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(共29张PPT)
Unit 4
Grammar and usage
Overview of to-infinitives,verb-ing and verb-ed forms
By the end of this class, you will be able to:
1.identify and categorize the use of to-infinitives,verb-ing,and verb-ed forms;
2.summarize general rules of to-infinitives,verb-ing,and verb-ed forms;
3.use the right forms of to-infinitives,verb-ing,and verb-ed to finish tasks such as rewriting sentences,completing an article and writing on the importance of reading poems.
Learning objectives
目录
Lead in
01
Rules
02
Conclusion
03
Exercise
04
Part 1 Lead in
Romanticism
Lead-in
Percy Bysshe Shelley
(August 4, 1792-July 22, 1822)
was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets(抒情诗人) of the English language.
Romanticism
Lead-in
Romanticism was a cultural movement from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. It was a time when many painters，musicians，novelists and poets looked at the world in new and different ways.The aim of the Romantics was to break with the ideals of the 18th century: they refused to follow rigid rules; instead they put emphasis on the importance of imagination and feeling,the love of nature and a return to the past.In England the greatest achievements of the Romantic movement lay in poetry,especially that of William Wordsworth,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,George Gordon Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. During that time England was undergoing a process called industrialization. Large factories were being built and people were made to work long hours. Romantic poets were often not pleased with what was happening in their country and they were not always interested in the improvements in science.Instead they advocated going back to nature. As a result celebrating the beauty of nature and country life became a common theme in Romantic poetry. The poets also wrote about individual feelings and beliefs. Exploring the world of emotion and showing the beauty of nature,the poetry of the Romantic era is one of the greatest treasures in Western literature.
Romanticism was
The aim
;
theme
Definition
Aim
theme
representatives
significance
Romanticism Definition It was a 1. ________________________from the late 18th to the mid-19th century, involving 2. __________________________________________ and poets.
Aim To 3. ___________________________ of the 18th century.
To put emphasis on the importance of imagination and feeling, 4. ________________________ and a return to the past.
Represent-atives 5. _________________________________________________________
theme Celebrating the beauty of 6. ____________________________________
significance The poetry of the Romantic era is one of
7._________________________________________________________
cultural movement
painters, musicians, novelists
break with the ideals
the love of nature
William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge George Gordon Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley
natural and country life.
the greatest treasures in Western literature.
Part 2
Exploring the rules
Subjects
Predicatives
Objects
Complements
Attributives
Adverbials
..., celebrating the beauty of nature and country life became a common theme in Romantic poetry.
The aim of the Romantic was to break with ...
Romantic poets were often not pleased with ...
... they were not always interested in ...
... they refused to follow rigid rules; ...
Instead, they advocated going back to nature.
..., people were made to work long hours.
... a process called industrialization
Exploring the world of emotion and showing the beauty of nature, ...
Working out the rules
The to-infinitive often refers to an action that will happen in the future; the verb-ing form,a continuing action;and the verb-ed form, a past action. Generally speaking,the verb-ing form expresses a(n)___________________(1)(active/passive) meaning, while the verb-ed form expresses a(n)(2)________________(active/passive) meaning.
The to-infinitive can be used as the(3)_______________of a sentence.
The verb-ing form can be used as the(4)________________of a sentence.
The verb-ed form can be used as the(5)________________of a sentence.
*You can choose more than one answer for each blank.
a subject c object e attributive
b predicative d complement f adverbial
active
passive
a, b, e, c, d, f
a, b, c, d, e, f
b, d, e, f
Part 3
Further exploration
一、不定式和动名词作主语的区别
Observe the following sentences and guess the differences.
Smoking is forbidden here.
Collecting stamps is his hobby.
Teaching children music is her work.
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.
To visit Australia is my next goal.
It is harmful for you to smoke so much.
I like swimming,but I don’t like to swim on such a cold day.
