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Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world（原卷版）
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每题2.5分,共17.5分)
A
China’s long history has seen many scientists making great contributions to the development of ancient China and even the world.We have selected several greatest scientists in ancient China and hope to help you learn more about Chinese science and technology.
Zhang Zhongjing was a Chinese physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.He founded medication principles and summarized the medicinal experience before his time.His famous work Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Illnesses(《伤寒杂病论》) had a major influence on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine.Today,this great book is still considered very important in the practice of Chinese medicine.
Li Daoyuan was a great Chinese geographer during the Northern Wei Dynasty.He wrote the famous work Commentary on the Waterways Classic(《水经注》).The book is a great work on the ancient geography of China and it sums up China’s geography and its surrounding areas before Northern Wei Dynasty.
Sun Simiao was an outstanding medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty.He was called “China’s King of Medicine” for his important contributions to traditional Chinese medicine.Sun authored two books — Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies(《备急千金要方》)and Supplement to the Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold(《千金翼方》) that were both landmarks in Chinese medicine history.
Shen Kuo was a great Chinese scientist and politician of the Northern Song Dynasty.He compiled (汇编) a scientific work Dream Pool Essays (《梦溪笔谈》),which involves a lot of descriptions about the animals and plants in the country.Shen also first described the magnetic needle compass,which would be used for navigation (航行).His discovery of concept of true north towards the north pole was more than four hundred years earlier than Europe.
(　　)1.What is the purpose of writing the passage
[A] To encourage readers to learn from these great scientists.
[B] To explain what contributes to the development of ancient China.
[C] To broaden readers’ horizons on Chinese science and technology.
[D] To introduce the great medical contributions Chinese scientists made.
(　　)2.Whose work had a great effect on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine
[A] Zhang Zhongjing’s. [B] Li Daoyuan’s.
[C] Sun Simiao’s. [D] Shen Kuo’s.
(　　)3.What do we know about Shen Kuo
[A] He was a Chinese physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
[B] He worked on the ancient geography of China.
[C] He was regarded as“China’s King of Medicine”.
[D] He described the animals and plants a lot in his work.
B
When antibiotics(抗生素) first became available,farmers used them freely.Now scientists know that the overuse of antibiotics can cultivate drug-resistant bacteria that are dangerous to human health.Among debates over what kinds of restrictions should be put in place,figuring out how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans remains an area of intense interest.
Jo Handelsman is tracing one such pathway that,as she puts it,travels from “farm to table”.Handelsman,a microbiologist,looked into dairy cows,which are often treated with antibiotics and produce manure(排泄物) that farmers use on their crops.In addition to nutrients,that fertilizer may harbour antibiotic-resistant bacteria—a problem because the bacteria can come into contact with plants that are finally shipped to supermarkets and sometimes eaten raw.
To find out how those antibiotic-resistant bacteria come to exist,Handelsman and her colleagues added manure from a nearby farm to raised beds of soil in 2013.In this case,the manure specifically came from cows that were not treated with antibiotics.The researchers unexpectedly found that there were more soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes when they were grown with the manure than when they were grown with synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer—even though the cows were drug-free.
Previous research has found that manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contains resistant bacteria,but the cow-pie results suggest there are more factors promoting resistance besides antibiotic use.Something about manure itself may encourage naturally resistant bacteria to increase.
The findings should not,however,give the impression that resistance is everywhere,notes Lance Price,a microbiologist who was not involved in the study.“We can control this.There’s very clear evidence that when we turn off the antibiotic tap,we bring down drug-resistant bacteria,” says Lance.
Next on the farm-to-table schedule,Handelsman will test whether radishes grown in soil treated with cow manure are capable of taking up resistant genes from bacteria through their vascular system(循环系统).“They have veins(血管) just like us,” she says.“We don’t have any evidence yet that they’re taking up the bacteria,but it’s a really interesting possibility.”
(　　)4.What does Jo Handelsman’s research focus on
[A] How antibiotics make their way onto our table.
[B] What restrictions should be put to antibiotics use.
