资源简介

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
专题一 名词
名词：表示人，事物，地方，现象等名称的词。
名词分为，专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词：表人名，地名，国名，机构，组织，语言，月份。星期，季节，节假日等专有名称的词
（其首字母大写 如 China John New York May Monday Spring Children’s Day
名词 ：分为可数名词和不可数名词
可数名词分为：个体名词 （如 pen desk）
集体名词 （people team fruit）
集体名词:通常指一类物体，一群人等概念，虽然已单数形式出现但实为复数。
如：people police clothes 谓语用复数
Eg: Your clothes are nice.
2 class family team group crowd(人群)等
（强调整体谓语用单数，强调个体成员谓语用复数）
My family are very kind. 我的家人很和蔼。
My family is a big family. 我的家庭是一个大家庭。
不可数名词分为：抽象名词 （如：sadness knowledge work）
物质名词 （如：honey juice）
（可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。不可数名词无复数形式
名词变复数： （一）规则变化
A:一般情况 + s : apple-apples, banana-banans, pear-pears, egg-eggs,
B: 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的名词 + es : boxes, watches, classes,
C: 以o结尾的名词 +s 或es :
两菜两人加es： tomato-tomatoes, potato-patatoes, hero-heroes Negro-Negroes
其余加s : zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos
D: 以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i + es
strawberry-strawberries, family-families, story-stories, dictionary-dictionaries
E:以f,fe结尾的变f,fe为v在加es
knife-knives life-lives leaf-leaves
（注意giraffe复数—giraffes）
（二）不规则变化
将后一个名词变为复数 nail brush-nail brushes egg basket-egg baskets
boy students shoe shops egg sandwiches
两个名词都变成复数作定语的名词是man woman sport如： a man doctor- men doctor
a woman teacher- two women teachers sports shoes
改变内部 foot-feet tooth-teeth man-men mouse-mice
单复数同形：people sheep yuan deer(鹿) means (方法，手段) Chinese
国人的复数 “中日不变，英法变，德国，罗马，印度s 加后面）”
Chinese- Chinese Japanese-Japanese
Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen
German-Germans Roman__Romans Indian_Indians
注意：
1 由两部分构成的东西常以复数形式出现：trousers pants jeans glasses shoes
2 既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词常见的有：
room 空间（不可数）；房间（可数） food 食物（不可数）；指不同种类的食物（可数）
fish 鱼肉（不可数）鱼 ，不同种类的鱼 （可数） 纸 （不可数）；试卷，论文 （可数）
experience 经验 (不可数） 经历（可数）
fruit水果总称 （不可数）
不同种类的水果；成果（可数）She says that she likes apples of all the fruits.
exercise 运动 （不可数） You should do more exercise.
指某项具体的运动，体操，练习（可数）Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.
补充： job（可数） work（不可数） news（不可数） newspaper (可数）
cake（可数） bread（不可数） suggestion（可数） advice (不可数）
vegetable蔬菜 (可数）
名词所有格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：
有生命的名词所有格：
一）单数在后面加’s 如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’ 如：Teachers’ Day； classmates’；
如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理 如： Children’s Day men’s clothes
Women’s Day sheep’s wool
三）两者共同所有在后一个名词后加’s
如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间）
分别拥有时，两个词后都加’s
Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）
无生命的名词所有格：
一）后面加’s Chengdu’s industries today’s news
二）of+名词 a map of China the leg of the table a story of a boy
三）用to不用of 常见的有：key answer way bridge exit entrance
the key to the door the exit to the building
双重所有格： an old friend of my uncle’s a photo of Jim’s family
注意：职业称谓，人名，词后用所有格表处所 at the barber’s at my uncle’s
专题二 冠词
冠词：用于名词前起泛指或特指的作用。
冠词分为：定冠词 the （特指某一个或某一些人或事物，相当于“这个，那个，这些或那些”）
不定冠词：a和an（用于发音以元音音素开头的单词前如 an hour）
定冠词the用法
1）特指某人或某物 The woman in red is our teacher.
2) 指双方都知道的人或物 Please open the door
3) 复述上文提到的人或物 He bought a house. The house lies near a lake.
4) 世上独一无二的事物the sun the moon the earth
5）用于序数词和形容词/副词最高级前 :和表示特指的比较级前
on the second floor the taller of the two girls;
6)用于某些形容词或分词前表一类人或物 the rich the sick the old the living(活着的人）
7）用在表乐器的名词前 play the piano
8) 用于姓氏的复数形式前 The Greens are eating dinner
9) 用于固定搭配 in the morning by the way
10) 用于普通名词构成的专有名词前 the Great Wall the North Street Hospital
11）在表示方向或方位的名词之前通常用定冠词 the
Newcastle upon Tyne is in the northeast of England.
