资源简介

【新研发】阅读理解解题法（高中部年级通用）
目录
一．高考阅读体裁 3
二．高考阅读解题技巧 3
（一）指导思想 3
（二）阅读三步走 3
（三）如何找关键词 3
三．题型突破（细节题；推理题；主旨大意；词义猜测；态度题） 5
1．细节题（细节服从主旨：把握大方向） 5
（1）常见提问模式 5
（2）跳读技巧 6
（3）核对选项 6
小试牛刀 6
变式练习1 7
变式练习2 7
2.推理判断题 7
1.细节推理判断题 8
2.预测推理判断题 8
3.推测文章来源或读者对象 8
4.写作意图、目的、态度推断题 8
小试牛刀 9
变式练习1 9
变式练习2 10
变式练习3 10
变式练习4 10
变式练习5 10
变式练习6 11
变式练习7 11
3.主旨大意题 12
1.归纳标题题 12
2. 概括大意题 12
小试牛刀 13
变式练习1 13
变式练习2 15
变式练习3 16
4.词义猜测题 17
1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词 17
2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 17
3.通过构词法猜词 17
4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 18
5.通过句法功能来推测词义 18
6.通过描述猜词 18
7. 根据常识猜词 18
小试牛刀 18
变式练习1 19
变式练习2 19
变式练习3 19
变式练习4 19
变式练习5 20
四．强化练习10篇 20
教师版末尾
一．高考阅读体裁
高考阅读中弄清文体类型，可以把握文体结构和写作特征，还可以快速、准确地把握作者的写作思路、理解作者的写作意图。高考阅读有应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文。记叙文又可细分为小说、新闻报道、人物传记等。
具体体裁结构如下：
应用文：如书信、广告、日记等。高考出题一般都带有小标题，根据同文同序的原则，快速定位三个题目所对应的小标题，然后根据题目选出正确答案。
记叙文：其底层逻辑与完型填空与读后续写相同，即小故事见大道理（无私奉献，坚持，热爱生活等），主要体现记叙文六要素。其主题往往隐藏在字里行间或结尾点题。记叙文需要精读首尾段，把握作者的写作意图
说明文：英语说明文通常介绍最新科技发明、重大成就、流行现象等。总体结构通常分为三部分，说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。阅读时，首先要抓住文章说明的要点，即被说明对象的实质性特征。文章看起来“高大上”实际套路深，解题不难。
核心引领：得阅读者得高考英语，答案不是选出来的是对比出来的
二．高考阅读解题技巧
（一）指导思想
1.读懂全文不等于做对题目
2.出题人只考重点信息
3.理解出题人＞理解作者＞自我理解
（二）阅读三步走
划：题干划关键词（标好段，根据“划”选项关键词快速匹配各小题对应的段落）
答案段精读找答案，非答案段精读首尾句，其他跳读（全篇首尾段必读）
找：文中找关键词（小定位精度答案句）
比：比较选项，同义改写（找出与原文同义替换选项，必要时采取排除法）
（三）如何找关键词
1.去掉常用主题重复
2.优先大写数字符号
3.名词＞动词＞形容词＞副词
4.题干不够，选项来凑
（四）答案出题套路：转折之后，结论观点
答案出处：转折后 首尾句 长难句（说明文：研究结果句）
1.跳读其他看但是（ABCD篇通用）通篇圈转折—转折后是答案，不是答案也是重点
but, however, yet, while, whereas, nevertheless, in fact, actually, unfortunately, unluckily.
2.跳读例子看结论（CD篇细节题适用）通篇圈研究结果句—不是答案也是重点
非重要词：for example, research, study, experiment, data, statistics, scientist, researchers.
重要词：show, reveal, indicate, suggest, find, explain, note.（这些词加that就是研究结果句）
（五）主旨题
标志词：mainly about, main idea, theme, title, purpose, attitude, tone.
首尾认真看：首段，尾段，转折，结论。
例子数据别谈恋
识别陷阱并不难
太小太大太扯淡
（六）错误选项设计套路
1.障眼法：看起来像（文章原词拼凑）
2.迷魂法：感觉像（将自己思维带入中，避免思维定势）
具体类型：
没提到；根据显眼单词瞎编；偷换概念；因果倒置或者与原文相反；答非所问；推理过度
（七）蒙题技巧
1.找共同点，有共同点的选项不能选。
2.找对立矛盾选项，其中一个极有可能就是正确选项。
3.三短一长选长，三长一短选短，一样长选C，一样短选B（不到万不得已不能用）
4.有绝对语气的不选 must; always; never; the most等。
5.含有不是十分肯定的词一般为正确答案，特别是推断体中 can; could; may; should; usually; might; most; more or less; relatively; be likely to; possible; whether….. or; not necessarily等
6.选项中照抄原文的一般不是正确答案，同义替换是答案。
7.选项中表达较为具体，肤浅的一般不是答案；具有概括性，抽象性，含义深刻的为正确答案。
8.推断题直接原文出现的不选，除非其他三个选项都与原文相反。
9.有比较级的选项要注意，要看原文是否由明确对比和对比的对象与内容是否一致。
（八）各文体解题技巧
应用文A篇
有小标题居多，同文同序出题，直接将各小题匹配到对应小标题找答案即可。
若出现推断受众或者文章来源的题目，答案一般在第一段。
记叙文B篇
记叙文重要考察细节题，细节题主要通过事件来呈现，所以全文都需要读，主要关注名词。
5分钟名词阅读法
判断人或者物为主题
题文同序确定段落（大定位）
核心名词确定出处（小定位）
逻辑动词确定答案（细节题的常见错误就是偷换主语或者宾语，这都与动词有关）
形容词评价为总结（如果记叙文说的是人，要评价这个人怎么样，需要推理总结得出）
名词描述必为原文（与名词相关的答案必须从原文得出，不能推演）
说明文CD篇
关于说明文的基础知识
说明文是什么？（a comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory）
即To introduce, explain, or describe sth.
