automatic. “Really，” asks the psychologist Ian Newby Clark，“what would be the point of having a habit that didn't free up your mind to focus on more pressing matters？” Habits are meant to be difficult to change.
Another problem is that we tend to think about habit change wrongly. We want to, say, stop watching so much TV, but on the other hand, demonstrably, we also want to watch lots of TV—after all, we keep doing it. We're stuck deep in what the Greeks called “akrasia”： deciding on the best course of action, then doing something else. __5__. Simply stop watching TV is like dealing with a leaky bathroom tap by repainting the kitchen. What's required is an alternative way to feel relaxed and happy. Maybe by looking at the problem differently we can slip out of them.
A．This is, of course, nonsense
B．The 21 day rule does have some scientific basis
C．We believe that habits are purely a matter of willpower
D．The way round this is to see that habits are responses to needs
E．Therefore, he reasoned the same must be true of all big changes
F．And some habits, unsurprisingly, were harder than others to make stick
G．One problem with this is discouragingly simple: changing habits is hard
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了关于习惯改变的一些常见误解，特别是“21天养成一个新习惯”的说法。
1．答案：E
解析：根据前文“We probably owe ... the loss of a limb (肢体). (我们可能要把这个流行心理学的观点归功于整形外科医生Maxwell Maltz(麦克斯威尔·马尔茨)，他声称观察到，失去一条胳膊或一条腿的人平均只需要21天就能适应失去肢体的生活。)”可知，此处陈述了Maxwell Maltz的观点。E项(因此，他推断所有重大的变化都是如此)承接前文，其中he指代前文中的Maxwell Maltz。故选E。
2．答案：A
解析：前文提到改变一个习惯需要花21天，后文“as a new study ... that the behaviour had become unchangingly automatic. (如同心理学家Phillippa Lally(菲利帕·拉利)和她的同事的一项新研究证实了这一点。她的受试者试图养成新习惯，比如每天吃水果或慢跑，平均用了66天时间才报告说这些行为已经变得自动而不需刻意维持。)”介绍了Phillippa Lally和她的同事的研究反驳了改变一个习惯必须花21天这一观点。A项(当然，这是无稽之谈)直接反驳了前文的观点，This指代前文的观点内容。故选A。
3．答案：F
解析：根据后文“It couldn't be ... to study Chinese.”可知，此处强调吃更多的苹果与每周抽出五个小时学习中文相比，后者更难做到。F项(不出所料，有些习惯比其他习惯更难坚持)直接指出了不同习惯养成的难易程度不同，照应后文中将吃苹果和学中文相对比的例子。故选F。
4．答案：G
解析：前文“Self help culture ... sound basically easy.”强调自我帮助文化坚持21天规则的谎言，可能是因为它想让习惯改变听起来很容易。G项(一个简单得令人沮丧的问题是：改变习惯很难)指出了坚持21天规则的一个主要问题，即改变习惯很难，对前文观点进行了反驳。故选G。
5．答案：D
解析：前文“Another problem is that ... then doing something else.”提出我们在习惯改变上的错误思维方式，即想要做某事(如少看电视)，但实际上却继续做其他的事。后文“What's required ... out of them.”提出了解决方法，即找到一种让自己感到放松和快乐的替代方式，因此，D项(解决这个问题的方法是认识到习惯是对需求的反应)承上启下。故选D。
23(共95张PPT)
WELCOME UNIT
第一编　教材复习
选择性必修第三册
Unit 3　War and peace
单元话题
语法
写作
战争与和平
主谓一致
介绍一位战争英雄
教材深挖
高效课时作业
目录
CONTENTS
2
3
高效晨背
1
高效晨背
一　背记单词
◎战争
1．landing n. ________________
2．allied adj. ___________________________
3．troop n. ________________
4．code name v. ________________
5．________ n. 炮火
6．________ n. 坦克
(军队的)登陆
部队;军队
起代号为
gunfire
tank
(第二次世界大战)同盟国的
7．________ adj. 严肃的，庄重的
8．________ v. 轰炸
9．_____________ n. 维持和平(的行动)
10．____________ n. 维和人员
11．________ n. 冲突，摩擦
12．________ v. 解除武装
13．__________ n. 战斗人员
14．________ n. 武器，兵器
15．_____________ n. 弹药
16．disrupt v. _________
solemn
peacekeeping
peacekeeper
friction
disarm
bomb
combatant
weapon
ammunition
扰乱
◎活动
17．________ v. (使)淹死
18．________ v. 回想，回忆起
19．________ v. (使)非常疲倦
20．__________ v. 迫使(某人)处于不幸的境地
21．fortify v. ________________
22．shirk v. _______
23．________ v. 描述，描写
24．commemorate v. ____________________________
25．anniversary n. ________________
26．reaffirm v. ________________
drown
weary
condemn
激励，加强
逃避
recall
depict
庆祝，为……举行纪念活动
周年纪念日
重申，再次确定
◎描述词
27．supreme adj. ___________
28．____________ adj. 杰出的，优秀的
29．____________ adj. 智力的，脑力的
30．rough adj. ________________
31．dire adj. ________________
32．daunting adj. _____________________
33．crowning adj. ______________________
最高的
intellectual
简单的;粗糙的
极其严重的
吓人的，使人气馁的
outstanding
使圆满的，使完美的
◎其他
34．tide n. ________
35．___________ n. 降落伞
36．___________ n. 目的，目标
