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Section Ⅲ　Using language
语法项目——定语从句(3)　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
语境中体悟
Rows of small cottages with beautiful courtyards come into sight when one sets foot on Xiaopan village, Pan' an county of Zhejiang Province. They were developed on local villagers' empty houses and are now used as shared homestays (家庭住宿) in which tourists to the village can live.
The tourists to whom the fresh air and unique environment are appealing can pick fresh vegetables in a communal (公共的) garden. The picking activity through which they can experience labor as well as pleasure attracts not only adults but children.
Since many villagers have vacant rural houses, local authorities came up with the idea of shared homestays to help improve tourist experiences and increase farmer income on which villagers can live better.
[语法入门]
1．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系代词用whom, 其他情况一律用which。
2．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的介词的选用和它与定语从句中的动词或先行词的常用搭配有关，有时也与句意有关。
学案中理清
一、介词后关系代词的选择　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)This forms clouds from which rain falls down onto the mountain terraces once again.
②After coming up with possible solutions, all classmates had an online meeting during which we decided on a specific plan.
③Imagine you have a friend in another part of China with whom you keep in touch by email.
[会发现]
上面三句都使用了“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，其中句①和句②的先行词都是物，根据句意，须使用“介词＋__________”引导定语从句；句③的先行词是人，根据句意，须使用“介词＋________”引导定语从句。
定语从句中的介词有时可置于关系代词之前，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构。
1．直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词通常是which和whom，which指物，whom指人。此时不使用that或who引导定语从句。
2．若介词用于句末，则关系代词which, whom也可换成that, who，或者省略。　　
[对点练]　(用适当的“介词＋关系代词”填空)
①(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)So, why did he suddenly force me to do something ________________ I was sure to fail
②Wang Hong, ______________ I went to the concert, enjoyed herself very much.
③Thank you for your help, ________________ we couldn't have finished the task on time.
④China is developing some programs ______________ the public can take part.
二、“介词＋关系代词”中介词的选用　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Although modern technology could help produce more crops, these terraces still mean a lot to the local people for whom traditions hold much value.
②This is the man to whom I referred.
③This is the subject about which we have talked a lot.
④I've read many stories of him, of which this is the most touching one.
[会发现]
上面四句中的“介词＋关系代词”分别指代的是“for the local people; refer to the man; about the subject; of many stories”， 其中，介词的选用主要根据与定语从句的__________或__________构成的搭配来选。
1．“介词＋关系代词”中介词的选用主要看以下三方面：
①先行词的意义；
②从句中谓语动词的固定搭配；
③句子的意思。
2．当定语从句中的动词短语含有不可拆分的介词时，该介词不能放在关系代词前面。常见的这类动词短语有：look at, look into, listen to, hear from, look after, break into等。
The old woman whom I am taking care of is my grandmother. (take care of是动词短语，of不能放在whom的前面)
我正在照顾的那位老人是我的外婆。　　
[对点练]　(用适当的介词填空)
①This is the student __________ whom I bought a book.
②I don't know the reason __________ which the house is so dirty.
③(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)In doing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 __________ which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.
④We are looking forward to the day ________ which we will get together.
⑤I saw some trees, __________ which the leaves were black because of disease.
三、关系副词与“介词＋关系代词”的转换　
[先感知]
①Beijing is the place where(＝in which) he was born.
②October 1 is the day when(＝on which) he was born.
③Is this the reason why(＝for which) he refused our offer
[会发现]
上面三句中定语从句既可以用__________引导，也可以用相应的“介词＋__________”引导。
1．关系副词where或when引导定语从句时，可以转换成“介词(in/on/at等)＋which”引导的定语从句。
2．关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能转换成“for which”引导的定语从句。　　
[对点练]　(把关系副词引导的定语从句转换成“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句)
①The date when I joined the army was October 12, 2020.
→The date ______________ I joined the army was October 12, 2020.
②The house where Mark lived is now a library.
→The house ______________ Mark lived is now a library.
③Is that the reason why she suddenly changed her mind
→Is that the reason ______________ she suddenly changed her mind
四、“代词/数词＋of which/whom”引导的定语从句
[先感知]
①(教材典句)These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.
②He has lots of hobbies, one of which is swimming.
③The old man has three sons, all of whom care about him.
[会发现]
上面三句中的定语从句都是由“____________＋of which/whom”引导的，该结构在定语从句中一般作主语。
“数词/代词＋of which/whom”引导的定语从句中，先行词指物时，of后面用关系代词which； 先行词指人时，of后面用关系代词whom。　　
[对点练]　(用适当的“代词/数词＋of which/whom”完成句子)
①(2022·浙江6月高考)Those rooms are equipped with modern electronic facilities, __________ (所有这些) are linked to the Internet.
②Two girls came to see the car, ____________________ (她们中没有一个) liked it.
③(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, ________________ (他们中的许多) have emotional control issues.
④The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, ________________ (它们中的80%) are sold abroad.
应用中融通
用适当的“介词＋关系代词”完成短文
The film Princess Diaries tells a story of an American high school girl who woke up one day to find that her father was a king.Before she knew she was a princess, she was the most unpopular girl in school.Things changed when she knew she was a princess.She no longer had peace at the school ①______________ she studied.She was frightened by those who only wanted to make a fool of her or use her.It turned out that the only people ②__________ she could depend were those who had always stood by her in the days ③______________ she was unpopular.There were many moments ④______________ she wanted to run away from this life, but in the end she was encouraged by her father's letter and she was able to lead the life of a real princess.Princess Diaries is a really good film ⑤______________ one can learn a lot, isn't it
一、由听力厚积语料库
1．______________　与……密切相关
2．______________ 去打猎
3．______________ 由雪或冰做成
4．______________ 一方面
5．______________ 另一方面
6．______________ 确定的，无疑的
7．in the far north of Canada ______________
8．from the nearby sea ______________
9．a lot of fish and meat ______________
10．the advantage to this ______________
二、教材录音材料的发掘训练
1．What are igloos made of？(　 )
A．Wood.　 B．Snow or ice.　 　C．Stones.
