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主题二：运动健康【高考精粹】五年（2021-2025）高考英语真题专项训练分语境刷真题（原卷版 解析版）
（2025·浙江·高考真题）When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact.
According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. “There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,” she says. “It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.”
Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility,” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots.
Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions. “When your child says, ‘My stomach hurts,’ you can say, ‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices,’” says Markey. “Let them feel like they have some control over it.”
I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’ re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
1．What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph
A．She is upset by her kids’ weight. B．She is critical of the way she was fed.
C．She is interested in making food. D．She is particular about what she eats.
2．Which of the following would Markey disapprove of
A．Allowing kids to eat cookies occasionally. B．Offering various foods to kids at fixed times.
C．Explaining to kids the risks of taking snacks. D．Talking with kids about school at mealtimes.
3．What should kids do according to the “Division of Responsibility”
A．Make diet decisions on their own. B．Share their food with other kids.
C．Eat up what is provided for them. D．Help their parents do the dishes.
4．What does the author think of the strategies she has been following
A．Costly. B．Complex.
C．Workable. D．Contradictory.
（2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）What is moderation (适度) Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs. You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full. 5 But it doesn't mean saying goodbye to the foods you love.
Take your time. It's important to slow down and think about food as something nutritious rather than just something to eat in between meetings. 6 It actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly and stop eating before you feel full.
Eat with others whenever possible. Eating alone, especially in front of the TV or computer, often leads to mindless overeating. And be careful about the foods you keep at hand. It's more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies. 7
Control emotional (情绪的) eating. 8 Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom. But by learning healthier ways to manage emotions, you can regain control over the food you eat and your feelings.
9 A healthy breakfast can start your metabolism (新陈代谢), while eating small, healthy meals keeps your energy up all day. Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast for 14-16 hours until breakfast the next morning. Studies suggest that eating only when you're most active and giving your digestive system a long break each day may help to regulate weight.
A．Eat properly throughout the day.
B．We don't always eat just to satisfy hunger.
C．Don't swallow a meal on the way to work.
D．Most of us need to double the amount we eat.
E．Instead, surround yourself with healthy choices.
F．For many of us, moderation means eating less than we do now.
G．That won't lead to cheating or giving up on your new eating plan.
（2024·广东江苏·高考真题）“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”
10．What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him
A．He’s odd. B．He’s strict. C．He’s brave. D．He’s rude.
11．Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets
A．He was trained in it at university. B．He was inspired by another veterinarian.
C．He benefited from it as a patient. D．He wanted to save money for pet owners.
12．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B．The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C．Examples of rare animal diseases. D．The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
13．Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A．To prove Farber’s point. B．To emphasize its importance.
C．To praise veterinarians. D．To advocate animal protection.
（2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions (区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
14．How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains
A．It runs across countries. B．It reserves seats for the seniors.
C．It functions as a hospital. D．It travels along a river.
15．What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A．It is heavily populated. B．It offers training for doctors.
C．It is a modern city. D．It needs medical aid.
16．How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply
A．About a year. B．About ten months.
C．About two months. D．About two weeks.
17．What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious.
（2023·全国乙卷·高考真题）PRACTITIONERS
Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine. James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.
18．What did Jacqueline and James have in common
A．Doing teaching jobs. B．Being hired as physicians.
C．Performing surgery. D．Being banned from medicine.
19．How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners
A．She wrote a book. B．She went through trials.
C．She worked as a dentist. D．She had formal education.
20．Who was the first African American with a medical degree
A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania. B．Tan Yunxian.
C．James Barry. D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler.
（2022·北京·高考真题）Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health. 21 It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.
22 We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body. Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses. 23 This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy. It means the fitness level is not in accordance with our age and the climatic conditions we live in.
It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness. 24 For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style. There are different levels of exercises for different age groups and we must do them according to our own health and age.
Additionally, it is important to relax our body. We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases. 25 This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness.
A．Fitness levels decide the quality of life.
B．Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.
C．It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.
D．For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.
E．If we keep our body fit, we can enjoy life in a better manner.
F．There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.
G．This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases.
（2021·上海·高考真题）Food & Health Myths
Every day there is new information about food and health products. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss how certain foods or drinks are good or bad for you. Some television shows often deal with new stories about how consuming certain substances can affect your body. 26
One myth about food and health is that eggs are bad for your heart. Although they are indeed high in cholesterol (胆固醇) and fat，it’s not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. 27 As far as fat goes, it’s the yellow part of the egg that contains all the fat. So if you’re worried about the fat content of eggs, go ahead and just eat the whites. You might also choose to buy certain kinds of eggs that have less fat content depending on the diet of the animal. Check your local supermarket for more information.
28 Although it was once thought to have unique properties, other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine. It seems that the alcohol itself improves an individual’s health by raising the levels of good cholesterol and decreasing bad cholesterol. The alcohol also serves to increase blood flow and assist in blood clotting (凝结).
29 Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television.