37．coastline n. __________
38．amongst (＝among) prep. ______________
39．__________ n. 制服
40．sardine n. ___________
潮水
objective
海岸线
在……当中
uniform
parachute
沙丁鱼
41．peer n. ________________
42．________ n. 微风
43．blueprint n. ________
44．______ n. 金额，款项
45．________ n. 谷物，粮食
同龄人;同辈
蓝图
sum
grain
breeze
二　词形变化
1.violent adj. 狂暴的，凶暴的→________ n. 暴力→________ adv. 猛烈地，激烈地；极端地
2．command v. 指挥；命令　n. 命令，指示；掌握，精通→___________ n. 指挥官，长官→_____________ adj. 指挥的；居高临下的；威风凛凛的
3．horror n. 惊恐→________ adj. 恐怖的→________ adv. 可怕地；非常
4．bare adj. 裸露的；光秃秃的→________ adv. 勉强才能
5．liberate v. 解放(城市、国家等)→___________ n. 解放
violence
commander
commanding
horrible
horribly
violently
barely
liberation
6．memory n. 记忆→___________ v. 记住→___________ adj. 纪念的，追悼的　n. 纪念物；纪念碑→___________ adj. 值得纪念的；难忘的
7．stable adj. 稳定的→________ n. 稳固，稳定→________ adj. 不稳定的
8．profession n. 专业；职业→_____________ adj. 专业的　n. 专业人员→_________________ n. 专业水准；专业素质；职业精神
9．academic adj. 学术的→______________ adv. 学术地
10．aggress v. 攻击，侵略→__________ n. 侵略→___________ adj. 好斗的；侵略的
11．associate v. 联系；联合→___________ adj. 联合的→____________ n. 联系；协会，社团；联合
memorize
memorable
stability
unstable
professional
memorial
professionalism
academically
aggression
aggressive
associated
association
12．emerge v. 出现→_____________ n. 出现→____________ n. 突发事件，紧急情况　adj. 紧急情况下的，应急的
13．invade v. 侵略；侵犯→________ n. 侵略者，侵略军→________ n. 侵略
14．mist n. 薄雾；水汽→________ adj. 多雾的
15．glory n. 辉煌的成就；荣耀的事→________ adj. 光荣的，荣耀的
16．prominent adj. 著名的，杰出的→____________ n. 突出，卓越
17．dedicate v. 把……奉献给→___________ n. 奉献→___________ adj. 献身的，专心致志的
emergence
invader
invasion
misty
glorious
emergency
prominence
dedication
dedicated
18．represent v. 象征，代表→_____________ n. 代表→_______________ n. 代表；陈述；表现
19．collect v. 收集，采集；收藏；聚集→__________ adj. 集体的；共同的→____________ adv. 共同地，全体地→_____________ n. 采集，聚集；征收；收藏品；募捐→_________ n. 收藏家；收税员；征收者
20．relevant adj. 有关的，切题的→__________ n. 相关性
representative
collective
collectively
collection
collector
representation
relevance
1．It is wrong to resist other's ________ behaviour with __________. (violent)
2．John is the ________________ of our company, and he ___________ us in all important business meetings. (represent)
3．The ____________ issued a _____________ and ____________ that all the soldiers should go to the front line. (command)
4．In 1949, the whole of China ______________. After ____________， the Chinese people lived as masters of their own country. (liberate)
violent
representative
represents
commander
command
violence
commanded
was liberated
liberation
5．A ___________ service is being held for the soldiers in ________ of their contributions to the independence of our country. (memory)
6．It is important to keep the ________ development of the economy and the ________ of it can ensure that all the people share the fruits of development. (stable)
7．In western countries, the number thirteen is ____________ with bad luck, but actually there isn't any ____________ between them. (associate)
8．Since graduation, Li Lei ______________ himself to improving the education of the local people. His ___________ to his work moves the villagers deeply. (dedicate)
memorial
stable
stability
associated
association
memory
has dedicated
dedication
1.objective [熟义] n. 目的，目标
[生义] adj. ____________ n. ___________
2．memorial [熟义] adj. 纪念的，追悼的
[生义] n. _________________________
3．weary [熟义] v. (使)非常疲倦
[生义] adj. ______________________
4．relevant [熟义] adj. 有关的，切题的
[生义] adj. ____________________________
三　熟词生义
客观的
纪念碑;纪念物;纪念馆
疲倦的;感到厌烦的
有价值的;有意义的;适宜的
宾格
1．It's hard to give an objective opinion about your own children.
对自己的孩子很难给出________评价。
2．Her novel is still relevant today.
她的小说今天仍________。
3．She suddenly felt old and weary.
她突然感到了衰老和________。
4．Building a memorial to Columbus has been his lifelong dream.