这里的sth主要包含： a sci-tech invention(科技发明) a research report (研究报告)
an amazing nature（自然现象）a hot issue(热门话题) an abstract theory(抽象理论)
往年真题透析
四种常见语篇类型
(1). Sci-Tech Invention/Innovation Pattern (科技发明型）
Invention→ (features) → (causes) →(principles ) → (prospects & Attitudes )
(2). Problem -solution Pattern (问题-解决模式）
(Settings /Background )→Problem →Solutions /measures→effects →(Influence /Comments/ Response )
(3). Research -Finding Pattern (研究--结果模式)
New findings→ (subjects) →(process)→(approaches)→(Applications/Prospects)
(4). Claim-counter-Claim Pattern (主张与反主张模式）
Old Claim→ New Claim →(Refute old Claims)→(Support new Claim)
第一段的功能为introduce the topic（介绍主题）, 最后一段的基本上是make a summary（总结）
说明文常考的说明方法为 by giving examples(举例子)与by listing figures(列数字)
其他选项常见说明方法: By comparing facts对比事实 by giving description 描述 by analyzing cause and effect 分析因果 by giving definition 下定义
作者态度题有两个相反选项，基本上其中有一个选项为正确选项，不会出现的词有：略（见后面态度题）
研究结果句后是答案，不是答案也是重点（研究结果句见上）
主旨大意题首尾段反复出现的才能选（总分总结构），如果尾段没有重复首段内容，以首段为主（总分结构）
段落大意选研究过程对象结果等，要认识选项单词
The purpose of the study 研究目的
The findings of the study研究结果
The subjects of the study 研究对象
The significance of the study 研究意义
The process of the study 研究过程
The method of the study 研究方法
The underlying logic of the study 研究的底层逻辑（原理）
三．题型突破（细节题；推理题；主旨大意；词义猜测；态度题）
细节题>推断题>主旨大意题>词义猜测题>态度题
1．细节题（细节服从主旨：把握大方向）
核心要义：
定位句即答案，定位的句子是解题的依据，有时候也参考上下句（长难句时）看上下句意义相同或者相反来确定长难句意思，要选择最佳选项（答案是对比出来的）绝对词用语一般不选择，选择语气缓和的。
（1）常见提问模式
分为直接理解题和间接理解题，前者常用 who, what, which, when, where, why 和 how 提问，或判断正误；后者需与原文信息转换，表达上与原文有差异。常见命题形式有：
What can we learn from the passage
All the following are mentioned except
Which of the following is mentioned (not mentioned)
Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…
（2）跳读技巧
跳读其他看但是 but, however, yet, while, whereas, nevertheless, in fact, actually, unfortunately, unluckily.（ABCD篇通用）
跳读例子看结论
不看 for example, research, study, experiment, data, statistics, scientist, researches
要看show, reveal, indicate, suggest, find, explain, note是重点（CD篇适用）
（3）核对选项
注意细节是否有替换或曲解(主题为主：细节服从主旨)
细节题干扰选项特点：
与原文相反。
与原文内容一半相同另一半不同。
与原文内容相似但过于绝对化。
原文中没有提到。
小试牛刀
In a new study, researchers used artificial intelligence （AI） to confirm that an app can identify poison ivy（毒藤）.
Poison ivy ranks among the most medically problematic plants. Up to 50 million people worldwide suffer annually from rashes （皮疹） caused by contact with the plant, a climbing, woody vine native to America and several areas in Asia.
It's found on farms, in woods, landscapes, fields, hiking trails, and other open spaces. So, if you go to those places, poison ivy can lead to reactions that require medical attention. Worse, most people don't know poison ivy when they see it.
The new app could help change that.
“We were the first to do this, and it was designed as a tool for hikers or others working outdoors," says Nathan Boyd, a professor at the UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center. "The app uses a camera to identify in real-time if poison ivy is present and provides you with a measure of certainty for the detection. It also functions even if you are not connected with the internet."
28. Who will the app benefit most
A. A computer programmer. B.A medical science student.
C. A Mexican forest adventurer. D. A crazy South African hiker.
变式练习1
......
One poster from the exhibition-Henry Wellge's "Yellowstone National Park"from1904-was recently purchased with donated funds and is now part of UW Libraries' Emmett D.Chisum Special Collections. Wellge, a productive bird's-eye-view artist, designed the piece for the Northern Pacific Railroad, which used it to advertise the park. This is a unique piece, as posters such as this one were printed on soft paper and very few have survived.
3.What do we know about the 1904 poster Henry Wellge designed
A. It is rare in the world. B.It is in black and white.
C.It is printed on cloth. D. It is owned by a professor.
变式练习2
When was the last time you used a telephone box I mean to make an actual phone call-not to shelter from the rain. Ages ago right The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was 2006． I was conducting auditions （试演） for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more "young professional".
As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me. Suddenly I was locked outside. My mobile phone was inside, but luckily there was a telephone box across the street. So, I called Directory Assistance, got put through to our landlady's managing agent, and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived.
5.Why did the author use the telephone box in 2006
A. To place an urgent call. B. To put up a notice.
C. To shelter from the rain. D. To hold an audition.
2.推理判断题
题干关键词：infer(推断),indicate(象征，暗示), imply/suggest(暗示), conclude(作出结论), assume(假定，设想).一般来说推断题里直接出现的内容不选，但是如果其他三个选项都与原文内容不符，直接出现的内容也可以选。
1.细节推理判断题
一般可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断，常见命题形式有：
It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.
The author implies/ suggests that_____.
We may infer that _________.
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated
2.预测推理判断题
根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测，常见命题形式有：
What do you think will happen if/when…
At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____
3.推测文章来源或读者对象
常见命题形式有：
The passage is probably taken out of_____
The passage would most likely be found in_____
Where does this text probably come from
4.写作意图、目的、态度推断题
作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。
询问写作目的的题，选项里常出现的词是：
explain(解释), prove (证明), persuade(劝说), advise(劝告), comment(评论), praise(赞扬), criticize(批评), entertain(娱乐),
demonstrate(举例说明), argue(辩论), tell(讲述), analyze(分析)等。
询问语气态度的题，选项里常出现的词是：
neutral(中立的), sympathetic(同情的), satisfied(满意的), friendly(友好的), enthusiastic(热情的), subjective(主观的), objective(客观的), matter-of-fact(实事求是的), pessimistic(悲观的), optimistic(乐观的), critical(批评的), doubtful(怀疑的), hostile(敌对的), indifferent(冷淡的), disappointed(失望的)。
询问态度一般在首尾段出现，态度题直接找首尾段的形容词，作者的态度一定是明确的，要么支持要么反对要么是客观。
支持：positive, optimistic, approving, supportive, favorable…
反对：negative, pessimistic, disappointed, critical, doubtful, suspicious, skeptical, questionable,
oppositive, dismissive ……
肯定不会有的词：unclear, indifferent, neutral, unconcerned, uninterested, confused, puzzled, ambiguous…
常见命题形式有：
The purpose of the text is_____
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text
By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____
What is the author’s attitude towards…
What is the author’s opinion on…
The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
注意：
正确选项来源：首尾句；转折句；观点句
问某一句能够推断出什么就是问其在段落能够推断出什么。
重要信息：观点;结论；主题（文中没说是谁的观点就是作者的观点）
次要信息：事实；例子；细节
小试牛刀
Photographer Xie Jianguo's passion for photo graphing wild animals and polar eco logy is evident in his extensive travels. He has traveled to destinations such as Kenya, Botswana and Madagascar nine times. Furthermore, he has visited the Arctic and Antarctic continents more than 30 times. Xie also has explored diverse regions across Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Australia, catching the remarkable beauty of nature through his cameras on numerous occasions.
