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(共34张PPT)
Book 3 Unit 6
Using language
Ellipsis
省略
Activity 1 (P65)
Look at the sentences (a) and (pare them with the sentences (c) and (d) and answer the questions.
a. It’s just typical that my journey is on one of the oldest lines, as well
as one of the deepest.
b. My office is only on the third floor of the building, so quite low.
c. It’s just typical that my journey is on one of the oldest lines, as well
as one of the deepest lines.
d. My office is only on the third floor of the building, so it is quite low.
在以上句子中,为了使句子结构更加紧密或为了避免重复,而将前面或后面已经出现过的词语省略,或因习惯上的用法而省略部分词语,由此所形成的句子叫省略句。
语法知识点拨
一、省略的定义
省略是一种避免重复、保持句子简洁的语法现象。
凡是缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分,但在一定的语境中能够独立存在,意义明确,并且能发挥实际功能的句子就是省略句。
1.简单句的省略。
二、省略的用法
(You) Give a lift
能搭个便车吗
(1)省略主语:一般情况下,主语是不能省略的,但在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧义的情况下,特别是在口语中,主语常常省略,主要是祈使句中的you和疑问句中的主语。
(2)省略宾语:当上下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时,下句或后句常省略宾语。
—Do you know the mascots of the Beijing Winter Olympic Games
—Of course I know(the mascots of the Beijing Winter Olympic Games).
——你知道北京冬奥会的吉祥物吗
——我当然知道。
(3)省略主语和谓语(或主语和谓语的一部分):在某些具体的场合下,主语和谓语都很明确,此时为了简化或显得亲切等,可将主语和谓语(或主语和谓语的一部分)同时省略,只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。
(You come) This way,please.(省略了主语和谓语)
请这边走。
(Have you) Got any ink (省略了主语和谓语的一部分)
你有墨水吗
2.并列句的省略。
在由and 或but连接的并列句中,常省略一些重复的词或词组。
(1)省略共同的主语或宾语。
Your behaviour made me happy but (your behaviour) made Tom angry.
你的行为使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
(2)若主语不同,而谓语部分的动词相同,则省略后面的动词。
Reading makes a full man,conference (makes) a ready man,and writing (makes) an exact man.
阅读使人充实,交谈使人敏捷,写作使人精确。
(3)若主语与谓语动词相同,则省略后面的主谓成分。
To some life is pleasure,and to others (life is) suffering.
对于一些人来讲,生活是快乐;对于其他人来讲,生活则是苦难。
(4)若主语不同,但主要动词及后续部分相同,则省略主要动词及后续部分。
He has a knowledge of first aid but his friend doesn’t (have a knowledge of first aid).
他具备急救知识,但他朋友不具备。
3.复合句的省略。
(1)状语从句的省略。
①在when、while、if、as if、though、although、as、until、once、whether、unless、whenever 等引导的状语从句中,当从句主语跟主句主语相同且从句谓语中含有be动词或从句的主语为it时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
When (I was) driving a car to the city centre,I spotted my old friend.
当我开车去往市中心时,我看到了我的老朋友。
I’ll lend you one if (it is) necessary.
必要的话,我借给你一个。
若状语从句中的谓语动词和主语之间构成主谓关系,则使用现在分词形式;若构成动宾关系,则使用过去分词形式;若谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生,则使用不定式。
②在than、as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。
He works harder than other classmates (work).
他比其他同学更努力。
(2)定语从句的省略。
①在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 that、which、who、whom 可省略。
Who was the girl (that/who/whom) he spoke to just now
刚刚他与之交谈的那个女孩是谁
I live near the river (that/which) I used to swim in.
我生活在我过去游泳的那条河流旁边。
②在定语从句中way作先行词,且在句中充当方式状语时,可省略引导定语从句的关系代词。
I don’t like the way (that/in which) he behaves.
我不喜欢他行事的方式。
③在“the same...as...”或“such...as...”引导的某些定语从句中,也可省略与主句相同的部分。
I have the same trouble as you (have).
我和你有同样的困难。
(3)宾语从句的省略。
①及物动词后接宾语从句时,连接词that一般可以省略。
He warned me (that) the danger ahead would threaten my life.
他警告我,前方的危险会威胁我的生命。
Everybody knows (that) protecting the environment means a lot.
每个人都知道保护环境很重要。
温馨提示
如果及物动词后接两个或两个以上 that引导的宾语从句时,那么只有第一个 that 可以省略。
He promised the local people (that) he would raise some funds and that he would set up a school.
他承诺当地人他会筹集一些资金并且建立一所学校。
②when、where、how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。
I know (that) a famous professor will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).
我知道一位著名的教授将要来我们市,但我不知道他什么时候来。
4.其他情况的省略。
(1)动词不定式的省略。
①当不定式在形容词afraid、anxious、eager、glad、happy、ready、willing等后作状语时,to后的内容常省略。
You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not ready to (answer the question).
