资源简介

(共58张PPT)
Unit 9 Human Biology
Lesson 1 To Clone or not to Clone
Warm up
What do you know about cloning What additional information would you like to know Use the words and phrases to help you.
cell to edit genes to develop artificially
to break the technical barrier
species identical genes to make an exact copy of
to produce animal models
definition & natural cloning
artificial cloning: cloned mammals
artificial cloning: cloned primates
the significance of cloning of primates
moral concerns
conclusion
Fast Reading: Match the headings with the paragraphs
Para 1
Para 2
Para 3
Para 4
Para 5
Para 6
Read and Explore
Para 1
What is cloning
Part 01
Para2-4
artificial cloning
Part 02
Para 5-6
opinions
Part 03
How is the text organised Please draw a structural map.
1. What is cloning
2. What examples of natural cloning are given
3. What was the first cloned mammal What happened to her
4. How has the science of cloning developed since the first cloned mammal
5. What development in cloning was announced in 2018 What was special about it
6. For how long did Dr. Sun Qiang’s team work Why did they work so hard
Pair Work. Read the first three paragraphs again. Ask and answer the questions in pairs based on your notes.
activity 2
P53 4
Para 1
Read and answer the questions
1. What is cloning
2. What examples of natural cloning are given
3. What was the first cloned mammal What happened to her
4. How has the science of cloning developed since the first cloned mammal
Para2
5. What development in cloning was announced in
2018
What was special about it
6. For how long did Dr. Sun Qiang's team work
Why did they work so hard
Para 3
List the potential benefits of, and moral concerns about cloning primates.
Para 4
Para 5
Careful-reading
Read part 2 to compare the information.
first successful cloned animal
first-ever cloned primates
name:____________
time:____________
problems:_________________
influence:____________________
name:_____________________
time:_______________________
special part:______________________
reasons of doing this:___________________________
VS
Dolly
in 1996
developed an illness;
lived only half the life of the sheep she was cloned.
Scientists have cloned more than 20 mammal species.
Zhong Zhong & Hua Hua
In Jan.2018
much harder/ more complicated
Get animals with edited genes and produce animal models that are helpful for medical research and human health.
Read paragraphs 4-5. Check answers.
P54 5
Potential benefits Moral concerns
will lead to cures for various diseases has refreshed the technical possibility of cloning of other species
prevent aging
save research time
reduce the number of animals being tested on
producing more accurate results
better treatments
clones should be treated as
objects or individuals
clones are inferior
some organisations may
abuse the technology
Read the last paragraph and answer the questions.
Einstein’s quote means that science itself cannot be judged as good or bad, because it can only function when it is used by humans. He also indicates that humans need to be careful with the information they learn through science and to remember to use science for good.
What does Einstein's quote mean
甘地认为有七种行为可能毁灭人类，这七种行为分别是没有原则的政治、没有辛劳的财富、没有人格的学识、没有人性的科学、没有道德的商业、没有良知的享乐、没有牺牲的敬拜。
1、没有原则的政治：政治应该基于道德和伦理，而不是仅仅追求权力和利益。如果政治失去了道德准则，就可能导致严重的后果，如战争、恐怖袭击等。
2、没有辛劳的财富：财富应该通过诚实劳动、创新创造等方式获取，而不应建立在剥削和剥夺他人的基础上。如果人们只想着不劳而获或者贪污腐败，就可能导致经济崩溃和社会动荡。
3、没有人格的学识：知识是宝贵的，但只有那些拥有高尚品德的人才能够真正掌握和应用它。如果一个人只追求学术成就而不注重人格培养，就可能会做出违反道德和法律的事情，给社会和个人带来严重后果。
4、没有人性的科学：科学的发展可以为人类带来很多好处，但如果缺乏道德约束，就可能会引发灾难性后果。例如核武器、基因工程等技术的滥用会给人类带来巨大的灾难。
5、没有道德的商业：商业活动应该遵循道德原则，而不是只追求利益最大化。如果商业活动失去了道德约束，就可能导致不公平竞争、环境污染等问题。
6、没有良知的享乐：人们应该在追求个人快乐的同时，关注社会的公平和正义。过度的个人享乐和对社会责任的忽视可能导致社会动荡和道德沦丧。
7、没有牺牲的敬拜：敬拜应该是真诚的、有牺牲的精神，而不是仅仅追求形式和仪式。如果敬拜失去了真诚和牺牲的精神，就可能导致信仰的空虚和道德的沦丧。
Talk about cloning using the information in the article.