A．Another popular belief is that red wine, like other drinks, may be harmful to you if consumed too much.
B．Apart from that, many people believe drinking red wine is especially good for your heart.
C．Eggs are high in cholesterol and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritious source of energy.
D．There are many other myths common in our society about food and health.
E．This is because the body can deal with the extra cholesterol by reducing the amount it produces.
F．With such a steady stream of information, it’s understandable that a few popular myths about food and health are floating around.
（2021·天津·高考真题）A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.
“During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified(改变的)state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.
“The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports Do you like going to the beach We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.
30．One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ .
A．a better understanding of children
B．less use of certain medicines
C．new medical-imaging technology
D．an improved reputation of the hospital
31．The French technologist came to the children's hospital to ________.
A．assist in treating a patient
B．carry out hypnosis training
C．start up a new department
D．learn about the procedure
32．According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________.
A．creating a perfect world for patients
B．forcing patients into a state of deep sleep
C．putting patients into an unconscious state
D．leading patients' consciousness away from reality
33．What can we learn about the story used in the procedure
A．It should keep pace with the procedure.
B．It reflects the patient's creativity.
C．It is selected by the technologist.
D．It tells what doctors are doing to the patient.
34．The procedure was received among the staff with ________.
A．uncertainty
B．enthusiasm
C．worry
D．criticism
35．What is the passage mainly about
A．An easy way to communicate with patients.
B．The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C．An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D．The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.
（2021·新高考全国Ⅱ卷·高考真题）If the only reading you ever do is the novel or magazine, the speed at which you read -probably does not matter very much. But if you have to read a great deal for study, you will appreciate the benefits of being able to read more quickly. 36
·Before you open the book, make sure that you are comfortable. You need a seat which supports your back and the book should be at the right distance from your eyes. 37
38 Look at the table of contents, the preface, the chapter heading,etc.This will help you to decide whether you really need to read the whole book or only certain parts of it. Ten minutes spent in this way could save you quite a lot of time in the long run.
If you decide that you need to read the whole book, decide how much you can read at a time. 39 A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than one dealing with scientific subjects. In the former case you may be able to read a chapter. In the latter you may only be able to read one page.
Always keep a pencil and paper beside you. 40 Note also the facts important for your purpose as well as anything which leads you to further research. You don't have to write these things in detail. It is enough to put the page number and one or two words as a reminder .
A．Stop to have a rest now and then.
B．Spend a few minutes looking through the book.
C．This depends on the type of book you are reading.
D．Here are some tips to help improve your reading speed.
E．Make a note of any page which is of special importance.
F．You may find yourself having to learn something by heart.
G．Keep the room cool rather than warm to avoid feeling sleepy.
（2021·浙江卷·高考真题）You’ve got mail…and it’s a postcard
Paulo Magalhaes, a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer, loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly colored picture of Rome’s Colosseum. Or Africa’s Victoria Falls. Or China’s Great Wall. 41
“I often send postcards to family and friends.” he says to China Daily, “but you can imagine that after a while, you never receive as many as you send, and you realize that not everyone is into it. 42 ” Seeking other like-minded souls, however, Paulo started looking in a somewhat unlikely place: online. Many would say the Internet is a place for people who have given up on the traditional postal service, but Paulo’s hunch(直觉)paid off.
Today his hobby has developed into the website , a social network that has grown to 575,217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he started it 10 years ago. 43 Running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.
Language is certainly a barrier for many people. For postcrossing to work worldwide, a common communication language is needed so that everyone can understand each other. As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese, the concept doesn’t work if one doesn’t understand it. 44 So a common language is required and in postcrossing that’s English since it’s widely spoken.
“Many people in China have limited exposure to English. 45 That said, we know of many postcrossing members, including Chinese, who have actually improved their English skills through their use of postcrossing,” Paulo says.
A．And that’s totally fine.
B．That makes it extra hard to learn and practice it.
C．He likes to think of sending postcards as a family-friendly hobby.
D．Many love to make a connection with someone from across the world.
E．On August 5, the number of postcards exchanged by members topped 31 million.
F．Similarly, if you speak only Chinese, receiving a card in Swedish takes part of the fun away.
G．In short, he loves postcards, and the excitement of getting a hand-written note from someone far away.
（2023·上海·高考真题）Doctors are scientists whooperate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. 46 , patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent 47 when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are 48 black or white.
Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients'expectations haven't 49 , either.
“Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about 50 uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ”
Doctors in training,like gamblers, need to be 51 working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment (小恙), he tells them to 52 their inquiry — come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best 53 and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”
Technologyhas helped 54 the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more 55 diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an 56 and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an 57 level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ”
On the other hand, computers can’t 58 a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also 59 quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, 60 , is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.
