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新概念英语第一册Lesson 85-108知识清单
85-86课 现在完成时的主要时间状语/ have been to和have gone to的区别
一、现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in等）连用，但可以和不明确的时间状语（如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等）连用，也可以和表示包括现在在内的时间状语（如this morning, today, this week , this year等）连用。
二、have been to和have gone to的区别
这两个现在完成时的词组都表示“到某处”，它们的区别在于“have been to”表示到过某处，现在已经回来；have gone to表示到某处去了，现在也可能已经到达，也可能还在去的途中，总之，不知道现在到哪里去了：
I have been to the United States several times. 我到美国去过几趟。（现在回来了）
Where is your sister She has gone to the United States. 你姐姐在哪？她去美国了。（现在不在此处）
87-88课 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1）现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时不强调过去的动作与现在的关系：
I have lost my pen.（强调我现在没有笔） I lost my pen.（过去笔丢了，没说明现在是否有笔）
2）现在完成时不可和表过去的时间状语连用（before, just等除外），但一般过去时可和表过去的时间状语，如yesterday, last week, three days ago, just now等连用。
89-90课 现在完成时
1）for和since在现在完成时中的运用
for表“经历（一段时间）”，而since表“自从…以来”，常见结构为：for+一段时间；since+一段时间+ ago；since+一个时间点；since+ 从句：
He has stayed here for 3 hours. He has stayed here since 3 hours ago.
He has stayed here since 3 o’clock. He has taught English since he came here.
2）除了for, since以外，常和现在完成时连用的副词还有already, ever, never, just, yet, in the past few years, over the last thirty years, so far, up to now, since 1980等：
Most college students have learned English for more than six years.
Great changes have taken place in China in the past few years.
3）现在完成时中，already和yet的区别为：already常用于肯定句中或句末；yet常用于一般疑问句或否定句末。但表惊讶时already也可用于疑问句：
Tom has already finished his homework. What! Have you already finished it
91-92课 一般将来时
“shall/will+动词原形”构成的一般将来时通常表示单纯的将来，往往不涉及主语的主观意愿。
比较shall, will, be going to
1）I (we)用shall(或will)；you, he, she, they用will：
I shall be twenty years old next year. The train will arrive soon.
2）在现代美语中，will可用于所有人称：
I will help you with your computer test.
3）shall/will的缩写形式相同，都是’ll：
I shall= I’ll You will= You’ll She will=She’ll
4）shall not的缩写形式为shan’t；will not的缩写形式为won’t：
They’ll take part in the sports meet next week. She won’t accept my suggestion.
5）be going to和will在含义和用法上略有不同：
be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿、决心。有时不能互换。
I have bought some books and I am going to learn Korean by myself.（不能用will替换）
93-94课 一般将来时
常跟一般将来时连用的时间状语有：
this morning/afternoon/evening
in two days’ time
in the morning
tomorrow
this week
this month
this year
tonight
from now on
in the afternoon
the day after tomorrow
next week
next month
next year
tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening
in the future
in the evening
the night after next
the week after next
the month after next
the year after next
95-96课 had better的用法
had better（常简略为’d better）是一个固定词组，意思是“最好”，用于表示对别人的劝告、建议或表示一种愿望：
1）had better后面必须跟动词原形（即不带to的不定式），构成had better do sth.句型，这里的had不能用have来替换：
You’d better go to hospital at once.
2）不论主语是第几人称、句子是什么时态，都要用had better的形式：
Now you had better listen to the teacher.
3）had better可用来指以下的时间情况：
①用于指现在：Now you had better listen to the radio.
②用于指将来：You had better start tomorrow.
4）had better常用的否定形式是将否定副词not直接放在had better的后面：
You had better not leave for Nanjing the day after tomorrow.
97-98课 名词性物主代词
物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
1）形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，用在名词前：This is my book. We love our motherland.
2）名词性物主代词起名词的作用：Look at the two pencils. The red one is yours and the blue one is mine.