为哥伦布建一座________是他一生的梦想。
客观的
疲倦
纪念碑
有意义
1.趣味“合成词”荟萃 ①____________ n. 蓝图 ②_______________ n. 维和人员 ③daybreak n. 破晓 ④breakthrough n. 突破 ⑤gunfire n. 炮火 ⑥coastline n. 海岸线 2.on短语串联 ①_____________ 待命 ②_________ 值班，上班 ③on time 准时 ④on foot 步行 ⑤on purpose 故意地 ⑥on display 展览 3.由dis 开头的单词
①__________ v. 解除武装
②_____________ vt. 使泄气，使灰心
③disagreement n. 分歧，争论；不相符
④disappear v. 消失
⑤discomfort n. 不舒适，不舒服
vt. 使……不舒服
小积累 word families
blueprint
on standby
on duty
disarm
discourage
peacekeeper
一　词表短语/课文短语
1．____________ 待命
2．___________ 组成；化妆；弥补；编造
3．____________ 使……摆脱/免于……
4．________________ 对……有信心
5．________________ 不亚于；不低于；简直；全然
6．____________ 为……做准备
7．__________ 获得成功；到达
8．________________ 与……会面
on standby
free ... from
have confidence in
nothing less than
prepare for
make up
make it
meet up with
选用上面的短语填空
1．Use your lunch and coffee breaks to ________________ colleagues you don't always see.
2．The emergency services were put _____________ after a bomb warning.
3．It's important to ____________ your trip in advance and to take precautions while you are travelling.
4．My diet ____________ of meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, water, and milk.
5．If you don't __________________ your self control, ask your parents for help.
meet up with
prepare for
is made up
have confidence in
on standby
二　写作词块
1．____________ 等待
2．________________ ……的结合
3．____________ 压住；抑制
4．________________ 忠于职守
5．__________________ 在战争的深渊中
6．_________________________________ 摧毁了普通人的士气
7．________________ 把……称作……
wait for
hold down
devotion to duty
in the depths of war
destroy the morale of ordinary people
the combination of
refer to ... as ...
8．____________________________________ 带来痛苦和巨大的挑战
9．________________ 逃避某人的责任
10．____________________ 忠诚感
11．__________ 照亮；呈现高兴的情绪
12．_____________________________ 捍卫国家的荣誉
bring suffering and immense challenges
a sense of commitment
light up
defend the honour of the nation
shirk one's duty
1．(教材P34)这次作战行动的代号为“霸王行动”，它是历史上规模最大的海、陆、空三方力量集结的行动，目的是解放德国占领的欧洲西北部地区。(独立主格结构)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．(教材P35)船被击翻，一些人落水而亡，而那些成功登陆的人面对的则是机关枪的猛烈扫射。(while表示对比)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Code-named “Operation Overlord”, it was the largest combined sea, air and land operation in history, the aim being to free north-west Europe from German occupation.
Boats were hit and men drowned, while those who did make it to the beach faced heavy machine gunfire.
3．(教材P35)第七个冲出来的士兵是第二个穿过海滩没有被击中的。(动词不定式(短语)作后置定语)
__________________________________________________________________
The seventh man was the next one to get across the beach without being hit.
教材深挖
自主检测
一、重点单词
1．________ v. 解放(城市、国家等)
2．________ adj. 有关的，切题的
3．represent v. 象征，代表→_____________ n. 代表→_____________ n. 代表；陈述；表现
4．memory n. 记忆→___________ v. 记住→___________ adj. 纪念的，追悼的　n. 纪念物；纪念碑→_____________ adj. 值得纪念的；难忘的
5．emerge v. 出现→_____________ n. 出现→____________ n. 突发事件，紧急情况　adj. 紧急情况下的，应急的
liberate
representative
representation
memorize
memorial
relevant
memorable
emergence
emergency
6．violent adj. 狂暴的，凶暴的→________ n. 暴力→________ adv. 猛烈地，激烈地；极端地
7．command v. 指挥；命令　n. 命令，指示；掌握，精通→____________ n. 指挥官，长官→______________ adj. 指挥的；居高临下的；威风凛凛的
8．associate v. 联系；联合→____________ adj. 联合的→____________ n. 联系；协会，社团；联合
9．collect v. 收集，采集；收藏；聚集→___________ adj. 集体的；共同的→_____________ adv. 共同地，全体地→____________ n. 采集，聚集；征收；收藏品；募捐→________ n. 收藏家；收税员；征收者
10．profession n. 专业；职业→_____________ adj. 专业的　n. 专业人员→_________________ n. 专业水准；专业素质；职业精神
violence
commander
commanding
associated
association
violently
collective
collectively
collection
collector
professional
professionalism
1.refresh/rI'fre /v. __________________________ 2．vague/veIɡ/adj. ___________ 3．facilitate/f 'sIlIteIt/vt. ___________________ 4．frame/freIm/n. ___________　 vt. ___________ 5.obstruction/ b'str k n/n. ___________ __________
6．slap/sl p/v.& n. ______________________
7．oblige/ 'blaId /v. ___________
8．sprain/spreIn/vt. ___________　
n. ________
拔高词汇— 高分必备
使恢复精力;使凉爽;刷新
促进;促使;使便利
构架;框架
镶框
阻碍;堵塞;阻塞物
模糊的
(用手)打、拍；拍击
迫使，强迫
扭伤(关节)
扭伤
二、重点语块
Before the big presentation, everyone was ____________ (待命), ensuring they were ready at a moment's notice. I ________________ (对……有信心) my team's abilities and knew we ________________ (为……做准备) every possible scenario. As we _________ (到达) to the conference room on time, we were all eager to ________________ (与……会面) our clients and show them what we had accomplished. The hard work had paid off, and we were ready to shine.