46．A．On the hand B．Afterwards C．As a result D．Above all
47．A．victim B．instance C．transparency D．certainty
48．A．frequently B．generally C．rarely D．mainly
49．A．adored B．transformed C．faded D．adjusted
50．A．limiting B．hitting C．threatening D．assembling
51．A．compared with B．accounted for C．accustomed to D．annoyed at
52．A．cover B．train C．clarify D．broaden
53．A．identify B．cure C．defend D．cause
54．A．enlighten B．redefine C．commit D．guarantee
55．A．accurate B．plain C．serious D．remedial
56．A．challenge B．encounter C．conversation D．dispute
57．A．dangerous B．maximal C．unfavorable D．contrasting
58．A．stuff B．hint C．communicate D．indicate
59．A．conclude B．understand C．assume D．calculate
60．A．however B．therefore C．moreover D．hence
（2022·上海·高考真题）Artificially sweetened diet drinks make no difference to weight gain and should not be seen as healthier than their sugar-laden counterparts, according to a team of experts. A review of research evidence concludes there is nothing to support claims that sugar-free versions of popular soft drinks can help 61 obesity and related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Industry-sponsored studies reporting “favourable” associations between diet drinks and weight loss may be biased, it claims.
There have been concerns that diet drinks, known as artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), might lead people to consume more calories by 62 sweet flavour taste buds. The new study found that evidence 63 the healthiness of ASBs was inconclusive with randomised controlled trials (RCTs) producing mixed results. Senior investigator Professor Christopher Millett said: “A common perception, which may be influenced by industry marketing, is that because ‘diet’ drinks have no sugar, they must be healthier and aid weight loss when used as a(n) 64 for full sugar versions.” However, we found no solid evidence to support this.
The researchers pointed out that research supported by food or beverage companies was more likely to find no evidence of links between sugary drink 65 and obesity than non-industry sponsored research. Similarly, ASB industry-sponsored research was “more likely to report favourable results and 66 regarding ASB effects on weight control”.
In many cases, researchers had failed to disclose 67 of interest relating to links with the food industry, it was claimed. Co-author Dr Maria Carolina Borges said: “The lack of solid evidence on the health effects of ASBs and the potential influence of bias from industry funded studies should be taken seriously when discussing whether ASBs are 68 alternatives to SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages). ”
Leading British nutritionist Professor Susan Jebb said despite the mixed evidence, there was no reason to believe that replacing sugary drinks with artificially sweetened 69 did any harm. She said: “For people seeking to manage their weight, tap water is 70 the best drink to choose, for health and the environment, but for many people who are used to drinking sugary drinks, this will be too hard a change to 71 . Artificially sweetened drinks are a step in the 72 direction to cut calories.” Dietician Professor Tom Sanders, was also critical of the research, calling it “an opinion piece rather than a(n) 73 review of the evidence”. He 74 : “The conclusion that reduced sugar or sugar-free drinks should not be promoted or seen as part of a healthy diet seems unwarranted and likely to add to public 75 .”
61．A．relieve B．oppose C．prevent D．bother
62．A．inserting B．stimulating C．enhancing D．securing
63．A．resulting from B．referring to C．depending on D．relating to
64．A．substitute B．proposal C．suspect D．implication
65．A．efficiency B．consumption C．distribution D．modernization
66．A．appointments B．instructions C．performances D．conclusions
67．A．threats B．matters C．conflicts D．appeals
68．A．adequate B．essential C．available D．deliberate
69．A．initiatives B．alternatives C．objectives D．representatives
70．A．without question B．beyond description C．around the corner D．in consequence
71．A．settle B．route C．mend D．make
72．A．wrong B．right C．proper D．opposite
73．A．democratic B．automatic C．systematic D．dramatic
74．A．transferred B．ranged C．accessed D．added
75．A．fascination B．ambition C．confusion D．isolation
（2023·上海·高考真题）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. 76 , patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors’ apparent 77 when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are 78 black or white.
Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients’ expectations haven’t 79 , either.
“Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about 80 uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ”
Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be 81 working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment (小恙), he tells them to 82 their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best 83 and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”
Technology has helped 84 the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more 85 diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an 86 and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an 87 level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ”
On the other hand, computers can’t 88 a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also 89 quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, 90 , is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer.
（2021·浙江·高考真题）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index (体重指数) across 200 countries, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier 91 that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.
BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 92 gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. It is calculated by dividing a 93 (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared. and a BMI of between 19 and 25 94 (consider) healthy.
The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased 95 2. 1 in women and men. In cities, however, the gain 96 (be) 1. 3 in women and 1. 6 in men. The researchers described “striking changes” in the geography of BMI. In 1985，urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries 97 (study) had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas. But 30 years later, the BMI difference between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed 98 (sharp).
This may be due to some disadvantages for people 99 (live) in the countryside, including 100 (low) levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities.