2．Where does Marly get food？(　 )
A．The nearby sea.
B．The supermarket.
C．Hunting animals.
3．How long is Marly's village completely dark？(　 )
A．For 50 days.
B．For half a year.
C．For three months.
4．Why does Marly think tourists are beneficial to her village？(　 )
A．They bring more money and job opportunities.
B．They pollute their environment.
C．They offer them some food.
三、依据教材听力完成句子
1．Although we live in regular houses, ____________________________________ “igloos” when we go hunting.
2．__________________________________________________ so that we can fight the cold.
3．But the downside is __________________________________ enough vegetables and fruit.
4．The advantage to this is that it brings more money and job opportunities, ______________________________________________.
5．One thing is for sure, though：______________________________， our traditions will remain an important part of our lives.
四、听说交际训练
根据提示，完成下面关于环境的对话。
M：Oh! What bad weather it is! It's sandstorm.
W：Yeah! It ①________________________________________ (和人类活动密切相关). Recent years have seen some people ②____________________ (砍伐树木) to turn forests into fields. As a result, more desert has appeared.
M：We should take action to protect our environment in which we live.
W：You are right!
M：③____________________ (一方面), we should develop economy to improve people's life. On the other hand, it is better for us to protect our environment by planting more trees and insisting on environment friendly development.
W：No matter how the world changes, one thing is ④ ______________ (肯定的)：The earth is our only home, so we should ⑤____________________ (和它和谐相处)．
M：I cannot agree more!
1．In sentence (a), can we replace “in which” with “where” without changing the meaning
在句子(a)中，我们可以将“in which”替换为“where”而不改变其意思吗？
★replace v．以……替换，更换；取代；将……放回原处
|用|法|感|知|
Finally, the rain stopped, to be replaced by snow.终于，雨停了，取而代之的是雪。
(“心理描写”佳句)Thanks to this honest stranger, the initial self doubt I had about my decision to study so far away from home was replaced with hope and excitement.
多亏了这个诚实的陌生人，我最初对我决定远离家乡学习的自我怀疑被希望和兴奋所取代。
(时代主题句)Kunqu Opera has replaced pop music as an indispensable part of his life.
昆曲取代了流行音乐，成为他生活中不可或缺的一部分。
归纳点拨 (1)replace ...with/by ...用……替换……replace sb.as ...替代/取代某人当……(2)replacement n. 更换，替换
联想发散 表示“取代，代替”的短语还有：take the place of, take one's place, in place of, in one's place, instead of等。
|应|用|融|会|
(1)单句语法填空
①She replaced her husband ____________ the local doctor.
②In this digital age, traditional teaching modes are being replaced __________ technology based ones.
③Technology brings us closer together and can help us in everyday life rather than replacing friends __________ screens.
(2)替换加黑词汇
④Please put the books back after reading.
＝Please __________ the books after reading.
2．Compare them with the following sentences and answer the questions.
将它们与下列句子进行比较并回答问题。
★compare v．比较，对比
|用|法|感|知|
(“丰富细节”佳句)Our work could be compared to a battle because we had to finish it in the following two hours.我们的工作好比一场战斗，因为我们必须在以后的两个小时内完成。
However, compared with him, his father was patient even though he asked even 23 times.
然而，与他相比，他的父亲很有耐心，即使他问了23次。
(深刻说理句)Only by comparing ourselves with others can we know the aspects we are weak in.只有通过将自己与他人进行比较我们才能知道自己薄弱的方面。
(1) compare ...to ...　 　把……比作……；
把……和……相比较
compare ...with/to ...把……和……相比较
compared with/to 与……相比
(2)without/beyond compare 无与伦比
(3)comparison n. 比较；对照
by comparison 相比之下
in comparison with 与……相比较　　
|应|用|融|会|
(1)单句语法填空
①Children are often compared __________ flowers.
②Don't compare your disadvantages ________ his advantages.
③By __________ (compare), women like to tell and share.
④My own problems seem insignificant ________ (compare) with other people's.
(2)句式升级
⑤When we're comparing ourselves with others, we tend to rarely focus on our own unique abilities, or what we already have.
→__________________________________， we tend to rarely focus on our own unique abilities, or what we already have.(用分词短语作状语升级)
3．The cold weather makes it difficult for us to grow enough vegetables and fruit.
寒冷的天气使我们很难种植足够的蔬菜和水果。
在“make＋it＋adj./n.＋(for sb.) to do sth.”结构中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词不定式。可用于此结构的动词还有find, think, feel等。
The sun gives off light and heat, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
太阳发出光和热，这使得植物生长成为可能。
(2023·全国乙卷书面表达)I found it easy to learn a new skill when I put my heart in it.
我发现当我用心去学的时候，学习一项新技能是很容易的。
(2024·浙江1月高考写作)I think it a good idea to run during the break because it can have students breathe in fresh air and fill them with energy.
我认为在休息时间跑步是个好主意，因为它可以让学生呼吸新鲜空气，让他们精力充沛。
“两层级”学通用活句式
(1)通过“句式变换”弄明句式结构
①I can speak English fluently so I communicate with foreigners easily.
→That I can speak English fluently __________________________________________.
②If we master the technology, we will use the Internet more effectively.