Post-listening
1. Why do researchers insist that the science of cloning
should be further explored and advanced
2. What is the writer's attitude towards cloning
Find evidence.
Possible answer:
Researchers insist on explore cloning to continue making progress in curing diseases and developing treatments.
Possible answer:
The writer feels that cloning can be a helpful tool in medical research but that it can also become dangerous. Evidence of this is in the writer's use of Einstein's quote.
Read the first sentence of each paragraph. Are there any single words, such as linking words or time expressions, that help to make the article coherent.
Para. 2: for years
Para. 3: in January 2018
Para. 5: however
Para. 6: so far
Do you think cloning is a good idea
Cloning is a good idea
Cloning might lead to cures for various diseases and may also offer clues on how to prevent the aging process. Besides, cloning can change animals’ genes to suit research needs so as to save research time, produce more accurate results and lead to more effective treatments. At the same time, it also reduces the number of animals required for testing. So it benefits not only mankind but also animals in a way. According to Einstein, science is just a tool. So, we should regulate the way we use tools instead of giving them up.
Cloning is a bad idea
Clones always develop a similar pattern of health problems and die at an early age, which is an unsolved problem. Besides, cloning raises moral concerns. Some believe it is bound to lead to cloning of other species. The identity of clones is also questioned. Are they objects or individuals with identity Will the technology be abused by some organisations According to Einstein, used in a wrong way, useful tools can also kill. So, we should stop cloning so as to avoid the potential problems.
Do you think cloning is a good idea
To clone or not to clone
假定你是李华，本周你将参与校英语角组织的英语学习交流活动，这次活动将要讨论的话题是“To clone or not to clone？”。请你准备一篇发言稿，内容包括：
你对使用克隆的看法
阐述你的理由
【审题定调】
时态
人称
要点
【谋篇布局】
称呼
开头句
正文
结尾句
发言稿是参加者为了在会议上或活动上发表自己的意见、看法等事先准备好的文稿。
发言稿要观点鲜明、条理清楚、语言简洁明快
Sample
Dear fellows,
I'm Li Hua, from Grade 2 Class XX.The following is my view on the application of cloning.
In my opinion, the science of cloning is crucial for scientific advancement and should be further explored. Firstly, plant cloning can help improve food chain supplies. Secondly, cloning can be used to protect endangered species from dying out. What‘s more, the use of cloning in medicine can be helpful in the treatment of certain diseases. In conclusion, as long as we make proper use of cloning, it will surely benefit us in many ways.
That's all. Thanks for listening.
Natural cloning has taken place for generations. An example of this is identical 1.________. A sheep called Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned 2 __________. Since Dolly, more than 20 mammal 3 __________ have been cloned including camels and goats. In 2018, China announced that two monkeys had been cloned.
twins
artificially
species
In comparison with other species, scientists have had to work hard to break the technical 4 _______to get primates with 5 ________genes. Scientists say that this major breakthrough offers the 6 _________ to create monkeys with 7 ________ genes to give more 8 _________ research results and perhaps lead to 9 ________for various diseases. Whilst scientists insist it is 10 _________ to continue research, others raise 11 _________ concerns and worry that the technology might be 12 _______by some organisations.
barriers
edited
potential
identical
accurate
cures
crucial
moral
abused
Summary
Complete the summary using the information in the article.
Identity
身份认同与自我同一性：从忒修斯之船到人类大脑的深度探索
to clone or not to
在传说之中，忒修斯是雅典国王，曾做出杀死怪物米诺陶的壮举：他率着大量青年乘船前往克里特岛，杀死怪物，解救了作为贡品的少年少女。为了纪念他的英勇，人们数年如一日地保养忒修斯乘上的那艘船，直到船上所有的木板破旧不堪，不得已依次进行替换，直到最终，船的所有构成部件已经全部换新。
忒修斯之船
由此，一个问题便诞生：Is this "Ship of Theseus" still the original one
这艘「忒修斯之船」是否还是原来那艘？
如果用忒修斯之船上取下来的老部件来重新建造一艘新的船，那么两艘船中哪艘才是真正的忒修斯之船？
忒修斯之船
Part
身份认同的现实困境
01
身份认同的冲突
Haircut
plastic surgery
If you had a haircut yesterday, your body is not exactly the same as it was the day before. However, if you get plastic surgery, the change becomes obvious.