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《主题二：运动健康【高考精粹】五年（2021-2025）高考英语真题专项训练分语境刷真题（原卷版 解析版）》参考答案
题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
答案 B C A C F C E B A A
题号 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
答案 C D A C D D A C A D
题号 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
答案 G B D F C F E B D B
题号 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
答案 B D A B D D G B C E
题号 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
答案 G A E F B C D C D A
题号 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
答案 C D B B A A B C D A
题号 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
答案 C B D A B D C A B A
题号 71 72 73 74 75
答案 D B C D C
1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者自己因童年时被灌输饮食观念而影响了与食物的关系，心理学家建议家长在饮食上少干预，作者尝试策略后发现孩子能做更好的饮食决策。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. ‘You don’t want to get fat’ was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. (当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常被告知什么不能吃。“你不想变胖”这句话在我整个童年时期不断重复。这真的搞砸了我与食物的关系 —— 这是我花了多年时间才克服的问题)”可知，作者童年时被灌输的饮食观念对其产生了负面影响，由此可推断出，作者对自己童年时被喂养的方式持批判态度。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. ‘There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,’ she says. ‘It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.’ (根据心理学教授夏洛特·马基的说法，食物是为数不多的家长说得少反而更好的话题之一。“在育儿方面，有很多事情值得深入讨论，但我不认为食物是其中之一，”她说。“这只会给孩子们带来一些不必要的担忧和不安全感，这并不健康。”)”可知，马基不赞成家长和孩子过多谈论食物相关的话题，而向孩子解释吃零食的风险属于谈论食物的话题，所以马基不会赞成。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Instead, she recommends applying a well known concept among nutrition experts called the ‘Division of Responsibility,’ where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume — even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots. (相反，她建议应用营养专家中一个著名的概念，即‘责任划分’，在这个概念中，家长在固定的时间为孩子提供各种主要是健康的食物，而孩子自己决定想吃什么和吃多少 —— 即使这意味着偶尔吃的饼干比胡萝卜多)”可知，根据“责任划分”，孩子应该自己做饮食决策。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. (我一直在尝试这些策略，我发现当我不那么严格限制时，他们确实会做出更好的决策)”可知，孩子们确实会做出更好的决策，所以作者会认为自己所遵循的策略是可行的。故选C项。
5．F 6．C 7．E 8．B 9．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了，在饮食上注意节制及其如何节制的方法。
5．上文“Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs. You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full. (基本上，它意味着只吃你身体需要的食物，你应该在用餐结束时感到满足，但不要太饱)”指出，进餐时不要吃太饱，吃东西要适量。下文“But it doesn’t mean saying goodbye to the foods you love. (但这并不意味着要告别你喜欢的食物)”指出，适量进食不是要放弃吃自己喜欢的食物。F项“对我们许多人来说，节制意味着比现在吃的少。”解释了何为适量进食。承上启下，符合文意，选项中的“means”与下文一致。故选F项。
6．根据上文“Take your time. It’s important to slow down and think about food as something nutritious rather than just something to eat in between meetings. (慢慢来。放慢脚步，把食物看作是有营养的东西，而不仅仅是会议间隙吃的东西，这一点很重要)”可推知，本段主要建议读者吃东西要细嚼慢咽，不要过于急躁。C项“不要在上班的路上急忙吃下一顿饭。”承接上文。符合文意。故选C项。
7．上文“It’s more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies. (如果你已经准备好了不健康的零食，比如饼干，那么适量食用就更具挑战性了。)”指出，吃不健康的食物不利于适度饮食，E项“相反，你应该选择健康的食物。”符合文意，建议读者选择健康的食物。选项中的“healthy”与上文中的“unhealthy”相对应。故选E项。
8．根据本段首句“Control emotional (情绪的) eating. (控制情绪化进食)”以及下文“Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom.(我们中的许多人也会求助于食物来处理不愉快的情绪，如悲伤、孤独或无聊)”可推知，本段主要建议读者不要情绪化的进行暴饮暴食，要进行健康饮食。B项“我们吃东西并不总是为了充饥。”指出有些人吃东西并不总是为了充饥，引出下文有些人通过食物发泄情绪，符合语境。故选B项。
9．设空处位于段首，总结全段，下文“A healthy breakfast can start your metabolism (新陈代谢), while eating small, healthy meals keeps your energy up all day, Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast for 14 — 16 hours until breakfast the next morning. (健康的早餐可以启动你的新陈代谢，而吃少量健康的食物可以让你一整天都精力充沛，避免在深夜进食。尽量早点吃晚饭，禁食14 — 16个小时，直到第二天早上吃早餐。)”指出，我们在一天中的每个时间段都要健康饮食。A项“全天合理饮食。”符合语境。故选A项。
【点睛】
10．A 11．C 12．D 13．A
【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用于动物，并取得了初步成效。
10．细节理解题。根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.( 如果他看起来有点戒备的姿态，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。) ”可知，Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.(然后，他尝试了针灸，这是一种古老的中国疗法，并惊讶地发现，经过两三次治疗，他的病情有所好转。对兽医有效的方法似乎对他的病人也有效。因此，在研究了这些技术几年后，他开始把它们提供给宠物。)”可知，Farber作为患者从针灸中受益，这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。
