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高考英语中的插入语
在英语中，插入语（Parenthesis）是一种特殊的语法成分，它独立于句子的主干结构，通常用于补充说明、表达语气、提供额外信息或打断话语节奏，去掉后不影响句子的基本语法和意义。以下从插入语的特点、常见类型、位置及用法举例等方面详细说明：
一、插入语的特点
1. 独立性：不充当句子的主谓宾定状补等核心成分，与句子其他部分没有语法上的直接联系。
2. 补充性：主要功能是补充信息、表达态度（如肯定、怀疑、推测）、或使语气更委婉。
3. 可省略性：去掉插入语后，句子依然完整通顺，语法结构不受影响。
4. 标点提示：通常用逗号（,）、破折号（—）或括号（( )）与句子其他部分隔开，其中逗号最常见。
二、常见的插入语类型及举例
根据内容和功能，插入语可分为以下几类：
1. 单词或短语类插入语
●副词：表示语气或态度（如肯定、怀疑、转折等）。
例：
He, certainly, knows the answer.（他当然知道答案。）
This task, however, is not easy.（然而，这项任务并不容易。）
（常见副词：certainly, indeed, perhaps, maybe, actually, obviously, fortunately, luckily 等）
●介词短语：多表示时间、地点、方式或附加说明。
例：
The meeting, in my opinion, should be postponed.（在我看来，会议应该推迟。）
We’ll have a picnic tomorrow, weather permitting.（天气允许的话，我们明天去野餐。）
（常见短语：in my opinion, in fact, by the way, on the other hand, for example 等）
●分词短语：多为现在分词短语，表伴随或补充说明。
例：
The girl, smiling happily, waved at us.（那个女孩，开心地笑着，向我们挥手。）
The plan, if carried out properly, will succeed.（这个计划，如果执行得当，会成功的。）
2. 从句类插入语
●陈述句从句：常用 that 引导（that 可省略），表事实或看法。
例：
The news, (that) he won the prize, surprised everyone.（他获奖的消息让所有人都很惊讶。）
●疑问句从句：多为 wh- 从句（如 what, who, when 等），表疑问、不确定或补充信息。
例：
The team, who knows when they will arrive, is delayed.（那支队伍，谁知道他们什么时候到，已经延误了。）
This book, why she bought it, is still a mystery.（她为什么买这本书，仍是个谜。）
●感叹句从句：表强烈情感（如惊讶、赞叹）。
例：
The movie, how exciting it was, left a deep impression.（那部电影，多刺激啊，留下了深刻印象。）
3. 固定搭配类插入语
这类插入语是约定俗成的短语，常用于口语或非正式语境，表达特定语气：
●表肯定 / 同意：of course（当然）, certainly（无疑）, sure enough（果然）
例：This method, of course, works well.（这种方法当然很有效。）
●表怀疑 / 不确定：perhaps（或许）, maybe（可能）, probably（大概）, I suppose（我猜）
例：He, maybe, will come tomorrow.（他或许明天会来。）
●表转折 / 补充：by the way（顺便说）, however（然而）, on the contrary（相反）
例：We can’t go, by the way.（顺便说一句，我们去不了。）
●表总结：in a word（总之）, in short（简言之）, generally speaking（总的来说）
例：In short, the project was a success.（总之，这个项目很成功。）
三、插入语在句中的位置
插入语的位置灵活，可位于句首、句中或句尾：
1. 句首：常用逗号与主句隔开，强调开篇的补充信息。
例：Honestly, I don’t agree with you.（说实话，我不同意你的看法。）
2. 句中：最常见位置，多插在主谓之间，用逗号隔开。
例：The teacher, as far as I know, is from Canada.（据我所知，这位老师来自加拿大。）
3. 句尾：补充说明，语气较委婉。
例：He will come back soon, I think.（我想他很快会回来。）
四、注意事项
1. 标点使用：
●句中插入语通常用逗号；若插入语较长或需强调，可用破折号；括号则用于较次要、可忽略的信息。
例：The city — one of the oldest in Europe — attracts millions of visitors.（这座城市 —— 欧洲最古老的城市之一 —— 吸引了数百万游客。）
2. 主谓一致：插入语不影响主句的主谓一致，谓语动词仍与主语保持一致。
例：The girl, together with her parents, is visiting the museum.（女孩和她的父母正在参观博物馆。）（谓语与 the girl 一致）
总之，插入语是英语中增强表达灵活性和丰富性的重要手段，掌握其用法能让句子更生动、信息更完整，尤其在口语和写作中可使语气更自然。
四、高考试题中的插入语
（2025年全国一卷D篇)
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
1. Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.
