资源简介

阅读理解——议论文
目录
01 TOC \o "1-3" \h \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15422" HYPERLINK \l "_Toc26714"考情解码·命题预警 2
02 体系构建·思维可视 3
03核心突破·靶向攻坚 4
考点一 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 4
知识点 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 4
考向突破提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 5
考点二 错误的观点→批驳→立观点 12
知识点错误的观点→批驳→立观点 12
考向突破 错误的观点→批驳→立观点 13
考点三 列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 18
知识点 列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 18
考向突破 列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 18
04真题溯源·考向感知 22
阅读理解之议论文
年份 卷别 主题语境 话题分类
2025 全国I卷 人与社会 城市交通问题
北京卷 人与社会 能否延长看屏幕时间的争论
2024 新高考I卷 人与社会 纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果
北京卷 人与社会 讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的
浙江卷1月 人与自然 加拿大Alberta防雹千预计划之争
2023 全国乙卷 人与社会 物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性
2022 全国甲卷 人与社会 悉尼发展中面临的问题
北京卷 人与社会 量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？
天津卷 人与社会 美好生活的秘诀
考情分析：1．从命题内容上看，高考命题主要从以下几方面考查：记文章涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。2．从命题思路上看：文章通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非的方法，来论证某种观点正确与否，肯定或否定某种主张。即提出问题(引论)--分析问题(本论)一一解决问题(结论)”。常见的有细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题、情感态度题等题型。预计2026年议论文有可能考。复习过程中要熟练掌握议论文的命题特点和解题方法，做到成功应对议论文阅读试题。
复习目标1.掌握议论文的结构特点和命题形式。2.掌握议论文的双管齐下阅读方式，侧重结构和内容两个方面。3.熟悉议论文中常考查的观点态度词中的难词。
考点一 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文
知识点1 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题
这种议论文作者直接提出己方观点，通过举例、引用数据、逻辑推理等方式正面论证观点的合理性。在近年高考真题中，立论文常围绕 "环境保护的个人责任"" 在线教育的利弊 " 等社会热点展开，文章结构严谨，论证层次分明。
①结构特征
总分总结构：开篇提出中心论点（Thesis Statement），中间分论点（Sub-arguments）支撑，结尾总结升华。
②论证方法
举例论证（Examples）：通过具体案例增强说服力，举例是论证过程中很重要的支撑，举例法易于讲明道理。
对比论证（Comparison）：将两种对立事物或观点对照分析，凡事比则明，通过对比证明观点的正确性。
引用论证（Quotations）：援引权威言论或经典文献。
因果论证（Cause and Effect）：揭示事物内在逻辑关系。
考向 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文
例1（2024新课标Ⅰ卷）C篇
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
【篇章结构】
结构 段落 功能 关键词句
提出问题 Para.1 提出问题 "Is comprehension the same... " 双重疑问句引发思考
分析问题 Para.2-3 对比论证 "When reading texts of several hundred words..., learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. "
Para.4 理论深化 "shallowing hypothesis" 解释心理机制
Para.5 延伸对比 "Audio and video...but remember less" 扩大讨论维度
结论 Para.6 结论建议 "educators shouldn’t assume..." 提出辩证解决方案
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→ shine through →mean
●文章定位：The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.→根据前面more successful可知作者应该是肯定The benefits of print reading
●故选D
词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→ the shallowing hypothesis →assume
●文章定位： Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.→同义句表达not so serious= treat ... lightly
●解析思维过程→not so serious= treat ... lightly→A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.
●故选A
推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→audio and video→increasingly used
●文章定位：Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies→ 题目定位turn to≈use; “so”因果连词，前句就是原因→engaging引人入胜的≈attractive≈can hold students' attention
●解析思维过程→同义句表达→feel more engaging than text→hold students' attention
●故选A
细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→imply→last paragraph
●文章定位：Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.→强调文本阅读的重要性
●故选C
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
例2（2023年全国乙卷）D篇
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their pastachievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
【篇章结构】
段落 功能 关键词句
Para.1 提出论点 "cannot do it through texts alone" 直击传统历史叙事的缺陷
Para.2 案例论证 "the first conflict at Botany Bay" 对比文字与实物证据
Para.3 深化批判 "victories twisted" 揭露文字记录的权力操控，列举多文明案例
解决方案 "read not just the texts, but the objects" 总结方法论
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→first paragraph→mainly about
●文章定位：Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.→recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things→presented
●故选A
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→indicate→mentioning Captain Cook
●文章定位：①Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t.②From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.