12．主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。
13．推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ( 法伯确信，随着时间的推移，综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的:自1982年以来，美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。)”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。
14．C 15．D 16．D 17．A
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
14．细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。故选C。
15．推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。
16．细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故选D。
17．推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
【点睛】
18．C 19．A 20．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了四位从医人员的生平与事迹。
18．细节理解题。通过文章第一部分中的“Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. (她出生于佛罗伦萨的一个犹太家庭，搬到巴黎当医生并做外科手术)”以及第二部分中的“She qualified as a surgeon in 1813 (她获得了做外科医生的资格)”和“Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man. (Barry于1859年退休，她以男人的身份生活和工作，从事了整个医学职业)”可知，Jacqueline和James的共同点是都有资格进行外科手术。故选C。
19．推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第三部分中的“Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. (Tan写了一本书《女医生的故事》，描述了她作为一名医生的生活)”可推知，Tan与其他从业人员的不同之处在于她写了一本书。故选A。
20．细节理解题。通过文章第一部分中的“Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. (四年后，她成为第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国女性)”可知，Rebecca Lee Crumpler是第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国人。故选D。
【点睛】
21．G 22．B 23．D 24．F 25．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是健康和健身之间密不可分的关系以及我们应该通过哪些健身的方式来让自己有一个健康的身体。
21．根据空前“Health and fitness help a person live a good and healthy life. Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health.(健康和健身帮助一个人过上良好和健康的生活。由于各种各样的压力，我们往往会忽视自己的健康。)”可知因为各种压力，我们的健康容易被忽视，根据空后“It is the fitness level of our body that helps us fight these diseases.(正是我们身体的健康水平帮助我们对抗这些疾病。)”可知身体的健康可以让我们应对各种疾病，空处承上启下，所以空处应该讲忽视健康对我们的身体及生活的影响。G项“This makes our body suffer and we will catch other diseases.(这使我们的身体遭受痛苦，而且我们会感染其他疾病。)”承接上文，引出下文，而且G项中的other diseases与空后的these diseases相互照应，符合上下文语境。故选G项。
22．根据空后“We need to be fit to have a healthy body. Similarly, if we are healthy we shall naturally be attracted towards maintaining the fitness of our body.(为了拥有一个健康的身体我们需要健康。同样，如果我们是健康的，我们自然会被保持健康的身体所吸引。)”可知健康的身体与健身是密不可分的，空处位于句首，应是本段的主旨句，B项“Health and fitness are interrelated to each other.(健康和健身是相互关联的。)”概括全段的主要内容，符合上下文语境。故选B项。
23．根据空前“Health is the state of our body at a given time. We may not have any disease but still have a weak body, which is ready to be targeted by viruses.(健康是在特定时间内我们身体的状态。我们可能没有任何疾病，但身体仍然虚弱，随时会被病毒攻击。)”可知我们的身体虽然没有生病，但也很虚弱，随时会生病，根据空后“This does not definitely mean that we are not healthy.(这并不一定意味着我们不健康。)”可知生病并不一定表明我们是不健康的。空处承上启下，所以空处应该举例说明我们的身体在虚弱的情况下会生病这样一种状况，D项“For instance, we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily.(例如，我们可能很容易感冒。)”举例说明我们的身体会在虚弱的情况下生病，承接上文，引出下文，而且空后的This指代D项的we may have a tendency to catch a cold easily这种情况，符合上下文语境。故选D项。
24．根据空前“It is important for everyone to devote some time to health and fitness.(对每个人来说，花些时间在健康和健身方面是很重要的。)”可知我们应该花时间去健身，根据空后“For instance, we must exercise daily regardless of our age and working style.(例如，我们必须每天锻炼，不管我们的年龄和工作方式。)”可知我们应该每天坚持锻炼，空处承上启下，所以空处应该讲的是我们应该通过哪些活动来进行锻炼，F项“There are some activities which everyone should do in our life.(在我们的生活中有一些活动是每个人都应该做的。)”承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选F项。
25．根据空前“We should have at least six to eight hours of sleep every day. It helps in improving our immune (免疫) system and protects us against diseases.(我们每天至少应该有6到8个小时的睡眠。它有助于改善我们的免疫系统，保护我们抵抗疾病。)”可知我们应该保障充足的睡眠，根据空后“This, in turn, gives us new goals of health and fitness.(这反过来又给了我们健康和健身的新目标。)”可知充足的睡眠会对我们的健康和健身目标很有好处，空处承上启下，所以空处应该继续讲充足的睡眠的好处，C项“It also helps in keeping us calm and relaxes our mind.(它也帮助我们保持冷静和放松我们的大脑。)”进一步讲了充足的睡眠对于我们的好处，承接上文，引出下文，符合上下文语境。故选C项。
