资源简介

(共57张PPT)
Unit6 Survival
Homework
Reasons for migration
Urban development and climate change push the animal
1______________________________.
Towns and cities are in their way，with nowhere else to make their homes
2
Benefits of cities for animals
Appealing spaces as habitats.
3
absence of natural predators
4
plentiful food
out of their natural habitats
Animals’ adaption
to cities
Urban animals are more
Change their living habits
6
5
Dangers
for some animals
7
birds crash into windows.
8
Their migratory routes are through cities with high-rise buildings.
intelligent
We should learn to better understand and appreciate our wild neighbours, and 9
look towards harmoniously sharing our urban habitats.
Part1:Underline these phrases
1.sth take place/happen/occur
2.within seconds
3.commit crimes
4.all over the world
5.as if/though
6.take over
7.urban development
8.climate change
9.be responsible for
10.out of their natural habitats
1.发生某事
2.几秒之内
3.犯罪
4.全世界
5.似乎，好像
6.接管，占有
7.城市发展
8.气候变化
9.对...负责
10.离开他们的自然栖息地
长难句分析
Part1：Underline these phrases
1.move into their territory
2.in one’s way
3.have no choice but to do sth
4.look for new habitats
5.out of reach from many of their natural predators
6.under construction
7.what’s more=moreover=besides
=furthermore=in addition=additionally
8.throw away
1.搬进他们的领域
2.阻碍
3.除了做某事别无选择
4.寻找新的栖息地
5.远离他们的许多天敌
6.在建造中
7.而且
8.扔掉
长难句分析
Part1：Underline these phrases
1.There is evidence that
2.figure out difficult problems
3.in the wild
4.change their living habits
5.fit in with their new homes
6.at night
7.come out in daylight
8.get a taste for
9.such as=like=for example/instance
10.be unable to distinguish between..and....
1.有证据表明
2.解决难题
3.在野外
4.改变他们的生活习性
5.适应他们的新家园
6.在晚上
7.在白天出来
8.体验，品尝
9.比如
10.不能区分...和....
长难句分析
Part1：Underline these phrases
1.crash into
2.at a speed of
3.die from
4.each/every year
5.amount to=be equal to=up to
6.migratory routes
7.high-rise buildings
8. adapt/adjust to=be used/accustomed to
9. get a better understanding of
10. learn to appreciate
1.撞向
2.以...的速度
3.死于
4.每年
5.达到，等同于
6.迁徙路线
7.高楼大厦
8.适应
9.更好地理解
10.学会欣赏
长难句分析
Part1：Underline these phrases
1.enter our cities=move/migrate into
2.for sure
3.a means of their survival
1.进入我们的城市
2.肯定的
3.一种他们的生存方式
长难句分析
Part1：Underline these phrases
Part2：Sentences analysis
1. The crime took place in a seaside suburb of Cape Town. Spotting the car with its window left open, the greedy thief didn't hesitate. Within seconds. he had reached inside and run away with a bag of shopping. No matter how many crimes he committed, the police were powerless to arrest him.
翻译：
在开普敦的一个海滨郊区发生了一起犯罪活动。贪婪的窃贼在发现有辆车的车窗未关后，没有丝毫犹豫。几秒之间，他把手伸进车窗，抓出一袋东西逃之夭夭。不论他犯罪多少次，警方都无法抓捕到他
1.The crime took place in a seaside suburb海滨郊区 of Cape Town. Spotting发现 the car with its window left open, the greedy thief didn't hesitate. Within seconds. he had reached inside and run away with a bag of shopping. No matter how many crimes he committed, the police were powerless to arrest him.
1. take--took--taken sth take place/occur/happen发生某事
eg. 我的家乡在过去的5年里发生了巨大的变化。
2.Spotting the car with its window left open现在分词短语做时间状语，它的逻辑主语为句子主语the greedy thief。
3.with its window left open（with的复合结构）作后置定语，修饰名词the car。
g
with + 宾语. +宾补
介词短语
adj.
adv.
to do 表目的，未做
doing表进行，主动
done表完成，被动
拓展
作定语或状语
1.We lay in the bed_____________________(开着窗）.
2.With the crowds________(cheer), they came onto the stage.
3.With her bike_________(steal), she had to walk home.
4.With no one________(turn) to, she has to depend on herself.