●解析思维过程→①+②→in many cases we simply can’t→give an example →D. His record was one-sided
●故选D
推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→conversation→refer to
●文章定位：①The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue..②If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
●解析思维过程→①+②→B. History.
●故选B
词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→books→selected from
●文章定位：①If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.② If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
●解析思维过程→①+②→C. A History of the World in 100 Objects.
●故选C
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
【变式训练·变载体】（2025·湖南省长沙市雅礼中学高三下学期模拟考试（二））
The convenience of modern life is nothing short of astonishing. As I write this, my phone is wirelessly sending some hits from the 1700s to my portable speaker. The fact that, as a culture, we celebrate such short cuts is understandable. That said, most people are able to sense that convenience has a darker side.
Before getting into that, we’d better understand why convenience is so seductive first. We often desist doing the things we need to do to make progress. Behind every well-intentioned plan lies this horrible sense of inertia (惰性). Why is this resistance — and our corresponding appetite for ease — such an essential part of our makeup
Here, insights from evolutionary psychology (particularly the idea of“the evolutionary mismatch”) can help. The evolutionary mismatch is the idea that we colved for a hunter-gather difostyle, and that while our circumstances have changed completely, our brains and bodies haven’t. Resistance was a necessary counterbalance (制衡) to the bursts of intense activity that characterized the lives of hunter-gatherers: searching for food in driving rain, or running to escape a dangerous animal. It’s the reason we still ask: “Do I really have to be doing this Shouldn’t I save my energy ” The people choosing to remain sheltered during snowstorms, when the prospect of obtaining food was low, were more likely to live and pass on their genes to the next generation.
Since then, of course, innovation has changed things greatly. We’ve altered technology and our environments partly to serve our natural instinct (本能) to conserve energy. The question is: what do we stand to lose by following our tendency to prioritize comfort and convenience
Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties. And, from an evolutionary perspective, some measure of discomfort is as crucial to our survival as rest and relaxation. Our ancestors didn’t survive purely by being lazy, but through a combination of playing it safe and taking necessary risks.
This difficulty itself does shape our character. In the technological world we have fashioned, we must sometimes make conscious efforts to act in opposition to our instincts. As a culture, we must remember while convenience feels good in the moment, our capacity to adapt and overcome challenges is part of our evolutionary inheritance (遗传) too, and central to the adventure of life.
1．What does the underlined word “seductive” in paragraph 2 most probably mean
A．Attractive and inviting. B．Useful and practical.
C．Harmful and dangerous. D．Annoying and frustrating.
2．What does“the evolutionary mismatch” primarily refer to
A．The inconsistency between personal goals and societal expectations.
B．The contrast between modern convenience and ancient challenges.
C．The argument over the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of ancient people.
D．The conflict between our natural instinct and the current environment.
3．What may prioritizing convenience in modern life result in
A．It may lead to a lack of innovation and progress.
B．It may reduce our ability to overcome challenges.
C．It may make us overly dependent on technology.
