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人教版高中英语（2019）必修一语法项目总结
一、句子成分和基本句型
（一）句子成分
1. 主语：句子所叙述的主体，表示句子所说的“谁”或“什么”，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等充当。
- 例句：The book （名词）is interesting.
- He （代词）likes playing basketball.
- To see （不定式）is to believe.
- Reading （动名词）is a good habit.
- What he said （从句）is true.
2. 谓语：说明主语的行为或具有的特征和状态，由动词充当，有人称、数和时态的变化。分为简单谓语（由一个动词或动词词组构成）和复合谓语（“情态动词/助动词 + 动词原形”或“连系动词 + 表语”）。
- 简单谓语例句：He runs （动词）fast.
- She looked after （动词词组）her mother.
- 复合谓语例句：He can speak （情态动词 + 动词原形）English.
- The flower smells （连系动词 + 表语）sweet.
3. 宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面，可分为单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语。由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、从句等充当。
- 单宾语例句：I like apples （名词）.
- He knows her （代词）.
- They want three （数词）.
- She decided to go （不定式）.
- We enjoy playing games （动名词）.
- I believe that he is right （从句）.
- 双宾语例句：He gave me （间接宾语）a book （直接宾语）. = He gave a book to me.
- She bought her mother （间接宾语）a gift （直接宾语）. = She bought a gift for her mother.
- 复合宾语例句：We made the room clean （形容词作宾补）.
- They asked him to leave （不定式作宾补）.
4. 表语：说明主语的性质、特征、身份或状态，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语。可由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等充当。
- 例句：He is a student （名词）.
- It’s mine （代词）.
- The story is interesting （形容词）.
- She is twelve （数词）.
- The book is here （副词）.
- He is in the classroom （介词短语）.
- His dream is to be a doctor （不定式）.
- My hobby is singing （动名词）.
- The glass is broken （分词）.
- This is what I want （从句）.
5. 定语：用来修饰名词或代词，说明其所属、数量、特征等，可由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等充当。
- 例句：a beautiful flower （形容词作定语）
- a stone bridge （名词作定语）
- his book （代词作定语）
- two boys （数词作定语）
- the book on the desk （介词短语作定语）
- the man to come （不定式作定语）
- the running boy （分词作定语）
- the book that I bought （从句作定语）
6. 状语：说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步等，可由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等充当。
- 例句：He gets up early （副词作时间状语）.
- She studies in the library （介词短语作地点状语）.
- I didn’t go to school because I was ill （从句作原因状语）.
- To get good grades, he studies hard （不定式作目的状语）.
- He worked hard, so he passed the exam （从句作结果状语）.
- She goes to school by bike （介词短语作方式状语）.
- If it rains, we will stay at home （从句作条件状语）.
- Although he is young, he knows a lot （从句作让步状语）.
7. 宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征等，与宾语一起构成复合宾语。可由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等充当。
- 例句：We made him our monitor （名词作宾补）.
- The news made us happy （形容词作宾补）.
- Let him in （副词作宾补）.
- We found him in the classroom （介词短语作宾补）.
- I heard her sing a song （不带to的不定式作宾补）.
- I saw him playing football （分词作宾补）.
（二）八种基本句型
1. 主谓（SV）：主语 + 谓语（不及物动词），谓语动词后不能直接接宾语 ，没有被动语态 。
- 例句：The sun rises.
- She runs fast.
2. 主谓宾（SVO）：主语 + 谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语，谓语动词为及物动词，宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等充当。
- 例句：I like apples.
- She wants to go shopping.
3. 主系表（SP）：主语 + 系动词 + 表语，系动词无被动语态和进行时态，常见系动词有be动词、感官系动词（look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等）、变化系动词（become, get, grow, turn 等）、持续系动词（remain, keep, stay 等）。
- 例句：He is a teacher.
- The music sounds beautiful.
- She becomes happy.
- The weather remains cold.
4. 主谓宾宾（SVIODO）：主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物，通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后；也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，但间接宾语前需用介词for或to 。
- 例句：He gave me a book. = He gave a book to me.
- She bought her mother a gift. = She bought a gift for her mother.
5. 主谓宾宾补（SVOOC）：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语，宾补用来补充说明宾语的情况，可由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等充当。
- 例句：We made the room clean.