如果他不愿意回答这个问题,那么你不能强迫他。
②在某些使役动词,如make、let、have等和感官动词(词组),如see、watch、notice、observe、hear、feel、look at、listen to等后作宾语补足语的不定式须省略 to,但若这些动词使用被动语态,则to不省略。
We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom.
→She is often heard to sing an English song in the classroom.(被动语态)
我们经常听见她在教室里唱英文歌。
③并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号 to。但若两个不定式之间为对比关系,则不能省略 to。
He likes to swim more than (to) skate.
比起溜冰他更喜欢游泳。(并列)
He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.
他认为最重要的是学习而不是交朋友。(对比)
④当不定式在某些动词(词组)后作宾语时,常可省略 to 后的内容。常见的这类动词(词组)有agree、afford、expect、forget、hope、manage、pretend、remember、refuse、want、wish、would like 等。
—Will you go to the cinema with me
—I’d like to (go with you).
——你愿意和我一起去看电影吗
——我愿意。
⑤but前面有实义动词do 的某种形式时,后面的不定式不带to。
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.
他所能做的只有观望。
⑥当不定式在 be going to、be able to、have to、ought to、used to后作复合谓语时,不定式可省略,只保留to。
They didn’t visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents).
他们应该多看望父母,但他们没有。
(2)虚拟语气的省略。
①在if引导的虚拟条件句中,若含有were、had或should,常可以省略if而将were、had或should置于句首。
If it had not been for the drought,the crop would not have failed.
→Had it not been for the drought,the crop would not have failed.
要不是因为那场干旱,庄稼是不会歉收的。
②在表“命令、要求、建议”等意义的名词性从句中用“should+动词原形”,should常可省略。
The doctor suggests that people (should) do exercise for thirty minutes every day to be in good health.
医生建议人们应该每天锻炼30分钟来保持健康。
(3)使用 so、not 等时的省略。
为了避免重复前面所说过的内容,常用替代词so/not 替代肯定或否定的名词性从句,与 believe、do、expect、fear、guess、hope、say、speak、suppose、think、I’m afraid等连用。so表示赞同前述的内容,not表示不赞同前述的内容。
—Has she ever been to London
—I don’t think so.(=I don’t think she has ever been to London.)
——她曾到过伦敦吗
——我想她没去过。
—Will it rain tomorrow
—I hope not.(=I hope it won’t rain tomorrow.)
——明天会下雨吗
——我希望不会。
(4)介词的省略。
一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略,而保留介词后的动名词。常见的结构有:
①have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth
②be busy (in) doing sth
③spend some time (in) doing sth
④stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth
语境运用
将下列句子中可以省略的部分用括号标出
①—What made Tony so upset
—I believe losing the game made Tony so upset.It shocked him so much.
答案:①—What made Tony so upset
—I believe losing the game (made Tony so upset).It shocked him so much.
②She usually does her exercises on weekdays,so that she won’t have to do her exercises on Sundays.
答案:②She usually does her exercises on weekdays,so that she won’t have to (do her exercises) on Sundays.
③The old tower must be saved,whatever the cost may be.
答案:③The old tower must be saved,whatever the cost (may be).
④John paused as if he was expecting Mary to speak.
答案:④John paused as if (he was) expecting Mary to speak.
⑤One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow,and the other side of the board should be painted white.
答案:⑤One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow,and the other (side of the board should be painted) white.
真题赏析
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Besides,students may feel uncomfortable or less motivated if 　　　　 (pair) with someone who they don’t get along with or have difficulty communicating with.
2.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)On the day of the accident,Mrs Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father.They both fell asleep while ________　　　 　 (watch) TV.
3.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Americans are still texting while 　　　 　
(drive),as well as using social networks and taking photos.
paired
watching
driving
语法专项训练
翻译句子(运用省略结构)
1.当我一个人在街上走的时候,我听见有人在后边叫我的名字。
　　　 　　　　　　　　　　 　　,I heard my name called from behind.
2.她站在门口,好像在等人似的。
She stood at the gate　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
While/When walking alone in the street
as if waiting for someone
3.爬山时,我们享受到了温暖的阳光和美丽的风景。
　　　　　　　　　　　 　,we enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful view.
4.孩子们在父母的陪同下可以进入体育场。
Children,　　 　　　 　　by their parents,are allowed to enter the stadium.
5.你应该按要求完成家庭作业。
You should finish the homework　 .
While/When climbing the hill
when/if accompanied
as required
6.当他专心致志地工作时,他经常会废寝忘食。
When　　　　　　　　 　　 work,he would often forget all about eating or sleeping.
7.当问到他的意见时,他默不作声。
　　　　　　　 　　,he remained silent.
8.你最好在旅行的时候带张地图,这样你就不会迷路了。
You’d better take a map with you　　 　　　　　 　 so that you won’t get lost.
deeply absorbed in
When asked about his opinion
hile/when travelling
THANKS

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