on standby
had prepared for
made it
meet up with
had confidence in
三、重点句式
1．天气很好，我们都出去玩了。 (独立主格结构)
_______________________， we all went out to play.
2．这次展览是欣赏她作品的一次难得的机会。(动词不定式(短语)作后置定语)
The exhibition is a rare opportunity ________________．
The weather being good
to see her works
四、写作佳句
1．【教材P35】我对你们的勇气、责任心和作战能力十分有信心。我们将迎接的只会是彻底的胜利！
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．【教材P42】真正的战争从来不是浪漫的，因为它会带来痛苦和巨大的挑战。
_________________________________________________________________
I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full Victory!
Real war is never romantic as it brings suffering and immense challenges.
3．【教材P43】在献身精神的驱使下，许多人参军抵抗日本侵略者，保卫国家的荣誉。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．【教材P44】但它已经成为中国现代大学的最高荣耀，这不仅仅是因为那些杰出的教授和才华横溢的学生，也因为联大坚韧不拔和勇于奉献的精神。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Driven by a sense of commitment, a great many joined the army to resist the Japanese invaders and defend the honour of the nation.
But it has become the crowning glory of China's modern universities, not only because of its prominent professors and talented students, but also because of the school's strong spirit of perseverance and dedication.
考点1　commander n. 指挥官，长官
at one's command 听从某人的吩咐；在某人的吩咐下
take command of 控制……；担任……的指挥
have a good command of 掌握；精通(尤指语言)
command sb to do sth 命令某人做某事
command that ... (should) do ... 命令……做……
硬核考点
1.The ____________ (command) of the army led the troops to victory.
2．使我们怒不可遏的是班长总是命令我们做我们不喜欢做的事。
What makes us boil with anger is that our monitor always ___________________ ___________________. (动词不定式)
＝What makes us boil with anger is that our monitor always ___________________ _________________________. (宾语从句)
3．首先，我的英语很好，能流利准确地说英语，这使我很容易与他人交流。(写作佳句)
First of all, I ________________________________ and can speak English fluently and accurately, which makes it easy for me to communicate with others.
commander
commands that we (should) do what we dislike
have a good command of English
commands us to do what we dislike
考点2　condemn v. 迫使(某人)处于不幸的境地；判处(某人某种刑罚)；谴责，指责
be condemned to sth 被处以某种刑罚；被迫接受困境
be condemned to do sth 被迫接受做某事
condemn sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事而谴责某人
condemn ... as ... 指责……为……
1.She knew that society would condemn her ________ leaving her children.
2．They were condemned _____ a lifetime of boring, usually poorly paid work.
3．The law has been condemned ______ an attack on personal liberty.
4．他无可奈何，只能在这个足球赛季剩下的时间里作替补队员。
He _______________________ the rest of the football season on the bench.
for
as
was condemned to spend
to
考点3　representative n. 代表；典型人物
adj. 典型的；有代表性的
a representative of＝be representative of ……的代表；代表着……
represent ... as/to be ... 把……描绘成……；宣称……为……
1.He is representative ________ a large steel company.
2．The _______________ (represent) from New Zealand spoke at the Pacific Islands Forum.
3．这个事例典型地反映了警方的态度。
This case is _______________________________________．
4．我写信是想推荐张朗作为我们的英语课代表。(写作佳句)
_________________________________________________________________
of
a representative of the attitude of the police
I'm writing to recommend Zhang Lang as our English class representative.
representative
考点4　collective adj. 集体的；共同的
collect sth (from sb/sth) (从某人/物那里)收集某物
collect sb/sth (from ... ) (从……)领走/接走某人/物
collect oneself/one's thoughts (尽力)镇定下来， 敛神专注；做好精神准备
collect sth up 把某物收起来
1.(2024·浙江高考1月)Any passer by can “borrow” a book from its shelves, return it later, or replace it with another title from their own __________ (collect).
2．(2023·北京高考)I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data ________ the desert remotely.
3．To accomplish his own end, he placed __________ (collect) interests in the back of his mind.
4．她到学校接她儿子去了。
She's gone to ________________________．
collection
collective
collect her son from school
from
【北师版选择性必修第四册写作佳句】
One of their men, speaking in English, said that he had worked in England for some years and that he was fed up to the neck with this war and would be glad when it was over.
