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BI UI Discovering Useful Structures
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Phrases
The driver drives slowly.
The drunk driver has to drive slowly and carefully.
Phrase
A phrase is a group of words that stand together
and function as a part of speech
and serve as an element of a sentence/clause
Study the sentence structures.
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Phrase
Types
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Noun Phrase (NP)
A noun phrase is a group of two or more words that
is headed by a noun that includes modifiers
and plays the role of a noun.
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Noun Phrase (NP)
The best car safety device is a rear-view mirror with a cop in it.
(The Noun Phrase is shaded and the head noun is in bold.)
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Adjective Phrase (AdjP)
An adjective phrase is a group of words headed by an adjective that describes a noun or a pronoun.
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Adjective Phrase (AdjP)
An adjective phrase is a group of words headed by an adjective that describes a noun or a pronoun.
Dexter had made noticeably great progress.
We have been experiencing some terribly hot days recently.
(The Adjective Phrase is shaded and the head adjective is in bold.)
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Luckily for us, we arrived just in time.
(The Adverb Phrase is shaded and the head adverb is in bold.)
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Prepositional Phrase (PrepP)
He sings in a low register.
I lived near the beach.
How much is that doggy in the window
Adverbial Phrase
Adjective Phrase
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Participle Phrase
Participle Phrase
Our school, founded more than ten years ago, is now well known all the country.
He went to school, singing and leaping all the way.
(The Participle Phrase is shaded and the head participles are in bold.)
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Appositive Phrase
An appositive is a noun or a noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename it or to describe it in another way.
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Embedded Phrase
My cousin Janet was eating cream cakes from the bakery during the week.
(The Noun Phrase is shaded and the Embedded Phrase is in bold.)
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The Hierarchy of Word Units
the smallest meaningful unit （Shark）
a single piece of information made up of more than one word. （A seven-foot tiger shark）
a single piece of information made up of more than one word which contains a subject and a verb. （ When a seven-foot tiger shark arrived... ）
A sentence conveys a complete idea. It must contain a subject and verb. （ A seven-foot tiger shark ）
an independent clause supported by at least one other clause
When a seven-foot tiger shark arrived, the crew stopped fishing
a sentence made up of at least two independent clauses.
A seven-foot tiger shark arrived, and the crew stopped fishing.
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1. The first week was a little confusing.
2. The building is so big that I'm completely lost.
NP
AdjP
NP
AdjP
AdjP
Read to find and mark the phrases in the sentences that fit the categories on page 16.
3. The kids over there are putting something on a round paper plate.
4. Linda thinks and speaks quite quickly, and she can do well in the debate.
NP
NP
AdvP
NP
5. The new coach told me that I didn’t play well enough.
6. My first French class was very confusing. The teacher spoke so fast.
NP
AdvP
AdvP
AdjP
NP
NP
Production----Improve a draft
他生气。
His face clouded with anger.他气得脸色阴沉。
她哭。
She sobbed，hiding her face in her hands.她掩面哭泣。
我伤心。
I feel like I am floating in an ocean of sadness.我漂浮在悲伤的海洋里。
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Production----Improve a draft
我无语凝噎（choke）。
I choked, like having a lump in my throat.
她不安。
She was upset, feeling like sitting on pins and needles.她忐忑不安如坐针毡。
他委屈（feel wronged）。
He felt wronged，tears trickling down his cheeks.他感到委屈，潸然泪下。
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Joyce has just written a draft on page 16. Help her improve it by using noun/adjective/adverb phrases to add more information.

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