不用冠词的情况
专有名词前 （如,China,Grade Two，MOm）
三餐饭，球类，棋类 名词前
不可数名词前不用冠词，但表特指可用定冠词，如：The air in the room is not fresh.
名词前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格则不用the
注意；在英语中，我国传统节日前要加the the Spring Festival，阳历的节日一般不加the
春节 the Spring Festival 元宵节the Lantern Festival
中秋节the Mid-Autumn Festival
不定冠词 a/an
a用在辅音素开头的单数名词前，如：a pencil(一支铅笔)，a book(一本书)；
a useful book [ju:sful] a “u” [ju:]
an用在元音音素开头的名词前
an eraser(一块橡皮) an hour [au] an “F” [ef]
(注意：有些单词以辅音字母开头，但发音为元音如 an honest man an hour)
专题三 数词
1.基数词的构成
（1）1-20 one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty
（2）21-99 先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字符。
23→twenty-three，34→thirty-four， 45→forty-five，
56→fifty-six， 67→sixty-seven， 78→seventy-eight，
89→eighty-nine，91→ninety-one
基数词记忆规则：1） 1-12 单独记
2）13-19词尾都是teen
3)20 30 40 等整十的基数词词尾都以ty结尾
4)“几十几”要加连字符“—”如：forty-eight
5)百位数和十位数之间用and 连接,121 one hundred and twenty-one
基数词变序数词口诀：一二三特殊记，
八去t 九去e
ve 要用 f 替, 见y 变为i和e
然后再加th，若是遇到几十几。只变个位就可以。
其余词尾都加th
（序数词见教材88页）
数词用法：用来给数字编号 No.1（1号）， No.3bus（3路公共汽车），
Room 103，（103号房间） Lesson Two（第二课）
表年份：2008年 two thousand and eight 1976年 nineteen seventy-six
1706 seventeen o six 1900 nineteen hundred
2000年 two thousand 20世纪70年代(in) the 1970s
(在)70 年代 (in) the seventies
表日期：12月1日 December1st
2011年11月8日 Nov.8th,2011；March 12,2018
表时刻：顺读法：（钟点+分钟）
8:00 eight (o’clock) 9:05 nine o five
7:15 seven fifteen 7:30 seven thirty
6:45 six forty-five 6:55 six fifty-five
倒读法：（分钟+to/past+时钟）
小于，等于30分钟 用past 6:10 ten past six
大于30分钟用to 7:50 ten to eight
小数读法：5.7 five point seven 0.16 zero point one six 9.18 nine point one eight
几个半读法：基数词+and a half + 名词复数=基数词+名词+and a half
一年半 one and a half years= a year and a half
百分数表达：基数词+% 百分号读作percent
56% fifty-six percent 100% one hundred percent
表示度量： six meters long/high/wide/deep/away
分数词的表达： 分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s
1/3-one third；2/5-two fifths 1/4 a quarter 3/4 three quarters 1/2 a half
顺序和编号： 序数词位于名词之前，并加定冠词，基数词位于名词之后。The twenty-six page/
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年代和年龄：in the+年份的复数表示“在几世纪几十年代”
in the 1980s 在二十世纪八十年代
In one’s+整十的复数 in his thirties 在他三十岁时
专题四 代词
人称代词与物主代词
人称 第一人称 单 数 第二人称 单 数 第三人称单数 第一人称 复 数 第二人称 复 数 第三人称 复 数
主格 I you he she it we you they
我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他（她、它）们
宾格 me you him her it us you them
我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他（她、它）们
形容词性物主代 词 my 我的 your 你的 his 他的 her 她的 its 它的 our 我们的 your 你们的 their 他（她、它）们的
名词性物主代 词 mine 我的 yours 你的 his 他的 hers 她的 its 它的 ours 我们的 yours 你们的 theirs 他（她、它）们的
人称代词用法：动词和介词后的人称代词用宾格.其余用主格
Call me.打电话给我 call 是动词所以人称代词用宾格me 不用主格I
It’s easy for me. for是介词所以人称代词用宾格me
物主代词用法：形容词性物主代词后必须跟名词，名词性物主代词放在句尾，后面不跟名词
____ book is on the desk.（我的） The pen is ____（我的）
____ ruler is in the pencil case.（她的） The hat is____（她的）
Is it （你的）？ jacket is yellow.（你的）
Is this _________ watch (you) No, it’s not _________ . ( I )
反身代词
人称 单数 复数
第一人称 myself ourselves
第二人称 yourself yourselves
herself
第三人称 himself themselves
itself
指示代词
单数 this that 复数 these those
不定代词
常见的 : some any no one none all every each other either neither
(a)few (a)little a lot of
注意：1)形容词修饰不定代词放在后　如：something nice
2)不定代词作主语时，谓语用单数 Nobody knows his name.