他们中的一个人用英语说，他在英国工作过几年，受够了这场战争，如果战争结束，他会很高兴。
考点5　sum n. 金额，款项；总数，全部　v. 概括，总结
a large sum of 一大笔……
in sum 总之，简而言之
sum up 总结，概述；计算……的总数
to sum up 总之，简而言之
1.Many people spoke at the meeting, and finally the chairman summed _______ the discussion.
2．He owes me a large sum ________ money.
3．总之，你会发现以上建议对你的汉语学习有益。(写作佳句)
___________________， you will find the above suggestions beneficial to your Chinese learning.
up
To sum up/In sum
of
考点6　relevant adj. 有关的，切题的
be relevant to ... 和……有关
have relevance to ... 与……有关
1.He refused to comment before he had seen all the _______________ (relevance) information.
2．What relevance does that point have ________ the discussion
3．The increase is particularly relevant ________ items related to manufacturing.
4．我有与这个职位相关的工作经验。(写作佳句)
I have the work experience that ________________ this position. (relevant)
＝I have the work experience that ________________ this position. (relevance)
relevant
to
is relevant to
has relevance to
to
考点7　hold down 压(制)住；限制；保住(工作)
hold up 举起；阻碍；支撑
hold on 坚持；别挂电话
hold back 隐瞒；阻止；抑制
hold out 伸出(手等)；坚持
hold on to 坚守，保留(房屋、财产等)；抓住
1.She closed her eyes tightly in a vain attempt to hold ________ the tears.
2．Any small interruption—a price check, a chatty customer—can have downstream effects, holding ______ an entire line.
3．Hold ______ a minute while I get my breath back.
4．The government has done something to hold ________ food prices.
5．目前我不能出让那所房子，因为此刻房价正在急剧上涨。
I'd ____________________ for the time being because house prices are rising sharply at the moment.
back
on
down
hold on to that house
up
考点8　不定式(短语)作后置定语
当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰或其前有the next, the only, the last等时，常用不定式(短语)作后置定语。
不定式(短语)作后置定语还用来修饰抽象名词，常见的有： ability, chance, ambition, offer, anxiety, answer, reply, attempt, belief等。
1.(2024·全国甲卷)She did not have a chance ________ (go) to school.
2．Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work ___________ (hold) in over forty years.
3．这种不管障碍和挫折的锲而不舍的能力是人们最为钦佩的品质。(写作佳句)
This ability _____________________________________ is the quality people most admire.
to go
to persevere despite obstacles and setbacks
to be held
【人教版必修第二册写作佳句】
The capital city London is a great place to start, as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all the way back to Roman times.
以首都伦敦为第一站，是个不错的选择。伦敦是一个古老的港口城市，其历史可以追溯到罗马时代。
强化训练
一、单句语法填空
1．We condemned him ________ his bad conduct.
2．I thought she was a ______________________ (represent) of people with strong determination.
3．Gerald was convinced that nothing that had happened in the past was relevant ________ his life.
4．Her ambition ________ (lead) the company to new heights motivated her to take on challenging projects.
5．These measures are aimed at preventing ________ (violence) crime.
for
to
to lead
violent
representative
6．You might end up being selected chairman of the ____________ (associate) if you play your cards right.
7．They had faced one difficulty after another with bravery and _______________ (dedicate)．
8．They are important individuals, so they each ____ (be) worth your consideration and care.
9．________ sum, I recommend that we adopt a more proactive approach to solving this problem.
10．My father wanted me to become a professional and have more _____________ (stable)．
association
are
In
stability
dedication
二、熟词生义
1．(2024·北京高考)While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. ____________
2．After listening to the same song over and over, I'm weary of it. ____________
3．This report provides relevant information that will help us make an informed decision. ____________
4．The war memorial stands upright in the square, reminding people of the sacrifices made by soldiers. ____________
客观的
有价值的
纪念碑
感到厌烦的
三、构词法
写出下列黑体词的含义
1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.____________
2．Getting quality sleep every night directly affects your happiness and emotional stability during the day. ____________
词缀 含义 例词
ity 表示_______________ ______________ ________, equality, reality, electricity, security, sustainability, personality, similarity
性质、状态或程度等
可持续性
稳定性
stability
3．Cultural equality means respecting and valuing the diversity of cultures in our society. ________
4．No matter which route you choose, you should pay attention to your security. _________
5．Despite their geographical distance, the two countries share many cultural similarities. ____________
6．The Chinese people had dreamed of flying to the moon for more than 1，000 years and now it has become a reality.____________
平等
相似点
现实
安全
四、补全句子
1．他试图学好英语。
He made an attempt ____________________．
2．研究人员从他们的研究参与者那里收集数据。
Researchers ___________________________ in their studies.
3．东南部雨量充足，而西北部则很少下雨。
There's plenty of rain in the southeast, ________________________________．
to learn English well
while there's little in the northwest
collect data from participants
4．一旦你掌握了英语，你在找工作的时候就会比别人有优势。
_____________________________________， you will have an advantage over others when you hunt for a job.
5．他对工作一丝不苟，所以老板很信任他。
He is very conscientious in doing his work, so his boss ____________________．
6．有很多工作要完成，我们昨天晚上都熬夜到很晚。
____________________， we all stayed up late last night.
Once you have a good command of English
A lot of work to finish
has confidence in him
五、长难句分析
(2024·全国甲卷)It actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly and stop eating before you feel full.