Practice
with the window open
cheering
stolen
to turn
1.The crime took place in a seaside suburb海滨郊区 of Cape Town. Spotting发现 the car with its window left open, the greedy thief窃贼 didn't hesitate. Within seconds. he had reached inside and run away with a bag of shopping. No matter how many crimes he committed, the police were powerless to arrest him.
1. greed n.贪婪，贪心 greedy adj.贪婪的，贪心的
greedily adv.贪婪地
2. hesitate v.犹豫 hesitation n.犹豫
don’t hesitate to do sth不要犹豫做某事 without hesitation毫不犹豫
eg. 他毫不犹豫地同意了帮忙。
eg. 如果你在游览期间有任何问题，不要犹豫问我。
1.The crime took place in a seaside suburb海滨郊区 of Cape Town. Spotting发现 the car with its window left open, the greedy thief窃贼 didn't hesitate. Within seconds秒，he had reached inside到/在里面 and run away with a bag of shopping买的东西. No matter how many crimes罪行 he committed, the police were powerless to arrest逮捕 him.
1. no matter how引导的让步状语从句（no matter+疑问词=疑问词+ever可以引导状语从句）
eg. I will support you no matter what happens.
2.commit v.犯，投入，承诺 commitment n.承诺，投入
commit/devote oneself to （doing）致力于，投身于 =be devoted to
eg.毕业后，他就致力于这个遗产的修复工作。
2. You see, this was no ordinary criminal, it was a chacma baboon. Once almost unheard of, scenes like this one in Cape Town are now common all over the world. With foxes in London, mountain lions狮子 in San Francisco and wild pigs野猪 in Hong Kong: it is almost as if our cities are being taken over占领 by wild animals.
翻译：
要知道，这可不是普通的罪犯：它是一只大狒狒。以前，在开普敦发生的这种事几乎闻所未闻，但现在这种事在世界各地都时有发生。伦敦出现了狐狸，旧金山出现了美洲狮，香港出现了野猪，我们的城市就像是被野生动物给占领了。
2.You see, this was no ordinary普通的 criminal罪犯, it was a chacma baboon. Once曾经 almost几乎 unheard of, scenes场景 like this one in Cape Town are now common普遍的 all over the world. With foxes in London, mountain lions狮子 in San Francisco and wild pigs野猪 in Hong Kong: it is almost as if our cities are being taken over占领 by wild animals.
1. unheard of过去分词短语作状语，修饰整个句子，它的逻辑主语为句子的主语scenes like this one。
2.like this one in Cape Town介词短语作后置定语，修饰名词scenes
3.With foxes in London（with+宾语+宾补）
4.as if从属连词引导的表语从句。
5.are being taken（am/is/are being done现在进行时的被动式）
3. People often wonder about the reasons behind this mass大规模的 urban migration城市迁徙. Most of us would assume认为 that urban development and climate change are responsible for pushing推动 the animals out of their natural habitats栖息地.
翻译：
人们总想知道这种大规模城市迁徙背后的原因。我们大多数人会认为，城市发展和气候变化是造成这些动物离开其自然栖息地的原因。
3.People often wonder about the reasons behind this mass大规模的 urban migration城市迁徙. Most of us would assume认为 that urban development and climate change are responsible for pushing推动 the animals out of their natural habitats栖息地.
1.wonder v.想知道，感到惊讶 n.奇观
It is no wonder that...难怪....，...不足为奇
eg. You may wonder spiders蜘蛛 should竟然 be our friends.
eg. It is no wonder that the island was on the list of the World Heritage Site with stunning scenery.
2.behind this mass urban migration介词短语作后置定语，修饰名词reasons。
3.People often wonder about the reasons behind this mass大规模的 urban migration城市迁徙. Most of us would assume认为 that urban development and climate change are responsible for pushing推动 the animals out of their natural habitats栖息地.
1.migrate v.迁徙 migration n.迁徙 migratory adj.迁徙的
2.assume v.认为=reckon=believe=feel=consider=deem=hold
=argue=find=expect=suppose
eg.I hold that all people should be equal.
assumption n.假设
3.从属连词that引导的宾语从句，that不作句子成分，无意思，可以省略。
3.People often wonder about the reasons behind this mass大规模的 urban migration城市迁徙. Most of us would assume认为 that urban development and climate气候 change are responsible for pushing推动 the animals out of their natural habitats栖息地.
