资源简介

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
初中语音现象总结
一、语调 (Intonation)
（一）定义 (升调：rising tone↑，降调：falling tone↓)
1. 陈述句（Declarative Sentence）读降调: He works hard every day.↓
2. 一般疑问句（General Question）读升调: Are you a doctor Do you speak English ↑
3. 特殊疑问句（Special Question）读降调: Who are you ↓
4. 选择疑问句（Alternative Question）前升后降: Do you speak English↑ or French↓
5. 反义疑问句（Disjunctive Question）前降后升，You know it, ↓don't you ↑ It is fine, ↓isn't it ↑
6. 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）读降调: How clever she is!↓
7. 祈使句（Imperative Sentence）表示命令读降调，表示请求用升调: Don't move! ↓Sit down, please.↑
8. 陈述疑问句用升调：You are a policeman ↑
9. 未听清对方的话，要求对方重复一下用升调：What Who When For what Pardon ↑
（二）真题展示：
（三）考题解析
教学过程
Step 1: Warming up
Show some tongue twisters on the screen and ask students to read and practice them. They can make competitions with their desk mates.
Can you can a can as a canner can can a can
Whether the weather be fine or whether the weather be not. Whether the weather be cold or whether the weather be hot. We'll weather the weather whether we like it or not.
Step 2: Presentation
1. Listen to the tape and later I will invite some students to tell us what he/she has heard from the tape and how many people they can find during the listening.
2. Teacher read the same material as the listening without rising tone and falling tone.
Students should compare these two listening and talk about the difference between the teacher’s reading and the tape.
3. Guide students to find out the rising tone and falling tone in this conversation.
4. Show the new knowledge:
(1) General question---rising tone Would you… May I… Are you…
(2) Special question---falling tone What… Where… How…
(3) Declarative sentence---falling tone I can… Go ahead please. See you ….
Step 3: Practice
1. Read the conversation loudly and use the correct tone in 3minutes.
2. Practice this conversation with their partner in five minutes.
Step 4: Production
1. Invite some of them to perform this dialogue in front of the class.
2. Write more sentences in groups in the table. They just have 3 minutes; the group which finishes fast in both quantity and quality can get some small gifts (post card, book marks).
Step 5: Summary & Homework
1. Summarize with students together that we’ve learnt a pronunciation lesson about rising and falling tones.
2. (1) Listen to the tape and read the rest of the context with correct answer.
(2)Watch a movie which they like best and write some rising and falling tones sentences on their note book (at least ten)
二、押韵（Rhyme）
（一）定义和种类
英语押韵的基本原则是：指的是两个以上的词的重元音和随后的音节产生重复。如，cat 和hat,它们的元音a 和在a 后面的t 都发一样的音。两个同韵词至少要有一个不同的音。或是元音，或是辅音。在大多数情况下，是辅音。如果是两个发音完全相同但拼写不同的词，他们同音词，而不是同韵词。例如，wait 和weight，它们的发音都是/weit/.这两个词是同音词，不是同韵词。
英语同韵词有多种，包括尾韵词，结尾音节韵词，单韵词，双韵词，三韵词，前韵词，首音节韵词等等。下面来一一介绍。
（The sound of a vowel and the consonant attached to the vowel in one word is the same as the sound of another word the vowel and the consonant attached to the vowel sound.）
1. 尾韵词End rhymes：两个单词结尾的元音加辅音相同。
The vowels and consonants at the end of the two words are the same for end rhymes.
· Laughter, admirer
· Hat, cat
· Night, fight
· Rain, pain
· Fun, sun
· Pay, say
2. 结尾音节韵词last syllable rhymes：两个单词的最后一个音节的发音相同。
The last syllable of the two words is pronounced the same for last syllable rhymes.
· Tumor, harbor
· Explain, plain,
3. 双韵词double rhymes：两个单词的最后两个音节的发音相同。
The last two syllables of the two words are pronounced the same for double rhymes
· Humming, coming
· Singing, ringing
· Friction, addiction
三韵词triple rhymes：两个单词的最后三个音节的发音相同。
Triple rhymes：The last three syllables of two words are pronounced the same.