Since 2012, Xie has redirected his cameras towards his homeland, focusing on taking pictures of wildlife in China. Now his footprints have covered nearly all the provinces and regions throughout the country. He has explored nearly 100 wildlife protection areas, such as Source of the Three Rivers, Hoh Xil, Qilian Mountain and Xishuangbanna. From the adorable pandas in Sichuan to the playful Pallas's cats in Inner Mongolia, Xie has devoted himself to documenting the country's rare and endangered animals, which showcases unique natural and ecological wonders of China.
······
What can we learn about Xie from the first two paragraphs
A. He focused on taking pictures of Chinese wonders.
B. He was enthusiastic about photographing wild animals.
C. He went to many places to enjoy the beautiful scenery.
D. He traveled abroad to know more about foreign culture.
变式练习1
EHang has ambitions beyond China, too. The firm's closest competitors are Volocopter, a German company, and a pair of Californian firms, Joby Aviation and Archer Aviation. All three are conducting test flights of piloted eVTOLs of various designs.
What can we infer from the last paragraph C
A. EVTOLs will definitely bring in a huge profit.
B. EVTOLs are popular worldwide.
C. EHang may face challenges in expanding future market.
D. EHang will improve its design to defeat competitors.
变式练习2
In fact, many species grow out of their spots, and the reasons aren't entirely understood. According to Gotanda, patterning is typically considered more energetically costly to produce than a single, solid color. But spots don't take a lot of energy to grow and maintain at least in the case of white spots. There must be other reasons to explain their loss, he said.
Which statement might Gotanda agree with
A. Animals with spots on the body are more energetic.
B. Spotted animals often exist in uniform surroundings.
C. The growth of animal spots will consume lots of energy.
D. There are more to explore about the loss of animal spots.
变式练习3
However, it doesn’t work for everyone. Francesca Specter, a writer for The Guardian, decided to country-hop and her “office” included beaches, cafes and coworking spaces. But along with struggling to find reliable wi-fi and fighting terrible loneliness, she wrote that she felt envious as she cooled her overheating laptop in the shade while holidaymakers relaxed by the pool. She said, “I was firefighting dull concerns, such as missing luggage or sleep loss after an overnight flight delay.”
So, it’s not for everyone, but if you ever feel like escaping the rat-race, why not give it a go
What is the author’s attitude towards digital nomads
Oppositive. B. Supportive. C. Dismissive. D. Indifferent.
变式练习4
Howlin says, “It's encouraging, to know that the act of choosing music is an important part of the advantages of music listening. Our research makes it possible to further explore methods for deepening engagement to improve pain relief.”
What's Howlin's attitude to the new study
Indifferent. B. Skeptical. C. Ambiguous. D. Supportive.
变式练习5
Museum of Failure is a collection of failed products and services from around the world. The majority of all innovation projects fail and the museum showcases these failures to provide visitors a fascinating learning experience. The museum aims to stimulate productive discussion about failure and inspire us to take meaningful risks. Every item provides unique insight into the risky business of innovation.
Where is the text probably taken from
A science fiction. B. A travel brochure.
C.A museum website. D. movie application.
变式练习6
A sense of purpose in life-whether it's a high-minded search to make a difference or a simple hobby with personal meaning-can offer strong protection against loneliness, according to new research.
"A sense of purpose is this general idea that you have something leading and directing you from one day to the next," Hill says. “It can be something like gardening, supporting your family, or achieving success at work." Many of the activities that can provide a sense of purpose -joining a club, volunteering at a school, playing in a sports league-involve interaction with others, which is one reason why a purpose-filled life will be less lonely. In the study, people who say they received or provided social support were especially likely to report feelings of purpose.
The new study, based on surveys of more than 2,300 adults in Switzerland, found that feelings of loneliness were less common in people who reported a purposeful life, regardless of their age but the study found a slight increase in reports of loneliness for people in their 70s and beyond, an age when a sense of purpose can be especially important.
“We're trying to get rid of the wrong idea from previous generations that this is simply a time for retiring and resting," Hill says. “There are no downsides to finding something meaningful later in life."
Still, it's important to keep in mind that a search for purpose can be somewhat self-defeating if taken too seriously. “Feeling like you need to save the world can lead to terrible fear and worries in life, "Hill says.
When it comes to purpose and meaning, even small things can matter. "It's K if someone else thinks that your purpose is trivial, as long as it's meaningful to you," Hill says.
What is the purpose of the text
A. To explain a theory. B. To initiate a discussion.
C. To recommend a study. D. To introduce a solution.
变式练习7
“Sherchan, now 81, was preparing to scale the peak next week despite digestive problems he suffered several days ago, "the AP reports. “On Wednesday, Sherchan said that he was in good health and ready to take up the challenge. "On his Facebook page, Sherchan posted a news story by China's state media Xinhua, confirming that Nepal's government will give 1 million rupees (more than $11, 200) to fund Sherchan's effort. It costs close to 40,000 U.S. dollars for one attempt, a huge amount for a Nepali where per capita income is around 420 dollars," Xinhua reports.
Regardless of events this week, Miura has ensured his place in the record books. In 1970, he became the first person to ski down Mount Everest. He has also skied down other tall mountains.
The two octogenarians（八旬老人）were in their 20s when Edmund Hilary and Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers to reach Everest's summit nearly 60 years ago, in the 1953 climbing season.
What might be talked about in the following paragraph
A. Other mountains Sherchan has skied down.
B. The difficulties climbers had to overcome.
C. Some accidents about Everest climbing.
D. More climbers' records on reaching Everest's summit.
3.主旨大意题（主旨包含细节）
注意：主旨题的内容要能够包含前面3个细节题的内容
这类题在设题时常会用到 title, subject, main idea, topic, theme 等词。
首尾认真看：首段，尾段，转折，结论。选择首段重复出现的内容，如果没重复以首段内容为主，特别是首段转折后的内容。
1.归纳标题题
特点：短小精悍，一般多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般能覆盖 全文意思；精确性强，表达范围要恰当，不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。
常见命题形式有：
What’s the best title for the text
The best title for this passage is ___.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
2. 概括大意题
包括寻找段落大意（topic）和文章中心思想（main idea）
常见命题形式有：
What is the general/main idea of the passage？
Which of the following expresses the main idea？
What is the subject discussed in the text
The writer of the story wants to tell us that_____.
The passage/ text is mainly about_____.
What’s the article mainly about ？
注意
解答此类题时同学易犯以下三种错误： 太大太小太扯淡
（1）表述过于片面，只涵盖该段个别细节； （太小，通常是段中某段细节）
（2）表述太过于笼统，已经超出该段的内容； （太大，例如文章中将的是绿色空间对于孩子的好出，选项给出的是绿色空间对人类的好处,在后面的强化练习中会遇到）
（3）表述与段落内容无关或相反，在段落中找不到相关依据 。（太扯淡）
小试牛刀
To improve understanding, Dr. Claire Howlin of Queen Mary University of London and his team asked 286 adults experiencing real-world acute pain to describe their pain before and after listening to a music track（歌曲）.The track was specially produced in two different versions of different complexity. Study participants were chosen to be given the impression that they had some control over the music complexity of the tack, although they heard the same track.