1.change v.改变，变化 n.零钱，变化
change/turn/transform sth into sth把...转变成....
change one’s mind改变主意/想法
eg. 人们破坏这片森林是为了把它变成养牛场（cattle farm）。
eg. 劝他改变主意是没用的。
eg.这是找给你的零钱。
2.pushing...动名词短语作介词后的宾语。
3.People often wonder about the reasons behind this mass大规模的 urban migration城市迁徙. Most of us would assume认为 that urban development and climate气候 change are responsible for pushing推动 the animals out of their natural habitats栖息地.
1.responsible adj.负责的，有责任感的 responsibility n.责任=duty
take responsibility for=be responsible for.. 对...负责
eg.Each of us must take responsibility for our own actions行为.
2. push v.推，推动 pull v.拉，拽
eg. Don’t pull so hard，or the handle把手 will come off.
4. However true this is，we also need to consider that some of these so-called “urban animals” have never moved at all—it's we humans who have moved into their territory领土. Wherever they go, animals find towns and cities in their way妨碍. With nowhere else to make their homes, they have no choice but to move in with us.
翻译：
无论事实如何，我们必须得明白，在这些所谓的“城市动物”中，有一些根本就没有迁徙过——是我们人类搬到了它们的领地里。动物不论走到哪里，都发现有城镇拦路。既然没有别处可以安家，它们别无选择，只好搬来和我们一起住。
4.However true this is，we also need to consider that some of these so-called所谓的 “urban animals” have never moved at all—it's we humans who have moved into their territory领土. Wherever they go, animals find towns and cities in their way. With nowhere else to make their homes, they have no choice but to move in with us.
1.从属连词however引导的让步状语从句（no matter how）
2.consider v.考虑，认为 consideration n.考虑
considerate adj.体贴的，考虑周到的=thoughtful
considerable adj.相当大的，可观的
3.从属连词that引导的宾语从句，that不作句子成分，无意思，可以省略。
4.强调句It be+被强调部分+that/who+其它
eg.老实说，是人类应该为全球变暖负责
4.However true this is，we also need to consider that some of these so-called所谓的 “urban animals” have never moved at all—it's we humans who have moved into their territory领土. Wherever they go, animals find towns and cities in their way. With nowhere else to make their homes, they have no choice but to move in with us.
1.从属连词Wherever引导的让步状语从句（no matter where）
2.find towns and cities in their way（find+宾语+宾补）
3.With nowhere else to make their homes（with+宾语+宾补）
eg.因为第一阶段phase适应的完成，他们已经开始了第二阶段的羚羊放归野生。
4.除了与这个公司合作，我们别无选择。
5.choose v.选择=select choice n.选择=selection=option
5. Yet, for its newest and wildest inhabitants栖息动物, a city can offer many benefits好处. As our cities become greener, they offer increasingly appealing有吸引力的 spaces空间 to animals looking for new habitats栖息地. Out of reach from远离 many of their natural predators天敌, these newcomers often flourish蓬勃发展 in their new city lives.
翻译：
不过，城市可以给这些最新的也是最野生的居民以许多好处。随着我们的城市绿化越来越好，它们越来越吸引着寻找新栖息地的动物。由于远离自然界中的许多天敌，这些新来者往往在新城市生活中蓬勃发展。
5. Yet, for its newest and wildest inhabitants栖息动物, a city can offer many benefits. As our cities become greener, they offer increasingly appealing有吸引力的 spaces空间 to animals looking for new habitats栖息地. Out of reach from远离 many of their natural predators天敌, these newcomers often flourish蓬勃发展 in their new city lives.
benefit n.好处，利益=advantage
v.使受益，得益于（from）
beneficial adj.有益的，有利的 =helpful=advantageous=good=favorable=useful=rewarding
eg.这个城市的经济发展得益于它的旅游业。
5. Yet, for its newest and wildest inhabitants栖息动物, a city can offer many benefits. As随着 our cities become greener, they offer increasingly愈发地 appealing有吸引力的 spaces to animals looking for new habitats. Out of reach from远离 many of their natural predators天敌, these newcomers often flourish蓬勃发展 in their new city lives.