· Frightening, brightening
· Combination, explanation
下面这两种韵词不属于常韵词，一般不归纳进韵词的范围。但是诗词，歌词作家们会运用这些韵词丰富自己的作品。
I 前韵词beginning rhymes: 两个单词的最开始的辅音和元音的发音相同。
· Physics, fizzle
· Plantation, plan
· Scenery, cedar
· Cat, kangaroo
II 首音节韵词first syllable rhymes: 两个单词的第一个音节的发音相同。
· Carrot, caring
· Pantaloons, pantomimes
· Highlight, hydrant
· Tulip, twosome
三、重读（Stress）
（一）定义
1.单词重读 (Word stress)
（1）单音节词。所有的单音节词都是重读的。
（2）双音节词，双音节词的重音主要受词性和前缀的影响。
词性：
①如果该词是动词、形容词、介词，重音往往在第二个音节上，如defend，irate，above等。
② 如果是名词，重音往往在第一个音节上，如window，cable等。
词缀：
①含有 a- be- com- con- de- dis- em- en- es- ex- for- im- in- mis- per- pre- pro- re- trans- 等前缀的词通常在第二个音节上重读。
②含有 de- in- re- con- pre- 等前缀的词也可以在第一个音节上重读。
三音节和多音节的词。这一类词的重音位置一般情况下在倒数第三个音节。
Word stress
1.The first is odd syllable. All odd syllable are stressed.
2. The second type is Disyllable . The stress of Disyllable is mainly influenced by the part of speech and prefix.
（1）the part of speech
① If the word is a verb, adjective, preposition, the stress tends to be on the second syllable, such as defend, irate, above, etc.
② If it is a noun, the stress tends to be on the first syllable, such as window, cable, etc. Affix:
（2）prefix.
① Words with prefixes a-，- be， - com ，- con， - de， - dis， - em， - en ，- es ，- ex， - for ，- im ，- in ，- mis， - per， - pre ，- pro ，- re， - trans， usually stressed on the second syllable.
② Words with prefixes of de - ，in -， re -， con - ，pre - can also be stressed on the first syllable.
3. The third is three-syllable and more-syllable words. The stress position of this kind of words mainly depends on the penultimate syllable.
2.句子重读 (Sentence stress)
语法重读：一般来说,在句子中需重读的词都是实词,比如,名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词等。
不重读的多为虚词,比如,冠词、连词、介词、感叹词等。
例如:
The streets are wide and clean. (这句话中的streets是名词,wide和clean是形容词,它们都要重读;the, are, and不重读。
Generally speaking, the words to be stressed in sentences are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, pronouns and so on. Most of the unstressed words are function words, such as articles, conjunctions, prepositions, interjections, etc.
逻辑重读：句子的重音总是要表现说话人的思想和他所表达意思的重点，有时为了强调，句子中几乎任何词都可以有句子重音，包括一些通常没有句子重音的词，这种依说话者意图重读的音就是逻辑重音。
例如：Did you tell my wife
强调“wife”，要告诉我妻子吗？
强调“my”，要告诉我的妻子吗？
强调“you”，你要告诉我妻子吗？
作者表达需要的特殊重读
I know that you can play chess.(别人不知道你会下棋。)
I know that you can play chess.(你不要瞒我了。)
I know that you can play chess.(别人会不会下棋我不知道。)
I know that you can play chess.(你怎么说不会呢？)
I know that you can play chess.(会不会干别的我不知道。)
Sentence stress always shows the speaker's thoughts and the emphasis of the meaning he expresses. Sometimes, for emphasis, almost any word in the sentence can have sentence stress, including some words that usually do not have sentence stress. This accent stressed according to the speaker's intention is the logical stress.
四、意群、停顿（Sense group and Pause）
(一) 定义
停顿（pausing）：为了使意思表达得更清楚或者换气需要，人们在说话或朗读时经常需要停顿。
意群（sense group）：是句子内部意义相对完整的一组词。也就是一个句子可以按照语义和语法结构分成若干个部分，每一部分称之为意群。
Grammatically, a sentence is made up of several units and each has its own meaning. Each brief unit is called a sense group. A sense group can be a word, an expression, a phrase or a clause. The pause is the silence that occurs before and after each unit.