抽象泛指
习惯爱好
工作职业
经验
未来动作
具体动作
前者指习惯爱好，后者指一次具体行为
不定式通常表示具体的，一次性行为或者将来的动作，表示带有目的性的未完成的事情。
动名词通常表示一般的，抽象的泛指概念，表示习惯，爱好，职业，经验等；
不定式强调：动作本身；
动名词强调：事件本身
二、不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之后。
1.不定式作宾语的特征及分析
I want to have a rest.
We would like to apologize for the delay.
Everyone hopes to win.
They determined to start early.
这类动词（组）主要有：want,would like,hope,wish,expect,long,desire,intend,mean,arrange,plan,decide,determine,prepare,attempt等表示“想要、希望、打算、意欲、安排、计划、决定、准备、企图等；”ask,offer,beg等表示”要求，请求”等和 promise,agree,refuse等表示“答应；同意；拒绝”的词。
2.不定式作宾语的特征及分析
1）当动词表示“承认、否认、放弃、完成、结束”意义时，用动名词作宾语。在逻辑上，动名词表示的动作发生谓语动词动作之前。
She admitted driving the car without insurance.
He gave up teaching teaching three years ago.
I was trying to quit smoking at the time.
以上例句说明，动名词表示的动作已经存在或发生，动词实际上表示对“已然事件”的处置。
2）当动词表示“允许、禁止、介意、反对、避免、阻止、延误、推迟、错过、冒险”意义时，用动名词作宾语。这类动词表示的动作与后面动名词表示的动作几乎同时发生。这类动词主要有：allow,permit,forbid,ban,prohibit,mind,oppose,avoid,escape,prevent,delay,put off,postpone,miss,risk等。
We don’t allow making noise here,so you should keep quiet.
The rules of the club do not permit smoking.
The government banned hunting in the mountains.
I would oppose changing the law.
He delayed telling her the news,waiting for the right moment.
Women who put off having a baby often make the best mothers.
3)当动词表示“思考、想象、幻想、预期”意义时，用动名词作宾语。这类动词主要有：consider,image,fancy,anticipate等。动名词表示的动作是动词的直接受事者。比如：“考虑做某事”是“考虑”的对象，做不做某事是“考虑”的直接宾语，而不是目的。
We’re considering buying a new car.
She imagined walking into the office and handing in her resignation.
She was 84 years old and I asked her if she fancied living another 16 years.
4)当动词表示“承受、忍受、抵御、禁不住”意义时，用动名词作宾语。这类动词主要有
bear,stand,resist,can’t help等。动名词也是动词的直接受事者。比如：“经受住诱惑
”是指“诱惑”是“经受”的对象，“经受”的直接宾语。
He can’t bear being laughed at.
He couldn’t resist showing off his new car.
I can’t help feeling sorry for the poor man.
综上所述：
不定式作宾语表示“未然事件”，是将来发生的动作，表示主观意愿。
动名词作宾语或表示“已然事件”，在时间上早于动词的动作；或表示“未然事件”,与动词同时开始并同时结束，
动名词是动词的直接受事者。
注意：有些动词后跟动名词和不定式意义差别很大。
forget to do sth.
forget doing sth.
remember to do sth.
remember doing sth.
regret to do sth.
regret doing sth.
stop to do sth.
stop doing sth.
mean to do sth.
mean doing sth.
try to do sth.
try doing sth.
can’t help to do sth.
can’t help doing sth.
忘记去做某事
忘记做过某事
记住去做某事
记得做过某事
遗憾要去做某事
后悔做了某事
停下来去做另某一件事
停止正在做的某事
意欲/打算去做某事
意味着做某事
尽力去做某事
尝试做某事
不能帮着去做某事
禁不住某事
go on to do sth.
go on doing sth.
做完某事接着做另一件事
继续做同一件事情
三、表示主语所具有的特征，令人在情绪上发生变化，译为“令人怎样”，通常用现在分词 作表语；
表示主语被动的感受，译为“感觉怎样”，通常用过去分词作表语。
分词作表语实际上是形容词作表语，这是的分词叫做分词形容词。
The result of the game was disappointing.