句意：实际上，你的大脑需要几分钟的时间来告诉你的身体它已经吃饱了，所以慢慢吃，在你感觉饱之前停止进食。
分析：第一个It为___________，to tell your body ... enough food为__________，其中的that引导________从句；before引导___________从句。
形式主语
宾语
时间状语
真正的主语
读写用—素养提升
一、深化阅读——明晰考向　以阅读养阅读
(2022·全国乙卷)Friendship needs care and attention to keep it in good health. Here are five ways to sustain (保持) long distance friendships.
Set a regular date
Long lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally contact (联系) and share with one another. With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge. __36__．
More isn't always merrier
Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both. __37__. There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.
Practise empathy (共情)
__38__. The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved. The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned.
__39__
Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long distance friendships. Although technology might make day to day communication possible, extra effort goes a long way on special days. Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends' birthdays and other important dates will make sure nothing slips by you.
Don't rely on technology alone
__40__， but long distance friendships—even close ones—may require more conscious effort to sustain. Try to seek out chances to renew friendships. How to do it Just spend face to face time together whenever possible.
A．Remember important dates
B．Compensate by writing letters
C．It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper
D．Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
E．Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication
F．It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media
G．You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了维系异地友谊的五种方法。
解析：根据上文“With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge.(平日繁忙，很难抽出时间打电话。)”可知，D项(尽量找个双方都有空的时间去打电话，并坚持下去)承接上文，给出了解决方法。故选D。
36．答案：D
解析：上文“Make sure you have communicated with your friend ... works best for you both.”提到异地朋友之间要商量沟通方式，下文“There are alternatives to constant written communication ... having a group chat.”提到除了持续的文字交流，还有其他选择，比如留下语音信息或进行群聊；E项(朋友需要谈论他们更喜欢的交流方式)承上启下，上文中的“communicated” 和下文中的“communication”与E项中的communication为原词复现。故选E。
37．答案：E
解析：下文“The friend who is remaining”和“The one in the new environment”提到朋友的两个不同处境，G项(你可能是朋友中离开的那一方，也可能是被留下的那一方)呼应下文。故选G。
38．答案：G
解析：设空处是本段小标题。根据下文“Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long distance friendships.(周年纪念日和生日对于异地友谊而言甚至更重要。)”可知，A项(记得重要的日子)总结本段内容。故选A。
39．答案：A
解析：设空处下文提到但是异地友谊——甚至是关系亲密的友谊——可能需要更加自觉地去维系。F项(朋友之间很容易通过社交媒体产生一种联结感)与下文构成转折，而且其中的“social media”呼应了本段的小标题中的“technology”。故选F。
40．答案：F
词汇关系法
1．词汇复现：原词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。
2．代词衔接：代词指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题，如：it, they, this, these等。
二、读后续写——必备微技能
高品素材　季节描写
1．the cool breeze 凉爽的微风 　
2.the crisp autumn night 凉爽的秋夜
3．a canvas of vibrant life一幅生机勃勃的画卷
4.the branches laden with fruits 结满果实的枝头
5．wake up from the winter slumber 从冬眠中醒来
6.be surrounded by a sea of flowers 被一片花海包围
7．the gradual return of color to the world 世界逐渐恢复色彩
8．in the quietude of spring mornings在春日清晨的宁静中
9．a season of growth and renewal一个生长和新生的季节
10．the sun beats down relentlessly 烈日无情地炙烤着大地
11．a shade from the scorching sun 烈日下的阴凉
12.the lazy days of summer 夏日的慵懒时光
13．the leisurely spring afternoons 悠闲的春日午后
14.a symphony of summer 夏日交响曲
15．wander through the lush greenery漫步在郁郁葱葱的绿意中
16．the scent of apples ripening on the trees 苹果树上果实成熟的香气
17．falling leaves dance down in the cool autumn air 落叶在凉爽的秋风中飞舞
18．the bare skeletons of the trees 光秃秃的树干
19.in the frigid air 在寒冷的空气中
20．withstand the harshness of winter 经受严冬
高效课时作业
Ⅰ.阅读
A
(2025·湖南省邵东市创新高级中学高三月考)
The Barbara Mandigo Kelly Peace Poetry Awards
The awards contest (奖赛) is to encourage people to explore peace and the human spirit. There are three age categories (类型): Adult (19 & over), Youth (13－18), and Youth (12 & under). The yearly contest is open to people worldwide. Your poems must be unpublished (未发表的), and in English.
Deadline
All entries (参赛作品) must be submitted (提交) by July 1.
Entry Fee
Adults—$15
Youth (13－18)—$5
Youth (12 & under)—no fee
Notes
1．You may submit up to three unpublished poems. At most 30 lines per poem.
2．Include name, address, email, telephone number, and age in the upper right hand corner of each poem. For the Youth (12 & under) category, please also include your school's name and your teacher's name.