[C] How antibiotic-resistant bacteria reach human beings.
[D] What damage the overuse of antibiotics does to humans.
(　　)5.What did Jo Handelsman’s research find
[A] Drug-free cows produced manure with antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
[B] Synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer did more good to the environment.
[C] Soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes were increasing with time.
[D] Manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contained fewer resistant bacteria.
(　　)6.Why is Lance Price quoted in the passage
[A] To provide more evidence that drug-resistance bacteria are dangerous.
[B] To suggest another possible explanation to the antibiotics problems.
[C] To emphasise the importance of feeding cows with no antibiotics.
[D] To show that the research findings may not be that worrisome.
(　　)7.Which of the following statements is Jo Handelsman most likely to agree with
[A] It is very likely that widespread resistance to antibiotics is not inevitable.
[B] Plants grown in soil fertilized with cow manure may contain drug-resistant genes.
[C] There is possibility that radishes take up resistant genes wherever they are planted.
[D] The vascular system plays a key role in guarding radishes against bacteria.
Ⅱ.七选五(每题2.5分,共12.5分)
The Importance of Inventions
They say necessity is the mother of invention,but invention drives the economy.The great importance of invention is that it solves problems and changes the world. 1.　　　 And it goes beyond culture.The modern era is arguably the greatest time in the history of the world for innovation,but none of it would have happened without the invention of electricity supplied on demand.With that one advancement,in came the fastest-changing period in human history and the greatest population growth,too.
2.　　　 Even things like the toilet and modern plumbing made it possible to improve hygiene and reduce exposure to human waste,which in turn made cities cleaner and more desirable to live in.The modern bathroom also helped reduce the spread of disease,which in turn helped extend the average life expectancy.3.　　　
People eat better,and more safely,because of innovations we now take for granted like the refrigerator,the oven and running tap water.Daily life at work has transformed because heavy-lifting jobs can be done by forklifts.In fact,technology is reaching a new height.4.　　　 More people than ever before need to sit for work,with office jobs and the like changing our fitness level and lowering the risk of injury during a workday.
Even entertainment has changed because no longer do people have to make their own fun by playing games.5.　　　 How people communicate,work,eat,travel,shop is all subject to innovation and invention.Advances don’t always improve life,though,as many people are learning through the constant-access struggles of smartphones and ever-present noise pollution in cities.
A.Innovation shapes the way life is lived.
B.They can turn to their phone,TV or radio.
C.Factories are using robots for many tasks now.
D.They have affected the way we consume media.
E.Inventions influence all aspects of modern existence.
F.New technologies often simplify the average person’s life.
G.And that has led to the Earth’s population rising sharply in the last 150 years.
Ⅲ.语法填空(每题1.5分,共15分)
Huang Danian,a noted Chinese geophysicist (地球物理学家),1.　　 　　 (devote) himself to science and made great contributions to China’s deep earth exploration.
Born in 1958 in Nanning,Guangxi,Huang’s passion 2.　　　　 geophysics started from an early age.In 1992,he went to England for further studies,and earned his doctor’s degree in geophysics,3.　　　　 (rank) the top of his class.Huang later joined a geophysical service company in Cambridge to gain first-hand experience.
During his stay in England,Huang remained 4.　　　　 (commit) to his motherland.He long dreamed of going back to serve his country with his whole heart.The opportunity came in 2009, 5.　　　　 China launched a national program for global top talent.6.　 　　　 (participate) in the program,Huang quit his job with no 7.　　　　 (hesitate) and returned to China as one of the first professionals.
Upon return,Huang 8.　　　　 (appoint) chief scientist of China’s biggest deep earth exploration program.Huang worked 9.　　　　 (tireless) around the clock.Thanks to Huang and his team’s efforts,China made 10.　　 　　 significant breakthrough in deep earth exploration.
Huang passed away at the age of 58.His passing left the scientific community in sorrow,but he will be remembered forever for his devotion to his field and the love of his motherland.
Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world（解析版）
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每题2.5分,共17.5分)
A
China’s long history has seen many scientists making great contributions to the development of ancient China and even the world.We have selected several greatest scientists in ancient China and hope to help you learn more about Chinese science and technology.
Zhang Zhongjing was a Chinese physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.He founded medication principles and summarized the medicinal experience before his time.His famous work Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Illnesses(《伤寒杂病论》) had a major influence on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine.Today,this great book is still considered very important in the practice of Chinese medicine.
Li Daoyuan was a great Chinese geographer during the Northern Wei Dynasty.He wrote the famous work Commentary on the Waterways Classic(《水经注》).The book is a great work on the ancient geography of China and it sums up China’s geography and its surrounding areas before Northern Wei Dynasty.
Sun Simiao was an outstanding medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty.He was called “China’s King of Medicine” for his important contributions to traditional Chinese medicine.Sun authored two books — Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies(《备急千金要方》)and Supplement to the Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold(《千金翼方》) that were both landmarks in Chinese medicine history.
Shen Kuo was a great Chinese scientist and politician of the Northern Song Dynasty.He compiled (汇编) a scientific work Dream Pool Essays (《梦溪笔谈》),which involves a lot of descriptions about the animals and plants in the country.Shen also first described the magnetic needle compass,which would be used for navigation (航行).His discovery of concept of true north towards the north pole was more than four hundred years earlier than Europe.
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章介绍了中国古代四位伟大的科学家,希望能帮助大家更多地了解中国的科学技术。
(　　)1.What is the purpose of writing the passage
[A] To encourage readers to learn from these great scientists.
[B] To explain what contributes to the development of ancient China.
[C] To broaden readers’ horizons on Chinese science and technology.
[D] To introduce the great medical contributions Chinese scientists made.
【答案】 C
【解析】 推理判断题。根据第一段的最后一句可知,作者写这篇文章的目的是希望能帮助大家更多地了解中国的科学技术。故选C。
(　　)2.Whose work had a great effect on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine
[A] Zhang Zhongjing’s. [B] Li Daoyuan’s.
[C] Sun Simiao’s. [D] Shen Kuo’s.
【答案】 A
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段的第三句可知,张仲景的著作《伤寒杂病论》对传统中医实践产生了重大影响。故选A。
(　　)3.What do we know about Shen Kuo
[A] He was a Chinese physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
[B] He worked on the ancient geography of China.
[C] He was regarded as“China’s King of Medicine”.
[D] He described the animals and plants a lot in his work.
【答案】 D
【解析】 细节理解题。根据最后一段的第二句可知,沈括编写了一部科学著作《梦溪笔谈》,其中涉及很多关于动植物的描述。故选D。
B
When antibiotics(抗生素) first became available,farmers used them freely.Now scientists know that the overuse of antibiotics can cultivate drug-resistant bacteria that are dangerous to human health.Among debates over what kinds of restrictions should be put in place,figuring out how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans remains an area of intense interest.
Jo Handelsman is tracing one such pathway that,as she puts it,travels from “farm to table”.Handelsman,a microbiologist,looked into dairy cows,which are often treated with antibiotics and produce manure(排泄物) that farmers use on their crops.In addition to nutrients,that fertilizer may harbour antibiotic-resistant bacteria—a problem because the bacteria can come into contact with plants that are finally shipped to supermarkets and sometimes eaten raw.
To find out how those antibiotic-resistant bacteria come to exist,Handelsman and her colleagues added manure from a nearby farm to raised beds of soil in 2013.In this case,the manure specifically came from cows that were not treated with antibiotics.The researchers unexpectedly found that there were more soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes when they were grown with the manure than when they were grown with synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer—even though the cows were drug-free.
Previous research has found that manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contains resistant bacteria,but the cow-pie results suggest there are more factors promoting resistance besides antibiotic use.Something about manure itself may encourage naturally resistant bacteria to increase.
The findings should not,however,give the impression that resistance is everywhere,notes Lance Price,a microbiologist who was not involved in the study.“We can control this.There’s very clear evidence that when we turn off the antibiotic tap,we bring down drug-resistant bacteria,” says Lance.