- They asked him to leave.
- I saw her dancing.
6. 主谓状（SVA）：主语 + 谓语 + 状语，谓语动词为不及物动词，状语说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等。
- 例句：They lived in Beijing.
- The meeting will start at 8:00.
7. 主谓宾状（SVOA）：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语，谓语动词为及物动词，状语对句子进行补充说明。
- 例句：She put the book on the desk.
- He wrote a letter at home.
8. There be 结构：表示“存在有”，there 是引导词，无实际意义，be 动词的单复数形式取决于其后的主语。
- 例句：There is a book on the desk.
- There are some students in the classroom.
二、动词的时态
（一）一般现在时
1. 构成：动词原形（主语为第三人称单数时，动词加 -s 或 -es ）
2. 用法
- 表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常与 often, usually, always, sometimes, every day 等时间状语连用。
- 例句：I usually get up at 6:30.
- He often plays basketball after school.
- 表示客观事实、普遍真理。
- 例句：The earth moves around the sun.
- Water boils at 100℃.
- 在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
- 例句：If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
- When he comes back, I will tell him the news.
（二）一般过去时
1. 构成：动词的过去式
2. 用法
- 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与 yesterday, last week, ago, in 1990 等表示过去的时间状语连用。
- 例句：I went to the park yesterday.
- She was ill last week.
- 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常与 often, usually, always 等连用，此时也可用 “used to + 动词原形” 结构。
- 例句：He often played football when he was young.
- He used to go to school by bike.
（三）一般将来时
1. 构成
- will / shall + 动词原形（shall 用于第一人称 I 和 we ，will 可用于所有人称）
- be going to + 动词原形
- be to + 动词原形
- be about to + 动词原形
2. 用法
- will / shall + 动词原形：表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常含有“意愿”“决心”等意思；也可表示临时决定。
- 例句：I will go to Beijing next week.
- He will help you if you ask him.
- be going to + 动词原形：表示打算、计划做某事；也可表示根据某种迹象预示将要发生某事。
- 例句：I am going to visit my grandparents this weekend.
- Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
- be to + 动词原形：表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，或表示命令、禁止、可能性等。
- 例句：The meeting is to take place next Monday.
- You are not to smoke here.
- be about to + 动词原形：表示即将发生的动作，通常不与具体的时间状语连用。
- 例句：The train is about to leave.
（四）现在进行时
1. 构成：am / is / are + 动词的现在分词
2. 用法
- 表示现在正在进行的动作。常与 now, at present, at the moment 等时间状语连用。
- 例句：I am reading a book now.
- They are playing basketball at present.
- 表示现阶段正在进行，但此刻不一定在进行的动作。
- 例句：He is writing a novel these days.
- 有些动词（如 come, go, leave, arrive, start 等）的现在进行时可表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作。
- 例句：He is coming to see me tomorrow.
- They are leaving for Beijing next week.
（五）过去进行时
1. 构成：was / were + 动词的现在分词
2. 用法
- 表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。常与 at that time, at 8:00 yesterday, when 引导的时间状语从句（从句用一般过去时）等连用。
- 例句：I was watching TV at 8:00 yesterday evening.
- When I came in, he was reading a newspaper.
（六）现在完成时
1. 构成：have / has + 动词的过去分词
2. 用法
- 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与 already, yet, just, ever, never 等副词连用。
- 例句：I have already finished my homework.
- He has never been to Beijing.
- 表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，常与 for + 时间段，since + 时间点 / 从句等连用。
- 例句：I have lived here for ten years.
- She has worked in this company since 2010.
（七）过去完成时
1. 构成：had + 动词的过去分词
2. 用法
- 表示在过去某个动作或时间之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。常与 by the end of last year / month / week 等，before 引导的时间状语从句（从句用一般过去时），when 引导的时间状语从句（从句用一般过去时）等连用。
- 例句：By the end of last year, we had learned 2,000 English words.
- Before he came back, I had already left.
- When I got to the station, the train had already gone.