3) 单数 复数 单数
两者： neither（都不） both （（都） either 任何一个
三者或以上：none （都不） all（都） any 任何一个
either/neither of+名词/代词的复数+谓语动词的（第三人称单数形式）
4)one 替代上文提及的可数名词单数
This dress is too large and that one is too small
ones替代上文提及的名词复数
Are they the ones you saw last night
no one (没人）用来回答who
Who is absent from classes today No one,sir.
None (没有人或物）用来回答how many/much
How much money do you have None一点也没有
each (每个）强调个体 作主语，宾语 定语，同位语 （两者或两者以上）可与of 搭配
every (每个）强调整体，只能作定语 （三者或三者以上）不可与of搭配
疑问代词
常见的： who whom which what whose
关系代词
常见的：who whose that which whom
相互代词
one another（三者及以上相互） They help one another
each other（两者相互） We should learn from each other
专题五 介词
常用介词的用法：
方式介词：with 用法 用具体的东西 with a pen
和...一起 She lives with her family
表原因 with his help, I passed the exam
表从属关系 具有，带有，在...身边 the girl with sunglasses
by用法： 1）通过...方式（途径）by doing sth I learn English by listening to tapes.
2）在...旁边 I live by the river
3）乘坐某种交通工具 by bus
4）在...之前，到...为止 I have to go back by ten o’clock.
5）被 English is spoken by many people.
in 用法: 1)用在世纪 ，年份， 月份前及一天中的某部分
in the twentieth century in winter in 2005 in May in the morning
2）在...内/在某地（大地方）
Taiwan is in the south of China. in Shanghai
3).用...语言，原料 in English
4）in +时间段（用于将来时）
She will arrive here in two hours.
5)在...方面He is the top student in math study.
6）穿 She is in blue uniform
7）进入=into go in the cinema
其他介词 ：for的用法
1）给……的
Is this apple for me 这个苹果是给我的吗？
Here is a letter for your mother. 这儿有你妈妈的一封信。
2）作……用（表用途）
Do you need bags for sports 你需要运动包吗？
I need a cup for milk. 我需要一个装牛奶的杯子。
3）就……而言，对于……来说
For lunch, I like hamburgers and salad. 午饭我喜欢汉堡和沙拉。
For girls, we have T-shirts in all colors.女孩子们可以买到各种颜色的T恤衫。
It’s easy for me.这对我来说挺容易的。
4）以……的价格（表交换、价格）
You can buy socks for only 5 dollars each. 你可以买到每双只卖5美元的袜子。
5)表目的 “为”
We have some interesting and fun things for you this term.本学期我们为大家安排了一些有趣又好玩的活动。
6）for +一段时间 表示“持续某段时间”
I have learned English for three years.
7) 由于，因为
Thanks for inviting me.
at 用法 :用在具体的时刻或固定短语前 at five o’clock at noon at night
在某地小地方 at a hotel
在某个时刻 at 6:00a.m at weekends
固定词组 如：at midnight 在午夜 at once立刻
on 用在具体的某一天，星期，节日前
on Sunday on a sunny day on the morning of May4th
在...上(表某物上面并与之接触）在...边 （接壤）
on the desk China faces the Pacific on the east
关于 She likes reading books on many different subjects.
以某种方式 talk on the phone on foot
since+时间点（自从） We lived here since 2005.
+ 从句（从句用过去式） I have learned English since I was ten.
+ 时间段+ago I have learned English since three years ago.
to 用法 某地范围之外 Japan is to the east of China.
向（某处），去（某地） carry the books to the classroom
给予， 对于...（表目的，对象，属性）a danger to one’s health
...的 the bridge to the knowledge
差 a quarter to ten
above用法 在...上方 The light is above us. （反义词 below）
超过，在....以上 She is above me in English study.
as 用法 作为 She got a job as a nurse.
（ 作连词用 ）按照 Please do it as I told you
（ 作连词用 ）一边...一边 She sang as she worked
about 关于 Let’s talk about soccer.
大约 about two weeks
across 横过 （物体表面通过）
在...对面 across from
through 穿过 （物体空间经过）
over 从上方跨过 jump over the wall
在......正上方 （反义词 under）
There is a boat over the river.
past 从旁边经过 walk past the window
过了...时间 half past ten
against 反对...(与for相反） Are you against my plan
紧靠，倚在 A piano stood against the wall
撞击，碰撞 The rain beat against the window.
around 环绕 ，在周围
大约 The price is around 10yuan
round 围绕 The earth moves round the sun.
except 除...之外 (不包括在内） All the students went to the zoo except me
besides 除...之外 (包括在内） I have few friends besides you.
beside 在...旁边 Who sat beside you
but 除...之外（=except常用于不定代词之后） I have nothing but a book.
注意：.in , on , to表方位
in(范围内)；on(范围外且接壤)；to(范围外但不接壤)。可表示为下图的位置关系
eg.1)Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 2)Hubei is on the north of Hunan.