The children were very disturbing.
I was disappointed at this decision.
The child was frightened to see the dog.
四、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词作定语的区别
1.不定式作定语往往表示未发生的动作，放在被修饰词后面。
Have you got anything to do this evening
My next aim to achieve is to earn a lot of money and buy my parents a big house.
2.动名词作定语往往表示事物的用途或作用，放在被修饰词前面。可以用for doing 替换，作后置定语。
a writing desk=a desk for writing
a reading room=a room for reading
a hiding place= a place for hiding
写字台
阅览室
藏身处
3.现在分词作定语表示主动的，通常表示正在进行的动作；
过去分词作定语表示被动的，通常表示已完成的动作。
the waiting journalists
a disappointing result
the polluted water
excited children
the journalists waiting in the hall
the water polluted by the factory.
等待的记者
令人失望的结果
被污染了的水
兴奋的孩子们
在大厅里等待的记者
被工厂污染的水
单个的分词作定语，往往放在被修饰词的前面；分词短语作定语置于被修饰词的后面。
注意：现在分词和动名词作定语的区别
区别两者的重要标志：
现在分词作定语表示“主谓关系”，
动名词作定语表示“用途关系”。
drinking water=water for drinking
boiling water=water that is boiling
a sleeping car= a car for sleeping
a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping
饮用水
正在沸腾的水
一节卧铺车厢
一个正在睡觉的男孩
动名词作定语，表示水的用途
现在分词作定语，至水发出的动作
动名词作定语，表示车厢的用途
现在分词作定语，指男孩发出的动作
4.to be done, being done,done作定语的区别
to be done 表示“即将被做”
being done表示“正在被做”
done表示“已经被做”
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
The meeting being held now is of great importance.
The meeting held yesterday is of great importance.
五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补的区别
不定式说明宾语的一个动作，侧重整个过程或结果；
现在分词说明宾语的动作是主动且正在进行；
过去分词表示宾语的动作是被动且已经完成。
I have seen Milla grow up from childhood,so I know her quite well.
Some students last saw Reed playing near an Internet bar.
They want to see this matter settled immediately.
六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的区别
1.不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别
I woke up in the morning (only) to find the outside world greatly changed.
The heavy rain lasted a week,flooding two-thirds of the land.
Observe the following sentences and guess the differences.
出乎意料的结果
顺其自然的结果
不定式多表示出乎意料的结果，此时不定式前可加上only进行强调，还常见于too...to...,enough...to...句式中；
现在分词表示一种顺其自然的结果，即前句是分词动作的结果。
2.done,being done,having been done作状语的区别
三者都表示被动。
表示伴随可用being done，但是一般被done代替。
having been done往往强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，或表示已经持续一段时间的动作或状态，或表示原因。如果不强调时间先后或持续一段时间或原因，则直接用done.
Brandon was running along the path,(being) followed by a dog.
布兰登沿小路跑着，后面跟着一条狗。
Led by the local guide,they had no difficulty reaching their destination.
在当地导游的带领下，他们毫不费力地到达了目的地。
Brought up in his hometown,he knows little about the outside world.
在家乡被扶养长大，他对外面的世界了解的很少。
Having been well tended for half a year,my granny became far better.
被精心照料了半年之后，我奶奶的情况好多了。
Part 4
Exercise
1.（2023年新高考II卷）They talk to the flood of international tourists and to _________ (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China.
2.（2023年新高考I卷）To eat one, you have to decide whether ________(bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.
6.（2023年浙江卷1月）In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City, ______________ (surround)in concentric(同心的)circles by the Inner City and Outer City.
4.(2022年全国高考新高考II卷) Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up ______ (see) them.
4.（2021年新高考II卷）I decided to do something ________ (educate) people about this problem.
visiting
to bite
surrounded
to see
to educate

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