D．It may cause a decline in physical fitness.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A．The Benefits of Modern Technology
B．Understanding Evolution in Today’s World
C．The Dark Side of Convenience in Modern Life
D．Rejecting Modern Convenience for a Better Life
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了现代生活中便利性的利弊，以及为何人们会倾向于追求便利，同时指出了过度追求便利可能带来的问题。
1．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“We often resist doing the things we need to do in order to make progress. Behind every well-intentioned plan lies this horrible sense of inertia (惰性). Why is this resistance — and our corresponding appetite for ease— such an essential part of our makeup (我们常常抗拒去做那些为了取得进步而需要做的事情。在每一个善意的计划背后，都隐藏着这种可怕的惰性。为何这种抗拒——以及我们相应的对轻松的渴望——会成为我们天性中如此重要的一部分呢？)”可知，我们天性有对轻松的渴望，所以便利对我们来说是具有很大的诱惑力的，推知seductive应是“诱人的”之意，和A项Attractive and inviting“有吸引力的”意思相近。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The evolutionary mismatch is the idea that we evolved for a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and that while our circumstances have changed completely, our brains and bodies haven’t.(进化不匹配是指我们进化出了一种狩猎采集的生活方式，虽然我们的环境已经完全改变了，但我们的大脑和身体却没有改变)”可知，“the evolutionary mismatch”主要是指我们的自然本能和当前环境之间的冲突。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties.(不断选择方便的道路会削弱你处理不可避免的困难的能力)”可知，在现代生活中优先考虑便利可能会降低我们克服挑战的能力。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The fact that, as a culture, we celebrate such short cuts is understandable. That said, most people are able to sense that convenience has a darker side.(作为一种文化，我们推崇这样的捷径，这是可以理解的。话虽如此，大多数人都能感觉到便利也有其阴暗的一面)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了过度追求便利可能带来的问题，所以C项“现代生活中便利的阴暗面”是本文最好的标题。故选C。
考点二错误的观点→批驳→立观点
先引出对方观点，再通过反驳论据、指出逻辑漏洞等方式证明其错误，从而树立己方观点。这种文体旨在通过批判性分析构建严谨的论证体系，常见于社会现象评论、学术争议探讨等文本。
1.结构特征：错误的观点→批驳→立观点
树靶阶段：文章开篇通常以客观陈述或引用他人观点的方式，明确摆出反方立场。例如在探讨 "网络学习是否能完全取代传统课堂" 时，先阐述 "部分人认为网络学习灵活高效，应全面推广" 的观点。
批驳阶段：运用 "However""But""Nevertheless" 等转折词引出反驳内容，通过数据对比、事实例证等方式削弱对方论点的可信度。如指出 "网络学习缺乏师生实时互动，据调查显示，73% 的学生存在自主学习效率低下问题"。
立观点阶段：在瓦解反方观点后，系统阐述己方立场，通过递进式分析或多维度论证强化说服力，如提出 "传统课堂与网络学习应优势互补" 的解决方案。
2.论证方法
归谬法：假设对方观点成立，通过合理推导得出荒谬结论，例如从 "读书无用论" 推导出 "社会将失去科技创新能力"。
反证法：通过证明与己方论点相反的命题为假，间接确立正确观点，如通过证明 "不重视环保会导致生态崩溃" 来支持可持续发展主张。
漏洞分析：聚焦对方论证中的逻辑缺陷，如指出统计样本偏差、因果关系误判等问题，例如批判 "因个别成功案例否定教育重要性" 的以偏概全逻辑。
考向 错误的观点→批驳→立观点
例（2025年河北部分学校联考）
Wolves with injured legs in the wild can basically do nothing but wait for death. But this was not the fate of one injured wolf in the Hoh Xil National Nature Reserve (可可西里国家级自然保护区) in Qinghai. This limp wolf went from poor and skinny (骨瘦如柴的) to happy and fat, thanks to tourists feeding it along the highway.
This “goodwill”, however, has sparked (引发) debate on whether tourists should feed the wolf. People who support this act argue that without feeding, the poor wolf would die of starvation (饥饿). But those who hold an opposite view think that humans should not go against the laws of nature and that the inevitable death of the wolf is the result of natural selection. Each side has its reasons, but science can provide us with an ultimate answer.
Research published in Scientific Reports in June 2019 studied how human-provided food affected the survival of bottlenose dolphins (宽吻海豚). Researchers followed the dynamics (动态) of 63 bottlenose dolphins who live in the ocean off Bunbury, Australia, where the wild dolphins are legally allowed to be fed by the Dolphin Discovery Centre there.
After looking at more than 10 years of data on the local dolphin population, the researchers found out that the fatality rate (死亡率) of bottlenose dolphins who ask for food from vessels (船只) is much higher than that of those who seek food by themselves. Asking for food from humans increases the risk of injuries and sometimes the dolphins can even get killed by “boat strikes, propeller (螺旋桨) cut injuries and fishing gear entanglements (被渔具缠住)”, said the study. And young dolphins tend to learn from their mothers, leading to more accidents.