三、被动语态
1. 构成：be + 动词的过去分词，be 动词有人称、数和时态的变化。
2. 用法
- 不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时。
- 例句：The window was broken yesterday.（不知道谁打破了窗户）
- 强调动作的承受者，而不是执行者时。
- 例句：The book was written by Lu Xun.（强调书是鲁迅写的，而不是强调鲁迅做了写书这个动作）
- 在一些固定句型中，如 It is said / reported / believed / thought 等 + that 从句 。
- 例句：It is said that he is a good student.
3. 各种时态的被动语态
- 一般现在时的被动语态：am / is / are + 过去分词
- 例句：The classroom is cleaned every day.
- 一般过去时的被动语态：was / were + 过去分词
- 例句：The house was built last year.
- 一般将来时的被动语态：will / shall be + 过去分词；am / is / are going to be + 过去分词
- 例句：The work will be finished tomorrow.
- The sports meeting is going to be held next week.
- 现在进行时的被动语态：am / is / are being + 过去分词
- 例句：The bridge is being built now.
- 过去进行时的被动语态：was / were being + 过去分词
- 例句：The car was being repaired at this time yesterday.
- 现在完成时的被动语态：have / has been + 过去分词
- 例句：The project has been completed.
- 过去完成时的被动语态：had been + 过去分词
- 例句：The letter had been sent before he arrived.
四、定语从句
1. 定义：在主从复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that ）和关系副词（when, where, why ）。
2. 关系代词的用法
- who：指人，在从句中作主语或宾语 。
- 例句：The man who is standing there is my teacher.（作主语）
- The girl who / whom we met yesterday is very kind.（作宾语，可省略whom ）
- whom：指人，在从句中作宾语 。
- 例句：The boy whom you talked to is my brother.（可省略whom ）
- whose：指人或物，在从句中作定语 。
- 例句：The girl whose hair is long is my sister.（指人）
- This is the book whose cover is red.（指物，可转换为 the cover of which ）
- which：指物，在从句中作主语或宾语 。
- 例句：The book which lies on the desk is mine.（作主语）
- The pen which / that I bought yesterday is very nice.（作宾语，可省略which / that ）
- that：指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语 。
- 例句：The man that / who is speaking is our headmaster.（指人，作主语）
- The dog that / which I have kept for three years is very lovely.（指物，作宾语，可省略that / which ）
3. 关系副词的用法
- when：指时间，在从句中作时间状语 ，其先行词通常为表示时间的名词（如 day, time, moment 等）。
- 例句：I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
- where：指地点，在从句中作地点状语 ，其先行词通常为表示地点的名词（如 place, house, room 等）。
- 例句：This is the place where we lived last year.
- why：指原因，在从句中作原因状语 ，其先行词通常为 reason 。
- 例句：I don’t know the reason why he was late.
4. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
- 限制性定语从句：对先行词起修饰、限制作用，是先行词不可缺少的部分，若去掉，主句意思不完整或失去意义。不用逗号与主句隔开 。
- 例句：The man who lives next door is a teacher.
相应练习100题及答案
1. —Is this ______ book
—No, it isn't. ______ is on the desk.
A. your; My B. yours; Mine C. your; Hers D. yours; Her
2. He ______ to school by bike every day, but yesterday he ______ to school on foot.
A. go; went B. goes; went C. went; goes D. goes; go
3. ______ interesting the film is!