3．Title each poem.
4．Please keep copies of all entries as we will be unable to return.
5．Email your entries to: cwarner@napf.org and Click__here to pay our entry fee online; or send your entries and entry fee to Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 1622 Anacapa Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101.
Awards
Adult Winner—$1，000
Youth (13－18) Winner—$200
Youth (12 & under) Winner—$200
Winners will be announced by October 1 on our website. Winners will be notified by email and/or mail. Past years' winning poems can be found here.
篇章导读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了芭芭拉·曼迪戈·凯利和平诗歌奖的参赛要求和奖项设置。
1．What can we learn about the contest
A．It includes two categories.
B．It is held every three years.
C．It only accepts poems in English.
D．It is open to people aged 12 and over.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Your poems must be unpublished (未发表的), and in English.(你的诗必须是英文的，且未发表过。)”可知，这次比赛只接受未发表的英文诗歌。故选C。
2．To enter the contest, a 12 year old boy must ________．
A．pay an entry fee of $5
B．write a poem of at least 30 lines
C．submit his entry by October 1
D．include his teacher's name in his entry
解析：细节理解题。根据Notes部分第2点第二句“For the Youth (12 & under) category, please also include your school's name and your teacher's name.(对于青少年(12岁及以下)类别，请同时填写学校名称和教师姓名。)”可知， 12岁的男孩参加比赛，其作品必须包括他的老师的名字。故选D。
3．What will an adult winner get
A．$200 in prize money.
B．$1，000 in prize money.
C．A collection of this year's winning poems.
D．A collection of past year's winning poems.
解析：细节理解题。根据Awards部分中的“Adult Winner—$1，000”可知，成年获奖者将会获得1，000美元的奖励。故选B。
B
(2025·山东省新高考适应性考试高三月考)The Norwegian Nobel Committee has awarded the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize to Nihon Hidankyo, a grassroots movement formed by atomic bomb (原子弹) survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, also known as Hibakusha. This organization has been dedicated to advocating for a world free of nuclear weapons, emphasizing through first hand testimonies (见证) that nuclear weapons should never be used again.
The atomic bombings of August 1945 sparked a global movement to raise awareness of the devastating humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons. Over time, this effort led to the creation of a strong international norm that stigmatizes (污名化) the use of nuclear weapons, widely referred to as the “Nuclear Taboo”. This taboo reflects the global consensus that the use of such destructive weapons is morally unacceptable.
The testimonies of Hibakusha have played a critical role in shaping this movement. Through sharing their experiences, they have engaged in educational campaigns and warnings that have helped the world understand the immense suffering caused by nuclear weapons. This has contributed to the growing global opposition to nuclear weapons.
However, despite the fact that nuclear weapons have not been used in war for nearly 80 years, the nuclear taboo is currently under pressure. Nuclear powers are modernizing their arsenals (核武库), and new nations are seeking to acquire nuclear weapons. The threat of nuclear weapon use in conflicts is re emerging, reminding us of the unparalleled destructiveness of these weapons and their potential to destroy civilizations and cause catastrophic damage to the global climate.
In 1956, the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki came together to form Nihon Hidankyo, which became Japan's largest and most influential Hibakusha organization. They have tirelessly campaigned for peace and nuclear disarmament (裁军), including witness accounts, public appeals, and annual delegations to the United Nations. Although the Hibakusha cannot always share their experiences in person, their message is being carried forward by younger generations in Japan, continuing the effort to uphold the nuclear taboo and ensure a peaceful future for humanity.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了日本原子弹受害者团体协会获得2024年诺贝尔和平奖及这个组织的目的。
4．What is the Nobel Prize Committee's view on nuclear weapons
A．Ambivalent. B．Neutral.
C．Condemnatory. D．Indifferent.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，挪威诺贝尔委员会将2024年诺贝尔和平奖授予日本原子弹氢弹受害者团体协会，该组织一直致力于倡导一个无核武器的世界，通过受害者的第一手证词强调核武器永远不应再被使用。由此可推知，诺贝尔委员会支持不再使用核武器，对核武器是表示谴责的。故选C。
5．Why did the global movement against nuclear weapons begin
A．To support atomic bomb survivors.
B．To establish an international ban on nuclear tests.
C．To encourage the modernization of nuclear arsenals.
D．To highlight the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The atomic bombings ... of nuclear weapons.(1945年8月的原子弹爆炸引发了一场全球运动，以提高人们对核武器毁灭性人道主义影响的认识。)”可知，开始全球反对核武器运动是为了强调核武器的人道主义影响。故选D。
6．What role do Hibakusha testimonies play in the movement against nuclear weapons
A．They focus on advancing nuclear technology.
B．They offer personal perspectives on the horrors of nuclear war.
C．They provide financial aid to atomic bomb survivors.
