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板块一　词形的变换
第1讲　名词和数词
题型 高考典题 命题角度
语法填空 1. (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)These plants included modern Western favourites (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.2. (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Although they could never have met, there are common themes (theme) in their works，said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.3. (2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend to catch our attention because of their large size and variety. They are treasures (treasure) of American heritage (遗产)．4. (2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the sixth(six) century B. C. 5. (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give interviews(interview) in English with international journalists. 6. (2021·全国甲卷)Supposedly you can do it in two hours，but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers(watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines. 7. (2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)“He saved my son's (son) life，” said Mrs. Brown. 1. 给出名词的单数形式，考查其复数形式或所有格；2. 给出数词的基数词形式，考查其序数词形式。
　名词的数
1. 名词单数变复数的规则变化
规则变化 例词
一般情况加-s map→maps；girl→girls；house→houses
以-th结尾的，加-s month→months；truth→truths
以-s，-x，-sh，-ch结尾的，加-es class→classes；box→boxes；brush→brushes；match→matches注意：stomach(胃)的复数是stomachs；ox(公牛)的复数是oxen
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，变y为i再加-es city→cities；country→countries；party→parties；factory→factories注意：以“元音字母＋y”结尾的则直接加-s，如boy→boys；toy→toys
以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的，一般加-es tomato→tomatoes；potato→potatoes；hero→heroes注意：1. 少数名词加-s或-es均可，如volcano→volcano(e)s；mosquito→mosquito(e)s；mango→mango(e)s2. 少数名词只加-s，如piano→pianos；photo→photos
以“元音字母＋o”结尾的，加-s radio→radios；zoo→zoos；bamboo→bamboos
以-f，-fe结尾的，通常变f或fe为v，再加-es half→halves；leaf→leaves；shelf→shelves；thief→thieves；wolf→wolves；wife→wives；life→lives；knife→knives注意：1. 也有的直接加-s，如roof→roofs；chief→chiefs2. 还存在有两种复数形式的，如handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数 son-in-law→sons-in-lawpasser-by→passers-bystoryteller→storytellersgo-between→go-betweensgrown-up→grown-ups
2. 名词单数变复数的不规则变化
变化情况 例词
特殊变化 child→children；foot→feet；tooth→teeth；mouse→mice；
特殊变化 man→men；woman→women注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women，如an Englishman→twoEnglishmen；但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans
有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法 细菌bacterium(单数)→bacteria(复数)；资料、数据datum(单数)→data(复数)；现象phenomenon(单数)→phenomena(复数)
1. The pianos (piano) in the other shop will be cheaper, but they are not as good.
2. The hotel has been ordered to close because it is overrun by mice (mouse) and rats.
3. Here he sat, with his pipe between his teeth(tooth) and both hands resting on his knees.
4. Police were reported to have seized all copies(copy) of this morning's edition of the newspaper.
5. The paper was used for sealing up holes in walls and roofs(roof) in the cold and freezing winter.
6. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves (wolf) would kill their farm animals or pets.
7. I spent ten minutes walking up and down the high street, desperately avoiding eye contact with passers-by(passer-by).
8. The system reflects the seasonal characteristics of annual natural phenomena (phenomenon) and farming activities.
9. An ant has two stomachs (stomach), of which one holds the food for itself and the other is for food to be given to other ants.
10. Viewers said it was not the film itself that moved people，but the heroes(hero) of the war years who fought for our country and people.
　名词的所有格
变化规则 例子
有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加-'s。 his father's boss 他爸爸的老板
表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等无生命的名词后可加-'s。 today's paper 今天的报纸England's shore 英国的海岸the car's design 这辆车的设计
在某些习惯用语中，名词要加-'s。 a stone's throw 近在咫尺keep sb at arm's length 与某人保持距离；不亲近某人be at one's wits' end 黔驴技穷
如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加-'s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加-'s。 Jane and Mary's mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)Jane's and Mary's mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)
双重所有格：“a/two/some ... ＋名词＋of＋名词's”构成双重所有格，“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人。 a friend of her mother's 她妈妈的一个朋友two photos of Mary's 玛丽的两张照片
表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop, house, home等词常省略。 at the doctor's (office)在诊所里at the barber's (shop)在理发店at Mr Green's (house)在格林先生家
1. Tom goes to the barber's(barber) to have his hair cut every third week.
2. “Today's (today) story is about the success of a poor child，” the teacher said.