What would happen if one day all the organs of a person's body were replaced Finally, even the brain is replaced—can we still say "he is who he was"
If someone undergoes a brain transplant, the situation becomes more complicated. We generally tend to say that it is the person who retains the brain who has received a new body, rather than the person who retains the body but has received a new brain. Because we believe that human identity is closely tied to the brain.
如果有人换了大脑，那就比较麻烦。我们一般倾向于说，是那个保留了大脑的人换了身体，而不是那个保留了身体的人换了大脑。因为我们会认为，人的身份认同是跟大脑紧密相连的。
Imagine a technology that can extract all the memories and thoughts from your brain as "data," download them, and upload them into a highly mimetic robot or another person's brain. Can you say that this is still you
如果有一种技术，能把你大脑中的所有记忆和思想变成“数据”抽离本体，下载之后上传到高度拟态化的机器人或另一个人的大脑中，你能说这就是你吗？
When Tu Hengyu's daughter, Yaya, was dying from a car accident Tu makes the decision to extract all the information from her brain—her personality, identity, and memories—and upload it to a virtual space. This allows his daughter to continue "living" in digital form.
MOSS
202X powerpoint design
The Civilizational Choice in the Era of Digital Cloning---
What exactly is the life you define
Grammar
完成时 The Perfect
1. 定义
完成时表示一个完成的动作。用来表示现在、过去或者未来某个时间点已经或将会完成的动作。
2. 构成
主语+have (根据时态和人称变化形式)+动词过去分词
3. 类别
1）现在完成时 Present perfect
2）现在完成进行时 Present perfect continuous
3）过去完成时 Past perfect
4）过去完成进行时 Past perfect continuous
现在完成时 Present perfect
1. 定义
(1)表示动作发生在过去，到现在已完成，强调对现在造成的影响或结果，常与yet, already, just, before, lately等词连用。
(2)表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在，还有可能继续下去，常同these days, recently, so far, in the last/past…, "for+时间 段"和"since+时间点"等连用。
eg. I have enjoyed working in this job.
She has thought about it for a long time.
He has lost his keys.
现在完成进行时
Present perfect continuous
1. 定义
(1)表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时刻，还在继续进行或可能进行下去，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。
(2)表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时刻刚结束。
eg. She has been waiting for an hour.
I have been studying English since 2010.
构成
主语+have/has+been+动词现在分词
1. 定义
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，以及此动作对过去的某一点造成的影响。
过去完成时 Past perfect
eg. We had visited the country when we were children.
She had gone to the cinema when I called.
过去完成进行时
Past perfect continuous
1. 定义
过去完成进行时表示动作从过去的过去开始一直延续到过去某个时间点。在过去某个时间点时，这个动作可能刚刚停止，也可能仍然在进行。
eg.
Dave had been driving for an hour when his car broke down.
He said they had been doing experiments on goats for the past two years.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Exercise
1.On Thursday, the Institute of Neuroscience announced it ________________ (clone) two monkeys using non-reproductive cells.
2. It is reported that researchers all around the world __________________ (conduct) tests on animals, such as mice and dogs, for many years but couldn't find a way to clone monkeys.
3. The news of the successful cloning ______________(attract) attention from around the world.
4. However, cloning primates ________________ (also raise) ethical concerns.
5. For example, some people ____________________ (discuss) issues concerning how clones will be treated in society.
had cloned
have been conducting
has attracted
have also raised
have been discussing
6. The cyclist___________________(perform) impossibly well for several competitions, raising the suspicions of the judges.
7. He____________________(represent ) his country at international events for over a decade and continues to impress everyone.
8. Scientists__________________(discover) even more ways to improve physical performance over the past ten years.
9. I ____________________(try)to qualify for the swimming team for three years, but I still can't quite make the cut.
10.He_____________(finish)five seconds earlier in the event, so she was chosen for the Olympic team.
have been performing
has been representing
have discovered
have been trying
had finished
had cloned
have been conducting
has attracted
have also raised
have been discussing
重点句式讲解
1．动词不定式作定语
(教材P52)They were the first-ever primates...to have been cloned！它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物……！
[句式分析]　不定式短语to have been cloned作后置定语，修饰the first-ever primates，名词与不定式之间是被动关系，动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态前，用不定式完成被动式。当被修饰词前有序数词(first, second等)、最高级或the next，the only，the very等修饰时，常用不定式作定语。
The journalist was the first person to get to the scene where the accident happened.