3)Japan is to the east of China
专题六 连词
并列连词
表并列的有 and, both…and, either…or, neither…nor， not only…but also, as well as等。
表转折的有：but, however, while (而)，only (只不过)。or否则
表示选择关系的有 or, or else, otherwise…
表示前因后果的有：for, so, therefore (因此)，then等。
? 从属连词
引导时间状语从句有：when while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until, till (等)
注：1 as引导时间状语从句，从句中的动作与主句同时发生，从句动词可用延续性动词也可用瞬间动词。强调 “一边…一边”She sang as she worked.
2 when 当…时候， when 引导的主从句动作可同时发生也可先后发生。
主句用过去进行时： When I got home,my mother was cooking.
While当…时候，while引导的主从句动作同时发生,while 从句中动词必须是延续性动词
从句用过去进行时：While the girl was shopping,the alien got out.
3 时间状语从句,从句与主句的关系：主将从现，主过从过
I’ll wait for you before you come back.
The child didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.
I’ll call you as soon as I get there.
引导原因状语有:because, since, as, now that (既然)。(等)
Since /As I have no money,I can’t buy a new car.
引导目的状语从句的有：so that, in order that (等)
She got up early so that she could catch the bus.
引导结果状语从句的有：so that, so…that, such…that, (等)
Such+(a/an)+adj+n+that 从句=so+adj/adv+that从句
It was such a warm day that we all went swimming.
She was so sad that she couldn’t say a word.
引导让步状语从句的 though although even if even though (等)
（though although 与but 不能连用）
引导比较状语从句：than as...as (等)
引导宾语从句：that if whether
引导条件状语从句： if unless as long as (只要)
（条件状语从句：从句与主句的关系：主将从现）
If you wear jeans,the teachers won’t let you in
专题七 形容词和副词
形容词用法： 用在名词前作定语 She is a kind woman.
用在系动词后作表语 Our class is big.
作宾语补足语 I find it interesting to study English.
只能作表语的形容词：alone awake alive well(健康的) ill frightened（害怕的）等
The boy is ill√ The ill boy is here.×
只能作定语的形容词: little only wooden woolen elder
My elder brother is in Beijing √ My brother is elder.×
3) 既作形容词又作副词的：slow early alone late fast hard well
4)貌似副词的形容词 ：lonely friendly lively lovely daily likely silly等
5）ing 形式的形容词，主语是物“使人感到....”；
ed形式的形容词，主语是人“感到....的”
副词用法：用在动词后作状语 He walked quietly into his bedroom.
用在形容词前作状语 I have a very nice watch.
用在副词前作状语 You walked too slowly.
1）地点副词：here there north south over home above near outside等
2) 时间副词： now today yesterday tomorrow once yet already recently soon等
3)方式副词：politely fast suddenly carefully等
4)频度副词： always often never twice等
5)程度副词：quite little very too enough hardly等
6）疑问副词：how when why where how long how soon how far how often等
注意相似副词的区别： hard 努力地 hardly 几乎不 wide 宽阔的 widely 广泛地 high 高高地 highly 高度地 late 迟地，晚地 lately近来，最近
near 接近地 nearly几乎，差不多
形容词和副词的比较级/最高级
规则变化：1）一般加er/est，
2）以不发音的e结尾的加r或st
3) 以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写末尾字母再加er/est
如：big—bigger biggest fat —fatter fattest hot— hotter hottest
4) 以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i 再加er或est，
5）部分双音节或多音节词前加more 或most
如：slowly excited popular quickly clearly friendly delicious
interesting easily carefully
不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
little less least
many/much more most
far farther, further farthest, furthest
三个等级的用法：
原级注意：1)表示“和...一样的...” as+形容词/副词原级+as
如： He works as hard as we.
2)“不如...”not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as
如:He doesn’t work as /so hard as we.
比较级注意：1）比较级+than+比较对象 She is taller than me
2）比较级+and+ 比较级 more and more
3）The+比较级，the+比较级；
The more you read,the fast you’ll be 你读得越多，你阅读的速度就会越快
4）比较级+than any other+单数名词
Bob is taller than any other boy in his class.
5） 比较级前常用的修饰词有much, far, even, a bit still等。
6）表达倍数是...几倍 用 twice/three times+as...as
His age is three times as old as mine.
最高级注意：the+最高级+of/in…；
He jumped(the) highest of the three boys.
Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
( 注意：of + 个体名词单、复数 in + 集合名词 )
one of the+最高级+名词复数；
English is one of the most important languages.
the+序数词+形容词/副词最高级 表第几
The Yellow River is the second longest river..
专题八 动词
动词分类：1）实义动词
分为：及物动词（须跟宾语才能表达完整的意思。）如：need want
不及物动词（不能直接接宾语，能独立做谓语）
Mike likes Chinese.(及物动词) In 2008,the earthquake happened. (不及物动词)
有的动词既可以作及物动词，也可以作不及物动词。
She can sing a song. She sings very well.
