高中英语句子结构分析及练习 导学案(含答案)--2026届高考英语复习

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高中英语句子结构分析及练习 导学案(含答案)--2026届高考英语复习

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高中英语句子结构分析及练习
英语句子结构分析是理解语言逻辑的核心,学会精准分析英语句子结构,可以助力精准理解长难句,破解阅读障碍,提升语法应用能力,减少写作错误,帮助快速抓住句子核心,提高解题效率,为听说等综合能力打下基础,增强语言运用准确性。我们可以通过 “先抓主干、再析修饰、分层拆解” 的思路突破。以下从简单句成分划分和复杂句结构拆解两方面,结合具体技巧和例子详细说明:
一、简单句成分划分:先抓 “主谓宾” 主干,再补 “定状补” 修饰
简单句的核心是 “主谓宾”(SVO),其他成分(定语、状语、补语)均为修饰语。分析时需遵循 “先主干后修饰” 的原则,避免被冗余信息干扰。
1. 找谓语:句子的 “心脏”,确定动作或状态
谓语是句子中表示动作或状态的动词(或动词短语),是识别主干的关键。
◆特点:时态、语态变化的核心,不能省略(祈使句省略主语,谓语仍存在)。
◆技巧:排除非谓语动词(to do/doing/done)和介词短语中的动词(如 in doing 中的 doing 是介词宾语,不是谓语)。
例 1:She is reading a novel in the library.
→ 谓语是 “is reading”(现在进行时,表动作)。
例 2:The cake tastes delicious.
→ 谓语是 “tastes”(系动词,表状态,后接表语)。
2. 找主语:动作的发出者或状态的主体
主语通常是名词、代词、动名词(doing)、不定式(to do)或从句,位于谓语动词之前(倒装句除外)。
◆技巧:用 “谁 / 什么 + 谓语动作” 提问,答案即为主语。
例 1:My sister likes painting.
→ 问 “谁喜欢画画?”→ 主语是 “My sister”。
例 2:To finish the task on time is our goal.
→ 问 “什么是我们的目标?”→ 主语是 “To finish the task on time”(不定式作主语)。
3. 找宾语:动作的承受者(仅及物动词后有宾语)
宾语通常是名词、代词、动名词、不定式或从句,位于及物动词之后。
◆技巧:用 “谓语动作 + 什么 / 谁” 提问,答案即为宾语。
例 1:He bought a new car.
→ 问 “他买了什么?”→ 宾语是 “a new car”。
例 2:I know what he did yesterday.
→ 问 “我知道什么?”→ 宾语是 “what he did yesterday”(宾语从句)。
4. 识别修饰成分:定、状、补(补充主干细节)
◆定语:修饰名词或代词(“的” 字前的成分),常由形容词、代词、介词短语、定语从句等充当。
例:The girl in red(介词短语作定语) is my classmate.
技巧:去掉定语,句子主干仍完整(“The girl is my classmate” 仍成立)。
◆状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子(表时间、地点、原因、方式等),常由副词、介词短语、状语从句等充当。
例:She runs fast(副词作状语) in the morning(介词短语作时间状语).
技巧:去掉状语,句子主干意思不变(“She runs” 仍完整)。
◆补语:补充说明主语或宾语的状态(“主补” 或 “宾补”),常见于 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补” 结构(如 make/keep/find 等动词后)。
例:We made him our monitor(宾补,补充说明 “him” 的身份).
技巧:补语与被补充的成分(主语 / 宾语)存在逻辑上的 “主系表” 关系(“him is our monitor” 逻辑成立)。
二、复杂句结构分析:拆解 “主句 + 从句” 的嵌套逻辑
复杂句由 “主句(独立成句)+ 从句(依赖主句,充当句子成分)” 构成,核心是先找主句主干,再逐层分析从句。
1. 第一步:判断从句类型(按功能划分)
从句按在句中充当的成分,分为名词性从句(主、宾、表、同位语)、定语从句(修饰名词)、◆状语从句(修饰动作或句子)。
识别标志:
◆名词性从句:常由 that/whether/what/when 等引导,在句中作名词用(如主语、宾语)。
◆定语从句:常由 that/which/who/where 等引导,紧跟被修饰的名词(先行词)。
◆状语从句:常由 if/when/because/though 等引导,表时间、条件、原因等逻辑。
2. 第二步:剥离主句主干,定位从句位置
技巧:先排除所有从句(找到引导词,划到从句结束),剩下的部分即为主句,再分析主句的主谓宾。
例:Although he is tired(状语从句), he keeps working(主句谓语) because he wants to finish the project(状语从句).
→ 剥离从句后,主句是 “he keeps working”(主语 he,谓语 keeps working,无宾语)。
3. 第三步:逐层分析从句内部结构(按简单句规则)
从句本身也是 “迷你简单句”,包含自己的主谓宾。需先确定从句在主句中充当的成分,再分析从句内部的成分。
例:I think(主句谓语) that the girl who is wearing a hat(定语从句,修饰 “the girl”) is his sister(宾语从句,作 “think” 的宾语).
◆主句:I think that...(主语 I,谓语 think,宾语是后面的从句)。
◆宾语从句:the girl... is his sister(主语 the girl,谓语 is,表语 his sister)。
◆定语从句:who is wearing a hat(主语 who,谓语 is wearing,宾语 a hat)。
4. 处理嵌套从句:“先外后内,层层拆解”
当从句内部还包含从句(如 “定语从句里套状语从句”),需从最外层主句开始,逐层向内分析。
例:The fact that he told us(定语从句,修饰 “fact”) that he would leave(同位语从句,解释 “fact” 内容) when he graduates(状语从句,表时间) surprised everyone.
