资源简介

专题02 阅读理解 说明文【好题汇编】2023-2025三年高考真题英语分类汇编 含答案解析
（2025·全国二卷·高考真题）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
1．What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home.
2．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste.
C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought.
4．What can we learn about wastED
A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs.
C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs.
（2025·北京·高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better.
For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives.
Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too.
Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story.
Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.
If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运).
5．What can be inferred about personal stories
A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress.
C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change.
6．What can we learn from this passage
A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received.
C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted.
7．What does the author mainly do in this passage
A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event.
C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach.
8．What is the passage mainly about
A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made.
C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity.
（2025·浙江·高考真题）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics.
In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices.
While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender.
Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”
Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance.
9．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless
A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand.
C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition.
10．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study
A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey.
C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test.
11．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects
A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task.
C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind.
12．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product.
C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women.
（2025·浙江·高考真题）A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular pared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
13．What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A．Running out of. B．Keeping away from.
C．Putting up with. D．Taking advantage of.
14．Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced
A．To control weeds in large gardens. B．To bring in foreign species of plants.
C．To conserve soil and water resources. D．To develop low-maintenance parkland.
15．Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens
A．Traditional. B．Odd-looking.
C．Tasteful. D．Well-protected.
16．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A．The future of gardening is WILD． B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS.
C．Matrix gardens need more CARE. D．Old garden plots work WONDERS.
（2024·天津·高考真题）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region.
You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away.
Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss”
What caused this The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight.
Why did scientists miss this One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air.
New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes.
That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world.
17．What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us
A．General knowledge can at times turn out to be true.
B．Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong.
C．Research findings should be built on popular assumptions.
D．Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon.
18．Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________.
A．a rapid rise of water surface B．the permafrost to melt faster
C．many Arctic lakes to grow larger D．the disappearance of many Arctic lakes
19．The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________.
A．proved with emerging lakes B．underestimated by scientists
C．well predicted by researchers D．shown elsewhere in the world
20．Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through
A．Because of the solid ice within it.
B．Because of its unique composition.
C．Because it is far away from the waters.
D．Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground.
21．What lesson can we learn from the passage
A．Direct observation is a must for scientific research.
B．Scientific research is guaranteed by sufficient lab facilities.
C．New evidence should be found to back up research findings.
D．Scientific predictions should be mostly based on research models.
（2024·浙江·高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults, we face a version(版本) of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism(机制) to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining (获取) calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch(不匹配) is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist (抵抗) tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative (有重大影响的) environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized (高度重视) new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now endlessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful (深思熟虑的) about our caloric consumption (热量消耗), we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
22．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A．Take an examination alone. B．Show respect for the researchers.
C．Share their treats with others. D．Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
23．According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ______.
A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
24．What does the author suggest readers do
A．Absorb new information readily (欣然地). B．Use diverse information sources.
C．Be selective information consumers. D．Protect the information environment.
25．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Marshmallow Test for Children.
（2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.
The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.
The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.
Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.
26．What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code
A．Living conditions were the drive. B．Unwritten rules were the target.
C．Social tradition was the basis. D．Honesty was the key.
27．What can we learn from this passage
A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms.
C．Language capacity is limited by self-control. D．Written laws have great influence on virtues.
28．Which would be the best title for this passage
A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-discipline
C．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality
（2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions (区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
29．How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains
A．It runs across countries. B．It reserves seats for the seniors.
C．It functions as a hospital. D．It travels along a river.
30．What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A．It is heavily populated. B．It offers training for doctors.
C．It is a modern city. D．It needs medical aid.
31．How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply
A．About a year. B．About ten months.
C．About two months. D．About two weeks.
32．What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious.
（2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
33．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph
A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats.
C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age.
34．How does a pet cat assess different situations
A．By listening for sounds. B．By touching familiar objects.
C．By checking on smells. D．By communicating with other cats.
35．Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3
A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better.
36．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C．Have Fun with Your Cat D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·高考真题）Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
37．What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．If read by someone poorly educated. B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C．If written by someone less competent. D．If translated by someone unacademic.
38．What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A．It is packed with complex codes. B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C．It provides step-by-step instructions. D．It is intended for AI professionals.
39．What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A．Observe existing regulations on it.
B．Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
40．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To recommend a book on AI. B．To give a brief account of AI history.
C．To clarify the definition of AI. D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.
（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·高考真题）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
41．What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A．It guarantees the variety of food. B．It requires day-to-day care.