What does paragraph B mainly tell us about the new study
A. Its main purpose. B. Its research process.
C. Its great importance. D. Its great discoveries.
变式练习1
In all the time I’ve spent in China, I’ve had my share of emotional crises. I can’t remember which one it was in particular, but I do remember how my adopted “aunt” Li once took care of me, tucking me up(掖好被角) in an armchair in her Chengdu apartment, bringing me a cup of green tea, peeling and cutting fruit for me, chatting about unrelated matters as she prepared one of her wonderful Sichuanese suppers. Like many Chinese people, particularly those of the older generation, she didn’t show her love for me by hugging or requesting emotional outpourings, but through food and over-concern.
It took me a while to become used to this way of expressing affection. At first I found it brusque and bossy: “Have some porridge! Drink some soup! Put on some more clothes!” But over time I came to understand what it meant. I can always tell, now, when someone Chinese is becoming fond of me because they start to become over-worried about my physical needs, urging me to eat or drink, to wrap up warm, to rest. When serious-faced chef barks at me to have some more baozi for breakfast or Li presses me to have another mouthful of her red-braised pork, I know they are offering me the edible equivalent of a hug.
Food in China can mean many things. It is also art and craft and magic. It is the slices of fish that fall like snow from the knife of the chef, the slivers of meat that dance in the shimmering heat of the wok (炒菜锅), the grains of millet or rice that swell in the steamer. It is the employment of armies of microorganisms in the clay vat of jiang ( 酱菜缸) or the wine jar, the creating of a hundred flavors in a tiny kitchen, the transformation of natural raw materials into numerous forms. It is finding ways to generate delight in everything from a duck's tongue to the peel of an orange. It is one of the supreme expressions of human wit and creativity.
Above all, it is what connects us and makes us human.
What message did the author intend to convey through the text
A. Every region has its own specialty.
B. Food is culture, and culture is food.
C. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
D. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
谚语名言积累（主旨大意题）
中文 英文
活到老，学到老 It is never too old to learn.
不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹 No cross, no crown.
行胜于言 Doing is better than saying.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲 An idle youth, a needy age.
良好的开端就是成功的一半 A good beginning makes a good ending.
患难之交才是真朋友 A friend in need is a friend indeed.
世上无难事,只怕有心人 Nothing is impossible to the man who will try.
只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子要变傻 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
成功无秘诀,只是努力干 There is no secret of success but hard work.
当日事，当日毕 Don't leave today's work for tomorrow.
熟能生巧 Practice makes perfect.
时间就是生命，时间就是速度，时间就是力量 Time means life, time means speed, time means strength.
吃一堑，长一智 A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.
好书如挚友 A good book is a good friend.
时不我待 Time and tide wait for no man.
美德远远胜过美貌 Virtue is fairer far than beauty.
没有付出就没有收获 No pains, no gains.
闪光的不一定都是金子 All that glitters is not gold.
己所不欲，勿施于人 Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire.
一心不能二用 A man cannot spin and reel at the same time.
变式练习2
A new study reveals that pigeons（鸽子）can tackle some problems just like artificial intelligence, enabling them to solve difficult tasks that might challenge humans. Previous research has theorized that pigeons employ a problem-solving strategy, involving a trial-and- error approach, which is similar to the approach used in AI models but differs from humans' reliance on selective attention and rule use. To examine it, Brandon Turner, a psychology professor at the Ohio State University, and his colleagues conducted the new study.
In the study, the pigeons were presented with various visual images, including lines of different widths and angles，and different types of rings. The pigeons had to peck （啄）a button on the right or left to indicate the category to which the image belonged. If they got it correct, they received food; if they were wrong, they received nothing. Results showed that, through trial and error, the pigeons improved their accuracy in categorization tasks, increasing their correct choices from about 55% to 95%.
Researchers believed pigeons used associative learning, which is linking two phenomena with each other. For example, it is easy to understand the link. between “water” and “wet”.“Associative learning is frequently assumed to be far too primitive to, explain complex visual categorization like what we saw the pigeons do," Turner said. But that's exactly what the researchers found.
The researchers' AI model tackled the same tasks using just the two simple mechanisms that pigeons were assumed to use: associative learning and error correction. And, like the pigeons, the AI model learned to make the right predictions to significantly increase the number of correct answers. For humans, the challenge when given tasks like those given to pigeons is that they would try to come up with rules that could make the task easier. But in this case, there were no rules, which upsets humans.
What's interesting, though, is that pigeons use this method of learning that is very similar to AI designed by humans, Turner said. "We celebrate how smart we are that we designed artificial intelligence: at the same time, we regard pigeons as not clever animals, "he said.
What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Pigeons' trial-and-error method is revealed
B. Pigeons outperform humanism tough tasks
C. "Not smart" pigeons may be as smart as AI
D. AI models after pigeons' learning approach
变式练习3
Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that sign languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to look into how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific debate: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one wise teacher Bill Stokoe at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.
When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher.
Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually have a genuine language And could that language be unlike any other on Earth It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing as “substandard” . No wonder that Stokoe’s idea was considered academically wrong then.
It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades, educators fought his idea that sign languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the adaptation of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the adaptation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.”
What is the best title of the passage
A. Sign Language: A Genuine Language B. A Hot Button in Sign Language
C. Bill Stokoe: A Pioneer in Language D. Sign Language Not Mouth Stuff
4.词义猜测题
①猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义
②对文中的多义词或词组进行定义
③判断某个代词的指代的对象。常见命题形式有：
The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.
The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）probably means ______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）could best be replaced by which of the following
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…”
解答技巧
1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词
首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如 because，as，since，for，so，thus， as a result，of course，therefore 等等)表示前因后果。
例如：You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault.
通过 for 引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出 blame 的词义是"责备"。
2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由 and 或 or 连接的同义词词组， 如 happy and gay，即使我们不认识 gay 这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如 Man has known something about the planets Venus，
Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的 Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道 planets 就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。
通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如 but，while，however 等；二是看与 not 搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据 not at all...handsome 我们不难推测出 homely
的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3.通过构词法猜词
根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。如：She is unlikely to have stolen the money. ( “un”含否定意义，故为“不太可能”之意。)
4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought. 从 drought 所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即 drought，由此可见 drought 意思为"久旱"，"旱灾"。而 a dry
period 和 drought 是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由 is，or，that is，in other words，be called 或破折号等来表示。
5.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如 pineapples 和 coconuts 是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出 pineapples，coconuts 和 bananas，oranges 是同类关系，同属 fruit 类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
6.通过描述猜词
描述即作者对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。 例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish. 从例句的描述中可以得知 penguin 是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
7. 根据常识猜词
如：The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel. （lintel “过梁”。） Afraid of waking the baby up, she tiptoed out of the room.（tiptoed “踮着脚走，蹑手蹑脚”）
小试牛刀
It took me a while to become used to this way of expressing affection. At first I found it brusque and bossy: “Have some porridge! Drink some soup! Put on some more clothes!” But over time I came to understand what it meant. I can always tell, now, when someone Chinese is becoming fond of me because they start to become over-worried about my physical needs, urging me to eat or drink, to wrap up warm, to rest. When serious-faced chef barks at me to have some more baozi for breakfast or Li presses me to have another mouthful of her red-braised pork, I know they are offering me the edible equivalent of a hug.
