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Unit12 Innovation
Lesson 1 Scientific Breakthrough
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What do you think are the most important inventions or discoveries of the 20th century Can you name a few inventors What makes them great
premier scientist pioneers of the 20th century
to be committed to to be inspired by
to be proposed by to improve the quality of human life
致力于
先锋，先驱
由...提出
If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century, you would have a real problem on your hands. In just 100 years, the world has changed completely. Amazing discoveries were made in medicine, communications and transport, not to mention our knowledge of the world and space.
如果必须在20世纪重大发现中选出最重要的一项，这可是件棘手的事。在仅仅100年中，世界就完全变样了。医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。
if引导的虚拟语气，表达与现在事实相反的假设。if引导的从句谓语用一般过去时，主句谓语用would+动词原形
have sth. on one’s hands手头有某事待处理（指困难的事情、问题等）
not to mention =let alone更不用说，且不说
熟词生义：knowledge n.知晓，了解
have/has done现在完成时（时态标志词in just 100years 仅仅100年来）
adv.彻底地，完全地
PART.01
虚拟语气在if 引导的非真实性条件句中的用法
　　虚拟条件句 　　　主句
与现在事实相反
与过去事实相反
与将来事实相反
If+主语+ did/were
主语+ would/could/should/might do
If+主语+had done
主语＋
would/could/should
/might have done
1. If+主语+did/were
2. If+主语+were to do
3. If+主语+should do
主语＋ would do
If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century, you would have a real problem on your hands. In just 100 years, the world has changed completely. Amazing discoveries were made in medicine, communications and transport, not to mention our knowledge of the world and space.
如果必须在20世纪重大发现中选出最重要的一项，这可是件棘手的事。在仅仅100年中，世界就完全变样了。医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。
if引导的虚拟语气，表达与现在事实相反的假设。if引导的从句谓语用一般过去时，主句谓语用would+动词原形
have sth. on one’s hands手头有某事待处理（指困难的事情、问题等）
not to mention =let alone更不用说，且不说
熟词生义：knowledge n.知晓，了解
have/has done现在完成时（时态标志词in just 100years 仅仅100年来）
adv.彻底地，完全地
Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated munications changed with the introduction of mobile phones, and the way (we correspond) went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages.
医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术用捐赠的器官做器官移植。移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，我们的通信方式从写信变为发电子邮件和发送即时信息。
range from… to…范围从…到…
stage operation施行手术
replace A with B用B替换A
organ n.器官
ones代指organs
省略了关系词的定语从句，修饰先行词the way
熟词生义：go-went-gone vi.变动，变化
instant message 即时消息
随着
We started flying around the world, launching satellites into orbit and, at the same time, scientists figured out how to split the atom, [ previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe].
我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发射至轨道。同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子，在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰atom原子
think A to be B 认为A是B A be thought to be B.A被认为是B
发射人造卫星进入轨道
与此同时
figure out搞清楚，弄明白
Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery, it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century. Here are some of them.
尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。例如以下几位。
单独挑出
it is impossible to do 做某事是不可能的
先驱
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One of the 20th century’s premier scientists was Albert Einstein. In the summer of 1905, this outspoken young man was rocking his one-year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired. Subsequently, “E=mc2” was born.
20 世纪最杰出的科学家，爱因斯坦是之一。1905年夏天，这个坦率的年轻人正在给他一岁的孩子晃动摇篮时，突然受到启发。于是，“E=mc2”诞生了。
one of+名词复数： ...之一
be doing...when... 正在做某事，这时突然
熟词生义：rock vt.&vi.(使)轻轻摇晃，缓缓摆动
be born（思想、机构、感情等）出现，形成，成立
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It showed (how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy.) Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity” (that not even time, mass or length are constant—they change according to our experience of them.)
它证明了一小块物质可以产生巨大的能量。爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的，它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。
how引导宾语从句
n.物质
that 引导宾语从句
根据
相对论
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In 1928, another important finding was made by biologist Alexander Fleming. Before he went on holiday, Fleming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory. When he came back, he noticed something strange. He double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed.