3. The article concludes that parents' (parents) education affects their children's future.
4. After a moment's(moment) hesitation, the young man reached out his hand to greet the stranger.
5. Studies show that a child's (child) character is greatly influenced by his/her home environment.
6. It's about an hour's (hour) drive from our school to the city centre, but it takes more time at weekends.
7. Sunlight passes through the atmosphere and then reflects off the earth's(earth) surface in the form of heat.
8. We'd better stay in a hotel that is just a stone's (stone) throw away from the railway station for the sake of convenience.
　数词——基数词和序数词
1. 基数词变序数词的规则
一、二、三 one→first，two→second，three→third
从四起加-th four→fourth，five→fifth ...
eight少个t eight→eighth
nine删除e nine→ninth
-ve用f代替 five→fifth，twelve→twelfth
-ty变成tie twenty→twentieth
2. 分数/倍数
分子用基数词，分母用序数词 1/3：one third
分子大于1，分母用复数 2/5：two fifths
两倍，两次；三倍，三次 twice；three times
1. Saturn is the second(two) biggest planet in the solar system.
2. It's reported that thousands(thousand) of antelopes are killed for their fur each year.
3. If a regular bus can hold dozens of people, imagine what a bus twice(two) the size can hold!
4. Some men are old at sixty-five; others are still as lively as crickets in their eightieth(eighty).
5. Next season will be my ninth(nine) in Liverpool and I still have one year left on my current contract.
6. Then, when I was in the fifth(five) grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher so much.
7. On his twelfth(twelve) birthday, Philip decided to give up eating meat, saying, “I don't think it's right to eat animals.”
8. Today, experts believe that nearly two thirds (three) of the world's population live within eighty kilometres of the seacoast.
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共23张PPT)
板块一　词形的变换
第1讲　名词和数词
题型 高考典题 命题角度
语法
填空 1. (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)These plants included modern Western __________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.
2. (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Although they could never have met, there are common ________ (theme) in their works，said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. 1. 给出名词的单数形式，考查其复数形式或所有格；
2. 给出数词的基数词形式，考查其序数词形式。
favourites
themes
题型 高考典题 命题角度
语法
填空 3. (2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend to catch our attention because of their large size and variety. They are _________ (treasure) of American heritage (遗产)．
4. (2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the _______(six) century B. C. 1. 给出名词的单数形式，考查其复数形式或所有格；
2. 给出数词的基数词形式，考查其序数词形式。
treasures
sixth
题型 高考典题 命题角度
语法
填空 5. (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give ___________(interview) in English with international journalists.
6. (2021·全国甲卷)Supposedly you can do it in two hours，but we stopped at the different gates and ___________(watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.
7. (2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)“He saved my _____ (son) life，” said Mrs. Brown. 1. 给出名词的单数形式，考查其复数形式或所有格；
2. 给出数词的基数词形式，考查其序数词形式。
interviews
watchtowers
son's
考点一　名词的数
1. 名词单数变复数的规则变化
规则变化 例词
一般情况加-s map→maps；girl→girls；
house→houses
以-th结尾的，加-s month→months；truth→truths
规则变化 例词
以-s，-x，-sh，-ch
结尾的，加-es class→classes；box→boxes；
brush→brushes；match→matches
注意：stomach(胃)的复数是
stomachs；ox(公牛)的复数是oxen
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，变y为
i再加-es city→cities；country→countries；
party→parties；factory→factories
注意：以“元音字母＋y”结尾的则直接加-s，如boy→boys；toy→toys
规则变化 例词
以“辅音字母
＋o”结尾的，
一般加-es tomato→tomatoes；potato→potatoes；hero→heroes
注意：1. 少数名词加-s或-es均可，如volcano→volcano(e)s；
mosquito→mosquito(e)s；mango→mango(e)s
2. 少数名词只加-s，如piano→pianos；photo→photos
以“元音字母＋o” 结尾的，加-s radio→radios；zoo→zoos；
bamboo→bamboos
规则变化 例词
以-f，-fe结尾的，通常变f
或fe为v，
再加-es half→halves；leaf→leaves；
shelf→shelves；thief→thieves；
wolf→wolves；wife→wives；
life→lives；knife→knives
注意：1. 也有的直接加-s，
如roof→roofs；chief→chiefs
2. 还存在有两种复数形式的，
如handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
规则变化 例词
合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数 son-in-law→sons-in-law
passer-by→passers-by
storyteller→storytellers
go-between→go-betweens
grown-up→grown-ups
2. 名词单数变复数的不规则变化
变化情况 例词
特殊变化 child→children；foot→feet；
tooth→teeth；mouse→mice；
特殊变化 man→men；woman→women
注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women，如an Englishman→two
Englishmen；但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans
变化情况 例词
有些名词的单
复数有不同的
拼写方法 细菌bacterium(单数)→bacteria(复数)；资料、数据datum(单数)→data(复数)；现象phenomenon(单数)→phenomena(复数)