→Mastering the technology __________________________________________________.
(2)通过“句式仿写”做到熟练运用
③我认为被邀请访问你们国家是一种莫大的荣幸。
I ____________________________________ visit your country.
④我发现这个小男孩记住一个生词是容易的。
I ________________________ a new word.
Section Ⅲ
语法专题突破
学案中理清 　
一、[会发现]　which; whom
[对点练]　①at which　②with whom　③without which
④in which
二、[会发现]　谓语动词　先行词　
[对点练]　①for　②for　③in　④on　⑤of
三、[会发现]　关系副词　关系代词
[对点练]　①on which　②in which　③for which
四、[会发现]　代词/数词
[对点练]　①all of which　②neither of whom
③many of whom　④80% of which
应用中融通 　
①in which　②on whom　③during which　④at which
⑤from which
听力发掘训练
一、1.be closely connected to　2.go hunting
3．be made of snow or ice　4.on the one hand　5.on the other
6．for sure　7.在加拿大最北部　8.从附近的海里
9．大量的鱼和肉　10.这样的好处
二、1.B　2.A　3.C　4.A
三、1.we stay in temporary shelters called
2．Eating a lot of fish and meat keeps our bodies strong
3．that the cold weather makes it difficult for us to grow
4．but the disadvantage is that our environment is being polluted
5．no matter how things change
四、①is closely connected to human activity　②cut down trees　③On the one hand　④for sure　⑤live in harmony with it
新知深化学习
1．①as　②by　③with　④replace
2．①to　②with/to　③comparison　④compared
⑤When comparing ourselves with others
3．①makes it easy for me to communicate with foreigners
②makes it possible for us to use the Internet more effectively
③think it a great honour to be invited to
④find it easy for the little boy to remember
1 / 8(共94张PPT)
Section Ⅲ
Using language
目 录
语法专题突破
听力发掘训练
课时跟踪检测
新知深化学习
语法专题突破
语法项目——定语从句(3)　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
语境中体悟
Rows of small cottages with beautiful courtyards come into sight when one sets foot on Xiaopan village, Pan' an county of Zhejiang Province. They were developed on local villagers' empty houses and are now used as shared homestays (家庭住宿) in which tourists to the village can live.
The tourists to whom the fresh air and unique environment are appealing can pick fresh vegetables in a communal (公共的) garden. The picking activity through which they can experience labor as well as pleasure attracts not only adults but children.
Since many villagers have vacant rural houses, local authorities came up with the idea of shared homestays to help improve tourist experiences and increase farmer income on which villagers can live better.
[语法入门]
1．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系代词用whom, 其他情况一律用which。
2．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的介词的选用和它与定语从句中的动词或先行词的常用搭配有关，有时也与句意有关。
学案中理清
一、介词后关系代词的选择　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)This forms clouds from which rain falls down onto the mountain terraces once again.
②After coming up with possible solutions, all classmates had an online meeting during which we decided on a specific plan.
③Imagine you have a friend in another part of China with whom you keep in touch by email.
[会发现]
上面三句都使用了“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，其中句①和句②的先行词都是物，根据句意，须使用“介词＋______”引导定语从句；句③的先行词是人，根据句意，须使用“介词＋_______”引导定语从句。
which
whom
[明规则]
定语从句中的介词有时可置于关系代词之前，形成“介词＋关系代词”结构。
1．直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词通常是which和whom，which指物，whom指人。此时不使用that或who引导定语从句。
2．若介词用于句末，则关系代词which, whom也可换成that, who，或者省略。　　
[对点练]　(用适当的“介词＋关系代词”填空)
①(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)So, why did he suddenly force me to do something __________I was sure to fail
②Wang Hong, I went to the concert, enjoyed herself very much.
③Thank you for your help, we couldn't have finished the task on time.
④China is developing some programs the public can take part.
at which
with whom
without which
in which
二、“介词＋关系代词”中介词的选用　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Although modern technology could help produce more crops, these terraces still mean a lot to the local people for whom traditions hold much value.
②This is the man to whom I referred.
③This is the subject about which we have talked a lot.
④I've read many stories of him, of which this is the most touching one.
[会发现]
上面四句中的“介词＋关系代词”分别指代的是“for the local people; refer to the man; about the subject; of many stories”， 其中，介词的选用主要根据与定语从句的___________或_________构成的搭配来选。
谓语动词
先行词
[明规则]
1．“介词＋关系代词”中介词的选用主要看以下三方面：
①先行词的意义；
②从句中谓语动词的固定搭配；
③句子的意思。
2．当定语从句中的动词短语含有不可拆分的介词时，该介词不能放在关系代词前面。常见的这类动词短语有：look at, look into, listen to, hear from, look after, break into等。
The old woman whom I am taking care of is my grandmother. (take care of是动词短语，of不能放在whom的前面)
我正在照顾的那位老人是我的外婆。　　
[对点练]　(用适当的介词填空)
①This is the student whom I bought a book.
②I don't know the reason which the house is so dirty.
③(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)In doing so, I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.
④We are looking forward to the day which we will get together.
⑤I saw some trees, which the leaves were black because of disease.
for
for
in
on
of
三、关系副词与“介词＋关系代词”的转换　
[先感知]
①Beijing is the place where(＝in which) he was born.
②October 1 is the day when(＝on which) he was born.
③Is this the reason why(＝for which) he refused our offer
[会发现]
上面三句中定语从句既可以用____________引导，也可以用相应的“介词＋__________”引导。
关系副词
关系代词
[明规则]
1．关系副词where或when引导定语从句时，可以转换成“介词(in/on/at等)＋which”引导的定语从句。
2．关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能转换成“for which”引导的定语从句。　　
[对点练]　(把关系副词引导的定语从句转换成“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句)
①The date when I joined the army was October 12, 2020.