2) (连）系动词 （不能独立作谓语必须跟形容词作表语一起构成谓语）
常见的系动词包括：
表示主语状态的： be动词 如： am is are was were
表主语继续保持一种状态或态度：keep stay remain
表示感官的：...起来 如：sound look smell taste feel (摸起来、觉得）
表转变的词 如： grow get turn become
3）助动词 do does did
（本身无词义与实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语用来表否定，疑问。）
be do have 帮助谓语构成不同的时态和语态
4) 情态动词：（本身有一定意义，须跟动词原形一起构成谓语。）
包括：can may must need shall should will have to had better等
can 过去式 could"能，可能"否定式 can’t/ couldn’t不可能
表推测，怀疑 常用于否定句或疑问句中
Can the news be true Today is Sunday,He can’t be at work.
2）表能力，"能，会"可与be able to 互换，be able to 有更多时态
I can dance.
3)表许可，请求 常用于问句
Could you please make some room for me？句中"could"不表过去而是委婉语气.
may 过去式 might "可以"否定式 may not “可能不”
1） 表许可 肯定回答 Yes,please/Certainly 否定回答 No,you mustn’t
如： May I come in Yes,please. No,you mustn’t
2)表推测 常用于肯定句和否定句 might 可能性更小
It may be in your bag. She may not know the answer.
3) 表祝愿 May you all succeed in everything.
must 1）表义务主观意愿 “必须”（客观have to）
进行提问时，肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t 因为mustn’t 意思是“不准”
Must we clean the room before we leave
Yes,you must. No,you needn’t/No,you don’t have to
2)表推测“一定”只用于肯定句 如： Mary must be ill.
进行提问时，肯定回答用must,否定回答用can’t
Must she be in the room Yes,she must . No,she can,t.
need “需要“1）作情态动词，后跟动词原形即 need do sth 否定式 needn’t “没必要”
进行提问时，肯定回答用must 否定回答用needn’t
Need we do some cleaning now Yes,you must. No, you needn’t.
2)作实义动词用于need to do sth 需要做某事
否定式 don’t/doesn’t/didn’t need (to do sth.）不需要做某事
练习：You_ to my home tomorrow if you want to visit your grandmother.
A needn’t to come B don’t need come
C needn’t come D don’t need not to come
should 提出建议和忠告“应该”否定式shouldn’t
I think you should eat less junk food.
表推测“应该会，可能会”
We should arrive before dark.
Would 作情态动词，无人称限制，表意愿，常与like love 连用
专题九 非谓语动词
非谓语动词指在句子中不能充当谓语的动词.
包括：动词不定式 动名词 分词（现在分词 过去分词）
动词不定式的构成 肯定式：to+动原 否定式：not to +动原
作主语 To ask the teacher for help is necessary.
It’s our duty to clean the room everyday.
作宾语 I hope to get there before dark.
He found it very difficult to fall asleep.
3) 作宾补 （用于宾语后，起补充，说明作用，其否定式在to 前加not)
The teacher told us to carry books. She told me not to forget to do homework.
作状语 Eat a balanced diet to stay healthy.（表目的）
Paul is too excited to say anythings.(表结果）
I’m sorry to trouble you.(表原因）
5) 作定语：常置于被修饰的名词之后作后置定语，且被修饰的名词与不定式的动词有动宾关系或介宾关系。
He wants some water to drink.(动宾）
He has no friends to talk with.(介宾）(with)不可省。+
注意： 当不定式修饰的名词是time,place 或way 时，不定式后的介词习惯省去。如:
He had no place to live (in)
6) 作表语：Their duty is to look after animals.
另外：疑问词+动词不定式，可作宾语/主语/表语等
I don’t know what to wear.(作宾语） Where to go has not been decided.（作主语）
动名词 具有名词性质，在句子中作主语，表语，宾语，定语等
动词原形+ing 构成
1)作主语：Smoking is bad for your health.
2)作宾语： I like playing soccer.
3）作表语：My job is looking after the patients.
4）作定语：There is a swimming pool here
dancing club
分词的构成：现在分词 动词原形+ing 构成 现在分词有主动，进行之意
分词在句中作定语，表语，宾语补足语和状语。
Do you know the boy standing under the tree (作定语）
Every night,they sit on the sofa watching football matches.(作状语）
The idea is exciting.(作表语）
We saw a plane flying overhead.(作宾语补足语）
过去分词： 动词原形+ed构成 过去分词有被动，表状态或已经完成的动作
Mrs Brown came in, followed by her elder son.(作状语)
Everybody gets excited about the boat trip.(作表语)
3)He’ll have his hair cut after school.(作宾语补足语）
4）The surprised look on her face was scaring.(作定语）
coloured pens
专题十 动词的时态和语态
（一）时态
1）一般现在时：主要有以下三方面，① 用来表示状态，客观真理。
如： I am a student. The earth moves around the sun.?