1. The ______ (piano) in the other shop will be cheaper, but they are not as good.
2. The hotel has been ordered to close because it is overrun by ____ (mouse) and rats.
3. Here he sat, with his pipe between his _____(tooth) and both hands resting on his knees.
4. Police were reported to have seized all ______(copy) of this morning's edition of the newspaper.
pianos
mice
teeth
copies
5. The paper was used for sealing up holes in walls and _____(roof) in the cold and freezing winter.
6. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that ______ (wolf) would kill their farm animals or pets.
7. I spent ten minutes walking up and down the high street, desperately avoiding eye contact with __________(passer-by).
8. The system reflects the seasonal characteristics of annual natural __________ (phenomenon) and farming activities.
roofs
wolves
passers-by
phenomena
9. An ant has two ________ (stomach), of which one holds the food for itself and the other is for food to be given to other ants.
10. Viewers said it was not the film itself that moved people，but the ______(hero) of the war years who fought for our country and people.
stomachs
heroes
考点二　名词的所有格
变化规则 例子
有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加-'s。 his father's boss 他爸爸的老板
表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等无生命的名词后可加-'s。 today's paper 今天的报纸
England's shore 英国的海岸
the car's design 这辆车的设计
变化规则 例子
在某些习惯用语中，名词要加-'s。 a stone's throw 近在咫尺
keep sb at arm's length 与某人保持距离；不亲近某人
be at one's wits' end 黔驴技穷
如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加-'s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加-'s。 Jane and Mary's mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)
Jane's and Mary's mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)
变化规则 例子
双重所有格：“a/two/some ... ＋名词＋of＋名词's”构成双重所有格，“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人。 a friend of her mother's 她妈妈的一个朋友
two photos of Mary's 玛丽的两张照片
表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop, house, home等词常省略。 at the doctor's (office)在诊所里
at the barber's (shop)在理发店
at Mr Green's (house)在格林先生家
1. Tom goes to the _______(barber) to have his hair cut every third week.
2. “_______ (today) story is about the success of a poor child，” the teacher said.
3. The article concludes that ________ (parents) education affects their children's future.
4. After a ________(moment) hesitation, the young man reached out his hand to greet the stranger.
barber's
Today's
parents'
moment's
5. Studies show that a _______ (child) character is greatly influenced by his/her home environment.
6. It's about an ______ (hour) drive from our school to the city centre, but it takes more time at weekends.
7. Sunlight passes through the atmosphere and then reflects off the _______(earth) surface in the form of heat.
8. We'd better stay in a hotel that is just a _______ (stone) throw away from the railway station for the sake of convenience.
child's
hour's
earth's
stone's
考点三　数词——基数词和序数词
1. 基数词变序数词的规则
一、二、三 one→first，two→second，three→third
从四起加-th four→fourth，five→fifth ...
eight少个t eight→eighth
nine删除e nine→ninth
-ve用f代替 five→fifth，twelve→twelfth
-ty变成tie twenty→twentieth
2. 分数/倍数
分子用基数词，分母用序数词 1/3：one third
分子大于1，分母用复数 2/5：two fifths
两倍，两次；三倍，三次 twice；three times
1. Saturn is the ______(two) biggest planet in the solar system.
2. It's reported that _________(thousand) of antelopes are killed for their fur each year.
3. If a regular bus can hold dozens of people, imagine what a bus ______
(two) the size can hold!
4. Some men are old at sixty-five; others are still as lively as crickets in their _________(eighty).
second
thousands
twice
eightieth
5. Next season will be my _____(nine) in Liverpool and I still have one year left on my current contract.
6. Then, when I was in the _____(five) grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher so much.
7. On his ______(twelve) birthday, Philip decided to give up eating meat, saying, “I don't think it's right to eat animals.”
8. Today, experts believe that nearly two ______ (three) of the world's population live within eighty kilometres of the seacoast.
ninth
fifth
twelfth
thirds

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