→The date I joined the army was October 12, 2020.
②The house where Mark lived is now a library.
→The house Mark lived is now a library.
③Is that the reason why she suddenly changed her mind
→Is that the reason she suddenly changed her mind
on which
in which
for which
四、“代词/数词＋of which/whom”引导的定语从句
[先感知]
①(教材典句)These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.
②He has lots of hobbies, one of which is swimming.
③The old man has three sons, all of whom care about him.
[会发现]
上面三句中的定语从句都是由“___________＋of which/whom”引导的，该结构在定语从句中一般作主语。
代词/数词
[明规则]
“数词/代词＋of which/whom”引导的定语从句中，先行词指物时，of后面用关系代词which； 先行词指人时，of后面用关系代词whom。　　
[对点练]　(用适当的“代词/数词＋of which/whom”完成句子)
①(2022·浙江6月高考)Those rooms are equipped with modern electronic facilities, (所有这些) are linked to the Internet.
②Two girls came to see the car, (她们中没有一个) liked it.
all of which
neither of whom
③(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, (他们中的许多) have emotional control issues.
④The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, (它们中的80%) are sold abroad.
many of whom
80% of which
应用中融通
用适当的“介词＋关系代词”完成短文
The film Princess Diaries tells a story of an American high school girl who woke up one day to find that her father was a king.Before she knew she was a princess, she was the most unpopular girl in school.Things changed when she knew she was a princess.She no longer had peace at the school ① she studied.She was frightened by those who only wanted to make a fool of her or use her.
in which
It turned out that the only people ② she could depend were those who had always stood by her in the days ③ she was unpopular.There were many moments ④ she wanted to run away from this life, but in the end she was encouraged by her father's letter and she was able to lead the life of a real princess.Princess Diaries is a really good film ⑤ one can learn a lot, isn't it
on whom
during which
at which
from which
听力发掘训练
一、由听力厚积语料库
1． 　 与……密切相关
2． 去打猎
3． 由雪或冰做成
4． 一方面
be closely connected to
go hunting
be made of snow or ice
on the one hand
5． 另一方面
6． 确定的，无疑的
7．in the far north of Canada ______________
8．from the nearby sea ____________
9．a lot of fish and meat ____________
10．the advantage to this ___________
on the other
for sure
在加拿大最北部
从附近的海里
大量的鱼和肉
这样的好处
二、教材录音材料的发掘训练
1．What are igloos made of
A．Wood.　 B．Snow or ice.　　C．Stones.
√
2．Where does Marly get food
A．The nearby sea.
B．The supermarket.
C．Hunting animals.
√
3．How long is Marly's village completely dark
A．For 50 days.
B．For half a year.
C．For three months.
√
4．Why does Marly think tourists are beneficial to her village
A．They bring more money and job opportunities.
B．They pollute their environment.
C．They offer them some food.
√
三、依据教材听力完成句子
1．Although we live in regular houses, _____________________ _____________“igloos” when we go hunting.
2． so that we can fight the cold.
3．But the downside is ___________________________________ _____________enough vegetables and fruit.
we stay in temporary
Eating a lot of fish and meat keeps our bodies strong
shelters called
that the cold weather makes it difficult
for us to grow
4．The advantage to this is that it brings more money and job opportunities,________________________________________________________.
5．One thing is for sure, though： , our traditions will remain an important part of our lives.
but the disadvantage is that our environment is being
polluted
no matter how things change
四、听说交际训练
根据提示，完成下面关于环境的对话。
M：Oh! What bad weather it is! It's sandstorm.
W：Yeah! It ① (和人类活动密切相关). Recent years have seen some people ② (砍伐树木) to turn forests into fields. As a result, more desert has appeared.
is closely connected to human activity
cut down trees
M：We should take action to protect our environment in which we live.
W：You are right!
M：③ (一方面), we should develop economy to improve people's life. On the other hand, it is better for us to protect our environment by planting more trees and insisting on environment-friendly development.
On the one hand
W：No matter how the world changes, one thing is ④________ (肯定的)：The earth is our only home, so we should ⑤_________ _______________(和它和谐相处)．
M：I cannot agree more!
for sure
live in
harmony with it
新知深化学习
1．In sentence (a), can we replace “in which” with “where” without changing the meaning
在句子(a)中，我们可以将“in which”替换为“where”而不改变其意思吗？
★replace v．以……替换，更换；取代；将……放回原处
|用|法|感|知|
Finally, the rain stopped, to be replaced by snow.
终于，雨停了，取而代之的是雪。
(“心理描写”佳句)Thanks to this honest stranger, the initial self-doubt I had about my decision to study so far away from home was replaced with hope and excitement.
多亏了这个诚实的陌生人，我最初对我决定远离家乡学习的自我怀疑被希望和兴奋所取代。
(时代主题句)Kunqu Opera has replaced pop music as an indispensable part of his life.
昆曲取代了流行音乐，成为他生活中不可或缺的一部分。
归纳点拨 (1)replace ...with/by ...用……替换……
replace sb.as ...替代/取代某人当……
(2)replacement n. 更换，替换
联想发散 表示“取代，代替”的短语还有：take the place of, take one's place, in place of, in one's place, instead of等。
|应|用|融|会|
(1)单句语法填空
①She replaced her husband the local doctor.
②In this digital age, traditional teaching modes are being replaced technology-based ones.
③Technology brings us closer together and can help us in everyday life rather than replacing friends screens.
as
by
with
(2)替换加蓝词汇
④Please put the books back after reading.