Apart from accidents, feeding wildlife may also make them rely on us for survival, Dai Qiang, a researcher at the Chengdu Institute of Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, told Hongxing News. Moreover, any diseases and bacteria (细菌) present in the animals may infect those who feed them. As Qi Xinzhang, deputy director of Xining Wildlife Park, commented under a video featuring the wolf in Hoh Xil, “Kindness needs to be supported by rationality (理性); otherwise, we may see adverse effects (不利影响).”
So, what should we do when coming across wild animals that seem to need our help The best help for them is to report the case to related authorities for professional aid instead of feeding them, said Qi.
【篇章结构】
段落 功能 关键词句
Para.1 引出错误的现象 "tourists feeding the wolf along the highway"游客投喂动物
Para.2 提出正反两种看法 ①without feeding, the poor wolf would die of starvation (饥饿)③humans should not go against the laws of nature and that the inevitable death of the wolf is the result of natural selection
Para.3-5 Para3-4研究结论1 the fatality rate (死亡率) of bottlenose dolphins who ask for food from vessels (船只) is much higher than that of those who seek food by themselves.
Para5研究结论2 Kindness needs to be supported by rationality (理性); otherwise, we may see adverse effects (不利影响)
Para 6 正确观点 The best help for them is to report the case to related authorities for professional aid instead of feeding them
1．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about
A．The debate on wolf feeding.
B．Survival problems of wildlife.
C．Explanations of the laws of nature.
D．Scientific reasons for human actions.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→paragraph 2→mainly talk about
●文章定位：This ‘goodwill’, however, has sparked (引发) debate on whether tourists should feed the wolf.→同义句改写A．The debate on wolf feeding.
●解析思维过程→debate on whether tourists should feed the wolf→The debate on wolf feeding.
●故选A
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容，尤其是首句“This ‘goodwill’, however, has sparked (引发) debate on whether tourists should feed the wolf.(然而，这种‘善意’引发了关于游客是否应该投喂狼的争论)”可知，本段主要讲述了关于是否应该投喂狼的争论，并说明了支持者和反对者的理由，故选A。
2．What has been found in the study of bottlenose dolphins being fed by humans
A．They are more likely to be injured or killed.
B．They are more friendly to humans.
C．They face a higher risk of being caught.
D．They tend to care less about their young.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→bottlenose dolphins→fed by humans
●文章定位：the fatality rate (死亡率) of bottlenose dolphins who ask for food from vessels (船只) is much higher than that of those who seek food by themselves. Asking for food from humans increases the risk of injuries and sometimes the dolphins can even get killed by ‘boat strikes, propeller (螺旋桨) cut injuries and fishing gear entanglements (被渔具缠住)’, said the study.→同义句改写They are more likely to be injured or killed.
●解析思维过程→Asking for food from humans increases the risk of injuries and sometimes the dolphins can even get killed →more likely to be injured or killed
●故选A
细节理解题。根据第四段“After looking at more than 10 years of data on the local dolphin population, the researchers found out that the fatality rate (死亡率) of bottlenose dolphins who ask for food from vessels (船只) is much higher than that of those who seek food by themselves. Asking for food from humans increases the risk of injuries and sometimes the dolphins can even get killed by ‘boat strikes, propeller (螺旋桨) cut injuries and fishing gear entanglements (被渔具缠住)’, said the study.(在研究了当地海豚种群10多年的数据后，研究人员发现，从船只上寻找食物的宽吻海豚的死亡率远远高于自己寻找食物的海豚。该研究称，向人类索取食物会增加受伤的风险，有时海豚甚至会被‘船只撞击、螺旋桨割伤和渔具缠结’杀死)”可知，研究发现，人类投喂食物的宽吻海豚更容易受伤或死亡，故选A。
3．According to Dai Qiang, what might happen as a result of feeding wildlife
A．An increase in wildlife populations.
B．A possible reduction in natural habitat.
C．Increased risk of animal diseases being passed on.
D．A strengthened bond between humans and animals.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→Dai Qiang→a result of feeding wildlife
●文章定位：Moreover, any diseases and bacteria (细菌) present in the animals may infect those who feed them.→infect近义词表达passed on→同义句改写C．Increased risk of animal diseases being passed on.