解析：“they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow”为插入语，列举微塑料污染的具体范围，补充说明其普遍性。
2. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
解析：“then filtering it after it cools”为插入语，补充说明 “boiling tap water” 之后的操作步骤。
3. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult.
解析：“a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult”为插入语，解释 “reducing microplastic exposure” 的难度，补充说明现状。
4. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns.
解析：“— but what they do know has raised concerns”为插入语，（转折补充科学家对微塑料危害的已知信息及担忧。
5. Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist.
解析：“an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research”为插入语，介绍 Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay 的身份及与研究的关系。
五、针对性训练
（一）找出文章中的插入语
（2025年全国二卷C篇）
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
（二）找出下列句子中的插入语，并用括号标出来。
1. In my opinion, the plan will work.
2. She is the best, I believe.
3. He will succeed, no doubt.
4. Frankly speaking, I dislike the movie.
5. The task, fortunately, was completed on time.
6. This book, which I read last week, is very inspiring.
7. We can, by the way, discuss this problem at tomorrow’s meeting.
8. The team, who knows when they will arrive, is stuck in traffic.
9. Generally speaking, children learn foreign languages faster than adults.
10. The festival, how lively it was, left me an unforgettable memory.
（三）翻译句子
1. 幸运的是，她没受伤。
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. 顺便说一下，明天的会议取消了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. 我认为，这个决定不够明智。
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. 说实话，我对这个结果并不满意。
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. 那座桥，据说是去年建成的，现在可以通车了。
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. 可能，我们需要重新考虑这个方案。
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. 简言之，我们必须尽快采取行动。
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. 那个女孩，笑着向我们挥手，是我的妹妹。
_______________________________________________________________________________
9. 这台机器，如果操作得当，可以用十年。
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. 他的演讲，事实上，赢得了全场的掌声。
_______________________________________________________________________________
参考答案与解析：
（一）
1. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida.
解析：“a researcher from the University of Florida”为插入语，用于补充说明 “Dr. Melinda Knuth” 的身份，说明她是佛罗里达大学的研究人员。
2. Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
解析：“the stress hormone (激素) in our body”为插入语，用于解释 “cortisol”（皮质醇）是什么，说明它是人体中的压力激素。
（二）1. (In my opinion), the plan will work.
2. She is the best, (I believe).
3. He will succeed, (no doubt).
4. (Frankly speaking), I dislike the movie.
5. The task, (fortunately), was completed on time.
6. This book, (which I read last week), is very inspiring.
7. We can, (by the way), discuss this problem at tomorrow’s meeting.
8. The team, (who knows when they will arrive), is stuck in traffic.
9. (Generally speaking), children learn foreign languages faster than adults.
10. The festival, (how lively it was), left me an unforgettable memory.
（三）
1. Luckily, she isn’t injured.
2. By the way, tomorrow’s meeting is canceled.
3. This decision, I think, is not wise enough.
4. To be honest, I’m not satisfied with the result.
5. The bridge, which is said to have been built last year, is now open to traffic.
6. We, perhaps, need to rethink this plan.
7. In short, we must take action as soon as possible.
8. The girl, smiling and waving at us, is my younger sister.
9. This machine, if operated properly, can be used for ten years.
10. His speech, in fact, won applause from the whole audience.
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