＝Please the books after reading.
replace
2．Compare them with the following sentences and answer the questions.
将它们与下列句子进行比较并回答问题。
★compare v．比较，对比
|用|法|感|知|
(“丰富细节”佳句)Our work could be compared to a battle because we had to finish it in the following two hours.
我们的工作好比一场战斗，因为我们必须在以后的两个小时内完成。
However, compared with him, his father was patient even though he asked even 23 times.
然而，与他相比，他的父亲很有耐心，即使他问了23次。
(深刻说理句)Only by comparing ourselves with others can we know the aspects we are weak in.
只有通过将自己与他人进行比较我们才能知道自己薄弱的方面。
归纳点拨
(1) compare ...to ...　 　 把……比作……；把……和……相比较
compare ...with/to ... 把……和……相比较
compared with/to 与……相比
(2)without/beyond compare 无与伦比
(3)comparison n. 比较；对照
by comparison 相比之下
in comparison with 与……相比较　　
|应|用|融|会|
(1)单句语法填空
①Children are often compared flowers.
②Don't compare your disadvantages his advantages.
③By (compare), women like to tell and share.
④My own problems seem insignificant (compare) with other people's.
to
with/to
comparison
compared
(2)句式升级
⑤When we're comparing ourselves with others, we tend to rarely focus on our own unique abilities, or what we already have.
→ , we tend to rarely focus on our own unique abilities, or what we already have.(用分词短语作状语升级)
When comparing ourselves with others
3．The cold weather makes it difficult for us to grow enough vegetables and fruit.
寒冷的天气使我们很难种植足够的蔬菜和水果。
在“make＋it＋adj./n.＋(for sb.) to do sth.”结构中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词不定式。可用于此结构的动词还有find， think， feel等。
The sun gives off light and heat, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
太阳发出光和热，这使得植物生长成为可能。
(2023·全国乙卷书面表达)I found it easy to learn a new skill when I put my heart in it.
我发现当我用心去学的时候，学习一项新技能是很容易的。
(2024·浙江1月高考写作)I think it a good idea to run during the break because it can have students breathe in fresh air and fill them with energy.
我认为在休息时间跑步是个好主意，因为它可以让学生呼吸新鲜空气，让他们精力充沛。
“两层级”学通用活句式
(1)通过“句式变换”弄明句式结构
①I can speak English fluently so I communicate with foreigners easily.
→That I can speak English fluently ______________________ __________________________.
makes it easy for me to
communicate with foreigners
②If we master the technology, we will use the Internet more effectively.
→Mastering the technology _______________________________ _______________________.
makes it possible for us to use the
Internet more effectively
(2)通过“句式仿写”做到熟练运用
③我认为被邀请访问你们国家是一种莫大的荣幸。
I visit your country.
④我发现这个小男孩记住一个生词是容易的。
I a new word
think it a great honour to be invited to
find it easy for the little boy to remember
课时跟踪检测
Ⅰ.阅读理解
Gardening is popular in many parts of the world. This outdoor activity gives us beautiful plants, pleasant smelling flowers and fresh fruits and vegetables. But it also does a lot of good to our health.
Gardening connects people. When you are gardening, you are outdoors. So it is a perfect chance to meet and spend time with your neighbors. Most people love to talk about their hobbies, and gardeners are no different. They usually enjoy showing people what they are growing. And most enjoy sharing advice and stories about their gardens almost as much as sharing flowers and vegetables from their gardens.
Gardening is a great activity for children. It gets them outdoors and off computers, televisions and cell phones. Gardening is also a great teacher. It can teach a child about where food comes from and healthy eating. It also helps them to understand that the natural resources are not inexhaustible and the importance of using them carefully.
Then, when you garden, you must move around. All the different movements needed for gardening, like bending and lifting, work small muscles (肌肉) in the body. And you can easily get good exercise when you are digging holes or pulling grasses.
In a study, researchers looked at more than 2,800 people over the age of 60. They studied their lifestyle habits, activities and health over a 16-year period. They found that gardening could lower the risk of future dementia (痴呆) by 36%. Gardening requires people do many repeated actions, such as picking off dying flowers. These actions have a calming influence on the brain. The brain is still active but not in the same way when we use computers.
You'll feel wonderful when what you grow in a garden looks, smells, feels and tastes good.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了园艺对人的好处，它能让人保持与他人的联系，而且园艺对孩子也有很多好处。
1．What can be inferred from paragraph 2
A．Gardeners don't feel lonely.
B．Gardeners are fond of sharing.
C．Gardeners have many hobbies.
D．Gardeners care about the environment.
√
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“When you are gardening ...with your neighbors.”可知，当你做园艺时，你可能会遇到邻居并和他们共度时光，由此可推知，你不会感到孤独。
2．What does the underlined word “inexhaustible” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Useless.　　　　　　 B．Special.
C．Endless. D．Cheap.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“It can teach a child ... healthy eating.” (它能教会孩子粮食从哪里来及健康饮食)和画线词后的“the importance of using them carefully”可知，孩子要理解自然资源不是取之不尽的，因此，inexhaustible 的意思是“用不完的”。
√
3．What is the study used to show
A．Gardening is popular with the old.
B．Gardening is good for health.
C．Gardening can be a tiring activity.
D．Gardening is better than playing computers.
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中的“They found that gardening ...by 36%.”可知，作者提到这个研究是为了表明园艺有利于健康。
√
4．What's the purpose of the text
A．To show how to garden.
B．To encourage us to garden.
C．To show gardening is popular.
D．To encourage us to do outdoor activities.