Next on the farm-to-table schedule,Handelsman will test whether radishes grown in soil treated with cow manure are capable of taking up resistant genes from bacteria through their vascular system(循环系统).“They have veins(血管) just like us,” she says.“We don’t have any evidence yet that they’re taking up the bacteria,but it’s a really interesting possibility.”
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家Jo Handelsman关于“耐抗生素细菌是如何传播到人类”的研究成果。
(　　)4.What does Jo Handelsman’s research focus on
[A] How antibiotics make their way onto our table.
[B] What restrictions should be put to antibiotics use.
[C] How antibiotic-resistant bacteria reach human beings.
[D] What damage the overuse of antibiotics does to humans.
【答案】 C
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans”可知,Jo Handelsman 的研究重点是耐抗生素细菌是如何传播到人类的。故选C。
(　　)5.What did Jo Handelsman’s research find
[A] Drug-free cows produced manure with antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
[B] Synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer did more good to the environment.
[C] Soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes were increasing with time.
[D] Manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contained fewer resistant bacteria.
【答案】 A
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“even though the cows were drug-free”可知,Jo Handelsman团队发现无药(drug-free)奶牛产生的粪便中含有耐抗生素细菌。故选A。
(　　)6.Why is Lance Price quoted in the passage
[A] To provide more evidence that drug-resistance bacteria are dangerous.
[B] To suggest another possible explanation to the antibiotics problems.
[C] To emphasise the importance of feeding cows with no antibiotics.
[D] To show that the research findings may not be that worrisome.
【答案】 D
【解析】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“We can control this.”可知,文章引用Lance的话是为了说明研究结果可能并不那么令人担忧(worrisome)。故选D。
(　　)7.Which of the following statements is Jo Handelsman most likely to agree with
[A] It is very likely that widespread resistance to antibiotics is not inevitable.
[B] Plants grown in soil fertilized with cow manure may contain drug-resistant genes.
[C] There is possibility that radishes take up resistant genes wherever they are planted.
[D] The vascular system plays a key role in guarding radishes against bacteria.
【答案】 B
【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,Jo Handelsman认为在施用牛粪的土壤中生长的植物可能含有抗药基因。故选B。
Ⅱ.七选五(每题2.5分,共12.5分)
The Importance of Inventions
They say necessity is the mother of invention,but invention drives the economy.The great importance of invention is that it solves problems and changes the world. 1.　　　 And it goes beyond culture.The modern era is arguably the greatest time in the history of the world for innovation,but none of it would have happened without the invention of electricity supplied on demand.With that one advancement,in came the fastest-changing period in human history and the greatest population growth,too.
2.　　　 Even things like the toilet and modern plumbing made it possible to improve hygiene and reduce exposure to human waste,which in turn made cities cleaner and more desirable to live in.The modern bathroom also helped reduce the spread of disease,which in turn helped extend the average life expectancy.3.　　　
People eat better,and more safely,because of innovations we now take for granted like the refrigerator,the oven and running tap water.Daily life at work has transformed because heavy-lifting jobs can be done by forklifts.In fact,technology is reaching a new height.4.　　　 More people than ever before need to sit for work,with office jobs and the like changing our fitness level and lowering the risk of injury during a workday.
Even entertainment has changed because no longer do people have to make their own fun by playing games.5.　　　 How people communicate,work,eat,travel,shop is all subject to innovation and invention.Advances don’t always improve life,though,as many people are learning through the constant-access struggles of smartphones and ever-present noise pollution in cities.
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了发明的重要性,作者认为虽说需求是发明之母,但发明才是经济的动力。
A.Innovation shapes the way life is lived.
B.They can turn to their phone,TV or radio.
C.Factories are using robots for many tasks now.
D.They have affected the way we consume media.
E.Inventions influence all aspects of modern existence.
F.New technologies often simplify the average person’s life.
G.And that has led to the Earth’s population rising sharply in the last 150 years.