那位记者是第一个到达事故现场的人。
She was the first woman to be appointed to the board.她是第一位被任命进入董事会的女性。
(1)不定式修饰的名词是time, place, way时，尽管不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系，但其后习惯上省略介词。
(2)在way, method, opportunity等名词后可用不定式作定语，也可用of doing结构作定语。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①__________________ (最后一个到的人)pays for the meal.
②Volunteering gives you a chance ____________ (改变生活), including your own.
The last one to arrive
to change lives
2.insist后的宾语从句
(教材P53)Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced.研究人员主张，克隆科学应进一步得到探索与发展。
[句式分析]　本句是一个复合句，insist后接了that引导的宾语从句。
(1) insist后接that从句，表示“坚持，坚决要求”时，从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
(2) insist表示“坚持说，坚持认为”时，从句用陈述语气。
Our English teacher insists that we should speak English in and out of class.
英语老师坚持要我们在课堂内外都讲英语。
The scholar insisted that this graduation paper was partly based on one in a magazine and that the student (should) write it a second time.
这位学者坚持认为，这篇毕业论文部分是基于一本杂志上的一篇文章，坚决要求该学生应该再写一遍。
[归纳拓展]
后跟名词性从句，从句谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”的动词：一个“坚持”(insist)；
两道“命令”(order, command)；
四条“建议”(suggest, propose, advise, recommend)；
四点“要求”(demand, desire，request, require)。
[经典例句]
It is recommended that we (should) be retrained to keep up with the times.有人建议我们应该接受再次培训，以跟上时代的步伐。
It is required that students (should) do some exercise for at least an hour every day.要求学生们每天至少锻炼一个小时。
既学既练：
1.He insisted that he ________ (do) nothing wrong and ____________ (set) free.
2.The captain demanded that all the seamen _____________ (prepare) for sail.
had done
(should) be set
(should) prepare
3.whether...or...不管……还是……
(教材P53)How it is used, whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument.怎样使用它，究竟是给人类带来幸福还是带来灾难，完全取决于人类自己，而不取决于工具。
[句式分析]　本句是一个复合句。how it is used，whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind均为主语从句。
whether...or...作“是……还是……”讲，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，用于提供两种选择。
Whether they'll have a picnic or not depends on the weather.
他们是否去野餐要看天气。(主语从句)
Whether you are a farmer or a specialist, you both should obey the rules.
无论你是农民还是专家，你都应该遵守规则。(让步状语从句)
whether用法小结
whether除了用于“whether...or...”结构外，还可用于“whether...or not”“whether or not...”结构，这三个结构既可以引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。
[相关拓展]
whether...or作“不管……还是……，无论……还是……”讲，在句中引导让步状语从句，表示在从句所提供的两种选择之下，主句所表示的结果都一样。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①无论你走还是留在这里，我必须回家。