26．F 27．E 28．B 29．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些关于食品和健康产品的错误认知，告诫关心自己健康的消费者应该仔细考虑他们看到的新信息。
26．根据上文“Every day there is new information about food and health products. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss how certain foods or drinks are good or bad for you.Some television shows often deal with new stories about how consuming certain substances can affect your body. (每天都有关于食品和健康产品的新信息。报纸上经常有文章讨论某些食物或饮料对你的好处或坏处。一些电视节目经常报道食用某些物质会如何影响你的身体的新故事)”可知，关于食品和健康产品的信息很多，空处承接上文，F选项中的“a steady stream of information”与上文中的“information about food and health products”相呼应，所以F选项“有了如此稳定的信息流，一些关于食品和健康的流行神话四处流传是可以理解的。”符合语境。故选F。
27．根据上文“Although they are indeed high in cholesterol (胆固醇) and fat，it’s not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. (尽管它们的胆固醇和脂肪含量确实很高，但是每天吃鸡蛋不会真的损害你的心脏)”及下文“ As far as fat goes, it’s the yellow part of the egg that contains all the fat. (就脂肪而言，鸡蛋的蛋黄部分含有所有的脂肪)”可知，每天吃鸡蛋不会有问题，空处承上启下，与上文形成因果关系，E选项中的“the extra cholesterol”与上文中的“cholesterol”相呼应，所以E选项“这是因为身体可以通过减少胆固醇的产生量来处理多余的胆固醇。”符合语境。故选E。
28．根据下文“Although it was once thought to have unique properties, other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine. (尽管它曾经被认为具有独特的特性，但其他类型的酒精也有同样的效果。最近进行的一项研究表明，喝红酒的人并不比喝其他种类酒类的人寿命更长，如啤酒或白酒)”可知，喝红酒并没有对心脏特别有益，空处为本段中心句，引出下文，B选项中的“drinking red wine is especially good for your heart”与上文中的“drank red wine did not live any longer”相呼应，所以B选项“除此之外，许多人认为喝红酒对心脏特别有益。”符合语境。故选B。
29．根据下文“Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television. (特别关心自己健康的消费者应该仔细考虑他们在电视上看到的新信息)”可知，消费者要仔细考虑看到的消息，空处引出下文，D选项中的“many other myths common in our society”与上文中的“new information they read about or see on television”相呼应，所以D选项“在我们的社会中，关于食物和健康还有许多其他常见的说法。”符合语境。故选D。
30．B 31．B 32．D 33．A 34．B 35．D
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工。
30．细节理解题。根据第一段“The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging(医学影像)procedures.”（该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量减少。）可知，实验的结果之一就是减少某些药物的使用。故选B。
31．细节理解题。根据第三段“A French medical-imaging technologist--also a hypnotist -- was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital.”（一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催眠培训来的。故选B。
32．细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.”（催眠状态不是一种睡眠的状态：而是一种被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接下来的程序）可知，催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选D。
33．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story”（催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有关）以及倒数第二段“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head”（重要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来）可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程同步。故选A。
34．细节理解题。根据倒数第一段“The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January.”（这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工）以及最后一句“She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.”（她补充说，有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训）可知，这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A. uncertainty 不确定；B. enthusiasm 热情；C. worry 担心；D. criticism 批评。故选B。
35．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.”（蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。故选D。
36．D 37．G 38．B 39．C 40．E
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些帮助提高阅读速度的建议。
36．根据上文“If the only reading you ever do is the novel or magazine, the speed at which you read -probably does not matter very much. But if you have to read a great deal for study, you will appreciate the benefits of being able to read more quickly.（如果你唯一的阅读是小说或杂志，那么你阅读的速度可能并不重要。但是，如果你必须大量阅读来学习，你就会感激能够更快地阅读的好处。）”可知，接下来要介绍提高阅读速度的方法。D项：Here are some tips to help improve your reading speed.（这里有一些帮助提高阅读速度的建议。）符合语境。故选D。
