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(共41张PPT)
虚拟语气（二）
Hypothetical Meaning/Subjunctive Mood
Other ways of expressing
hypothesis meaning
would rather, had rather, would sooner
Wish/if only
as if/as though
but for/without
1. After would rather, had rather, would sooner that;
present future past
did
did
had done
I’m told they are going by bus, but I would rather you went by train.
I’d rather he told me the truth.
She didn’t attend the meeting. I’d rather he had been present.
2. wish/if only
What a hot day. I wish it would stop scorching.
Cathy wishes she had blond hair.
If only I were rich.
If only it weren’t so hot.
if only I knew her name.
Wish in the present and for the future
Wish / if only+ would / could+ do
Wish /if only + did (were)
I wish I had never told him my secret.
Santiago wishes he hadn't spent so much money last night.
If only I had gone by taxi.
Future wish Wish/if only + would /could + do
Present wish Wish/if only + did (were)
Past wish or regret Wish/if only + had done
B. Wish in the past
3. as if/ though
He behaves as if he owned the place.
I remember the story as though I had just read it.
Mrs Harper sobbed as if her heart would break.
Present
Past
future
将来 现在 过去
would do
did
had done
Compare
He was looking at the sky as if he noticed sth.
He was looking at the sky as if he had noticed sth.
Real situation
Imaginary situation
4. But for, without
But for water, it would be impossible for people to live in the desert.
Without sunlight, people’s life would be different from today.
But for my lifebelt, I would have been drowned.
Without her I could not have managed it.
Prep.“如果没有”“要不是”
Otherwise
Shut the window, otherwise, the cold air will run out.
I have no money, otherwise, I would buy all the stuff.
You didn’t study for the exam, otherwise, you would have passed.
He didn’t show up for the meeting, otherwise, we would have finished on time.
Conj. 否则，不然
future present past
would rather/had rather/would sooner
wish/if only
as if/as though
But for Without + n.
Otherwise
future present past
would rather/had rather/would sooner did did had done
wish/if only would/ could do did had done
as if/as though would do did had done
But for Without + n. would do would/ could/should/might have done
Otherwise would do would/ could/should/might have done
What is the difference of wish and hope
1. Hope to do sth
2. Hope that…
I hope you’re okay.
Let’s hope we can find a parking space.
I hope you will help us.
I hope you don’t mind.
I hope I’m not disturbing you.
It is hoped that immediate action will be taken to tackle this urgent problem.
Generally true ;
Hope + that + not:
It is hoped that:
polite
formal
Exercises
1. The sentence I wish I had been more careful in spending money expresses the speaker’s _____.
A. hope B. joy
C. regret D. relief
2. Writers often coupled narration with other techniques to develop ideas and support opinions that otherwise _______ abstract, unclear, or unconvincing.
A. may remain
B. could remain
C. must have remained
D. might have remained
3. The printer used the highest quality paper and ink and turned out far fewer volumes than he otherwise _________.
A. did B. had
C. could have D. had done
4. He was lured into a crime, he would not _________ have committed.
A. actually B. otherwise
C. accidentally D. seldom
5. ________ your generous assistance, I couldn't have accomplished this daunting task in time.
A. But for B. With
C. If only D. Despite
Conditional Sentence
条 件 句
Conditional sentences are those that describe a condition and a result that follows. In theory, they may seem a little abstract, but in fact , they are very common in daily conversations.
If you heat ice, it melts.
If we catch the 10 o'clock train, we will (shall, can, etc) get there by lunch-time.
lf we caught the 10 o'clock train, we would (could, might, etc) get there by lunch-time.
If we had caught the 10 o'clock train, we would (could, might, etc) have got there by lunch-time.
Key Points
Four Types of Conditionals
Conjunctions replacing if
if vs. when
Type I : Zero conditional (零条件句)
Something that is always or generally true
If clause main clause
If plants don’t get enough water, they die.
The TV comes on, if you press the button.
If you heat ice, it melts.
Present Simple
Present Simple
Type II : Possible future
Something that is possible in the future
If clause main clause
If you work hard, you will get that promotion.