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “brusque”
A.abrupt and impolite B. simple and envious
C.brave and direct D. demanding and abusive
变式练习1
Anyone eager to view from high the cityscapes of Guangdong, a province in southern China, may soon be able to do so from the cabin of a flying taxi. On October 13th the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)awarded a "type certificate", a crucial piece of aviation paperwork, to the world's first electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) taxi. And in case that does not sound futuristic enough, the small two-seater, called the EH216-s, was also cleared to fly without a pilot on board.
The EH216-S is made by EHang, a company based in Guangdong. It looks like a scaled-up consumer drone（无人机）with a passenger bubble mounted on top. Propulsion （动力）is provided by 16 small rotors （转子），mounted on the tips of eight arms that foldaway when the vehicle is not in use, allowing it to park in small spaces.
What does the underlined word “cleared" in Paragraph 1 probably mean
A. Produced. B. Approved. C. Removed. D. Tested.
变式练习2
They found that farmers typically use hybrid（杂交）seeds，which must be repurchased each year, to grow a diverse range of vegetables in the floating gardens. The gardens are also sensitive to pests, so farmers end up spending some money on both pesticides and fertilizers. But even with those expenses, they found, benefits outweighed costs. One farmer told the research team that he earns up to four times as much money from the gardens as from traditional rice fields.
What does the underlined word “outweighed" probably mean
Affected B. Brought C. Beat D. Equaled
变式练习3
“It is not as overt a pattern as something like a stick insect that becomes something else entirely, which can be clearly identified. But spots do create these three-dimensional effects that help some species hide better," said Gotanda.
What does the underlined word “overt" in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A. Obvious. B. Strange. C. Hidden. D. Complex.
变式练习4
If you could take a pill to “cure” your loneliness， would you take it？ The“loneliness epidemic（流行病）”has been widely reported and commented upon across the world in recent years, affecting young and old. There have even been numerous urgent calls by governments to address it However, some researchers question whether we really have the credible data to back up such claims. Should we struggle to eradicate it, as we would a virus or a disease
What does the underlined word “eradicate" most probably mean
Remove. B. Change. C. Highlight. D. Identify.
变式练习5
“We're trying to get rid of the wrong idea from previous generations that this is simply a time for retiring and resting," Hill says. “There are no downsides to finding something meaningful later in life."
Still, it's important to keep in mind that a search for purpose can be somewhat self-defeating if taken too seriously.“Feeling like you need to save the world can lead to terrible fear and worries in life, "Hill says.
When it comes to purpose and meaning, even small things can matter. "It's OK if someone else thinks that your purpose is trivial, as long as it's meaningful to you," Hill says.
What does the underlined word “trivial" in the last paragraph most probably mean
A. Not important. B. Extremely valuable.
C. Fresh and bright. D. Not practical.
四．强化练习10篇
提示：做题时请先判断文章体裁和题型
1.
Family: Poems—by Mr. Keith Keenan
Kindle $0.00; Hardcover $12.50; Paperback $7.00.
The poet describes personal thoughts and feelings in a lyrical journey to understand and
celebrate his family. “Family” looks at living honestly in places, not illusions. Figurative (形象的)
language, a love of metaphor and sharp images all make the poems work.
Time to Heal—by Aleandra Vasiliu
Kindle $9.99; Hardcover $21.94; Paperback $12.64.
From the bestselling author comes an inspirational poetry book about love, healing, and growth.
It is a reminder to strive to change for the better. Featuring more than 130 uplifting poems and
black-and-white illustrations, it’s a great companion when you need to embrace self-love and
personal transformation.
Seeds from a Birch Tree—by Clark Strand
Kindle $9.99; Hardcover $26.80; Paperback $16.95.
Seeds from a Birch Tree makes nature into a spiritual path. Its message was simple: Haiku
teaches us to return to nature by following the seasons—seventeen syllables at a time. With its mix
of poetry and memoir (回忆录), the book guides us to the joy hidden in plain sight, leading us to get
into a good state of body and mind.
A Poem for Every Day—by Allie Esiri
Kindle $9.99; Hardcover $28.05; Audio CD $18.05.
This audio book is a collection of 366 poems which link to events on key dates—funny for
April Fools’ Day, festive for Christmas. This is the perfect gift for poetry lovers of all ages. These
poems are informative, peaceful, and energetic!
There are a large number of poetry collections on Amazon. More information, please click here.
1. How much will you pay if you are to buy a hardcover edition of a book on haiku
A. $12.50. B. $21.94. C. $26.80. D. $28.05.
2. According to the text, what can we learn about the books
A. Family: Poems features plain language.
B. Time to Heal features colorful illustrations.
C. Seeds from a Birch Tree focuses on human nature.
D. A Poem for Every Day focuses on festive celebrations.
3. Where is this text probably taken from
A. A marketing website.
B. A literature magazine.
D. A news report.
C. A book review.
2.
The wind sweeps the Midwest plains as if it is searching for someone or something to carry away. The Omaha tribe has wandered these plains for generations, and now, it seems that the winds have brought back one of their own. Susan La Flesche has returned to the village where she was born. Not as a visitor, but as the region’s only doctor.
When Susan was 8 years old, she waited at the bedside of an elderly woman writhing(扭动) in
pain. A doctor was called for. They waited. A messenger was sent. The doctor still didn’t come. Susan provided what comfort she could through the night, but by sunrise, the elderly woman had died. The episode both haunted and motivated Susan. She threw herself into her studies and earned her way to college. Susan would never forget the childhood she enjoyed and the people she loved. But there was further to go. She enrolled in the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, a boring train ride away from the world she knew. It was 1886, and the Victorian age held stiff against the progress of women. In her graduation speech from Hampton, she told the East Coast audience, “Give us a chance.” Three years later, she became a doctor.
Returning to the plains to serve her people was a difficult task. She opened an office and began seeing patients. The lines were long, old and young seeking help for various diseases. Susan worked long hours at her office but also braved the wind and snow, walking miles to make house calls. Her work was more than as a physician. She often acted as lawyer, accountant, counselor and even priest(牧师) as she helped the Omahas navigate the new world and she was determined to spend her entire life helping her people navigate the storms.