37．根据本段主题句“Before you open the book, make sure that you are comfortable.（在你打开书之前，确保你感到舒服。）”可知，本段主要说明要给自己创造舒适的阅读环境。G项：Keep the room cool rather than warm to avoid feeling sleepy.（保持房间凉爽而不是温暖以避免困倦。）符合语境。故选G。
38．空处为段落主题句。根据下文“Look at the table of contents, the preface, the chapter heading,etc（查看目录、前言、章节标题等。）”可知，本段主要讲述在阅读一本书之前要先浏览一下大致内容。B项：Spend a few minutes looking through the book.（花几分钟浏览一下这本书。）符合语境。故选B。
39．根据上文“If you decide that you need to read the whole book, decide how much you can read at a time.（如果你决定要读完整本书，决定一下你一次能读多少。）”和下文“A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than one dealing with scientific subjects.（以故事形式包含事实的历史书比科学题材的书更容易阅读。）”可知，看书时间的长短取决于书的类型。C项：This depends on the type of book you are reading.（这取决于你读的书的类型。）符合语境。故选C。
40．根据段落主题句“Always keep a pencil and paper beside you.（总是在身边放一支铅笔和一张纸。）”可知，本段强调要随时注意记笔记。E项：Make a note of any page which is of special importance.（把任何有特别重要的一页都记下来。）符合语境。故选E。
41．G 42．A 43．E 44．F 45．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了热爱明信片的34岁葡萄牙电脑工程师Paulo Magalhaes创建的过程及其现状。
41．上文“Paulo Magalhaes, a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer, loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly colored picture of Rome’s Colosseum. Or Africa’s Victoria Falls. Or China’s Great Wall.(34岁的葡萄牙电脑工程师Paulo Magalhaes喜欢打开他的邮箱，然后发现一个色彩鲜艳的罗马斗牛场图像。或者非洲的维多利亚瀑布。或者是中国的长城)”介绍了Paulo喜欢明信片的个人爱好；下文描述Paulo与家人朋友寄明信片的经历；G选项“In short, he loves postcards, and the excitement of getting a scribbled note from someone far away.(简而言之，他喜欢明信片，也喜欢收到远方某人潦草的便条时的那种兴奋)”起到承上启下的作用。故选G项。
42．上文““I often send postcards to family and friends.” he says to China Daily, “but you can imagine that after a while, you never receive as many as you send, and you realize that not everyone is into it(“我经常给家人和朋友寄明信片， ”他说，“但你可以想象，过一段时间，你收到的明信片不会像你寄的那么多，而且你意识到并不是每个人都喜欢这样”)”说明Paulo意识到身边的亲人和朋友不是都和他有相同的爱好，他也很坦然接受这个事实；A选项“And that’s totally fine(那完全没问题)”符合语境，that指代上文描述的经历。故选A项。
43．上文“Today his hobby has evolved into the website , a social network that has grown to 575,217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he launched it 10 years ago.(如今，他的这个爱好已经发展成了这个社交网站。自从10年前他创建这个网站以来，已经有来自214个国家和地区的575217名注册用户)”是在介绍目前网站的发展状况很不错；下文“Running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.(运营网站几乎已经变成了一份全职工作)”表示运营网站是忙碌的；E选项“On August 5, the number of postcards exchanged by members topped 31 million.(8月5日，会员互赠的明信片数量达到3100万张)”同样用相关数据证明网站的状态很不错，符合语境。故选E项。
44．上文“As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese, the concept doesn’t work if one doesn’t understand it.(收到一张用中文写的明信片可能很酷，但如果你不理解它，这个概念就行不通)”是举例说明他国人收到中文明信片时的语言障碍问题；F选项“Similarly, if you speak only Chinese, receiving a card written in Swedish takes part of the fun away.(同样地，如果你只会说中文，收到瑞典语的卡片也会夺走一部分乐趣)”是举例说明中国人收到他国语言明信片时也会遇到相同的语言障碍问题，符合本段“语言对于很多人来说是一种障碍”的主题。故选F项。
45．上文“Many people in China have limited exposure to English.(许多中国人很少能接触到英语)”说明对某些人来说学习英语的门槛较高；下文描述通过postcrossing可以帮助这些人学习英语；B选项“That makes it extra hard to learn and practice it.(这使得学习和练习它变得格外困难)”说明接触英语渠道少导致中国人学习和训练的机会就少，符合此处语境。故选B项。
46．C 47．D 48．C 49．D 50．A 51．C 52．D 53．B 54．B 55．A 56．A 57．B 58．C 59．D 60．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了医生在处理不确定性时的挑战与应对策略。
46．考查介词短语和副词词义辨析。句意：因此，患者期望他们的医生给出明确的诊断和直接的治疗方案。A. On the hand一方面；B. Afterwards后来；C. As a result因此；D. Above all最重要的是。根据上文“Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty.”和下文“patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment”可知，长期以来，医生被教导在与患者打交道时要传达出令人安心的自信和确定性，因此患者期望医生给出明确的诊断和直接的治疗方案，上下文为因果关系，用As a result符合题意。故选C。
47．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但现在，只需点击几下鼠标，就能获得关于各种疾病的信息，专家们开始质疑，医生在与患者沟通时表现出的明显确定性是否真的利大于弊。A. victim受害者；B. instance例子；C. transparency透明度；D. certainty确定性。根据上文“they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty”和下文“when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good”可知，医生被教导在与患者打交道时要传达出令人安心的自信和确定性，所以此处指医生在与患者沟通时表现出的明显确定性。故选D。