1.【答案】 A
【解析】 根据空前内容“The great importance of invention is that it solves problems and changes the world.”以及空后内容可知,空前和空后讲述的都是发明的重要性。A项符合上下文内容,讲述的也是发明即创新给人们的生活带来的变化。空后的it指代的就是A项中的Innovation。故选A。
2.【答案】 E
【解析】 根据本段空后内容可知,下文主要讲述的是发明影响了我们生活的各个方面。E项与下文内容相一致,是本段的中心句。故选E。
3.【答案】 G
【解析】 根据空前内容“The modern bathroom also helped...life expectancy.”可知,现代发明有助于延长人类的平均寿命,所以上文讲的是发明与人类生命的关系。G项与上文构成因果关系,即人类寿命的延长,又导致了地球人口的剧增。故选G。
4.【答案】 C
【解析】 根据空前内容“Daily life at work has transformed ...a new height.”可知,上文讲述的是发明对工作的影响。C项承接上文内容,同时与下文“More people than ever before need to sit for work...during a workday.”保持一致,正因为工厂有机器人做很多工作,所以越来越多的人可以坐在办公室工作。故选C。
5.【答案】 B
【解析】 根据空前内容“Even entertainment has changed...by playing games.”可知,上文提到的是人们不再需要只通过游戏来获得乐趣。B项承接上文内容,进一步说明发明给娱乐方式带来的变化。选项中的They指代上文的people。故选B。
Ⅲ.语法填空(每题1.5分,共15分)
Huang Danian,a noted Chinese geophysicist (地球物理学家),1.　　 　　 (devote) himself to science and made great contributions to China’s deep earth exploration.
Born in 1958 in Nanning,Guangxi,Huang’s passion 2.　　　　 geophysics started from an early age.In 1992,he went to England for further studies,and earned his doctor’s degree in geophysics,3.　　　　 (rank) the top of his class.Huang later joined a geophysical service company in Cambridge to gain first-hand experience.
During his stay in England,Huang remained 4.　　　　 (commit) to his motherland.He long dreamed of going back to serve his country with his whole heart.The opportunity came in 2009, 5.　　　　 China launched a national program for global top talent.6.　 　　　 (participate) in the program,Huang quit his job with no 7.　　　　 (hesitate) and returned to China as one of the first professionals.
Upon return,Huang 8.　　　　 (appoint) chief scientist of China’s biggest deep earth exploration program.Huang worked 9.　　　　 (tireless) around the clock.Thanks to Huang and his team’s efforts,China made 10.　　 　　 significant breakthrough in deep earth exploration.
Huang passed away at the age of 58.His passing left the scientific community in sorrow,but he will be remembered forever for his devotion to his field and the love of his motherland.
【语篇导读】 本文是夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了中国著名地球物理学家黄大年的生平事迹。
1.【答案】 devoted
【解析】 考查动词的时态。空处和made为并列谓语,应用一般过去时。故填devoted。
2.【答案】 for
【解析】 考查介词。passion for为固定搭配,意为“对……的热爱”。故填for。
3.【答案】 ranking
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。空处应用非谓语动词作状语,he和rank之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,应用现在分词作结果状语。故填ranking。
4.【答案】 committed
【解析】 考查形容词。remained为系动词,后接形容词committed作表语。故填committed。
5.【答案】 when
【解析】 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词2009,在定语从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词when。故填when。
6.【答案】 To participate
【解析】 考查动词不定式。空处表目的,应用动词不定式作目的状语,位于句首首字母应大写。故填To participate。
7.【答案】 hesitation
【解析】 考查名词。此处应用名词作介词宾语,表抽象概念,不可数。故填hesitation。
8.【答案】 was appointed
【解析】 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。陈述过去的事实,应用一般过去时,Huang和appoint之间为被动关系,应用被动语态,且主语表示单数概念。故填was appointed。
9.【答案】 tirelessly
【解析】 考查副词。此处应用副词修饰动词worked,作状语。故填tirelessly。
10.【答案】 a
【解析】 考查冠词。breakthrough为可数名词,此处表示泛指,且significant以辅音音素开头,应用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。
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Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world
(限时:35分钟　总分:45分)
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每题2.5分,共17.5分)
A
China’s long history has seen many scientists making great contributions to the development of ancient China and even the world.We have selected several greatest scientists in ancient China and hope to help you learn more about Chinese science and technology.