________ you go ________ stay here, I must go home.
②无论你是贫穷还是富有，你都必须为成功而奋斗。
_______________________， you have to struggle for success.
③不管你挣钱多还是少，对我没有影响。
It makes no difference to me ________________________．
Whether
or
Whether you are poor or rich
whether you earn more or less
4.either...or...要么……要么……
(教材P52)Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially.克隆是通过自然或人为的方式，对植物或动物进行精确复制、培育的过程。
[句式分析]　either...or...连接并列结构，表示对两事物的选择，意为“要么……要么……；或者……或者……；不是……就是……”。本句中either...or...连接了两个并列状语。
Either you or I am wrong.不是你就是我错了。
Either you or he is wholly right.你和他有一方完全正确。
[易错点提示]
either...or...连接的两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词与最靠近的那个主语一致。not only...but also...，neither...nor...等也有这种用法。
练习
核心单词讲解
1．edit vi. & vt.编辑，编校→____________n．编辑；主编；编者→_____________ n．总编
2．gene n．基因→____________n．一代
3．artificial adj.人造的，非自然形成的→__________adv.人为地，虚假地
4．compare v．比较→____________ n．比较
5．produce v．生产→__________ n．产品(农)→____________n．生产→____________ n．生产商/者→____________ adj.生产的→____________ vt.复制，繁殖→____________ adj.可繁殖的，可复制的
editor
Editor-in-chief
generation
artificially
comparison
product
production
producer
productive
reproduce
reproducible
核心单词讲解
6．whole adj.全部的，整个的→____________ adv.完全地
7．accurate adj.准确的，精确的→____________ adv.精确地，准确地→____________ n．精确，准确
8．treat vt.治疗→____________ n．治疗，疗法，对待方式
9．mere adj.仅仅，只不过；极力的，极不重要的→____________ adv.仅仅，只不过，只是
10．emotion n．强烈的感情→____________adj.感情的→____________ adv. 情绪激动地
wholly
accurately
accuracy
treatment
merely
emotional
emotionally
10.激发强烈的情绪________________
11.对…至关重要________________
12.引发道德担忧_______________
13.被看做________________
14.滥用技术___________________
15. develop artificially _______________
16. non-reproductive cells____________
17. identical genes____________
18. ethical questions_____________
短语
1.突破技术壁垒______________________
2.患上一种疾病______________
3.精准复制______________________
4.一个主要问题______________
5.与……相比________________________
6.全身心地投入到______________
7.延缓衰老________________________
8.有潜力做某事____________________
9.引起争议_________________________
have the potential to do sth
in comparison with
be crucial for
make an exact copy of
break the technical barrier
develop an illness
a major issue
be wholly devoted to
prevent the aging process
provoke strong emotions
cause a great deal of disagreement
raise moral concerns
be seen/viewed/treated as
abuse the technology
人为培育
非生殖细胞
完全相同的基因
伦理问题
Dr. Sun Qiang, director of the research team, said they had been wholly devoted to the research and had been taking care of more than 1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for more than 5 years."
主干： Dr. Sun Qiang said (主谓 + 宾语从句)
从句：
宾语从句：they (had been devoted... and had been taking care...)
时间状语：for more than 5 years (修饰 devoted 和 taking care)
翻译：
研究团队负责人孙强博士表示，他们全身心投入研究，并且5年多来每天24小时、每周7天不间断地照料着1000多只猴子。
长难句
"The reason they worked so hard to break this technical barrier was to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models that are helpful for medical research and human health.“
主干： The reason was (主系表结构)
从句：
定语从句（省略that）：they worked... barrier (修饰reason)
表语（不定式目的状语）：
(a) to get animals...
(b) (to) produce animal models...
二级定语从句：that are helpful... (修饰models)
翻译：
他们如此努力突破这项技术壁垒的原因，是为了获得基因编辑的动物，并产出有助于医学研究和人类健康的动物模型。
"The successful cloning of primates has led to worldwide praise as a huge breakthrough that might lead to cures for various diseases and may also offer clues on how to prevent the aging process."
主干： cloning has led to praise (主谓宾)
从句：
同位语从句：as a huge breakthrough (解释praise的性质)
定语从句：that might lead to... and may offer... (修饰breakthrough)
宾语从句：how to prevent... (作介词on的宾语)
翻译：
灵长类动物的成功克隆获得了全球赞誉，被视为一项重大突破——这项突破可能推动多种疾病的治愈，并为阻止衰老进程提供线索。
"With this technology, we have the potential to raise a large number of monkeys with identical genes in a short time, and we can even change their genes to suit research needs."
主干：
(a) we have the potential (主谓宾)
(b) we can change genes (主谓宾)
修饰成分：
方式状语：With this technology
目的状语：to suit research needs
翻译：
借助该技术，我们有可能在短期内培育大量基因相同的猴子，甚至能改变它们的基因以适应研究需求。
"They believe it is bound to lead to cloning of other species, and they worry about the ethical questions this raises."
主干：
(a) They believe + 宾语从句
(b) they worry + 宾语
从句拆分：
宾语从句1：it is bound to lead... species
定语从句（省略that）：this raises (修饰questions)
翻译：
他们相信这必然导致其他物种的克隆，并担忧由此引发的伦理问题。
"As Einstein said, 'Science is a powerful instrument. [How it is used], [whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind], depends on mankind and not on the instrument.'"
主干（引语部分）：
How... and whether... depend on mankind (主谓宾)
从句结构：
主语从句1：How it is used
主语从句2：whether it is... mankind
比较状语：not on the instrument
翻译：
正如爱因斯坦所言："科学是种强大的工具。它如何被使用，究竟为人类带来福祉还是灾祸，取决于人类自身而非工具。"

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