1.从属连词as引导的时间状语从句。
2.offer sth to sb=offer sb sth=provide/supple sb with sth=provide sth for sb给某人提供某物
eg. 我将会为派对提供饮料和甜点。
3.appealing adj.有吸引力的=attractive
5. Yet, for its newest and wildest inhabitants栖息动物, a city can offer many benefits. As随着 our cities become greener, they offer increasingly愈发地 appealing有吸引力的 spaces to animals looking for new habitats. Out of reach from远离 many of their natural predators天敌, these newcomers often flourish蓬勃发展 in their new city lives.
1.looking for new habitats现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰名词animals。
2.Out of reach from many of their natural predators介词短语作原因状语，修饰整个句子。
6. Today, foxes can be seen all over London—one even being found living on the 72nd floor of the Shard building when it was under construction! What's more, hungry animals are finding plenty to eat in our gardens and in the leftovers残存物 we throw away.
翻译：
现在，伦敦随处都可以见到狐狸——有一只甚至生活在当时在建的夏德大厦72楼！而且，饥饿的动物们从我们的花园里和我们扔掉的垃圾中找寻到大量的食物。
6. Today, foxes can be seen all over London—one even being found living on the 72nd floor of the Shard building when it was under construction! What's more, hungry animals are finding plenty to eat in our gardens and in the leftovers残存物 we throw away.
1.the+序数词/最高级
eg. 扬子江是世界上第三长河流。
2.construct v.建造=build construction n.建造=building
3.under construction（“under+n.”表示正在进行的动作，而且包含被动含义，相当于进行时的被动语态。）
eg. The construction of the new teaching building is under way.
【拓展】under + n. 的短语
under examination 在审查中
under repair 在修理中
under observation 在监视中
under consideration 在考虑中
under treatment 在治疗中
under discussion 在讨论中
under way 在进行中
under the weather 身体不适
under treatment 在治疗中
6. Today, foxes can be seen all over London—one even being found living on the 72nd floor of the Shard building when it was under construction! What's more, hungry animals are finding plenty大量 to eat in our gardens and in the leftovers残存物 that we throw away.
1.hunger n.饥饿=starvation hungry adj.饥饿的=starving
starve v.挨饿
eg.What’s worse, there are many people starving all over the world.
2.to eat不定式短语作后置定语，修饰代词plenty。
3.in our gardens and in the leftovers介词短语作地点状语，修饰find 4.关系代词that引导的定语从句，that指代先行词leftovers，在从句中作throw后的宾语，that可以省略。
7. One thing crucial to the increasing number of "urban animals" is their ability to adapt. There is evidence that urban racoons are more intelligent than their wild cousins, as they frequently have to figure out difficult problems such as how to open rubbish bins and other containers which they would not find in the wild.
翻译：
对这些越来越多的“城市动物”来说，适应能力是关键。有证据显示，和野生的浣熊相比，城市里的浣熊更聪明，因为它们时常要想办法解决难题，比如怎么打开垃圾桶以及其他它们在野外不会见到的容器。
7.One thing crucial to the increasing number of "urban animals" is their ability to adapt. There is evidence that urban racoons are more intelligent than their wild cousins, as they frequently have to figure out difficult problems such as how to open rubbish bins and other containers which they would not find in the wild.
1.crucial adj.重要的=important=major
=critical=vital=significant=momentous=considerable
2.crucial to the increasing number of "urban animals" 形容词短语作后置定语，修饰名词thing.
3.increasing adj.增加的 decreasing adj.减少的
4. to adapt不定式作后置定语，修饰名词ability。
7.One thing crucial to the increasing number of "urban animals" is their ability to adapt. There is evidence that urban racoons浣熊 are more intelligent than their wild cousins, as they frequently have to figure out difficult problems such as how to open rubbish bins and other containers which they would not find in the wild.
1.evidence 不可数名词“证据”=proof（可数名词）
2.从属连词that引导的同位语从句
eg. There is no proof that the virus is deadly.
3.intelligent adj.聪明的=clever=smart
intelligence n.智力，智能，才智，情报机关
4.比较级+than 比...更....
eg.科技使得通讯比10年前更便利。
7.One thing crucial to the increasing number of "urban animals" is their ability to adapt. There is evidence that urban racoons浣熊 are more intelligent than their wild cousins, as they frequently have to figure out difficult problems such as how to open rubbish bins and other containers which they would not find in the wild.