◆主句:The fact... surprised everyone(主语 The fact,谓语 surprised,宾语 everyone)。
◆外层从句(定语从句):that he told us(修饰 “fact”,主语 he,谓语 told,间接宾语 us,直接宾语 that...)。
◆内层从句(同位语从句):that he would leave...(解释 “fact”,主语 he,谓语 would leave)。
◆最内层从句(状语从句):when he graduates(修饰 “leave”,表时间,主语 he,谓语 graduates)。
三、特殊句式分析:突破倒装、省略、被动的干扰
1. 倒装句:主谓宾顺序颠倒(如 “Only + 状语” 开头、否定词开头)
技巧:先还原正常语序,再找主干。
例:Not until midnight did he finish the work.
→ 还原:He did finish the work not until midnight.
→ 主句主干:He(主) finished(谓) the work(宾)。
2. 被动句:主语是动作的承受者(be+done)
技巧:将被动句转为主动句,明确动作发出者(by 后)和承受者。
例:The book was written by Lu Xun.
→ 主动句:Lu Xun wrote the book.
→ 主干:Lu Xun(主) wrote(谓) the book(宾)。
3. 省略句:省略重复成分(多见于状语从句)
技巧:补全省略的主语或谓语(通常与主句一致)。
例:While reading(省略 “he was”), he fell asleep.
→ 补全:While he was reading, he fell asleep.
→ 主句:he(主) fell asleep(谓);状语从句:he(主) was reading(谓)。
四、实战步骤总结
1. 找谓语:确定句子的核心动词(排除非谓语)。
2. 定主干:根据谓语,找主语(动作发出者)和宾语(动作承受者)。
3. 析修饰:识别定语(修饰名词)、状语(修饰动作)、补语(补充说明)。
4. 拆复杂句:
◆找引导词,区分主句和从句。
◆先分析主句主干,再分析从句的成分和类型。
◆嵌套从句需 “由外到内,逐层拆解”。
通过大量例句练习(从简单句到复杂句),逐步培养 “抓主干、辨修饰、拆从句” 的意识,就能熟练掌握句子结构分析技巧。
【针对性训练】
一、说出下列句子的主语
1. The sun rises in the east every morning.
2. Her parents often take her to the park on weekends.
3. Listening to music helps me relax after work.
4. To solve this problem needs patience and careful thinking.
5. That she passed the exam made her parents very happy.
6. Three plus five equals eight.
7. What you said just now is not true.
8. Running every day is good for your health.
9. The book on the desk belongs to my brother.
10. Whether we will go camping depends on the weather.
二、说出下列句子的谓语
1. They watched a wonderful movie last night.
2. My little sister has been crying for ten minutes.
3. The soup tastes a bit salty.
4. You must return the book to the library by Friday.
5. These old photos were taken in 1990.
6. The children are playing happily in the yard.
7. He will have finished his homework by the time you come.
8. This kind of flower grows well in warm climates.
9. We should help each other when in trouble.
10. The bridge was being built when I last saw it.
三、说出下列句子的宾语
1. He bought a new computer for his son yesterday.
2. Could you lend me your dictionary
3. She dislikes being interrupted while speaking.
4. I wonder how they managed to finish the task so quickly.
5. The teacher told us an interesting story in class.
6. We all know that practice makes perfect.
7. My father taught me to ride a bike when I was six.
8. They are discussing where to hold the party.
9. I can't remember his phone number.
10. The girl is reading a novel about space travel.
四、说出下列句子的补语(主语补足语和宾语补足语)
1. We elected her our class representative.
2. I found the story quite interesting.
3. The prisoner was set free last week.
4. Please keep the windows closed in the wind.
5. He was thought very honest by his neighbors.
6. The boss made the workers work overtime.
7. The students considered their teacher a good friend.
8. The room was painted white last month.
9. I saw him crossing the street just now.
10. She was heard singing in the next room.
五、翻译句子
1. 山顶上矗立着一棵大树。(完全倒装句)
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. 我们昨天就是在这个房间开的会。(强调句)
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. 尽管累了,他还是继续工作。(省略句)
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. 不要在图书馆大声说话。(祈使句)
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. 日落真美啊!(感叹句)
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. 他刚到,天就开始下雨了。(部分倒装句)
_______________________________________________________________________________
答案:
一、主语
1. The sun
2. Her parents
3. Listening to music
4. To solve this problem
5. That she passed the exam
6. Three plus five
7. What you said just now
8. Running every day
9. The book on the desk
10. Whether we will go camping
二、谓语
1. watched
2. has been crying
3. tastes
4. must return
5. were taken
6. are playing
7. will have finished
8. grows
9. should help
10. was being built
三、宾语
1. a new computer;his son(直接宾语 + 间接宾语)
2. me;your dictionary(间接宾语 + 直接宾语)
3. being interrupted while speaking
4. how they managed to finish the task so quickly(宾语从句)
5. us;an interesting story(间接宾语 + 直接宾语)
6. that practice makes perfect(宾语从句)
7. me;to ride a bike(间接宾语 + 直接宾语)
8. where to hold the party(宾语从句简化)
9. his phone number
10. a novel about space travel
四、补语
1. our class representative(宾语补足语)
2. quite interesting(宾语补足语)
3. free(主语补足语)
4. closed(宾语补足语)
5. very honest(主语补足语)
6. work overtime(宾语补足语)
7. a good friend(宾语补足语)
8. white(主语补足语)
9. crossing the street(宾语补足语)
10. singing in the next room(主语补足语)
五、翻译句子
1. On the top of the mountain stands a tall tree.
2. It was in this room that we had the meeting yesterday.
3. Though tired, he continued working.
4. Don't talk loudly in the library.
5. How beautiful the sunset is!
6. Hardly had he arrived when it began to rain.
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