1. What contributed to Susan’s being a doctor
A. Her family’s poverty and struggle.
B. Her desire for medical knowledge.
C. The opposition to women’s progress.
D. The poor medical resources in her hometown.
2. What can we infer about Susan from the third paragraph
A. She had an unhappy childhood.
B. She enjoyed the train ride to her college.
C. She got high marks in every exam.
D. She encountered difficulties in her college life.
3. Why does the author mention Susan’s diverse roles
A. To suggest her overburdened responsibilities.
B. To emphasize her lack of focus on her medical career.
C. To highlight her dedication to serving the community wholeheartedly.
D. To show her adaptability in fulfilling various roles within her community.
4. What could be the best title for the passage
A. A Force of Nature: Dr. Susan La Flesche’s Impact
B. Winds of Change: Dr. Susan La Flesche’s Legacy
C. The Adaptable Doctor: Dr. Susan La Flesche’s Success
D. Whispering Winds: Dr. Susan La Flesche’s Mysterious Journey

3.
Hibernation（冬眠）is a classic topic of science fiction． In movies such as 2001： A Space Odyssey, Alien, or Passengers, crew members are put into a state of sleep to take year-long journeys to space. Now a new study from Washington University has shown that human hibernation may soon become a reality.
The research team carried out tests on rats-animals that do not naturally hibernate. They first identified a group of neurons（神经元） in a deep brain region， which were found to be involved in controlling body temperature during hibernation. They showed that, in mice, these neurons could be stimulated using ultrasound（超声波），which was delivered through a helmet without causing an injury.
When receiving the ultrasound, the mice showed a drop in body temperature of about3℃,and their heart rates fell by about 47%. When the ultrasound system was switched off, they woke up again. The result was "surprising and fascinating", said Hong Chen, a professor who led the work.
Researchers are also trying to determine how to harness the power of hibernation to help humans. They believe that it could be key to addressing health conditions like heart disease, and Alzheimer's. Furthermore, hibernation's ability to slow aging, which was observed in bats, could benefit space exploration, enabling longer missions with less food requirements. Research in animals also suggests that bodies of hibernating astronauts might lose less bone and muscle, making them fit and ready to start challenging exploration soon after they wake up.
By unlocking the secrets of this remarkable process, researchers may uncover ways to improve human health, as well as gain new insights into the natural world. Therefore, the exploration of hibernation is an exciting area that is sure to yield numerous benefits in the years to come.
The scientists now plan to look at how lowered body temperature might affect the cognitive abilities of humans. “Our next experiments will test working memory in monkeys. This is important because while astronauts physically hibernate as they fly into deep space, their brain stiIl needs to be working," said Chen.
1. How did researchers put rats into hibernation
A. By lowering their body temperature.
B. By activating specific brain neurons.
C. By putting a regular helmet on them.
D. By using ultrasound through an operation.
2.What does the underlined word "harness" in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A. Employ. B. Challenge. C. Overlook. D. Discover.
3. What advantage might hibernation bring to humans
A. It improves people's mental health.
B. It predicts a variety of heart diseases.
C. It helps astronauts keep physically fit.
D. It enables astronauts to build up muscle.
4. What's the purpose of the last paragraph
A. To point out the significance of the study.
B. To bring out the focus of follow-up studies.
C. To discuss other factors affecting hibernation.
D. To explain practical applications of the finding.
4.
The launch of a tool to record a vanishing Greek dialect drew attention back this week to one of
the great extinctions of the modern world: nine languages are believed to be disappearing every year. Romeyka, which is spoken by an ageing population of a few thousand people in the mountain villages near Turkey’s Black Sea coast, separated from modern Greek thousands of years ago. It has no written form. For linguists, it is a “living bridge” to the ancient Greek world, the loss of which would clearly be a blow.
But some languages are in even bigger trouble, with 350 that have fewer than 50 native speakers and 46 that have just one. A cooperation between Australian and British institutions paints the situation in distinct colours, with a language stripes chart, devised to illustrate the accelerating decline in each decade between 1700 and today. Its authors predict that between 50% and 90% of the world’s 7,000 languages will be extinct by 2150. Even now, half of the people on the planet speak just 24 of them.
The history of languages has always been linked to colonialism and political persecution (迫害),which scatter(驱散) populations as well as controlling them. The Endangered Languages Alliance (ELA) has tracked down and mapped hundreds of dying languages in New York, which is an unexpected discovery. These dialects are supposed to be found in remote rural areas. Among ELA’s more shocking discoveries is that, of 700 surviving speakers of Seke, which originated in a cluster of mountain villages in Nepal, more than 150 can be traced to two apartment buildings in Brooklyn district of New York.
From Sami reindeer herders across the Arctic to Australia’s Indigenous (土著的) peoples, the ways in which people express themselves hide secret messages about ancient ways of living in nature. Both a will and a way are needed if they are to survive. By simply honouring their existence, linguists play an important role. Ken Hale, an activist who is strongly for preserving endangered languages famously argued that losing any language was “like dropping a bomb on the Louvre”.
1. What does “Romeyka” in Paragraph 1 refer to
A. An extinct ancient Greek language.
B. A language with very few written words.
C. A disappearing dialect related to ancient Greek.
D. A popular dialect loved by the young generation.
2. Why are the numbers mentioned in Paragraph 2
A. To show the importance of the dialects.
B. To conclude the diversity of the dialects.
C. To explain different ways to protect dialects.
D. To illustrate the tendency of fast dying dialects.
3. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3
A. Seke is a place in the mountains of Nepal.
B. People assume fewer dialects exist in big cities.
C. Nepal and New York were twin cities many years ago.
D. ELA is not surprised to trace an original Nepal dialect to Brooklyn.
4. What does Ken Hale’s quote mean
A. The extinction of a dialect is a great loss.
B. Bombing Louver is a disaster to any language.
C. Ancient ways of living are kept secret in Louvre.
D. Languages are to survive simply by honoring them.
5.
Making tiny furniture is no piece of cake. In this course, join Amanda Kelly, who is now pursuing her Master's degree of Fine Arts in Sculpture at Radford University, to learn how to create realistic furniture from the beginning. While students who have taken this course are highly encouraged to sign up, students of all levels are welcome!
Course Overview
This course includes five sessions, each lasting for 2 hours on five Tuesdays beginning on November 7.
Session 1(Tuesday,11/7,7-9:00 PM)Foundations and Scale
Session 2 (Tuesday,11/14,7-9:00 PM)Making the Side Table
Session 3 (Tuesday,11/21,7-9:00 PM) Making the Bed
Session 4 (Tuesday, 11/28,7-9:00 PM) One Person's Waste Is Another's Tiny TreasureSession 5 (Tuesday,12/5,7-9:00 PM) Sharing Your Creations
Pricing Options
In addition tofull-price tickets of $225, a limited number of no-pay tickets are available for this course. Please note that these tickets are reserved for those who would not otherwise be able to take this course and who expect to attend all sessions. No-pay tickets are distributed via a random drawing two weeks before each course begins. For more information and to apply for a no-pay spot,please click here.