C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D．It relies on farmer’s markets.
42．What information does the convenient app offer
A．Real-time weather changes. B．Current condition of the plants.
C．Chemical pollutants in the soil. D．Availability of pre-seeded pods.
43．What can be concluded about BMF employees
A．They have a great passion for sports.
B．They are devoted to community service.
C．They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D．They have a strong environmental awareness.
44．What does the text mainly talk about
A．BMF’s major strengths. B．BMF’s general management.
C．BMF’s global influence. D．BMF’s technical standards.
（2024·广东江苏·高考真题）In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
45．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A．They are becoming outdated. B．They are mostly in electronic form.
C．They are limited in number. D．They are used for public exhibition.
46．What does Daru’s study focus on
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications.
47．What has led to the biases according to the study
A．Mistakes in data analysis. B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C．Improper way of sampling. D．Unreliable data collection devices.
48．What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A．Review data from certain areas. B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users. D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
（2023·上海·高考真题）The Motivated Sequence (序列) of Public Speech
The motivated sequence gets its name partly because it follows John Dewey’s problem solution model for thinking and partly because it makes attractive analyses of these problems and their solutions by tying them to human motives. That is, the motivated sequence is both problem-driven and motivation-centered.
There are five basic steps in the motivated sequence
a1.You must get people to attend to some problem, or to feel discomfort strongly enough to want to hear more.
a2. You can create more specific wants or desires, a personal sense of need.
a3. When wants or needs are created, you can attempt to satisfy them by showing what can be done to solve the problem or relieve the sense of discomfort.
a4. Simply describing a course of action may not be enough, so in the fourth place you can visualize the world as it would look if the actions were carried out, and what it might be like if they were not.
a5. With that, if you have done these four tasks well, accidence members should be ready to act — to put into practice the proposed solution to their problems.
Five steps Audience response
l.Attention Getting attention I want to listen.
2.Need Showing the need : Describing the solution Something needs to be done.
3.Satisfaction Satisfying the need : presenting the solution This is what to do to satisfy the need.
4.Visualization Visualizing the results _________ _________
5. Action Requesting action or approval I will do this.
The motivated sequence can be used to structure many different sorts of speeches. It could be used, for example, in a speech urging your classmates to join a blood donors’ association. Or, you could use it to sell a friend insurance. And you can also use it to talk about social problems, such as the environment and the economic crisis.
49．What do we know about the motivated sequence
A．It is the basic principle of problem-solution model.
B．It has nothing to do with human motivation.
C．It’s both problem-driven and motivation-centered.
D．There are six basic steps in the motivated sequence.
50．What can the motivated sequence be used for
A．A speech urging your classmates to quit a blood donors’ association.
B．A speech to get your friends to promote a blood donors’ association.
C．A speech to get your friends to sell insurance.
D．A speech on the environmental and economic crisis.
51．Xiao Wang is trying to persuade his classmates to join a blood donors’ association. Help him draft a speech by putting the following five sentences in the right order based on the motivated sequence.
(1)With the steady supply of blood, emergencies will be met with timely treatment.
(2)You can help by filling out the blood donors’ cards I am passing out.
(3)Our area is short of blood of all types to meet emergency needs.
(4)A man died last night in a traffic accident because he lost too much blood.
(5)A blood donors’ association guarantees a predictable, steady supply of blood to the medical community.
A．(4 ) (3) (5) (1) (2) B．(4 ) (2) (3) (1) (5)
C．(4 ) (5) (3) (1) (2) D．(4 ) (2) (1) (5) (3)
（2023·上海·高考真题）The universe expands with every passing second, stretching the space between galaxies like dough rising in an oven. But just how fast is this expansion happening As telescopes like Hubble strive to answer this fundamental question, they encounter a perplexing gap between theoretical predictions and observed data.
Hubble’s measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite. This inconsistency has been a subject of scientific inquiry for several years. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in measurement techniques or chance variations are responsible for this disparity.
Recent data from the Hubble telescope have significantly reduced the possibility that this discrepancy is merely a statistical fluke, with the chances now estimated at only 1 in 100,000. This marks a substantial improvement from previous estimates, which placed the odds at 1 in 3,000 less than a year ago. These precise measurements from Hubble lend weight to the hypothesis that new physics may be necessary to reconcile the observed mismatch.
Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos.
To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a “cosmic distance ladder” method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points. By observing stars like Cepheid variables, astronomers can calibrate this distance ladder. Riess and his team have been refining these measurements since 2005, aiming to improve our understanding of cosmic distances.