解析：写作意图题。本文全篇都在介绍做园艺的各种好处，由此可推断出作者写这篇文章的目的是鼓励我们去做园艺。
√
Ⅱ.完形填空
Locals call it Mosi-oa-Tunya — “the smoke that thunders”. No other 5 describes Victoria Falls better. I saw a photo of the falls as a child and I 6 then, that was where I would go one day! Thirty years later, I achieved that 7 .
Standing at the entrance of the Victoria Falls Park, I couldn't control my 8 ! I followed the path to the falls. As I 9 the falls, I heard the thunderous roar and I 10 my steps. There they were: Victoria Falls! I stopped to 11 the impressive view, and then continued to walk to various lookouts (瞭望台), each of which offered 12 views of the falls on the other side of the gorge (峡谷). Besides 13 the falls, the park also has several 14 for thrill-seekers. The activities are various, but I 15 to stay put (留在原地) and enjoy the view. I watched these thrill-seekers and their screams made me believe that I'd made the 16 decision!
Seeing Victoria Falls truly was a dream come true and I was 17 that I got to see it. But it was a 18 that I didn't get to experience the falls from the other side where the 19 could sit in a natural pool at the very edge of the falls.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者实现自己儿时的梦想，去看了维多利亚瀑布的经历。
5．A.picture B．idea
C．name D．position
解析：根据上文“Locals call it Mosi-oa-Tunya — ‘the smoke that thunders’．”可知，此处指这个名字取得好，没有其他名字能更好地描述维多利亚瀑布了。故选C。
√
6．A.knew B．wondered
C．proved D．stressed
解析：根据后文“then, that was where I would go one day”指作者小时候看到瀑布的照片就知道自己以后一定要去。故选A。
√
7．A.standard B．success
C．level D．dream
解析：此处指上文“then, that was where I would go one day”提到的要去看瀑布的梦想。standard“标准”；success“成功”；level“水平”；dream“梦想”。故选D。
√
8．A.patience B．anger
C．excitement D．curiosity
解析：根据上文“Standing at the entrance of the Victoria Falls Park”可知，作者要看到瀑布了，十分兴奋。patience“耐心”；anger“愤怒”；excitement“激动”；curiosity“好奇心”。故选C。
√
9．A.saw B．approached
C．described D．drew
解析：根据后文“I heard the thunderous roar”可知，听到瀑布的声音说明走近了。see“看见”；approach“靠近”；describe“描述”；draw“描绘”。故选B。
√
10．A.heard B．counted
C．followed D．quickened
解析：根据上文“I heard the thunderous roar and I”可知，马上要到瀑布了，作者加快了脚步。hear“听见”；count“数”；follow“跟随”；quicken“加快”。故选D。
√
11．A.enjoy B．share
C．recall D．miss
解析：根据后文“the impressive view”指停下欣赏这令人印象深刻的景色。enjoy“欣赏”；share“分享”；recall“回忆”；miss“错过”。故选A。
√
12．A.popular B．amazing
C．normal D．similar
解析：呼应上文“the impressive view”，此处指每个瞭望台都提供惊人的瀑布的美景。popular“流行的”；amazing“惊人的”；normal“正常的”；similar“相似的”。故选B。
√
13．A.protecting B．viewing
C．imagining D．avoiding
解析：句意：除了观赏瀑布外，公园还为寻求刺激的人提供了一些活动。protect“保护”；view“看”；imagine“想象”；avoid“避免”。故选B。
√
14．A.courses B．shows
C．activities D．places
解析：course“课程”；show“展示”；activity“活动”；place“地方”。根据后文“The activities are various”也可知选C。
√
15．A.refused B．agreed
C．forgot D．chose
解析：根据后文“to stay put (留在原地) and enjoy the view”可知，虽然活动多，但作者选择待在原地欣赏风景。refuse“拒绝”；agree“同意”；forget“忘记”；choose“选择”。故选D。
√
16．A.right B．final
C．hard D．brave
解析：根据上文“I watched these thrill-seekers and their screams made me believe”可知，寻求刺激的人发出尖叫声，让作者确信待在原处欣赏风景的决定是正确的。right“正确的”；final“最后的”；hard“艰难的”；brave“勇敢的”。故选A。
√
17．A.glad B．afraid
C．sure D．sorry
解析：根据上文“Seeing Victoria Falls truly was a dream come true”可知，梦想成真，作者很高兴。故选A。
√
18．A.way B．question
C．pity D．possibility
解析：根据But以及后文“I didn't get to experience the falls from the other side”以及“could sit in a natural pool at the very edge of the falls”指出作者没能坐在瀑布边缘的天然水池里，这是一个遗憾。故选C。
√
19．A.customers B．visitors
C．managers D．guides
解析：根据上文可知，作者是去参观瀑布的，所以是游客。故选B。
√
Ⅲ.语法填空
The Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, in southern Yunnan, China, cover a huge 16,603-hectare area. The terraces, 1 (know) to all of the world now, were made out of a thick forest by the Hani people. The terraces rise at different angles from a shallow 15° 2 a steep 75°， forming a wonderful landscape (景观) that 3 (be) rare in the world.
In 2003, the terraced fields were 4 (official) recognized by UNESCO as a World Cultural and Natural Heritage site. About 1,300 years ago, the Hani people first 5 (come) to the steep mountains. They struggled against the difficult terrain (地形), successfully creating the terraces, where they grew rice in order to make 6 (they) living. Over the past 1,300 years, the Hani people have developed a complex system of channels 7 (bring) water from the forested mountaintops.