48．考查副词词义辨析。句意：随着医学和技术的进步带来的信息过载，答案很少是非黑即白的。A. frequently频繁地；B. generally通常；C. rarely很少；D. mainly主要地。根据上文“With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology”可知，医学和技术带来的信息复杂多样，所以答案很少是简单明确的，即答案很少是非黑即白的。故选C。
49．考查动词词义辨析。句意：医学院刚刚开始教医生如何应对这种情况，而患者的期望也没有改变。A. adored崇拜；B. transformed转变；C. faded褪色；D. adjusted调整。根据上文“Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this”可知，上文说医学院刚开始教医生处理问题，这里表示病人的期望也没有跟着做出调整，即患者仍然期望医生给出明确的诊断和直接的治疗方案。故选D。
50．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你思考一下知识和它的作用，它是关于限制不确定性，而不是创造确定性。A. limiting限制；B. hitting打击；C. threatening威胁；D. assembling组装。根据下文“not about creating certainty”可知，知识的作用不是创造确定性，而是对不确定性进行限制。故选A。
51．考查动词短语辨析。句意：正在接受培训的医生，就像赌徒一样，需要习惯于在一个他们必须不断根据各种因素权衡可能性的领域工作。A. compared with与……相比；B. accounted for解释；C. accustomed to习惯于；D. annoyed at对……感到恼火。根据下文“working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors”可知，医生要习惯在这样一个充满不确定性需要权衡的领域工作。故选C。
52．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当Upshur教医学生如何诊断疾病时，他告诉他们要拓宽他们的询问范围——列出一系列可能性，而不是迅速锁定一个解决方案。A. cover覆盖；B. train训练；C. clarify澄清；D. broaden拓宽。根据下文“come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution”可知，此处指要拓宽询问范围，列出一系列可能性。故选D。
53．考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使你做出了一个你认为很确定的诊断，你通常也不确定什么是最好的治疗方法，以及从长远来看会有什么结果。A. identify识别；B. cure治愈；C. defend保卫；D. cause引起。根据上文“Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm”可知，此处指即使做出了确定的诊断，也不确定什么是最好的治疗方法。故选B。
54．考查动词词义辨析。句意：技术有助于重新定义对确定性的追求。A. enlighten启发；B. redefine重新定义；C. commit犯罪；D. guarantee保证。根据下文“We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more 10 diagnosis than from a doctor.”可知，我们可以通过电脑得到诊断，技术对追求确定性的方式产生了影响，即重新定义了对确定性的追求。故选B。
55．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们正在达到这样一个阶段：我们可以将一系列症状输入计算机，并得到比医生更准确的诊断。A. accurate准确的；B. plain朴素的；C. serious严重的；D. remedial补救的。根据上文“We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer”和下文“diagnosis than from a doctor”可知，将一系列症状输入计算机可以得到比医生更准确的诊断。故选A。
56．考查名词词义辨析。句意：哈佛医学院医学教授Richard Schwartzstein认为，这样的发展既是一种挑战，也是一个机遇。A. challenge挑战；B. encounter遭遇；C. conversation对话；D. dispute争论。根据下文“On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an 12 level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease.””和“On the other hand, computers can’t 13 a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way.”可知，技术带来的发展有好有坏，既是挑战也是机会。故选A。
57．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一方面，他说：“技术试图把你推到一个最大确定性的水平。做这个测试，有99%的确定性你患有这种疾病。”A. dangerous危险的；B. maximal最大的；C. unfavorable不利的；D. contrasting对比的。根据下文“Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease.”可知，技术试图把你推到一个最大确定性的水平。故选B。
58．考查动词词义辨析。句意：另一方面，计算机无法以一种令人安慰的方式向患者传达诊断或治疗方案。A. stuff填满；B. hint暗示；C. communicate传达；D. indicate表明。根据下文“a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way”可知，此处指计算机无法以一种令人安慰的方式向患者传达诊断或治疗方案。故选C。
59．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它还可以根据结节的大小和形状相当精确地计算出患癌症的风险。A. conclude得出结论；B. understand理解；C. assume假设；D. calculate计算。根据下文“quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule”可知，电脑能根据结节的情况计算出患癌风险。故选D。
60．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，它不能做的是决定如何告诉你，你的肺里有一个有1%几率变成癌症的结节。A. however然而；B. therefore因此；C. moreover此外；D. hence因此。根据上文“What it can do”和下文“What it can’t do”可知，前文说电脑能做很多事，这里说它不能做决定如何告知消息，前后是转折关系，应用however。故选A。
61．C 62．B 63．D 64．A 65．B 66．D 67．C 68．A 69．B 70．A 71．D 72．B 73．C 74．D 75．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了研究表明，人工加糖饮料减肥效果及健康性存疑，行业资助研究可能存在偏见，证据不一；专家建议以自来水为佳，降低糖分摄入可作为减热量的过渡措施，但不宜过分推崇。
61． 考查动词词义辨析。句意：一项对研究证据的审查得出结论，没有任何证据支持流行软饮料的无糖版本有助于预防肥胖和2型糖尿病等相关疾病的说法。A. relieve缓解；B. oppose反对；C. prevent阻止，预防；D. bother(使)烦恼，打扰。根据空前的“help”和空后的“obesity and related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes”可知，这里表示帮助预防肥胖和2型糖尿病等相关疾病。故选C。
62．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有人担心，被称为人工增甜饮料（ASB）的减肥饮料可能会刺激甜味味蕾，从而导致人们消耗更多的热量

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