In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck.
The Planck satellite, which maps the cosmic microwave background–a remnant of the universe’s early stages–provides crucial data for understanding the universe’s expansion. However, the discrepancy between these measurements and those from Hubble underscores the need for further investigation and the potential for new discoveries in cosmology.
52．Where do measurements of the early universe come from
A．The space between galaxies.
B．Measurements from Hubble and other telescopes
C．European Space Agency’s Planck satellite.
D．The latest Hubble data.
53．Which of the following statements is in line with Adam Riess’ opinion
A．The expansion speed of the modern universe is faster than expected
B．New physics may be needed to explain this mismatch.
C．It is unlikely that this discrepancy occurred by chance.
D．Hubble’s tension is the most exciting development in cosmology in decades.
54．What do scientists use to determine the distance of things in the universe
A．A cosmic distance ladder.
B．Accurate measurements of distances.
C．Milepost markers.
D．The Hubble constant.
55．What did Riess’ team do
A．They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe pulsating stars
B．They improved the comparison between theoretical predictions and observed data.
C．They raised the uncertainty of the Hubble constant to 2.2%
D．They reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9.
（2023·上海·高考真题）The Motivated Sequence (序列) of Public Speech
The motivated sequence gets its name partly because it follows john Dewey’s problem solution model for thinking and partly because it makes attractive analyses of these problems and their solutions by tying them to human motives. That is, the motivated sequence is both problem-driven and motivation-centered.
There are five basic steps in the motivated sequence
1.You must get people to attend to some problem, or to feel discomfort strongly enough to want to hear more.
2. You can create more specific wants or desires, a personal sense of need.
3. When wants or needs are created, you can attempt to satisfy them by showing what can be done to solve the problem or relieve the sense of discomfort.
4. Simply describing a course of action may not be enough, so in the fourth place you can visualize the world as it would look if the actions were carried out, and what it might be like if they were not.
5. With that, if you have done these four tasks well, accidence members should be ready to act — to put into practice the proposed solution to their problems.
Five steps Audience response
l.Attention Getting attention I want to listen.
2.Need Showing the need : Describing the solution Something needs to be done.
3.Satisfaction Satisfying the need : presenting the solution This is what to do to satisfy the need.
4.Visualization Visualizing the results _________ _________
5. Action Requesting action or approval I will do this.
The motivated sequence can be used to structure many different sorts of speeches. It could be used, for example, in a speech urging your classmates to join a blood donors’ association. Or, you could use it to sell a friend insurance. And you can also use it to talk about social problems, such as the environment and the economic crisis.
56．What do we know about the motivated sequence
A．It is the basic principle of problem-solution model.
B．It has nothing to do with human motivation.
C．It’s both problem-driven and motivation-centered.
D．There are six basic steps in the motivated sequence.
57．What can the motivated sequence be used for
A．A speech urging your classmates to quit a blood donors’ association.
B．A speech to get your friends to promote a blood donors’ association
C．A speech to get your friends to sell insurance.
D．A speech on the environmental and economic crisis.
58．Xiao Wang is trying to persuade his classmates to join a blood donors’ association. Help him draft a speech by putting the following five sentences in the right order based on the motivated sequence.
(1 ) With the steady supply of blood, emergencies will be met with timely treatment
(2)You can help by filling out the blood donors’ cards I am passing out.
(3)Our area is short of blood of all types to meet emergency needs.
(4) A man died last night in a traffic accident because he lost too much blood.
(5)A blood donors’ association guarantees a predictable, steady supply of blood to the medical community.
A．(4 ) (3) (5) (1) (2) B．(4 ) (2) (3) (1) (5)
C．(4 ) (5) (3) (1) (2) D．(4 ) (2) (1) (5) (3)
（2023·上海·高考真题）The universe expands with every passing second, stretching the space between galaxies like dough rising in an oven. But just how fast is this expansion happening As telescopes like Hubble strive to answer this fundamental question, they encounter a perplexing gap between theoretical predictions and observed data.
Hubble’s measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite. This inconsistency has been a subject of scientific inquiry for several years. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in measurement techniques or chance variations are responsible for this disparity.
Recent data from the Hubble telescope have significantly reduced the possibility that this discrepancy is merely a statistical fluke, with the chances now estimated at only 1 in 100,000. This marks a substantial improvement from previous estimates, which placed the odds at 1 in 3,000 less than a year ago. These precise measurements from Hubble lend weight to the hypothesis that new physics may be necessary to reconcile the observed mismatch.
Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos.
To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a “cosmic distance ladder” method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points. By observing stars like Cepheid variables, astronomers can calibrate this distance ladder. Riess and his team have been refining these measurements since 2005, aiming to improve our understanding of cosmic distances.
In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck.
The Planck satellite, which maps the cosmic microwave background – a remnant of the universe’s early stages – provides crucial data for understanding the universe’s expansion. However, the discrepancy between these measurements and those from Hubble underscores the need for further investigation and the potential for new discoveries in cosmology.
59．Where do measurements of the early universe come from
A．The space between galaxies.
B．Measurements from Hubble and other telescopes
C．European Space Agency’s Planck satellite.
D．The latest Hubble data.
60．Which of the following statements is in line with Adam Riess’ opinion
A．The expansion speed of the modern universe is faster than expected
B．New physics may be needed to explain this mismatch.
C．It is unlikely that this discrepancy occurred by chance.
D．Hubble’s tension is the most exciting development in cosmology in decades.
61．What do scientists use to determine the distance of things in the universe
A．A cosmic distance ladder.
B．Accurate measurements of distances.
C．Milepost markers.
D．The Hubble constant.
62．What did Riess’ team do
A．They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe pulsating stars
B．They improved the comparison between
C．They raised the uncertainty of the Hubble constant to 2.2%
D．They reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9.
（2023·天津·高考真题）Storytelling is an ancient art form that has been used to hand down legends, tales and factual stories. Perhaps the first thing that springs to mind when you think of storytelling is the fantasy land that took shape in your mind while Mom or Dad told you stories about princes, castles and monsters, with a unique voice for each character.
Storytelling does not just take place at bedtime or round a campfire, however. It can take some other forms, either via the books we read or the films we watch. But they usually have some elements in common: rather than a list of dry facts, stories have plots and they introduce characters. We respond to stories, particularly when there is emotional detail.
And unlike what we suppose, storytelling is not just a form of entertainment, but a form of learning as well. Long before reading and writing became widely spread and available, oral storytelling had already been a form that the wisdom and knowledge of the people were passed down from elders to children. A good story engages our curiosity, emotions and imagination.
Storytelling helps with learning also because stories are easy to remember. Research has found that learning obtained from a well-told story is remembered more accurately, and for far longer, than from facts and figures.
And above all, stories have a transformative power to allow us to see the world in a different way than we do if we just encounter it on our own. Stories are an entry point to understanding a different experience of the world.
This aspect of storytelling-presenting a different perspective of the world—is important when it comes to connecting with each other. It gives us an opportunity to learn from another person’s experience and it can shape, strengthen or challenge our opinions and values. So, when someone tells us their own personal story, we catch a glimpse (瞥见) of a view of the world that may be slightly or significantly different from our own. When we see the world as they see it, or walk in their shoes, the experience can inspire empathy (共情；同理心) with them.
63．What occurs to us the moment we think of “storytelling”
A．A child's imaginary world.
B．Voices of Mom or Dad.
C．An ancient art form.
D．Factual stories.
64．What are the common elements in all forms of storytelling according to the author
A．Form and style.
B．Facts and figures.
C．Emotional and physical details.
D．A series of events and characters.
65．Why does storytelling work better than mere statement of facts in promoting learning
A．It carries more wisdom and knowledge.
B．It is more widely available to young learners.
C．It satisfies our imagination and releases our emotions.
D．It makes what is learned more precise and longer lasting.
66．How can other people’s personal stories probably benefit us
A．By offering us more opportunities to know people.
B．By helping us stay connected with the contemporary world.
C．By allowing us to understand the world the way they see it.
D．By enabling us to tell reality from imagination.
67．What makes the best title for the passage
A．The History of Storytelling
B．The Power of Storytelling
C．The Forms of Storytelling
D．The Art of Storytelling
（2023·天津·高考真题）Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be.
The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.
One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through.
The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently.
Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario.
However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives.
Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research.
68．What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2
A．Dogs also have “theory of mind”.
B．Dogs prefer food from generous people.
C．Human behaviours are mostly intentional.
D．Friendly animals can get food more easily.
69．What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study
A．They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog.
B．They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog.
C．They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen.
D．They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach.
70．How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour
A．By moving closer to the experimenter.
B．By keeping wandering around.
C．By ignoring the experimenter.