They show great appreciation for natural phenomena such as rivers, mountains, the sun, fire, 8 the moon. They have also created a complete farming system 9 involves cattle, ducks, and fish and supports the 10 (produce) of red rice, the area's main crop.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了被联合国教科文组织认定为世界文化和自然遗产的红河哈尼梯田的总体情况、悠久历史和重要作用。
1．known　考查非谓语动词。本句已有谓语动词were made out of，因此，know用作非谓语动词，且know与句子主语The terraces之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作定语。故填known。
2．to　考查介词。梯田从15度的缓坡到75度的峭壁以不同的角度上升，形成了世界上罕见的美妙景观。from ...to ...意为“从……到……”。故填to。
3．is　考查时态和主谓一致。此处描述客观事实，要用一般现在时，且主语a wonderful landscape是第三人称单数，故填is。
4．officially　考查副词。修饰动词recognized要用副词。故填officially。
5．came　考查时态。根据时间状语About 1,300 years ago可知，应使用一般过去时。故填came。
6．their　考查代词。固定短语make one's living意为“谋生”，故填their。
7．to bring　考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语have developed，所以bring应使用非谓语动词形式，表目的，要用不定式。故填to bring。
8．and　考查并列连词。rivers, mountains, the sun, fire, the moon是并列关系，要用and连接。故填and。
9．that/which　考查定语从句。farming system是先行词，指物，定语从句中缺少主语，用关系代词that/which引导。故填that/which。
10．production　考查名词。根据空格前的the可知，空格处应填名词，故填production。UNIT 6　课时检测(三)　Using language
Ⅰ.阅读理解
Gardening is popular in many parts of the world. This outdoor activity gives us beautiful plants, pleasant smelling flowers and fresh fruits and vegetables. But it also does a lot of good to our health.
Gardening connects people. When you are gardening, you are outdoors. So it is a perfect chance to meet and spend time with your neighbors. Most people love to talk about their hobbies, and gardeners are no different. They usually enjoy showing people what they are growing. And most enjoy sharing advice and stories about their gardens almost as much as sharing flowers and vegetables from their gardens.
Gardening is a great activity for children. It gets them outdoors and off computers, televisions and cell phones. Gardening is also a great teacher. It can teach a child about where food comes from and healthy eating. It also helps them to understand that the natural resources are not inexhaustible and the importance of using them carefully.
Then, when you garden, you must move around. All the different movements needed for gardening, like bending and lifting, work small muscles (肌肉) in the body. And you can easily get good exercise when you are digging holes or pulling grasses.
In a study, researchers looked at more than 2,800 people over the age of 60. They studied their lifestyle habits, activities and health over a 16 year period. They found that gardening could lower the risk of future dementia (痴呆) by 36%. Gardening requires people do many repeated actions, such as picking off dying flowers. These actions have a calming influence on the brain. The brain is still active but not in the same way when we use computers.
You'll feel wonderful when what you grow in a garden looks, smells, feels and tastes good.
1．What can be inferred from paragraph 2
A．Gardeners don't feel lonely.
B．Gardeners are fond of sharing.
C．Gardeners have many hobbies.
D．Gardeners care about the environment.
2．What does the underlined word “inexhaustible” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Useless.　　　　　　　 B．Special.
C．Endless. D．Cheap.
3．What is the study used to show
A．Gardening is popular with the old.
B．Gardening is good for health.
C．Gardening can be a tiring activity.
D．Gardening is better than playing computers.
4．What's the purpose of the text
A．To show how to garden.
B．To encourage us to garden.
C．To show gardening is popular.
D．To encourage us to do outdoor activities.
Ⅱ.完形填空
Locals call it Mosi oa Tunya — “the smoke that thunders”. No other __5__ describes Victoria Falls better. I saw a photo of the falls as a child and I __6__ then, that was where I would go one day! Thirty years later, I achieved that __7__.
Standing at the entrance of the Victoria Falls Park, I couldn't control my __8__ ! I followed the path to the falls. As I __9__ the falls, I heard the thunderous roar and I __10__ my steps. There they were: Victoria Falls! I stopped to __11__ the impressive view, and then continued to walk to various lookouts (瞭望台), each of which offered __12__ views of the falls on the other side of the gorge (峡谷). Besides 　13　 the falls, the park also has several 　14　 for thrill seekers. The activities are various, but I __15__ to stay put (留在原地) and enjoy the view. I watched these thrill seekers and their screams made me believe that I'd made the __16__ decision!
Seeing Victoria Falls truly was a dream come true and I was __17__that I got to see it. But it was a __18__ that I didn't get to experience the falls from the other side where the __19__ could sit in a natural pool at the very edge of the falls.,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
5．A.picture B．idea
C．name D．position
6．A.knew B．wondered
C．proved D．stressed
7．A.standard B．success
C．level D．dream
8．A.patience B．anger
C．excitement D．curiosity
9．A.saw B．approached
C．described D．drew
10．A.heard B．counted
C．followed D．quickened
11．A.enjoy B．share
C．recall D．miss
12．A.popular B．amazing
C．normal D．similar
13．A.protecting B．viewing
C．imagining D．avoiding
14．A.courses B．shows
C．activities D．places
15．A.refused B．agreed
C．forgot D．chose
16．A.right B．final
C．hard D．brave
17．A.glad B．afraid
C．sure D．sorry
18．A.way B．question
C．pity D．possibility
19．A.customers B．visitors
C．managers D．guides
Ⅲ.语法填空
The Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, in southern Yunnan, China, cover a huge 16,603 hectare area. The terraces, __1__(know) to all of the world now, were made out of a thick forest by the Hani people. The terraces rise at different angles from a shallow 15° __2__ a steep 75°， forming a wonderful landscape (景观) that __3__ (be) rare in the world.