What Else to Know
This is an interactive, small-group workshop. Students are encouraged to participate in discussions and work on assignments outside of class. Due to the interactive nature of this course, we strongly recommend students attend as many live sessions as possible. If students are unable to attend the live sessions, after each session they will receive access to a recording of the live session, which they can watch for up to two weeks after the course concludes.
1. In which session may students display their works
A. Session 2. B. Session 3. C. Session 4. D. Session 5.
2. What can students do if they miss a live session
A. Reach out to other students.
B. Email the instructor immediately.
C. Make up for the class within 72 hours.
D. Watch the recorded class within 14 days.
4. What is the text
A. A research paper. B. A submission guide.
C. A course introduction. D. A furniture brochure.
6.
"Thank you for applying for the position," the email read." Your application has not been successful. We wish you every success in securing a suitable position in the future." I received the email 2 weeks after an interview.
When I read it, I felt disappointed and angry. I'd spent hours preparing for the interview and in the end, I didn't even know why I wasn't successful! "How can I adapt my job search approach if I don't know what went wrong "
The value of that kind of feedback （反馈） became obvious to me a few months later. After applying for a job at a consulting company, I spent months working my way through the interview process before getting a phone call. "Unfortunately, we decided to offer the job to someone else,”the voice said. Again, the feeling I got from that rejection email appeared. But the conversation wasn't over."
Would you like to hear feedback from us " the company representative asked.
The representative went on to tell me I hadn't clearly shown my motivation for applying for the position and why I wanted to work for the company. The feedback was tough to hear. But I quickly realized they were right. After completing my Ph. D. in Germany, my top priority had been to find a position in Poland. So I wasn't very selective about what I had applied for. The job at the consulting company was something I could do, but I didn't feel passionate about it-and that was clearly shown in the interview process.
From then on, I only pursued the jobs that I was passionate about. In my applications, I also began stating more clearly why I wanted that job. Soon the approach paid off. I got an offer for a postdoc position in Poland that I was truly excited about.
Now, when early-career scientists interview for positions in my lab, I keep that experience in mind. If they don't get the position, I will tell them why and what they can do to improve their job applications going forward.
1.What did the author expect to read in the rejection email
A. Reasons for filure. B. Useful guidelines.
C. Encouraging words. D. Sincere apologies.
2. How did the author feel when receiving the call at first
A. Embarrassed. B. Discouraged. C. Nervous. D. Guilty.
3. What made the author lose a second chance to land a job
A. His inexperience in consulting. B. An overstatement of his capability.
C. His lack of passion for the position. D. His bad performance in the interview.
4. Which words can best describe the author as a postdoc
A. Devoted and ambitious. B. Knowledgeable and modest.
C. Courageous and warm-hearted. D. Responsible and thoughtful.
7.
Animals and plants also live and thrive on public squares. This creates opportunities for greater biodiversity and well-being for the human population. Researchers at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) have studied at 103 locations in Munich how various factors affect flora and fauna ( 动 植 物 ). They advocate a close examination of local conditions and a more nature-focused approach to the design of public spaces.
Together with his team, Wolfgang Weisser, Professor of Terrestrial Ecology at TUM, looked at such factors as size, the occurrence of lawn, plant and tree growth, artificial light sources and green in the surroundings of the 103 public squares in Munich. The squares varied from almost entirely sealed (封闭的) to park-like squares.
Their results show, with Munich as an example, how greatly the different spaces can differ in the animals and other organisms that can live there. At the heavily sealed Marienplatz, the researchers counted only 20 species, with just one bird and moss species as well as insects and bat species. Meanwhile, at Pfrontener Platz, a space with lawns, bushes and trees, they found 156 taxa, including 21 different kinds of birds. At Johannisplatz, 118 species are present, as it has trees, hedges and some grassy areas despite being sealed to a relatively large extent.
Unsurprisingly, more plants are beneficial to many animal species. This is a factor that urban planning models already take into account. However, the study also shows that lawns, trees and bushes vary widely in terms of the diversity and numbers of the species they attract. So far, public spaces are designed with humans in mind, with little consideration to animals and other species.
The researchers concluded that the chances for greater biodiversity are increased if, instead of applying the same patterns to every location, planners take into account the local conditions and the needs of different species. To encourage more bee species, for example, they should not only plant nectar-bearing flowers, but also provide open space as habitat for bees and a source of nest-building material.
1. What does the study at TUM focus on
A. The best locations for flora and fauna.
B. Factors to be considered in square design.
C. The impact of local conditions on biodiversity.
D. The best way for humans and flora and fauna to get along.
2. What can we know from paragraph 3
A. Animals expand in sealed parks.
B. Open parks support more biodiversity.
C. Open parks are not fit for birds to stay.
D. Closed parks are as good as open ones.
3. What does the study say about urban greenery
A. It varies in attracting species.
B. It will replace artificial lights.
C. It has nothing to do with species.
D. It is well planned in urban buildings.
4. What can be the best title for the text
A. Enhancing Urban Development: Considering Local Species’ Needs
B. Human-animal Coexistence: Integrating Nature into City Designing
C. Urban Ecosystems: Challenges for Plants and Animals in Urban Spaces
D. Biodiversity in the City: Designing Urban Spaces for Humans and Animals
8.
China launched a Long March 2F carrier rocket on December 14,2023 from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Northwest China's Gobi Desert, sending a reusable experimental spacecraft into orbit. The test vehicle is scheduled to stay in orbit for a certain period of time and then return to its preset landing site in China. During the orbital flight, it has been tasked with verifying（核实）reusable technologies and space science experiments, which will both be used as technical support for the peaceful use of space.
It did not reveal the details of the mission and the spacecraft, such as launch time and specific plans, or publish pictures of the rocket's liftoff or scenes inside the ground control hall. The mission is the third that China has made public related to reusable experimental spacecraft.
The country's first orbital test of a trial vehicle took place in September 2020, and the craft was in orbit for just under two days. The second test started in August 2022 and the spaceplane stayed in the Earth's orbit for 276 days before landing in May 2023. The second test's success marked a major breakthrough in China's reusable spacecraft technology, which is aimed at providing a convenient and affordable way to travel between Earth and outer space, the Jiuquan center said after the experimental spaceplane's landing.
In recent years， advances in science and technology have reignited（重新激起）the space industry's enthusiasm for reusable spaceships, especially robotic spaceplanes such as the Boeing X-37B that are smaller, cheaper, and less complex in their design, production and operation.
According to experts, reusable spacecraft will have a wide range of applications, including space tours for civilians, transporting astronauts, resupplying space stations, and placing satellites into orbit at a lower cost than through traditional methods.
