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译林版（2024）八年级上册英语 Unit6 单元语法知识点 讲义
动词及基本句型(I)
英语中按句子的结构可分三种：简单句 (simple sentence)；并列句 (compound sentence)和复合句 (complex sentence)。
简单句是只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。如：
Mary opened the door. He often reads English in the morning.(只包含一个主谓结构。)
Amy and his friend are coming to dinner. Tom and Mike are American boys.(两个主语和一个谓语。)
Mary opened the door and greeted the guests. (一个主语和两个谓语。)
句子的基本组成部分为：主语（S）、动词（V）和宾语（O）。英语中的动词可以分为行为动词（也称实义动词），连系动词，助动词和情态动词。行为动词在句中能单独作谓语；连系动词、助动词、情态动词不能独立作谓语。
行为动词
行为动词有实在的意义,可在句中独立充当谓语,表示动作或状态。行为动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
不及物动词本身意义完整, 无须接宾语。由这类动词构成的句子结构为S+V(主+谓)。如: We all laughed.我们都笑了.
Peter is swimming in the pool now.彼得现在正在泳池里游泳。
及物动词本身意义不够完整, 后面需接宾语。由这类动词构成的句子结构是S+V+O(主+谓+宾)。如:
Kitty will watch a film this Sunday. 基蒂这个星期天会去看电影。
The restaurant serves many traditional Chinese dishes.这家餐馆供应许多传统的中国菜。
连系动词
连系动词主要指be动词、感官动词(look, sound, feel, smell, taste)、表示“变,变成”的动词(become, get, grow, tum)、表示“保持”的动词(remain, keep, stay)和表示“似乎”的动词(seem, appear)等。
连系动词本身具有词义,但意义不完整, 后需接表语。通常结构为S+V+P(主+系+表)。如: He is a teacher.他是一位教师。
The story sounds very interesting.这个故事听起来很有趣。
Her face turned red.她的脸变红了。
China remains unchanged in building good relationships with other countries.中国同其他国家建立良好关系的决心没有改变。
动词及基本句型(II)
有些及物动词后面可以跟两个宾语,其中一个指人,一个指物;指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。由这类动词构成的句子结构是S+V+0+0(主+谓+宾+宾)。如:
He showed me his driving licence.他向我出示了他的驾照。(me是间接宾语, his driving licence是直接宾语)
I will buy you some flowers.我会给你买一些花。
在含有双宾语的结构中,当直接宾语在间接宾语之前时,间接宾语常可改成一个由to或for引导的短语。如:
He gave me some food. 他给了我一些食物。= He gave some food to me.
I will make Grandpa some jiaozi. 我要给爷爷包些饺子。= I will make some jiaozi for Grandpa.
注意:能与to搭配的动词有bring, feed, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, post, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, write等。能与for搭配的动词有bring, build, buy, cook, find, get, leave, make, order, pick, save等。
有些及物动词后面常跟宾语补足语,用来补充说明宾语的行为或状态等。这样构成的句子结构是S+V+0+C(主+谓+宾+宾补)。如: I saw him crossing the street. 我看见他在过马路。
注意:宾语补足语常由形容词、名词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式、动词不定
式来充当。如:We call them mooncakes.我们把它们叫作月饼。
I had my computer repaired yesterday, 我昨天找人修好了我的电脑。
拓展：
一、总结：简单句的五种基本句型(Using the five kinds of sentence structures)：
1. S+V (主＋谓)
2. S+V+P (主＋系＋表)
3. S+V+O (主＋谓＋宾)
4. S+V+IO+DO (主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
5. S+V+DO+OC (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
二、比较下列句子：
He's getting angry. 他生气了。 Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）
You'll get a surprise. 你会得到一个惊喜。Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）
I found the book easily. 我很容易就找到了那本书。S + V + O + AD(主＋谓＋宾＋状语)
I found the book easy. 我发现这本书很容易（读）。S + V + O + OC (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
He often looks very careful. 他经常看起来非常仔细。 S + V + P（主＋系＋表）
He often looks carefully at me. 他常常仔细地打量我。 S + V+ O (主＋谓＋宾)
巩固练习：将下列句子按照五种句型归类，将其序号填写在横线上。
1. A slashie is someone good at many different Jobs.
2. Maybe you have a point.
3. You will find my suggestions useful.
4. The rain has stopped.
5. The reserve gives wildlife an ideal home.
6. Now my room looks great.
7. Sandy thought herself a good birdwatcher.
8. Xiwang couldn't see, hear or even move.
9. He offered me his valuable advice.
10. He made a mistake.
S+V ________________________________
S+V+P _________________________________
S+V+O __________________________________
S+V+IO+DO _________________________________
S+V+DO+OC _________________________________
答案：
S+V ________4 & 8________________________
S+V+P ________1 & 6_________________________
S+V+O _______ 2 & 10___________________________
S+V+IO+DO ________5 & 9_________________________
S+V+DO+OC _______ 3 & 7 _________________________

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