D．By lying still on the floor
71．How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023
A．The dogs can watch the experimenter.
B．The dogs can go to the other side of the screen.
C．The dogs’ responses are under close observation.
D．The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis.
72．What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest
A．Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean”
B．Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving.
C．Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified.
D．Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals.
（2023·天津·高考真题）Most people with good sense would accept that we can and should learn from accidental failures. It would be impossible to progress in anything, after all, without taking the occasional misstep. And by understanding how we slipped, we can avoid falling in the future.
Few would advocate making intentional mistakes, however. Yet consciously erring (犯错) can promote deeper understanding and better recall. The phenomenon is known as the derring effect — coming from “deliberate (故意的) erring” — and when applied properly, it may bring benefits in many unexpected areas of life.
In one experiment carried out at the National University of Singapore, participants were given the task of learning concepts on a difficult subject. For some terms, they simply copied out the correct definition; for others, they were asked to first add an error in their description of the term before correcting the mistake.
Naturally, you would expect the addition of the errors to have increased unwanted confusion. Yet the exact opposite was true: the participants who made deliberate errors learned about twice as much as the people who simply copied out the correct definitions.
The derring effect could be applied in other situations. So a music teacher may find the addition of deliberate errors could help a student remember the right musical notes. Such a playful approach could fuel their creativity for composition, if the student looks for ways to develop those wrong notes into something more attractive. It is encouraging to discover that by readily accepting our errors and wisely placing ourselves in the way of being wrong, we can in fact overcome weaknesses and rise stronger.
The derring effect could be useful for many other challenges too. If you enjoy cooking, for example, you may faithfully follow a recipe without questioning the instructions. But why not try to break away from those habits and deliberately do the “wrong” thing for a change, and see where your derring takes you If you are painting,meanwhile,you could relax one of the constraints (限制) that you usually put on your work and see what you produce.
At worst, you will have refreshed and deepened your knowledge of the rules you normally apply, so that you can be even more effective next time. At best, you may just find that you have discovered something completely new and unexpected, through a flash of inspiration that you would have missed with perfectionism. Either way, your apparent missteps will have moved you a little closer to true mastery.
73．In Paragraph 1, the author presents ____________.
A．a routine warning
B．a popular misbelief
C．a commonly-held view
D．a theoretical assumption
74．What can be learnt about the experiment
A．Adding intentional errors facilitates learning.
B．Correcting mistakes is the key to learning.
C．Errors contribute to confusion in learning.
D．Learners make fewer errors in difficult subjects.
75．According to the author using the approach mentioned in Paragraph 5 may result in _______.
A．disappointing performances
B．greater creative power
C．the discovery of problems
D．the admission of weaknesses
76．Which of the following would the author encourage you to do
A．Strictly follow traditional recipes when cooking.
B．Avoid making mistakes and be a perfectionist.
C．Occasionally ignore traffic regulations.
D．Try unconventional coloring in painting.
77．What could be the best title for the passage
A．The Challenge of Derring
B．Erring Prevents Failure
C．To Err is Fruitful
D．Errors: Accidental or Intentional
（2023·天津·高考真题）I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer.
Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc.
But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”.
The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response.
Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks.
The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them.
Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created.
78．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to
A．A beautiful painting or sculpture.
B．The lighting-up of specific brain areas.
C．An advanced brain imaging technology.
D．The aesthetic assessment of modern art.
79．What effect does movement in art produce on the viewers
A．Certain part of their brain is activated.
B．Their experience of pain is reduced.
C．Their aesthetic sense is sharpened.
D．Their body reactions are delayed.
80．The application of TMS to the brain described in Paragraph 5 leads to__________.
A．raised memory capacity
B．enhanced painting skills
C．changed artistic taste
D．improved decision-making ability
81．According to the author, what increases our enjoyment of a piece of art
A．Knowing how it is created.
B．Having a pleasant personality.
C．Learning how science develops.
D．Understanding the meaning of life.
82．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage
A．To propose an abstract theory of art making.
B．To reveal the beauty of science in an artistic way.
C．To share some personal understanding of artworks.
D．To introduce a new research field for art appreciation.
（2023·北京·高考真题）What is life Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life ’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother ’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
83．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is .
A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful
84．What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged.
85．What can we learn from this passage
A．ALife holds the key to human future. B．ALife and AI share a common feature.
C．AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D．AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
86．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out
B．Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too
C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day
D．Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too
（2023·北京·高考真题）In r

展开更多......

收起↑