A. What B. How C. What an D. How an
4. There ______ a football match on TV this evening.
A. will have B. is going to have C. will be D. are going to be
5. The teacher told us ______ in the street.
A. not play B. not to play C. to not play D. don't play
6. I don't know if he ______ tomorrow. If he ______, I'll call you.
A. will come; comes B. comes; will come C. will come; will come D. comes; comes
7. She is ______ than her sister.
A. much tall B. much taller C. more tall D. very taller
8. ______ you ______ your homework yet
A. Have; finished B. Did; finish C. Will; finish D. Are; finishing
9. The boy ______ glasses is my friend.
A. wear B. wears C. with D. in
10. I ______ a letter from him since he left.
A. didn't receive B. haven't received C. won't receive D. don't receive
11. He can speak ______ English and ______ French.
A. both; and B. either; or C. neither; nor D. not only; but also
12. The book is very ______. I'm very ______ in it.
A. interesting; interested B. interested; interesting C. interest; interested D. interesting; interest
13. You'd better ______ at home and ______ your homework.
A. to stay; do B. stay; do C. to stay; to do D. stay; to do
14. The population of China ______ larger than that of any other country in the world.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
15. I asked him ______.
A. which one did he like best B. which one he liked best C. which one he likes best D. which one does he like best
16. This is the factory ______ we visited last year.
A. where B. in which C. which D. in that
17. The old man ______ for three years.
A. has died B. has been dead C. died D. was dead
18. I'm looking forward to ______ from you.
A. hear B. hearing C. hear of D. hearing of
19. ______ useful information it is!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
20. She ______ an English song at the party last night.
A. sings B. sang C. is singing D. has sung
21. The children were made ______ the classroom after school.
A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned
22. I don't think he can finish the work on time, ______
A. can he B. can't he C. do I D. don't I
23. The movie was so ______ that all of us were ______ in it.
A. exciting; interested B. excited; interesting C. exciting; interesting D. excited; interested
24. We won't go to the park if it ______ tomorrow.
A. rains B. will rain C. rained D. is raining
25. He has two sons. One is a doctor, ______ is a teacher.
A. another B. the other C. other D. others
26. The girl ______ long hair is singing on the stage.
A. with B. in C. has D. wears
27. My father ______ in a hospital. He is a doctor.
A. work B. works C. worked D. working
28. ______ bad weather it is! We can't go hiking.
A. What a B. How a C. What D. How
29. My mother asked me ______ too much TV.
A. not watch B. not to watch C. watch not D. to not watch
30. There ______ a lot of people in the park yesterday.
A. was B. were C. is D. are
31. This is the house ______ I lived ten years ago.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
32. The boy ______ was here a minute ago is my brother.
A. which B. who C. where D. when
33. He ______ to Beijing three times.
A. has been B. has gone C. went D. goes
34. She is ______ honest girl.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
35. I ______ my homework when my mother came back.
A. am doing B. was doing C. did D. do
36. My sister ______ the piano very well.
A. play B. plays C. is playing D. played
37. If you ______ hard, you will pass the exam.
A. will study B. study C. studied D. studying
38. He said he ______ to Beijing the next day.
A. will go B. goes C. would go D. went
39. The book ______ on the desk belongs to me.
A. lie B. lies C. lying D. lay
40. He is ______ young ______ go to school.
A. so; that B. too; to C. such; that D. enough; to
41. ______ of the students in our class ______ girls.
A. Two fifths; are B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifth; is
42. We should keep our classroom ______.
A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned
43. ______ fine day it is! Let's go out for a walk.
A. What a B. How a C. What D. How
44. He ______ his homework at school.
A. doesn't do B. don't does C. isn't do D. isn't does
45. The woman ______ is singing on the TV show is our English teacher.
A. what B. who C. which D. whose
46. My father ______ me a new bike on my last birthday.
A. buy B. bought C. buys D. has bought
47. It's time ______ breakfast.
A. have B. having C. to have D. had
48. They ______ T V when I came into the room.
A. watched B. were watching C. are watching D. watch
49. I have ______ to tell you.
A. important something B. something important C. important anything D. anything important
50. This kind of T-shirt looks ______ and sells ______.
A. nice; well B. nice; good C. well; well D. good; nice
51. She is ______ a little girl that she can't dress herself.
A. so B. such C. very D. too
52. He often makes us ______.
A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughing D. laughed
53. ______ delicious the food is!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