标志：often（经常）,usually（通常）,sometimes（有时）,always（总是）,never（从不）,
on Sundays（在星期天）， every day/month/year（每一天/月/年）
?② 表示习惯性和经常发生的动作，如：I often go to bed at 9∶３０.?
当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要加s 或es;规则如下：
A :一般情况 + s : help-helps like-likes play-plays等
B: 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词 + es teach-teaches watch-watches
C:以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i + es: study-studies
E :以o结尾的动词也加-es go-goes do-does
F:特殊have_has
(在某些以 here,there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。
Here comes a bus.）
一般过去时：①　主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，
如：I was ill last week
? 标志: yesterday（昨天）、 two days ago…（两天前…… ）、 last year…（去年…）、 the other day（前几天）、once upon a time（很久以前）、 just now（刚才）、 When I was 8 years old（当我八岁时…）.
表现形式：动词用过去式（规则变化和不规则变化两种）
a)规则变化：（1）一般情况+ed 如：pulled visited
(2)以不发音e字母结尾的单词+d 如：liked, danced
(3)以辅音字母＋y结尾：变y为i＋ed, 如： worried,studied
(4)重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写词尾字母+ed,
如：stopped,shopped
b)不规则变化参考不规则动词表
3） 一般将来时：用于表示将要发生的动作，或状态
如：I will go shopping tomorrow.
I will be eighteen years old next year.
表示打算。计划，决定要做某事
结构：ｗill (shall)+动词原形
be going to+动词原形 如：?I'm going to swim this afternoon?
(这些动词只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等表示位置移动的词。）?
4）现在进行时：用于表示现在正在进行的动作，如：Look,the boy is playing soccer.
表目前一段时间内正在进行的动作 如： The students are preparing for the exam.
某些动词的现在进行时表示将来，如：?I'm coming.
(这些动词只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等表示位置移动的词。）?标志: look, listen, now, at the moment（此刻），at＋钟点（at five）
结构:be(am/is/are)+动词的现在分词(doing)
现在分词的构成：
（1）.直接加-ing: eat-eating,sing-singing
（2）.以不发音字母e结尾，去e加ing: take-taking
（3）.两辅夹一元的重读闭音节结尾的单词双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ing.
如：sit, put, begin, run, swim, stop, get, shop,get
（4）变ie为y,再加ing ：如：lie-lying,die-dying
5）? 过去将来时：过去某个时间将要发生的动作或状态
结构:would/should+动词原形 was/were going to +动词原形
如： He told me he would come to my party?
过去进行时：表示过去某一时间或某段时间正在进行的动作。
结构:was/were +v.ing
现在完成时：表动作发生在过去，强调对现在造成的影响和产生的结果
表动作从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态 常与for/since引导的短语或
从句连用。
I have studied swimming for two weeks.
We have lived here since two years ago.
结构:have/has+动词过去分词
标志性单词：already (肯定句 yet (疑问句或否定句）ever just never since then 自从那以后
over the years多年来
现在完成进行时：表从过去开始并持续到现在的动作，这一动作可能到现在仍在继续， 并
有可能持续下去。
结构:have/has been+v.ing
过去完成时：表过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，即发生在过去
的过去，常和by before 等词组成的短语和从句连用。
He said he had learned English for two years.
表本希望，打算做的，但却没做，常与hope want mean plan think
suppose expect 等词的过去完成时+to do 连用。
I had planned to go but I didn’t have time.
结构： had+动词过去分词
注意： A表具体行为的动词有延续性动词和非延续性动词之分，延续性动词在完成时中能
与表示一段时间的状语连用，而非延续性动词则不能。
I have bought a pen for 2 weeks.× The dog has died since last week.×
I have had a pen for 2 weeks. √ The dog has been dead since last week.√
B 常用的非延续性动词对应的延续性动词转变如下：
go_be away come_be here come back_be back leave_be away/be not here
buy_have borrow_keep begin_be on finish_be over open_be open
close_be closed become_be join_be in/be...a member die_be dead
C 非延续性动词的否定式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用
I haven’t seen you for a long time.
（二）语态
动词有两种语态：主动和被动
被动语态
●定义：被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
●用法：物作主语时 ；句意需要； 有些动词习惯上常用被动语态如：I was born in 1990.
●标志：by +人 （被某人，由某人）
●结构：be＋及物动词的过去分词
●主动语态变被动语态：
1.把原句的宾语变为主语
2.把原句的谓语变为被动形式，即：be＋及物动词的过去分词
3.原句主语如果需要放在by后面，也可省略。
Eg: Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
The telephone was invented by Bell in 1876.