If he is still sick next week, his sister will hand in his assignment.
present
future
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变体形式
If we should miss the 10 o'clock train, we shan't get there till after lunch.
If he should fail to come, start the program without him.
If it should rain again, we will get mildew (发霉).
Should: (fml) 假如，万一
a possible event or situation
替换形式
If we _____ abused by the power of the social rule, we must take steps to defuse its energy.
A. were not to be B. are not to be
C. should not be D. would not be
Four types of conditionals (0-1-2-3)
Zero (truth in general) 1st (real/possible) 2nd (unlikely/ impossible) 3rd past impossible
The Tv comes on if you press the button. If you heat ice, it melts. If I see her, I will tell her. I will go shopping on the way home if I have time. If I won a lot of money I would buy a big house. If I had his number, I would call him. I would have lost weight if I hadn’t eaten so much.
If I had gone to bed earlier, I would have woken up in time.
Present simple Present simple will do Past simple would do Past perfect
would have done
Exercise 2
Make up a sentence using the following phrases.
Example
lazy, fail in exam
If you’re lazy, you’ll be failed in the exam.
1. not rain tomorrow, go for a picnic Answer
2. go to school on foot, late Answer
3. do not have breakfast, hungry Answer
Conjunctions Replacing if
If can be replaced by words or expressions with a similar meaning.
WHEN
When (if) you get there, you will see her.
I will come when (if) you call me.
Replacing if
UNLESS = if...not
Unless you work hard, you can’t succeed.
Unless she leaves now, she’ll be late for the meeting.
Unless you gave him the facts, he couldn’t know.
Unless they had seen her, they wouldn't have been so angry.
If you do not work hard…
If she does not leaves now…
If you did not give him…
If they had not seen her…
Replacing if
PROVIDED (THAT)
Provided (that) you know what you want, you can always find a way to get it.
Provided (that) he passes the test, he will qualify for the finals.
Provided (that) she listened, she could hear the bells.
Provided (that) he had had the money, he would have bought it."
Replacing if
SUPPOSING (THAT)
Supposing (that) she comes to the party, what will you do
Supposing (that) she won from the lottery, would she lend you any money
Supposing (that) at she had seen you there, what would you have done
Supposing (that) he asked you for a loan, what would you say
Distinguish if & when
If and when used in the Present Real Conditional;
if:
when:
When I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I regularly have days off from work.
I rarely have days off from work.
something happens less frequently (不经常发生)
something happens regularly (经常发生).
If vs. in case
If there is a fire, leave the room.
In case there is a fire, leave the room.
condition
precaution
Quiz
1. (If / When) I leave work, I usually go to the fitness center to work out.
2. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. (If / When) she watches any television at all, it is usually a documentary or a news program.
Answer
1. do not rain, go for a picnic
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we shall go for a picnic.
Please click here to next question !
Answer
2. go on foot, late
If you go to school on foot, you’ll be late.
Please click here to next question !
Answer
3. do not have breakfast, hungry
If you do not have breakfast, you’ll be hungry.
Please click here to next question !
2. He looks as though he never _____ a square meal, but in fact his wife feeds him very well.
get B. gets
C. got D. does get
Practice
1. I’d rather you _____ those important documents with you.
A. don’t take B. didn’t take
C. won’t take D. not take
4. I only wish I _____ him, but I’m sure I heard him correctly.
have misunderstood
B. had misunderstood
C. misunderstood
D. misunderstand
Practice
3. _____ both sides accept the agreement _____ a lasting peace be established in this region.
A. Only if, will B. If only, would
C. Should, will D. Unless, would
6. If only he ____ to buy some fruit yesterday.
A. had remembered B. remembered
C. will remember D. remembers
Practice
5. But for his poverty, he_____ more students living in the poverty-stricken areas to go to universities.
A. has assisted B. would have assisted
C. assist D. will assist
8. Without electricity, human life _____ quite difficult today.
A. would be B. be
C. would have been D. will be
Practice
7. I wish I _______ what was going to happen.
A. knew B. know
C. have known D. will know

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