Zhang Zhongjing was a Chinese physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.He founded medication principles and summarized the medicinal experience before his time.His famous work Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Illnesses(《伤寒杂病论》) had a major influence on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine.Today,this great book is still considered very important in the practice of Chinese medicine.
Li Daoyuan was a great Chinese geographer during the Northern Wei Dynasty.He wrote the famous work Commentary on the Waterways Classic (《水经注》).The book is a great work on the ancient geography of China and it sums up China’s geography and its surrounding areas before Northern Wei Dynasty.
Sun Simiao was an outstanding medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty.
He was called “China’s King of Medicine” for his important contributions to traditional Chinese medicine.Sun authored two books — Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies(《备急千金要方》)and Supplement to the Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold(《千金翼方》) that were both landmarks in Chinese medicine history.
【语篇导读】本文是说明文。文章介绍了中国古代四位伟大的科学家,希望能帮助大家更多地了解中国的科学技术。
Shen Kuo was a great Chinese scientist and politician of the Northern Song Dynasty.He compiled (汇编) a scientific work Dream Pool Essays (《梦溪笔谈》),which involves a lot of descriptions about the animals and plants in the country.Shen also first described the magnetic needle compass,which would be used for navigation (航行).His discovery of concept of true north towards the north pole was more than four hundred years earlier than Europe.
(　　)1.What is the purpose of writing the passage
[A] To encourage readers to learn from these great scientists.
[B] To explain what contributes to the development of ancient China.
[C] To broaden readers’ horizons on Chinese science and technology.
[D] To introduce the great medical contributions Chinese scientists made.
C
【解析】 推理判断题。根据第一段的最后一句可知,作者写这篇文章的目的是希望能帮助大家更多地了解中国的科学技术。故选C。
(　　)2.Whose work had a great effect on the practice of traditional Chinese medicine
[A] Zhang Zhongjing’s.
[B] Li Daoyuan’s.
[C] Sun Simiao’s.
[D] Shen Kuo’s.
A
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段的第三句可知,张仲景的著作《伤寒杂病论》对传统中医实践产生了重大影响。故选A。
(　　)3.What do we know about Shen Kuo
[A] He was a Chinese physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
[B] He worked on the ancient geography of China.
[C] He was regarded as“China’s King of Medicine”.
[D] He described the animals and plants a lot in his work.
D
【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的第二句可知,沈括编写了一部科学著作《梦溪笔谈》,其中涉及很多关于动植物的描述。故选D。
B
When antibiotics(抗生素) first became available,farmers used them freely.Now scientists know that the overuse of antibiotics can cultivate drug-resistant bacteria that are dangerous to human health.Among debates over what kinds of restrictions should be put in place,figuring out how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans remains an area of intense interest.
Jo Handelsman is tracing one such pathway that,as she puts it,travels from “farm to table”.Handelsman,a microbiologist,looked into dairy cows,which are often treated with antibiotics and produce manure(排泄物) that farmers use on their crops.In addition to nutrients,that fertilizer may harbour antibiotic-resistant bacteria—a problem because the bacteria can come into contact with plants that are finally shipped to supermarkets and sometimes eaten raw.
To find out how those antibiotic-resistant bacteria come to exist,
Handelsman and her colleagues added manure from a nearby farm to raised beds of soil in 2013.In this case,the manure specifically came from cows that were not treated with antibiotics.The researchers unexpectedly found that there were more soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes when they were grown with the manure than when they were grown with synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer—even though the cows were drug-free.
Previous research has found that manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contains resistant bacteria,but the cow-pie results suggest there are more factors promoting resistance besides antibiotic use.Something about manure itself may encourage naturally resistant bacteria to increase.