●故选C
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Moreover, any diseases and bacteria (细菌) present in the animals may infect those who feed them.(此外，动物身上的任何疾病和细菌都可能感染饲养它们的人)”可知，Dai Qiang认为投喂野生动物会增加感染动物身上的疾病的风险，故选C。
4．What does Qi advise people who meet poorly wild animals to do
A．Call the police.
B．Leave them alone.
C．Offer immediate help.
D．Inform relevant authorities.
【思维过程】
●题干关键词→Qi→ poorly wild animals
●文章定位：The best help for them is to report the case to related authorities for professional aid instead of feeding them→related authorities 同义表达relevant authorities；report同义表达Inform→Inform relevant authorities.
●解析思维过程→related authorities 同义表达relevant authorities；report同义表达Inform→Inform relevant authorities
●故选D
细节理解题。根据最后一段“So, what should we do when coming across wild animals that seem to need our help The best help for them is to report the case to related authorities for professional aid instead of feeding them, said Qi.(那么，当我们遇到似乎需要我们帮助的野生动物时，我们应该怎么做呢？对他们来说，最好的帮助是向有关部门报告情况，寻求专业援助，而不是给他们喂食)”可知，Qi建议人们在遇到需要帮助的野生动物时通知相关部门，故选D。
【变式训练·变载体】（2025届江苏省徐州市高三下学期考前打靶）
Our common sense is that professional excellence requires formal training, but excellence in the rest of life does not. Work demands discipline and training; leisure is easy and enjoyable and comes naturally.
When our work is most demanding, we typically define leisure as its opposite: complete inactivity. For example, when a burned-out 51-year-old CEO of a $68 billion investment firm abruptly quit his job in 2022, he explained to reporters what he planned to do next: “I just want to go sit at the beach and do nothing.” Even if we’re not finding our work so tiring as his, we still talk about taking a break from work, which allows us to reenergize — in order to work more and better. Either way, we’re defining leisure in relation to work.
I reject this whole way of thinking. Leisure is a valuable, constructive part of life, and we misunderstand leisure when we define it as work’s opposite. We may think that the best way to get happier is, like the CEO, to “go sit at the beach and do nothing.” But researchers have found that this kind of do-nothing leisure, including vacation travel, provides only minor, temporary boosts of happiness. What gives us more sustained well-being are pursuits involving social engagement, personal reflection, and outdoor activities.
As a professor, I want everything I do to be generative, instead of wasting a minute on fruitless pursuits. Leisure is not straightforward or easy. I’d like to use my nonwork activities, as much as my work ones, to become a wiser, happier, more effective person. We must treat leisure with every bit as much seriousness as we do our careers. When we understand and practice leisure properly, we can achieve our best selves — and even our capacity to transform society for the better.
The point here is that just as we should be excellent at our jobs, we should become excellent at leisure. Doing leisure well will generate the sort of growth in our well-being that work cannot provide. If you don’t do leisure well, you will never find life’s full meaning.
1．Why does the author mention common sense at the beginning
A．To make a comparison. B．To introduce a concept.
C．To present an example. D．To lead in an argument.
2．What does the example of the CEO convey
A．People should retire when earning enough. B．People should change attitudes towards work.
C．People tend to connect leisure with work. D．People tend to make future plans in advance.
3．According to researchers, what contributes to continuous well-being
A．Sunbathing on the beach. B．Aimlessly wandering.
C．Community service. D．Playing video games.
4．What is the author’s opinion about leisure
A．Leisure is opposite to work. B．Leisure is a state of inactivity.