各种时态的被动语态：
一般现在时 am/is/are + pp. 一般过去时 was /were + pp.
一般将来时 will be + pp. am/is/are going to be+ pp.
现在进行时 am/is/are being+ pp. 过去进行时：was/were being+p.p
现在完成时have/has been +pp. 过去完成时: had + been+p.p
情态动词 情态动词 (could/should /can等) be + pp.
动词不定式被动语态：to be+p.p
被动语态否定式为be not + pp.
情态动词被动语态否定式为 情态动词＋not be + pp.
注意： 1当主动句中的谓语是 听 (listen to hear)
使役 (let have make) 看(see watch look at notice)变为被动时，要加 to
The boss made them work the whole day. (主动）
They were made to work the whole day. （被动）
She saw a stranger walk into the building.
A stranger was seen to walk into the building by her.
2 happen, take place不能用于被动语态
An accident was happened yesterday.× An accident happened yesterday.√
3 含有双宾语的主动句变为被动语态时，主动句中指物的是直接宾语 指人的是间接宾语。可变间接宾语。也可变直接宾语　但要在间宾前要加to 或 for 。
He told her a long story. She was told a long story. A long story was told to her.
Mother bought me a new coat. I was bought a new coat. A new coat was bought for me
4表感觉、状态、变化的系动词没有被动语态。如：feel, appear, grow等。
5某些连系动词如：look smell taste feel sound等描述事物特性的时候，用主动语态表被动意义。如：This kind of book sells well. The cake tastes good.
6. be worth doing 结构中，doing 用主动语态表示被动意义 This book is worth reading.
7.need doing 相当于need to be done 意为 需要被做 ，用主动语态表示被动意义。
The house needs cleaning.=The house needs to be cleaned.
8 表示客观的说明常用“It is +动词的过去分词”
It is reported that...据报道 It is supposed that......据猜测
It is believed that...大家相信 It is suggested that....有人建议
It is well known that.... 众所周知 It is thought that大家认为
练习： Rooms (clean) by me every day.
Rooms (clean) by me yesterday.
Rooms (clean) by me tomorrow.
Rooms (clean) by me at this time yesterday.
Rooms (clean) by me for two hours.
Rooms (clean) by me now.
专题十一 主谓一致
表“时间、距离、金钱、长度”的名词短语做主语时应看作一个整体，视为三单
eg. Two months is quite a long time.
people; police形单实为复，作主为复
eg. The police are looking for the missing boy.
3.maths, news, physics形复实为单，作主为单
4.family; class看作整体时作主语为单数；看作整体中的各成员时则为复数。
eg. 1)My family is a big one. 2)My family are watching TV.
5.由with, except, as well as连接的两名词作主语，谓语由前者决定
eg. The teacher with his students is going to Beijing tomorrow.
由neither…nor; either…or; not only…bout also连接的两名词作主语，谓语由后者决定
eg.：Neither he nor I am a teacher.
不定代词（something; anything; nothing; someone; anyone; everyone…）作主语为三单
Nobody knows it except me.
One of + 复名… 作主语为单数
eg. One of my friends is a computer engineer.
9.“the +姓的复数”作主语为复数eg. The Lius are watching TV now.
10.sheep; deer; fish单复同形，注意区别作主语是单还是复
eg. 1)There are many sheep on the hill.
2)Milk ____ white, and sheep ______ white, too. (be填空)
11.there be结构中，如果有两个以上的名词作主语，则be应与最接近的那个名词一致。（即：靠近原则）
1)There ____a box and some pens on the desk.
2)There ____some pens and a box on the desk.
either, neither, each作主语为三单
Neither of the twins ______(like) drawing.
13.由两部分构成的事物名词（trousers, glasses, chopsticks）作主语为复数，但当前面有pair短语修饰时，则谓语由pair的单复数来决定谓语。
eg.1)Where ____(be) my glasses 2)That pair of trousers ____(be) Mr. Green’s
14 带分数的短语作句子的主语时，谓语动词的单复数与分数后的名词保持一致。
Two fifths of the apple is eaten. Two fifths of the apples are red.
15 here引导的句子，主语不止一个，谓语和最邻近的主语一致。
Here__a pen and some paper for you.这儿有一只钢笔和一些纸给你。（is）
专题十二 句子
句子按结构分：简单句 （只含有一个主谓结构的句子）
并列句 （含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接）
The food was good,but I have no money to buy.
复合句(包含一个主句和一个从句或几个从句的句子)
简单句：陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 倒装句 反意疑问句
祈使句 :表达命令，要求 请求或劝告等的句子。
1）以动词原形或Don’t+动词原形开头
2）以let开头的祈使句 let’s do sth
3)以no开头的祈使句 No parking.