The findings should not,however,give the impression that resistance is everywhere,notes Lance Price,a microbiologist who was not involved in the study.“We can control this.There’s very clear evidence that when we turn off the antibiotic tap,we bring down drug-resistant bacteria,” says Lance.
【语篇导读】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家Jo Handelsman关于“耐抗生素细菌是如何传播到人类”的研究成果。
Next on the farm-to-table schedule,Handelsman will test whether radishes grown in soil treated with cow manure are capable of taking up resistant genes from bacteria through their vascular system(循环系统).
“They have veins(血管) just like us,” she says.“We don’t have any evidence yet that they’re taking up the bacteria,but it’s a really interesting possibility.”
(　　)4.What does Jo Handelsman’s research focus on
[A] How antibiotics make their way onto our table.
[B] What restrictions should be put to antibiotics use.
[C] How antibiotic-resistant bacteria reach human beings.
[D] What damage the overuse of antibiotics does to humans.
C
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans”可知,Jo Handelsman 的研究重点是耐抗生素细菌是如何传播到人类的。故选C。
(　　)5.What did Jo Handelsman’s research find
[A] Drug-free cows produced manure with antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
[B] Synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer did more good to the environment.
[C] Soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes were increasing with time.
[D] Manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contained fewer resistant bacteria.
A
【解析】 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“even though the cows were drug-free”可知,Jo Handelsman团队发现无药(drug-free)奶牛产生的粪便中含有耐抗生素细菌。故选A。
(　　)6.Why is Lance Price quoted in the passage
[A] To provide more evidence that drug-resistance bacteria are dangerous.
[B] To suggest another possible explanation to the antibiotics problems.
[C] To emphasise the importance of feeding cows with no antibiotics.
[D] To show that the research findings may not be that worrisome.
D
【解析】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“We can control this.”可知,文章引用Lance的话是为了说明研究结果可能并不那么令人担忧(worrisome)。故选D。
(　　)7.Which of the following statements is Jo Handelsman most likely to agree with
[A] It is very likely that widespread resistance to antibiotics is not inevitable.
[B] Plants grown in soil fertilized with cow manure may contain drug-resistant genes.
[C] There is possibility that radishes take up resistant genes wherever they are planted.
[D] The vascular system plays a key role in guarding radishes against bacteria.
B
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,Jo Handelsman认为在施用牛粪的土壤中生长的植物可能含有抗药基因。故选B。
Ⅱ.七选五(每题2.5分,共12.5分)
The Importance of Inventions
They say necessity is the mother of invention,but invention drives the economy.The great importance of invention is that it solves problems and changes the world. 1.　　　 And it goes beyond culture.The modern era is arguably the greatest time in the history of the world for innovation,but none of it would have happened without the invention of electricity supplied on demand.With that one advancement,in came the fastest-changing period in human history and the greatest population growth,too.
A
2.　　　 Even things like the toilet and modern plumbing made it possible to improve hygiene and reduce exposure to human waste,which in turn made cities cleaner and more desirable to live in.The modern bathroom also helped reduce the spread of disease,which in turn helped extend the average life expectancy.3.　　　
E
G
People eat better,and more safely,because of innovations we now take for granted like the refrigerator,the oven and running tap water.Daily life at work has transformed because heavy-lifting jobs can be done by forklifts.In fact,technology is reaching a new height.4.　　 　 More people than ever before need to sit for work,with office jobs and the like changing our fitness level and lowering the risk of injury during a workday.
C
Even entertainment has changed because no longer do people have to make their own fun by playing games.5.　　　 How people communicate,
work,eat,travel,shop is all subject to innovation and invention.Advances don’t always improve life,though,as many people are learning through the constant-access struggles of smartphones and ever-present noise pollution in cities.
B
A.Innovation shapes the way life is lived.
B.They can turn to their phone,TV or radio.
C.Factories are using robots for many tasks now.
D.They have affected the way we consume media.
E.Inventions influence all aspects of modern existence.
F.New technologies often simplify the average person’s life.
G.And that has led to the Earth’s population rising sharply in the last 150 years.