1.从属连词as引导的原因状语从句。
2.frequent adj.频繁的 frequency n.频率，频繁
frequently adv.频繁地，经常（often，always）
eg. We need to look at the frequency of events to decide what we should do.
3.figure/work out解决=solve=resolve=settle=do/deal with=address
4.how to open（疑问词+to do可以做主语，宾语和表语）
7.One thing crucial to the increasing number of "urban animals" is their ability to adapt. There is evidence that urban racoons are more intelligent than their wild cousins, as they frequently have to figure out difficult problems such as how to open rubbish bins箱子 and other containers which they would not find in the wild.
1.rubbish n.垃圾=garbage=waste=litter=trash=refuse
2.container n.容器 contain v.包含，容纳，抑制
eg. He was unable to conatin her excitement.
eg. The drink doesn’t contain any alcohol酒精.
3.关系代词which引导的定语从句，which指代先行词other containers，which在从句中作动词find后的宾语。
8. Some animals have even changed their living habits to fit in with their new homes. Although naturally active at night, urban foxes come out in daylight if the reward is good enough. Their city location also means that they are getting a taste for the multicultural cuisine on offer from the garbage, such as hamburgers, lamb kebabs and even garlic bread!
翻译：
为了适应新的家园，有些动物甚至改变了习性。尽管狐狸天生昼伏夜出，但如果回报足够丰厚，城市里的狐狸会在白天出来。城市的位置也意味着，它们可以吃到来自垃圾里的多元文化的菜肴，比如汉堡包、烤羊肉串甚至香蒜面包！
7.Some animals have even changed their living habits生活习性 to fit in with适应 their new homes. Although naturally active at night, urban foxes come out出来 in daylight在白天 if the reward奖励 is good enough.
1.have changed（现在完成时have/has done）
2.从属连词Although引导的让步状语从句。从句省略了主语和be动词（they are）。
eg. If （it is）necessary，we will provide financial aid.
eg. Once （the film is） seen，the film will impress you deeply.
3.从属连词if引导的条件状语从句。
7.Their city location also means that they are getting a taste for尝试 the multicultural多元文化的 cuisine菜肴，风味 on offer from the garbage垃圾, such as hamburgers汉堡, lamb kebabs烤羊肉串 and even garlic bread香蒜面包!
从属连词that引导的宾语从句，that不作句子成分，无意思，可省略。
9. For those animals that don't adapt， the city can be a dangerous or even deadly place. Unable to distinguish between blue sky and glass, birds crash into撞向 windows at speeds of about 50 kilometres per hour. Recent studies estimate that between 400 million and 1 billion birds die from window impacts each year in the US alone.
翻译：
对无法适应环境的动物来说，城市是个危险甚至致命的地方。无法分辨蓝天和玻璃的鸟类会以每小时50千米的速度撞向窗户。近期研究估计，仅在美国，每年就有4亿到10亿只鸟因撞向窗户而亡。
9.For those animals that don't adapt， the city can be a dangerous or even deadly place. Unable to distinguish between blue sky and glass, birds crash into撞向 windows at speeds of about 50 kilometres per hour.
1.关系代词that引导的定语从句，that指代先行词animals，that在从句中做主语。
2.adapt v.适应，改编 adaptation n.适应，改编本
adapt to适应，习惯=adjust to=be used/accustomed to
=accustom oneself to
panies need to adapt to the changing market conditions.
9.For those animals that don't adapt， the city can be a dangerous or even deadly place. Unable to distinguish between blue sky and glass, birds crash into撞向 windows at speeds of about 50 kilometres per hour.
1.danger n.危险=risk endanger v.危及，危害=harm
endangered adj.濒危的 dangerous adj.危险的=risky
eg.开发这一地区将会危及野生动物。
eg.这些危险的农业化学物质agricultural chemicals使鸟儿们处于危险当中。
2.deadly adj.致命的 dead adj.死亡的，无生命的
die v.死亡，凋谢 death n.死亡
eg.These deadly mushrooms caused a lot of people to die.
9.For those animals that don't adapt， the city can be a dangerous or even deadly place. Unable to distinguish between blue sky and glass, birds crash into撞向 windows at speeds of about 50 kilometres per hour.
1.Unable to distinguish between blue sky and glass形容词短语做原因状语，修饰整个句子。
2.at speeds of about 50 kilometres per hour介词短语做方式状语，修饰动词短语crash into windows。
9. Recent studies estimate that between 400 million百万 and 1 billion十亿 birds die from window impacts撞击 each year in the US alone仅，只.