C．Leisure means escaping work temporarily. D．Leisure deserves to be treated seriously.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．D
【解析】这是一篇议论文。人们常认为工作需专业训练而休闲无需，但作者反对将休闲定义为工作的对立面，指出应认真对待休闲以实现自我提升与人生意义。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Our common sense is that professional excellence requires formal training, but excellence in the rest of life does not. Work demands discipline and training; leisure is easy and enjoyable and comes naturally.(我们的常识认为，专业上的卓越需要接受正规训练，但在生活的其他方面，卓越并非如此。工作需要纪律和训练；而休闲则是轻松、愉悦且自然而然的)”结合下文对“认真对待休闲”的讨论可知，作者在开头处提及“常识”这一概念是为了引入论点。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“For example, when a burned-out 51-year-old CEO of a $68 billion investment firm abruptly quit his job in 2022, he explained to reporters what he planned to do next: “I just want to go sit at the beach and do nothing.” Even if we’re not finding our work so tiring as his, we still talk about taking a break from work, which allows us to reenergize — in order to work more and better. Either way, we’re defining leisure in relation to work.(例如，2022 年，一位 51 岁、管理着一家价值 680 亿美元投资公司的高管突然辞职。他向媒体解释了自己的下一步计划：“我只是想去海滩上坐坐，什么都不做。”即便我们并不像他那样觉得工作如此令人疲惫，我们仍然会谈论要暂时放下工作，这样能让我们重新充满活力——以便能更高效地工作。不管怎样，我们都是在将休闲与工作联系起来来定义休闲的)”可知，这位首席执行官的例子说明人们往往会将休闲与工作联系在一起。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“What gives us more sustained well-being are pursuits involving social engagement, personal reflection, and outdoor activities.(能给我们带来更持久幸福感的，是那些涉及社交互动、个人反思以及户外活动的追求)”推知，社区服务可以促持续的幸福感。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The point here is that just as we should be excellent at our jobs, we should become excellent at leisure. Doing leisure well will generate the sort of growth in our well-being that work cannot provide. If you don’t do leisure well, you will never find life’s full meaning.(重点是，就像我们应该在工作中表现出色一样，我们也应该在休闲中表现出色做好休闲活动将会带来那种工作无法提供的幸福感的增长。如果你不能做好休闲活动，你就永远无法找到生活的全部意义)”推知，作者认为休闲理应得到应有的重视。故选D。
考点三列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法
列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法
开篇引出几种事例或现象，归纳作者的核心观点。注意抓取关键词、区分事例与观点。
例（2025年全国I卷）C篇 While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
【篇章结构】
段落 功能 关键词句
Para.1 现象1 declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children
Para.2 观点 Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives
Para.3 现象2 Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.
Para4 现象3 the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.
Para5 结论 it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door
1．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A．Cars often get stuck on the road. B．Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C．People walk less and drive more. D．Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
【解题思维过程】
●题干关键词→phenomenon→in paragraph 1
●文章定位：①declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children②there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①+②→declines同意表达walk less→pack them into the car→drive more→C．People walk less and drive more.
●故选C
2．What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do
A．Keep their cities livable. B．Promote cultural diversity.
C．Help the needy families. D．Make expressways accessible.
【解题思维过程】
●题干关键词→Canadian journalist and other campaigners→ trying to do
●文章定位：Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.
●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①stop the destruction of her local park②a decent place to live→A．Keep their cities livable.
●故选A
3．What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A．They boosted the sales of cars. B．They turned out largely ineffective.
C．They won government support. D．They advocated building new parks.
【解题思维过程】
●题干关键词→inferred about the campaigns→Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
●文章定位：Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.
●解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①Although②widespread→ ineffective.
●故选B
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Why the Rush B．What’s Next
C．Where to Stay D．Who to Blame
【解题思维过程】
●题干关键词→suitable title→the text
●文章定位：We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities →A．Why the Rush
●故选A
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
【变式训练】China’s economy achieved 12.7 percent growth in the first half of 2021, increasing the chances of employment for young graduates. The industrial sector, and State-owned and large enterprises have recovered relatively well from the impacts of the novel coronavirus outbreak, but the service sector, and small and medium-sized enterprises face bigger challenges.
Fortunately, China’s job market was relatively stable in the first half. Also, new reforms in the technology sector have accelerated the transformation of the labor market and created several new occupations. Recent years have seen graduates getting more career choices, beyond the traditional forms of employment.
But young migrant workers deserve greater attention, because they are not as well-educated as college graduates, or do not have enough work experience. Most young migrant workers flock to affluent eastern coastal areas, work in low-end manufacturing units and the service sector, and lack the ability to adapt to new technology and thus can be more easily replaced by robots.
And although employment in the platform economy of e-commerce can increase the flexibility of the labor market, make resource allocation more efficient, ease the impact of external factors and provide more opportunities for low-skilled workers, it will increase instability in the labor market.