3）名词性物主代词在使用中必须注意：
①在使用名词性物主代词时，必须有特定的语言环境，也就是省略的名词大家已经知道，已经提起过：
There is a book. It’s hers.
②名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词
为避免重复使用名词，有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。
My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink.
= My bag is yellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is pink.
99-100课 宾语从句
用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句常常用连词that引导，而that没有意义，仅起连接作用。
1）宾语从句的分类
①作动词的宾语：Everyone knows that he is a good student.
②作介词的宾语：This depends on how hard you work.
③作形容词的宾语：They are confident that they can do the job well.
2）使用宾语从句要注意的问题
①从句引导词that的省略：在非正式场合下，that在引导宾语从句时，可以省略：I think (that) you are right.
②形式宾语it：如果宾语从句后面跟有补语，要用形式宾语it来代替，而将从句放到补语的后面去：
He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.
③宾语从句的时态呼应：如果主句的谓语是过去时，宾语从句的时态要按照时态响应规则进行相应的调整。但是若宾语从句表示的是客观真理或自然观念，其谓语时态仍用一般现在时：
The teacher told the students that the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world.
④宾语从句否定意义的转移：在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词所尾随的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语，而将从句宾语变为肯定形式：I don’t think he has time to play chess with you.
101-102课 直接引语变间接引语/ 反意疑问句
一、直接引语变间接引语
引述别人的原话称为直接引语，用自己的话转述别人的话，称为间接引语。它们都是复合句中的宾语从句。直接引语要放在引号内，不用连词连接；间接引语不用引号，通常用连词连接于主句。
根据表达内容的需要，句子的主语、宾语及状语等经常需要发生相应的变化。当主句的谓语动词是现在时，宾语从句中的动词时态不变：She says, “I am a bus driver.” She says that she is a bus driver.
二、反意疑问句
反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致：They work hard, don’t they
1）当陈述部分的主语是I, everyone, everything, nobody时，后面的疑问句应表示为：I am a student, aren’t I Everyone is in the classroom, aren’t they Everything begins to grow in spring, doesn’t it Nobody will go, will they
2）当陈述部分有never, seldom, hardly, few, little等否定词时，后面的疑问句则表示为：He can hardly swim, can he
3）当陈述部分是I think加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致：I think chickens can swim, can’t they
4）当陈述部分有had better时，疑问句应用hadn’t开头：You’d better get up early, hadn’t you
5）当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达：Let’s go out for a walk, shall we
6）反意疑问句的回答用yes, no。但是，当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答要按事实：
They don’t work hard, do they 他们不太努力工作，是吗？
Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。 No, they don’t. 对，他们工作不努力。
103-104课 too与enough的使用区别
1）too的用法
①too表示“太”：I don’t like her, she is too lazy.
②too可以用在too…for sb.结构中，意思是“对某人来说…太…了”：This book is too difficult for my little son.
③too可以用在too…to…结构中，表示“太…而不能…”：My little sister is too young to go to school.
2）enough的用法
①enough作形容词，用在名词前修饰名词：She is lonely in this city because she doesn’t have enough friends.
②enough作副词，修饰形容词和副词，放在其后：She is not tall enough to be a model.
③enough还可以用在enough…for sb.和enough…to do sth.结构中：She is not old enough to go to school.
105-106课 动词不定式
动词不定式的概念：动词不定式指由to加上动词原形（而且只能是动词原形）所构成的一种非限定性动词，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式的否定式为not to+动词原形：
He asks me to put on my hat. He asks me not to put on my hat.
107-108课 形容词副词的比较级和最高级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1）规则变化
一般单音节词末尾加-er, -est：tall taller tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r, -st：large larger largest; able abler ablest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er, -est：hot hotter hottest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er, -est：busy busier busiest
少数以-er结尾的双音节词末尾加-er, -est：clever cleverer cleverest
其它双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more, most来构成比较级和最高级：important more important most important
2）不规则变化
well better best
bad/ill worse worst
old older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
good better best
形容词与副词的比较级是用于两者之间的比较；最高级则用于三者或三者以上的比较：
This house is newer than that one. Today is hotter than yesterday.

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