反意疑问句：即陈述句+附加疑问句构成
变反意疑问句 前肯后否，前否后肯
Mary is a teacher,isn’t she
注意：A当陈述部分为否定句反意疑问部分为肯定句时，
其回答与汉语相反 yes “不” ;no “是”
B当陈述句中有表否定的词时（如：nothing nobody never hardly ）
则附加疑问句用肯定式
C 当陈述部分是there be句型时，反意疑问部分主语用be(not)there
D宾语从句变反意疑问句，如果主句主语是第一人称，则反意疑问句以从句为主，
如果主句主语不是第一人称，以主句为主。
I think he is a good student,isn’t he
You think he is a good student,don’t you
并列句：由and but or for so 等连词把两个或以上意思紧密联系的简单句连在一起构成的句子。
如：I’m very poor,but I have many friends.
复合句：宾语从句 状语从句 定语从句
状语从句： 时间状语从句：（引导词： when while after before until as soon as since等）
When you are crossing the street,you must be careful.
条件状语从句：if unless as long as
If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.
地点状语从句：where wherever everywhere anywhere nowhere等
You can go anywhere you like.
原因状语从句：because, since, as , now that等
He didn’t go to school because he was ill.
让步状语从句：Though although as no matter even if even though等
Though he’s old,he still works hard.
结果状语从句so...that... ，such..that...等
Our father worked so hard that we were all worried about him.
目的状语从句：so that, in order that等
She took medicine on time so that she might get well soon.
比较状语从句：as..as...,not as/so...as....,more...than...,the...the...等
His elder sister is as tall as his mother.
方式状语从句： as,as if,等
It looks as if it is going to rain.
宾语从句：在复合句中作主句动词或介词的宾语
连接词 A 由that 引导陈述意义的宾语从句 that可省
He says (that) he is at home.
B由 if /whether（是否）引导一般疑问意义的宾语从句
I don’t know if/whether WeiHua likes fish.
He won’t decide whether to go abroad until next year.(当后面是动词不定式时，只能用whether.)
Please let me know whether or not you will attend the meeting.(当后面有or not时，只能用whether.
I’m not interested in whether you will come.(当位于介词后时，只能用whether.）
C 由特殊疑问词引导特殊意义的宾语从句
Do you know what he wants to buy
宾语从句注意： 从句用陈述句语序
主句为一般现在时，从句可用任何时态
She says (that) she will come tomorrow.
主句为一般过去时，从句用过去的某种时态
She said (that) she went to school every day.
当宾语从句陈述的是客观真理时，从句时态用一般现在时
Our teacher told us that the moon is smaller than the earth.
宾语从句的否定转移：
宾语从句中，当主句谓语动词为think, believe, expect imagine,suppose等时，主语为I或we 时，从句中表示否定意义的not应移到这些谓语动词之前。主语不是I或we，则not不前移。
She thinks she can’t arrive here on time.
I don’t expect it will be hot tomorrow.
定语从句
定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的连词叫关系词 定语从句放在先行词后面
结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句
I like music that I can dance to.
I can dance to 定语从句 music 先行词 that 关系词
关系词分为：关系代词 关系副词
当先行词是人时用指人的关系代词
当先行词是物时用指物的关系代词
关系代词
指人
that （在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略）
who（ 在从句中作主语）
whom( 在从句中作宾语)
1）. I love singers who /that write their own songs. （作从句主语）
2）. He is the man whom /that I met yesterday. （作从句宾语）
指物
which ， (在从句中作主语或宾语）
that (在从句中作主语或宾语,that作主语时不可省。）
1） .I prefer a sandwich that/which is really delicious. （作从句主语）
I like music that/which I can dance to. (在从句中作宾语)
只能使用“that”的情况：
当先行词为anything，everything，all few等不定代词时，
例：Is there anything that I can do for you (我能给你做点什么吗？)
当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时，
例：This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had. (这是我度过的最美好的时光。)
当先行词是序数词修饰时，
He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。
当先行词被 the only， the very the last the same little no 等修饰时
It will be the last chance that he can get.(这将会是他得到的唯一机会。)
He is the only person that can help you out.(他是唯一能帮你的人。)
先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能使用“that”。
例：They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.(他们谈论他们记得的有关学校的事和人。)
关系副词： when(作时间状语） where (作地点状语） why （作原因状语）
Eg: Do you remember the day when we went to Shanghai.
I have been to the school where she works.
She didn’t tell us the reason why she came here late.
形式主语句型：
1)It’s+adj+(for/of)sb+to do sth
It’s hard for us to learn English well.
It’s very nice of you to get me two tickets for the World Cup.
(表示人物品质的形容词nice/kind/clever/good/right/wrong/foolish/careless等用of.)
It’s+n+(for sb)+to do sth
It’s our duty to clean the room every day.
It’s+adj+that从句
It’s important that we should learn English well.
It’s+n+that从句
It’s a pity that we won’t be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.
It’s+过去分词+that从句
It’s said that tea was invented by accident.
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