1928年，另一项重要的发现由生物学家亚历山大·弗莱明发现了。在去度假之前，弗莱明在实验室里放了一个细菌培养皿。回来时，他注意到器皿里有点儿奇怪。经过反复检查，他发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。
go on holiday 去度假
细菌培养皿
n.实验室
v.复查，复核，仔细检查
“介词+关系代词” 引导定语从句， which指代前面先行词mould
had been done:
过去完成时的被动语态
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This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin, （which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria.） A few years later, penicillin was being mass-produced and helping to save the lives of millions. Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery. “Nature made penicillin,” he said, “I just found it.”
这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素，弗莱明认为它可以用来杀死细菌。数年后，青霉素开始大量生产，帮助挽救了数百万人的生命。弗莱明对他这一惊人的发现态度谦虚，他说：“是大自然制造了青霉素，我只是发现了它。”
mass-produce vt.（用机器）批量生产，大量生产
事实上
n.状态
which引导非限制性定语从句, 指代penicillin
被用来
插入语
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During World War Ⅱ, when Fleming’s discovery was first helping to cure people, the US Navy was looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their missiles. The navy turned to Eckert, an engineer, and Mauchly, a physicist, to deal with the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint effort.
第二次世界大战期间，正当弗莱明的发现首次用来帮助治愈病人时，美国海军正在寻找提高导弹精度的方法。海军求助于工程师埃克特和物理学家莫克利，两人共同制造一台机器来完成这项工作。
turn to sb (for help) 向某人(求助)
处理,解决
在共同努力下
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Although they only finished after the war in 1946, it did not matter. This huge machine was the world’s first computer, but it was nothing like our computers today. It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and weighed over 30,000 kilograms.
尽管机器在1946年战争结束后才制造出来，但也不迟。这台巨大的机器是世界上第一台计算机，但是与今天的计算机完全不同。它长100英尺，高10英尺，重30000多公斤。（1英尺=30.48厘米）
才
完全不像，根本不像
量度为
有…重
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With 18,000 tubes, thousands of circuits and 6,000 switches, it used so much energy that when it was turned on, the lights in the local town went out!
它有18000个显像管，数千条电路和6000个开关，耗电量如此大，以致于当它启动的时候，当地所有的灯都熄灭了！
有着
如此...以致于...
go out:熄灭
turn on:打开
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With the development of computers, people expected to get more things done efficiently. During the Cold War, a “huge network” of computers was proposed by two American scientists. With computers talking to one another, it would enable government leaders to communicate with each other.
随着计算机的发展，人们期望能有效地完成更多的事情。冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“庞大网络”。计算机能互换信息，可使政府领导人相互沟通。
随着
get sth done 使某物被完成
enable sb to do sth 使某人能够做某事
与…交流
熟词生义：talk vi.(用信号、数字等)交流，传递信息
由于,因为
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By the end of the 1960s, some mini-networks were established, but only a few computers could connect to them. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, （which enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other.） Nowadays, life without the Internet for most people is unimaginable.
到20 世纪60 年代末，一些小型网络已经建立起来，但只有少数计算机可以接入。1990 年，蒂姆·伯纳·李发明了万维网，使世界各地的计算机能够相互通信。如今，对大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是难以想象的。
到......末
which引导非限制定语从句，修饰先行词
难以想象的，无法想象的
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These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to improving the quality of human life on Earth. Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”, with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests.
这些20 世纪的先驱都致力于改善地球上人类的生活质量。不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，使得这个星球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。
be dedicated to+n./doing 致力于…
在地球上
With+宾语+宾语补足语，宾语与宾补为逻辑上的动宾关系，∴宾补用过去分词形式
共同利益
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There is no doubt about it. Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology, whether lucky or planned, the world as we know it today would be a completely different place.
毫无疑问，如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。
There is/was no doubt about/ that…，毫无疑问…

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