The traditional social security system based on employment relationship is facing challenges from the platform economy, as some platform companies sign service contracts rather than labor contracts with their employees, leaving a large number of workers uncovered by the country’s social insurance system.
The employment of youths is crucial for the well-being of the entire society, as well as social stability and high-quality development. As such, the employment policy must be more inclusive and forward-looking, and the government should optimize the social insurance system, encourage skill training and help improve young people’s ability to adapt to the economic transformation, in order to prevent mass job losses.
1．What does the underlined word “accelerated” mean in Paragraph 2
A．Changed. B．Boosted. C．Denied. D．Prevented.
2．Why should young migrant workers be paid more attention to
A．Because they have the priority.
B．Because they face more financial problems.
C．Because they are less educated and experienced.
D．Because they are working low-end sectors.
3．Which is not the advantage of e-commerce
A．Making resources utilization more efficient.
B．Reducing outer factors.
C．Causing more instability.
D．Offering more job chances.
4．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．Some suggestions on how to ensure employment.
B．Some evidence for supporting employment.
C．Reasons for low employments.
D．Benefits of e-commerce.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕中国就业市场情况，分析青年及农民工就业挑战，指平台经济影响，提政策需包容等促进就业建议。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段 “ Also, new reforms in the technology sector have accelerated the transformation of the labor market and created several new occupations.(而且，科技行业的新改革accelerated劳动力市场的转型，并创造了若干新职业。)”并结合语境可知，“created several new occupations(创造新职业)”表明改革对劳动力市场产生了积极推动作用。accelerated应表示“加速、促进”的意思，与B选项“Boosted(推动)”含义相符。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But young migrant workers deserve greater attention, because they are not as well-educated as college graduates, or do not have enough work experience.(但年轻农民工应得到更多关注，因为他们不像大学毕业生那样受过良好教育，或缺乏足够工作经验。)”可知，原文直接指出年轻农民工应该受到更多关注的原因是教育程度和工作经验不足。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“And although employment in the platform economy of e-commerce can increase the flexibility of the labor market, make resource allocation more efficient, ease the impact of external factors and provide more opportunities for low-skilled workers, it will increase instability in the labor market.(尽管电子商务平台经济中的就业可以提高劳动力市场的灵活性，使资源配置更加高效，缓解外部因素的影响，为低技能工人提供更多机会，但这将增加劳动力市场的不稳定性。)”可知，增加劳动力市场的不稳定性是电子商务平台经济的劣势，而不是优点。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The employment of youths is crucial for the well-being of the entire society, as well as social stability and high-quality development. As such, the employment policy must be more inclusive and forward-looking, and the government should optimize the social insurance system, encourage skill training and help improve young people’s ability to adapt to the economic transformation, in order to prevent mass job losses.(青年就业对整个社会的福祉、社会稳定和高质量发展至关重要。因此，就业政策必须更具包容性和前瞻性，政府应优化社会保险制度，鼓励技能培训，帮助提高年轻人适应经济转型的能力，以防止大规模失业。)”可知，最后一段主要介绍了关于如何确保就业的一些建议。故选A项。
1. （2025·北京卷）Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad ” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”.
Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.
Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts.
Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.”
What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over.
28．How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument
A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Energized. D．Relieved.
29．What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean
A．Major achievements. B．Complex feelings.
C．Significant impacts. D．Fine differences.
30．Which would be the best title for the passage
A．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit
B．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties
C．Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble
D．Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。
28．推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。
29．词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。
30．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。
2.【2021年全国乙卷】When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries
24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Admit. B. Argue.
C. Remember. D. Remark.
26. What can we say about Baby Boomers
A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.
27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。
24.主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。
25.词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。
26.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。
27.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。
3.【2020年北京卷】Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”
Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.
The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.
42. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean
A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily.
C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere.
43. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters
A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active.
C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases.
44. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________.
A. supportive B. disapproving
C. fearful D. uncertain
45. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage
A. It may be only a dream.
B. It will come into being soon.
C. It will be controlled by humans.
D. It may be more dangerous than ever.
【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。
42.词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。
43.细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。
44.推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。
45.推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。
4.【2019年天津卷】Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner

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