1.recent adj.最近的=latest recently adv.最近=lately
2.estimate v./n. 估计 It is estimated that... 据估计...
eg. As a rough estimate，Nigeria is three times the size of Great Bratain.
eg.It is estimated that the meeting will last 5 hours.
3.impact v/n.影响，撞击
have an impact/influence/effect on... 对....有影响
eg.人类活动对气候变化产生了极大的影响。
10. Shockingly, these deaths amount to around ten per cent of the total US bird population. Some species are more affected than others. One theory behind this is that these birds have yet to change their migratory routes that take them through cities with high-rise buildings.
翻译：
令人震惊的是，这一死亡数量约占全美鸟类总量的10%。有些种类的鸟受此影响更大。一种理论认为，这些鸟类的迁徙路线让它们穿过这些有高楼大厦的城市，而它们还没有调整路线。
10. Shockingly, these deaths死亡 amount to达到 around ten per cent of the total US bird population数量. Some species are more affected than others. One theory理论 behind this is that these birds have yet to change their migratory routes that take them through cities with high-rise buildings.
1.shockingly adv.令人震惊地=stunningly
2.species n.物种（单复数同形sheep，means，Chinese，series
）
eg.This species has disappeared.
3.affect v.影响 effect n. 影响
eg. Your opinion will not affect my decision.
4.从属连词that引导的表语从句，that不作句子成分，无意思.
10. Shockingly, these deaths死亡 amount to达到 around ten per cent of the total US bird population. Some species are more affected than others. One theory理论 behind this is that these birds have yet to change their migratory routes路线 that take them through穿过 cities with high-rise buildings.
1.migratory adj.迁徙的 migrate v.迁徙
migration n.迁徙
2.关系代词that 引导的定语从句，that指代先行词migratory routes，that在从句中作主语。
3.with high-rise buildings介词短语作后置定语，修饰名词cities。
11. However they adapt to our ways of urban living, it's important that we get a better understanding of and even learn to appreciate our wild neighbors. Only then can we look towards harmoniously sharing our urban habitats.
翻译：
不论它们如何适应我们的城市生活，更好地理解甚至学会欣赏我们的野生邻居是非常重要的。只有那时，我们才能展望与它们和谐分享城市栖息地的未来。
11.However they adapt to our ways of urban living, it's important that we get a better understanding of and even learn to appreciate our wild neighbors. Only then can we look towards harmoniously sharing our urban habitats.
1.从属连词however引导的让步状语从句。（no matter how）
2.of urban living介词短语作后置定语，修饰名词ways。
3.it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句。
eg.It is necessary that we should take immediate actions to conserve the natural habitas of wildlife.
4.only+状语/状语从句置于句首，句子/主句进行部分倒装。
（only+状语/状语从句+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他）
1) Only when I won the first prize in the spoken English contest ___________ (realize) it was important to have a good command of spoken English.
2) Only with all your time and energy ___________ (do) the job well.
3) Only when Lily walked into the office _____________ (remember) that she had left the contract at home.
did I realize
can you do
did she remember
Practice
11.However they adapt to our ways of urban living, it's important that we get a better understanding of and even learn to appreciate our wild neighbors. Only then can we look towards harmoniously sharing our urban habitats.
harmony n.和谐 be/live/exist in harmony with...与...和谐共存
harmonious adj.和谐的
harmoniously adv.和谐地
eg.重要的是我们应与大自然和谐相处。
12. Whatever the reasons behind these species entering our cities, one thing is for sure-as it's often a means of their survival, they could be with us to stay.
翻译：
无论这些物种为什么进入我们的城市，有一件事是肯定的——既然它们这么做通常是为了生存，那么它们就可以留下来和我们一起生活。
12. Whatever the reasons behind these species entering our cities are, one thing is for sure-as因为 it's often a means方式 of their survival, they could be with us to stay.
1. 从属连词whatever引导的让步状语从句。（no matter what）
2.behind these species entering our cities介词短语作后置定语，修饰名词reasons。
3.for sure介词短语作表语。
4.a means of一种...的方式
5.survive v.生存，幸存 survival n.生存，幸存
survivor n. 幸存者
eg. 他是这次地震中的唯一幸存者。

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