In 2003, the terraced fields were __4__ (official) recognized by UNESCO as a World Cultural and Natural Heritage site. About 1,300 years ago, the Hani people first __5__ (come) to the steep mountains. They struggled against the difficult terrain (地形), successfully creating the terraces, where they grew rice in order to make __6__ (they) living. Over the past 1,300 years, the Hani people have developed a complex system of channels __7__ (bring) water from the forested mountaintops. They show great appreciation for natural phenomena such as rivers, mountains, the sun, fire, __8__ the moon. They have also created a complete farming system __9__ involves cattle, ducks, and fish and supports the __10__ (produce) of red rice, the area's main crop.
UNIT 6　课时检测(三)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了园艺对人的好处，它能让人保持与他人的联系，而且园艺对孩子也有很多好处。
1．选A　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“When you are gardening ...with your neighbors.”可知，当你做园艺时，你可能会遇到邻居并和他们共度时光，由此可推知，你不会感到孤独。
2．选C　词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“It can teach a child ... healthy eating.” (它能教会孩子粮食从哪里来及健康饮食)和画线词后的“the importance of using them carefully”可知，孩子要理解自然资源不是取之不尽的，因此，inexhaustible 的意思是“用不完的”。
3．选B　推理判断题。根据第五段中的“They found that gardening ...by 36%.”可知，作者提到这个研究是为了表明园艺有利于健康。
4．选B　写作意图题。本文全篇都在介绍做园艺的各种好处，由此可推断出作者写这篇文章的目的是鼓励我们去做园艺。
Ⅱ.完形填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者实现自己儿时的梦想，去看了维多利亚瀑布的经历。
5．选C　根据上文“Locals call it Mosi oa Tunya — ‘the smoke that thunders’．”可知，此处指这个名字取得好，没有其他名字能更好地描述维多利亚瀑布了。故选C。
6．选A　根据后文“then, that was where I would go one day”指作者小时候看到瀑布的照片就知道自己以后一定要去。故选A。
7．选D　此处指上文“then, that was where I would go one day”提到的要去看瀑布的梦想。standard“标准”；success“成功”；level“水平”；dream“梦想”。故选D。
8．选C　根据上文“Standing at the entrance of the Victoria Falls Park”可知，作者要看到瀑布了，十分兴奋。patience“耐心”；anger“愤怒”；excitement“激动”；curiosity“好奇心”。故选C。
9．选B　根据后文“I heard the thunderous roar”可知，听到瀑布的声音说明走近了。see“看见”；approach“靠近”；describe“描述”；draw“描绘”。故选B。
10．选D　根据上文“I heard the thunderous roar and I”可知，马上要到瀑布了，作者加快了脚步。hear“听见”；count“数”；follow“跟随”；quicken“加快”。故选D。
11．选A　根据后文“the impressive view”指停下欣赏这令人印象深刻的景色。enjoy“欣赏”；share“分享”；recall“回忆”；miss“错过”。故选A。
12．选B　呼应上文“the impressive view”，此处指每个瞭望台都提供惊人的瀑布的美景。popular“流行的”；amazing“惊人的”；normal“正常的”；similar“相似的”。故选B。
13．选B　句意：除了观赏瀑布外，公园还为寻求刺激的人提供了一些活动。protect“保护”；view“看”；imagine“想象”；avoid“避免”。故选B。
14．选C　course“课程”；show“展示”；activity“活动”；place“地方”。根据后文“The activities are various”也可知选C。
15．选D　根据后文“to stay put (留在原地) and enjoy the view”可知，虽然活动多，但作者选择待在原地欣赏风景。refuse“拒绝”；agree“同意”；forget“忘记”；choose“选择”。故选D。
16．选A　根据上文“I watched these thrill seekers and their screams made me believe”可知，寻求刺激的人发出尖叫声，让作者确信待在原处欣赏风景的决定是正确的。right“正确的”；final“最后的”；hard“艰难的”；brave“勇敢的”。故选A。
17．选A　根据上文“Seeing Victoria Falls truly was a dream come true”可知，梦想成真，作者很高兴。故选A。
18．选C　根据But以及后文“I didn't get to experience the falls from the other side”以及“could sit in a natural pool at the very edge of the falls”指出作者没能坐在瀑布边缘的天然水池里，这是一个遗憾。故选C。
19．选B　根据上文可知，作者是去参观瀑布的，所以是游客。故选B。
Ⅲ.语法填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了被联合国教科文组织认定为世界文化和自然遗产的红河哈尼梯田的总体情况、悠久历史和重要作用。
1．known　考查非谓语动词。本句已有谓语动词were made out of，因此，know用作非谓语动词，且know与句子主语The terraces之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作定语。故填known。
2．to　考查介词。梯田从15度的缓坡到75度的峭壁以不同的角度上升，形成了世界上罕见的美妙景观。from ...to ...意为“从……到……”。故填to。
3．is　考查时态和主谓一致。此处描述客观事实，要用一般现在时，且主语a wonderful landscape是第三人称单数，故填is。
4．officially　考查副词。修饰动词recognized要用副词。故填officially。
5．came　考查时态。根据时间状语About 1,300 years ago可知，应使用一般过去时。故填came。
6．their　考查代词。固定短语make one's living意为“谋生”，故填their。
7．to bring　考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语have developed，所以bring应使用非谓语动词形式，表目的，要用不定式。故填to bring。
8．and　考查并列连词。rivers, mountains, the sun, fire, the moon是并列关系，要用and连接。故填and。
9．that/which　考查定语从句。farming system是先行词，指物，定语从句中缺少主语，用关系代词that/which引导。故填that/which。
10．production　考查名词。根据空格前的the可知，空格处应填名词，故填production。
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