1. What is revealed about the third test spacecraft
A. The tasks it performed. B. The details of its mission.
C. The pictures taken of its launch. D. The scenes in the ground control hall.
2. What is the target of China's reusable spacecraft technology
A. To make outer space travel more available.
B. To mark a major breakthrough in flight speed.
C. To have the spaceplane stay in the orbit for 276 days.
D. To get the spacecraft to return to its preset landing site.
3. What does the author intend to tell us in the last paragraph
A. The reusable products. B. The potential applications.
C. The experimental spacecraft cost. D. The individual estimate.
4. Which may be a suitable title for the text
A. Great Progress in Space Exploration
B. Details of the Third Spaceplane Mission
C. A Wide Range of Applications of Reusable Spacecraft
D. Reusable Spacecraft Launched to Orbit on Experimental Mission
9.
Tropical（热带的）forests could become so hot that some kinds of leaves will no longer be able to conduct photosynthesis（光 合 作用），according to a study. The photosynthetic machinery in tropical trees begins to fail at about 46.7℃ on average. The research suggests that forests may be nearing dangerous temperature sooner than expected. Models predict that once we hit a global temperature increase of 3.9℃,these forests might experience mass leaf damage.
Chris Doughty, an associate professor at Northern Arizona University and the lead researcher of the study, said the leaf-warming experiments had revealed a nonlinear rise in temperatures."
We were really surprised that when we warmed leaves by 2, 3 or 4℃, the highest leaf temperaturesactually increased by 8℃. This shows a concerning nonlinear feedback that we were not expecting." said Doughty. "If we adopt a do-nothing response to climate change and tropical forest air temperatures increase by greater than4℃,there could be massive leaf death." he added.
Avoiding high emissions（排放）in the first place is key to stabilizing temperatures.“We should do all we can to avoid high-emissions. Under low-emissions, almost all tropical forest tree leaves can avoid death from overheating and the trees will survive," said Simon Lewis, a professor of global change science at University College London. "Yet what the study doesn't look at is heatwaves. We still might see tree deaths from overheating for limited periods during heatwaves under lower emissions.”
Researchers suggest that the damage is not yet unchanged. "Vote for people who are serious about addressing climate change and transferring to low-carbon economies, "Disney, one researcher, advocated. More generally, we can all recognize the importance of supporting thosecountries and people who live in and rely on tropical forests economically, But the serious changes to tropical forests don't just affect the local people it's a global issue.
1. Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “nonlinear" in Paragraph 2
A. Global. B. Dramatic. C. Steady. D. Minor.
2. What is most crucial in keeping temperatures stable
A. Planting more trees. B. Exploring heatwaves.
C. Conducting researches. D. Pursuing low emissions.
3. What was Disney's suggestion in the last paragraph
A. Promoting global efforts.
B. Seeking economic support.
C. Helping tropical countries.
D. Boosting low-carbon education.
4. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Global warming harms trees.
B. Tropical forests lose functions.
C. Tropical leaves struggle in heat.
D. Forests near dangerous temperature.
10.
Do you want to ensure your child hits their expected developmental milestones New UBC research suggests living in areas with high exposure to green space can help set them up for success.
For the study, the researchers at UBC analyzed the developmental scores of 27,372 children in Metro Vancouver who attended kindergarten between 2005 and 2011.They estimated the amount of green space around each child's residence from birth to age five. They also assessed levels of traffic-related air pollution and community noise.
The results highlight the fundamental importance of natural green spaces like street trees, parks and community gardens. "Most of the children were doing well in their development, in terms of language skills， cognitive（认知的）capacity，socialization and other outcomes，＂ says Ingrid Jarvis, a PhD candidate in the department of forest and conservation sciences atUBC. "But what's interesting is that those children living in a residential location with more vegetation and richer natural environments showed better overall development than their peeT8with less green space."
According to the researchers, the reason for this is partly green spaces' ability to reduce the harmful effects of air pollution and noise - environmental challenges that have been shown to adversely（不利地）affect children＇s health and development through increased stress， sleep disturbances and central nervous system damage. "Few studies have investigated this pathway linking green space and developmental outcomes among children," adds Jarvis.
The researchers assessed early childhood development using the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a survey completed by kindergarten teachers for each child. The tool measures a child's ability to meet age-appropriate developmental expectations.
"More research is needed, but our findings suggest that urban planning efforts to increase green space in residential neighbourhoods and around schools are beneficial for early childhood development, with potential health benefits throughout life," says the study's senior author Matilda Bosch." Time in nature can benefit everyone, but if we want our children to have a good head start, it's important to provide an enriching environment through nature contact."
1. Which is a key factor in the researchers' study
A. The kids' scores from school exams.
B. The average IQ score of the subjects.
C. The green space where the kids lived.
D. The air pollution level of the whole city.
2. What's the message implied in Paragraph 4
A. Air pollution is largely to blame for kids' failures.
B. Kids living in a noisy area tend to feel more stressed.
C. Pollution harms kids' nervous system more than noise.
D. Greenspace is directly linked to kids' mental development.
3. What does Matilda Bosch stress in the last paragraph
A. The importance of nature in kids' growth.
B. The role of research in scientific work.
C. The proper way of giving a good start to kids.
D. The urgency of expanding greenspace in cities.
4. What could be a suitable title for the text
A. What Are the Health Effects of Noise Pollution
B. Green Spaces: A guarantee for Kids' Future Success
C. Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health
D. Time in Nature Aids Early Childhood Development.
“划找比”阅读理解三步解题法
一．高考阅读体裁
高考阅读中弄清文体类型，可以把握文体结构和写作特征，还可以快速、准确地把握作者的写作思路、理解作者的写作意图。高考阅读有应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文。记叙文又可细分为小说、新闻报道、人物传记等。
具体体裁结构如下：
应用文：如书信、广告、日记等。高考出题一般都带有小标题，根据同文同序的原则，快速定位三个题目所对应的小标题，然后根据题目选出正确答案。
记叙文：其底层逻辑与完型填空与读后续写相同，即小故事见大道理（无私奉献，坚持，热爱生活等），主要体现记叙文六要素。其主题往往隐藏在字里行间或结尾点题。记叙文需要精读首尾段，把握作者的写作意图
说明文：英语说明文通常介绍最新科技发明、重大成就、流行现象等。总体结构通常分为三部分，说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。阅读时，首先要抓住文章说明的要点，即被说明对象的实质性特征。文章看起来“高大上”实际套路深，解题不难。
核心引领：得阅读者得高考英语，答案不是选出来的是对比出来的
二．高考阅读解题技巧
（一）指导思想
1.读懂全文不等于做对题目
2.出题人只考重点信息
3.出题人＞理解作者＞自我理解
（二）阅读三步走
划：题干划关键词（标好段，根据“划”选项关键词快速匹配各小题对应的段落）
答案段精读找答案，非答案段精读首尾句，其他跳读（全篇首尾段必读）
找：文中找关键词（小定位精度答案句）
比：比较选项，同义改写（找出与原文同义替换选项，必

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