（二）考题解析
Teaching Procedures:
Step 1: Warming up
1. Greetings
2.A tongue twister: I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.
Step 2: Presentation
1.Ask students how to read a sentence quickly and in rhyme.
2.Read the first sentence twice. The first time without sense group pausing and the second time with it. Let students compare the two and find out the difference. Sense group is a meaning unit.
3.Explain the principle of sense group, which is according to
(1)grammar
(2)meaning
(3)punctuation
4. Divide the first sentence mainly according to grammar.
Step 3: Practice
1. Students read the first sentence, pausing according to sense group.
2. Students try to divide sense groups of the second sentence and read it.
Step 4: Production
Role-play: Students imagine a dialogue with a foreigner and apply sense group pausing in the dialogue. teacher will give them 10 minutes to prepare it and 10 minutes later, invite some students to role the conversation in the front.
Step 5: Summary & Homework
Summary : students look at the blackboard and summarize this class.
Homework: seek for a part of an English movie to make a dubbing.
五、连读（Liaison）
(一) 定义
(1)连读在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。
(2)如果前一个词是以-r或者-re结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r或re不但要发/r/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。
(1) Within a sense group, when the final consonant of the first word is linked with the initial vowel of the next word together, it's called liaison.
(2) When the first word ends with "r" or "re", and the following word starts with a vowel, we can connect them together, it's also called liaison.
（二）真题展示
（三）考题解析
Teaching procedure:
Step 1: Warming-up
1. Greetings
2. Sing a song for them called "The show" and then ask them why this song is so beautiful and then lead
into the topic
Step 2: Presentation
1. Read this passage in two different ways and then ask them which one they prefer.
2. Ask students to read this passage again and then write down some phrases on the board to let them
know which part we should use liaison
3. Lead them to find out that there are 3 ways to use liaison
Step 3: Practice
I. Ask students to read this passage for themselves and underline the part we use liaison and then discuss
this rule with their partner.
2. Write down 3 phrases and ask students to read them and then circle the part we use liaison to
consolidate this rule of pronunciation.
Step 4: Production
1. Divide them into 4 groups and everyone should read this passage one by one
2. Work in groups to find out more sentences in the textbook that also use liaison and share them with
classmates
Step 5: Summary and Homework
Summary: ask a student to conclude the content of the lesson and summarize with the whole class.
Homework: listen to another song called "No matter what" and feel the liaison. Try to practice this song
and to show before the whole class in next class.
六、开音节/闭音节(Open syllable/ Closed syllable）
(一) 定义
(1) Relative open-syllable（相对开音节）：when a word ends up with “a vowel + a consonant（except ‘r’） + letter ‘e’ ”， it's called relative open-syllable. For example: name, bike, these
绝对开音节：单个元音字母后面 ( http: / / www. / s q=%E5%90%8E%E9%9D%A2&ie=utf-8&src=internal_wenda_recommend_textn" \t "https: / / wenda. / q / _blank )没有辅音字母 ( http: / / www. / s q=%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D&ie=utf-8&src=internal_wenda_recommend_textn" \t "https: / / wenda. / q / _blank )的重读音节 ( http: / / www. / s q=%E9%87%8D%E8%AF%BB%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82&ie=utf-8&src=internal_wenda_recommend_textn" \t "https: / / wenda. / q / _blank )。
例如：name, bike, these
(2) Absolute open-syllable（绝对开音节）：when a word ends up with “a consonant + a vowel”, it's called absolute open-syllable. For example: we, zero, photo
绝对开音节：单个元音字母后面没有辅音字母的重读音节。例如： we, zero, photo
(3) Closed syllables（闭音节） are syllables that end with a vowel letter and one or more consonants letters, such as not, thank, six, ten
重读闭音节必须是重读音节最后只有一个辅音字母元音字母发短音
Stressed closed syllables(重读闭音节) must be stressed syllables，ended with only one consonant letter and Vowel letters pronounce short sounds, such as run, swim ,begin
重读音节:一个元音字母加上一个或几个辅音字母的音节。

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