D．They create legal frameworks for nuclear disarmament.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段前两句“The testimonies of ... by nuclear weapons.(核爆幸存者的证词在塑造这场运动中发挥了关键作用。通过分享他们的经历，他们参与了教育活动和警告行动，帮助世界了解核武器造成的巨大痛苦。)”可推知，在反对核武器运动中，核爆幸存者的证词对核战争的恐怖提供了个人观点。故选B。
7．What is the main purpose of this article
A．To highlight the importance of nuclear survivors in advocating for disarmament and peace.
B．To explore the threat posed by the modernization of nuclear weapons to global peace.
C．To describe the history and members of Japan's hibakusha organizations.
D．To discuss the contributions of younger generations in maintaining the nuclear taboo.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Although the Hibakusha ... a peaceful future for humanity.(虽然核爆幸存者不能总是亲自分享他们的经历，但他们的证言正在被日本的年轻一代传承，继续努力维护核禁忌，确保人类拥有一个和平的未来。)”可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是强调核爆幸存者在倡导裁减核武器军备与维护和平方面的重要性。故选A。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2025·重庆巴蜀中学高考适应性月考)Everyone knows that it takes 21 days to develop a new habit. We probably owe this particular example of pop psychology wisdom to Maxwell Maltz, the plastic surgeon who claimed to have observed that individuals who had had an arm or leg cut off took an average of only 21 days to adjust to the loss of a limb (肢体). __1__. And therefore it must take 21 days to change a habit, maybe, perhaps!
__2__， as a new study by psychologist Phillippa Lally and her colleagues helps confirm. On average, her subjects, who were trying to learn new habits such as eating fruit daily or going jogging, took a depressing 66 days before reporting that the behaviour had become unchangingly automatic. __3__. It couldn't be just as easy to start eating a few more apples as to start finding five hours a week to study Chinese.
Self help culture sticks to the fiction of the 21 day rule, probably because it makes habit change sound basically easy. __4__. Our brains are designed to take short cuts, making as many behaviours as possible automatic. “Really，” asks the psychologist Ian Newby Clark，“what would be the point of having a habit that didn't free up your mind to focus on more pressing matters？” Habits are meant to be difficult to change.
Another problem is that we tend to think about habit change wrongly. We want to, say, stop watching so much TV, but on the other hand, demonstrably, we also want to watch lots of TV—after all, we keep doing it. We're stuck deep in what the Greeks called “akrasia”： deciding on the best course of action, then doing something else. __5__. Simply stop watching TV is like dealing with a leaky bathroom tap by repainting the kitchen. What's required is an alternative way to feel relaxed and happy. Maybe by looking at the problem differently we can slip out of them.
A．This is, of course, nonsense
B．The 21 day rule does have some scientific basis
C．We believe that habits are purely a matter of willpower
D．The way round this is to see that habits are responses to needs
E．Therefore, he reasoned the same must be true of all big changes
F．And some habits, unsurprisingly, were harder than others to make stick
G．One problem with this is discouragingly simple: changing habits is hard
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了关于习惯改变的一些常见误解，特别是“21天养成一个新习惯”的说法。
1．答案：E
解析：根据前文“We probably owe ... the loss of a limb (肢体). (我们可能要把这个流行心理学的观点归功于整形外科医生Maxwell Maltz(麦克斯威尔·马尔茨)，他声称观察到，失去一条胳膊或一条腿的人平均只需要21天就能适应失去肢体的生活。)”可知，此处陈述了Maxwell Maltz的观点。E项(因此，他推断所有重大的变化都是如此)承接前文，其中he指代前文中的Maxwell Maltz。故选E。
2．答案：A
解析：前文提到改变一个习惯需要花21天，后文“as a new study ... that the behaviour had become unchangingly automatic. (如同心理学家Phillippa Lally(菲利帕·拉利)和她的同事的一项新研究证实了这一点。她的受试者试图养成新习惯，比如每天吃水果或慢跑，平均用了66天时间才报告说这些行为已经变得自动而不需刻意维持。)”介绍了Phillippa Lally和她的同事的研究反驳了改变一个习惯必须花21天这一观点。A项(当然，这是无稽之谈)直接反驳了前文的观点，This指代前文的观点内容。故选A。
3．答案：F
解析：根据后文“It couldn't be ... to study Chinese.”可知，此处强调吃更多的苹果与每周抽出五个小时学习中文相比，后者更难做到。F项(不出所料，有些习惯比其他习惯更难坚持)直接指出了不同习惯养成的难易程度不同，照应后文中将吃苹果和学中文相对比的例子。故选F。
4．答案：G
解析：前文“Self help culture ... sound basically easy.”强调自我帮助文化坚持21天规则的谎言，可能是因为它想让习惯改变听起来很容易。G项(一个简单得令人沮丧的问题是：改变习惯很难)指出了坚持21天规则的一个主要问题，即改变习惯很难，对前文观点进行了反驳。故选G。
5．答案：D
解析：前文“Another problem is that ... then doing something else.”提出我们在习惯改变上的错误思维方式，即想要做某事(如少看电视)，但实际上却继续做其他的事。后文“What's required ... out of them.”提出了解决方法，即找到一种让自己感到放松和快乐的替代方式，因此，D项(解决这个问题的方法是认识到习惯是对需求的反应)承上启下。故选D。

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