【语篇导读】 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了发明的重要性,作者认为虽说需求是发明之母,但发明才是经济的动力。
1.【解析】 根据空前内容“The great importance of invention is that it solves problems and changes the world.”以及空后内容可知,空前和空后讲述的都是发明的重要性。A项符合上下文内容,讲述的也是发明即创新给人们的生活带来的变化。空后的it指代的就是A项中的Innovation。故选A。
2.【解析】 根据本段空后内容可知,下文主要讲述的是发明影响了我们生活的各个方面。E项与下文内容相一致,是本段的中心句。故选E。
3.【解析】 根据空前内容“The modern bathroom also helped...life expectancy.”可知,现代发明有助于延长人类的平均寿命,所以上文讲的是发明与人类生命的关系。G项与上文构成因果关系,即人类寿命的延长,又导致了地球人口的剧增。故选G。
4.【解析】 根据空前内容“Daily life at work has transformed ...a new height.”可知,上文讲述的是发明对工作的影响。C项承接上文内容,同时与下文“More people than ever before need to sit for work...during a workday.”保持一致,正因为工厂有机器人做很多工作,所以越来越多的人可以坐在办公室工作。故选C。
5.【解析】 根据空前内容“Even entertainment has changed...by playing games.”可知,上文提到的是人们不再需要只通过游戏来获得乐趣。B项承接上文内容,进一步说明发明给娱乐方式带来的变化。选项中的They指代上文的people。故选B。
Ⅲ.语法填空(每题1.5分,共15分)
Huang Danian,a noted Chinese geophysicist (地球物理学家),
1.　　　　 (devote) himself to science and made great contributions to China’s deep earth exploration.
devoted
Born in 1958 in Nanning,Guangxi,Huang’s passion 2.　　　　 geophysics started from an early age.In 1992,he went to England for further studies,and earned his doctor’s degree in geophysics,3.　　　 　 (rank) the top of his class.Huang later joined a geophysical service company in Cambridge to gain first-hand experience.
for
ranking
During his stay in England,Huang remained 4.　 　　　 (commit) to his motherland.He long dreamed of going back to serve his country with his whole heart.The opportunity came in 2009, 5.　　　　 China launched a national program for global top talent.6.　 　　　 (participate) in the program,Huang quit his job with no 7.　 　　　 (hesitate) and returned to China as one of the first professionals.
committed
when
To participate
hesitation
Upon return,Huang 8.　　　 　 (appoint) chief scientist of China’s biggest deep earth exploration program.Huang worked
9.　　 　　 (tireless) around the clock.Thanks to Huang and his team’s efforts,China made 10.　　　 　 significant breakthrough in deep earth exploration.
was appointed
tirelessly
a
Huang passed away at the age of 58.His passing left the scientific community in sorrow,but he will be remembered forever for his devotion to his field and the love of his motherland.
【语篇导读】 本文是夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了中国著名地球物理学家黄大年的生平事迹。
1.【解析】考查动词的时态。空处和made为并列谓语,应用一般过去时。故填devoted。
2.【解析】 考查介词。passion for为固定搭配,意为“对……的热爱”。故填for。
3.【解析】考查非谓语动词。空处应用非谓语动词作状语,he和rank之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,应用现在分词作结果状语。故填ranking。
4.【解析】 考查形容词。remained为系动词,后接形容词committed作表语。故填committed。
5.【解析】考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词2009,在定语从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词when。故填when。
6.【解析】 考查动词不定式。空处表目的,应用动词不定式作目的状语,位于句首首字母应大写。故填To participate。
7.【解析】考查名词。此处应用名词作介词宾语,表抽象概念,不可数。故填hesitation。
8.【解析】 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。陈述过去的事实,应用一般过去时,Huang和appoint之间为被动关系,应用被动语态,且主语表示单数概念。故填was appointed。
9.【解析】考查副词。此处应用副词修饰动词worked,作状语。故填tirelessly。
10.【解析】 考查冠词。breakthrough为可数名词,此处表示泛指,且significant以辅音音素开头,应用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。

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