54. He ______ in the factory since he left school ten years ago.
A. works B. worked C. has worked D. is working
55. My brother ______ to Shanghai. He will be back in two days.
A. has been B. has gone C. went D. goes
56. There ______ a sports meeting in our school next week.
A. will have B. is going to have C. is going to be D. are going to be
57. The man ______ a pair of glasses is our math teacher.
A. wears B. wear C. with D. in
58. I don't know ______ he will come or not.
A. if B. whether C. that D. what
59. This is the most interesting book ______ I have ever read.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
60. He is ______ careful that he made few mistakes in the exam.
A. so B. such C. very D. too
61. ______ you ______ your homework yet
A. Have; finish B. Did; finish C. Are; finishing D. Do; finish
62. My mother ______ me a new dress last week.
A. buys B. bought C. is buying D. will buy
63. We ______ to the park if it ______ tomorrow.
A. will go; won't rain B. go; doesn't rain C. will go; doesn't rain D. go; won't rain
64. The boy ______ father is a doctor studies very hard.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
65. It's very nice ______ you to help me.
A. for B. of C. to D. with
66. She is ______ girl in our class.
A. tallest B. the tallest C. taller D. the taller
67. The story happened ______ a cold winter morning.
A. in B. on C. at D. for
68. He ______ to school by bike, but now he ______ to school on foot.
A. used to go; gets used to going B. used to going; gets used to go C. used to go; gets used to go D. used to going; gets used to going
69. ______ you ______ the film before
A. Have; seen B. Did; see C. Will; see D. Are; seeing
70. The book ______ I bought yesterday is very interesting.
A. which B. who C. whose D. where
71. He is ______ old man and he usually walks his dog after ______ supper.
A. a; the B. an; a C. an; / D. the; /
72. I have ______ friends here, so I often feel lonely.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
73. The meeting ______ in the hall tomorrow.
A. will hold B. is going to hold C. will be held D. is going to held
74. This is the place ______ I was born.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
75. She asked me ______ I liked the movie.
A. if B. weather C. what D. that
76. The girl ______ is dancing on the stage is my sister.
A. who B. which C. whose D. where
77. We have ______ to do every day.
A. a lot of homework B. a lot of homeworks C. many homework D. many homeworks
78. He ______ English for five years.
A. learned B. has learned C. learns D. is learning
79. I'm sorry to keep you ______ for a long time.
A. wait B. waiting C. to wait D. waited
80. ______ useful invention the computer is!
A. What a B. What an C. How a D. How an
81. She ______ T V when her mother came back.
A. watched B. was watching C. is watching D. watches
82. The teacher told us that the earth ______ around the sun.
A. moved B. moves C. is moving D. was moving
83. We should ______ the environment.
A. protect B. protecting C. to protect D. protected
84. He is ______ that everyone likes him.
A. such a kind man B. so a kind man C. a such kind man D. a so kind man
85. There are ______ students in our school.
A. two thousands B. two thousand C. two thousands of D. thousand of
86. My father ______ me to the park last Sunday.
A. takes B. took C. will take D. is taking
87. We ______ English for about five years.
A. have learned B. learned C. learn D. are learning
88. She ______ to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
A. goes B. went C. will go D. has gone
89. The boy ______ under the tree is my brother.
A. stand B. stands C. standing D. stood
90. It's very hot. You'd better ______ your coat.
A. take off B. put on C. wear D. dress
91. This is the house ______ windows face south.
A. which B. that C. whose D. who
92. She is ______ in music.
A. interest B. interested C. interesting D. interests
93. ______ fine weather it is! Let's go fishing.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
94. He ______ the work in two days.
A. finish B. finishes C. will finish D. finished
95. The man ______ you met yesterday is my uncle.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. what
96. I ______ my homework at eight o'clock last night.
A. do B. did C. was doing D. am doing
97. She doesn't like the book ______ I bought yesterday.
A. who B. which C. where D. what
98. He is ______ tall ______ he can reach the apples on the tree.
A. too; to B. so; that C. such; that D. enough; to
99. There ______ a basketball match between Class 1 and Class 3 tomorrow.
A. is going to have B. will have C. is going to be D. are going to be
100. She ______ a letter to her parents last week.
A. writes B. wrote C. will write D. is writing
答案
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. B 21. B 22. A 23. A 24. A 25. B 26. A 27. B 28. C 29. B 30. B 31. C 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. B 36. B 37. B 38. C 39. C 40. B 41. A 42. A 43. A 44. A 45. B 46. B 47. C 48. B 49. B 50. A 51. B 52. A 53. C 54. C 55. B 56. C 57. C 58. B 59. A 60. A 61. A 62. B 63. C 64. C 65. B 66. B 67. B 68. A 69. A 70. A 71. C 72. A 73. C 74. B 75. A 76. A 77. A 78. B 79. B 80. A 81. B 82. B 83. A 84. A 85. B 86. B 87. A 88. C 89. C 90. A 91. C 92. B 93. A 94. C 95. B 96.CBBCB
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