资源简介

(共87张PPT)
语法悟通　专题突破
专题一　语法基础必备
第一讲　划分句子成分、掌握基本句型
并科学分析长难句
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
一、句子成分
句子是表达思想的基本单位，句子的主要成分包括主语和谓语，次要成分包括宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语等。
考点一　主语
1．定义：主语是句子讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语是谓语动作的执行者或所处状态的主体。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、从句或名词化的形容词等充当。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷满分作文)The entire experience was incredibly refreshing.(名词作主语)
整个体验让人耳目一新。
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)It aims to raise people's awareness of protecting oceans.(代词作主语)
它旨在提高人们保护海洋的意识。
(2023·全国乙卷满分作文)Learning to knit helped me develop my creativity and problem-solving skills.(动词-ing形式作主语)
学习编织帮助我发展了创造力和解决问题的能力。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷满分作文)What worries me is that pairing us up randomly could result in failure in oral improvement.(从句作主语)
让我担心的是，我们随机配对可能会导致口语提高失败。
2．位置：主语一般位于句首，但动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文)It would be a great idea for us to choose partners freely.(it作形式主语)
由我们自由选择合作伙伴是个好主意。
考点二　谓语
1．定义：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、主语具有的特征或所处的状态，常位于主语之后。谓语主要由动词、动词短语、系表结构等充当。谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。谓语与主语在“人称”与“数”方面应保持一致，即主谓一致。
2．结构特征：
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷满分作文)I appreciate your eagerness to improve our oral English, but I feel concern over your arrangement.(实义动词作谓语)
我很欣赏你对提高我们英语口语的渴望，但我对你的安排感到担忧。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文)The English programme is widely popular among us students.(系表结构作谓语)
这个英语节目在我们学生中广受欢迎。
First of all, as smart online learners, we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden the horizons.(“情态动词＋动词短语”作谓语)
首先，作为聪明的在线学习者，我们可以充分利用最广泛的教育资源来拓宽视野。
I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future. (实义动词expect前加do强调谓语动词)
我真切希望《青春》能出版更多的经典作品并有一个美好的未来。
即时演练(一)
写出加黑部分在句中所作的句子成分。
1．The aged are well taken care of in the village._____
2．Great changes have taken place in China since 1980._____
3．I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside._____
4．It is impossible for him to pass the test._____
主语
谓语
谓语
主语
考点三　宾语
1．定义：宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、动词不定式或相当于名词的词(短语或从句)来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在及物动词或者介词之后，有时会有双宾语。
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)We can't throw rubbish, especially plastic rubbish there, because many sea animals eat them by mistake and are killed at last. (名词作宾语)
我们不能把垃圾，尤其是塑料垃圾扔在那里，因为许多海洋动物错把它们吃掉并最终被杀死。
I'm glad to know that you've come to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown. (从句作宾语)
我很高兴知道你来我家乡的一所学校学习功夫。
Don't forget to praise your friend for the delicious foods he offers. (动词不定式短语作宾语)
别忘了称赞你朋友提供的美味食物。
Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing. (him为间接宾语； a lot of valuable advice为直接宾语)
史密斯先生就如何提高他的写作水平给了他许多有价值的建议。
2．形式宾语：动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作宾语，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在后面。
Some students find it difficult to study English.
(it作形式宾语)
一些学生发现英语很难学。
Most of us think it no use fighting against each other.(it作形式宾语)
我们大多数人认为相互争斗无济于事。
I think it very important that we take part in the discussion.
(it作形式宾语)
我认为我们参加这次讨论是很重要的。
考点四　宾语补足语
1．定义：宾语补足语是对宾语进行补充说明的句子成分，一般放在宾语之后。常用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词等。“宾语＋宾语补足语”统称为“复合宾语”。
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations. (us为宾语； to pay more attention...examinations为宾语补足语)
医生经常建议我们多注意饮食和心理健康，并定期进行检查。
2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)的结构：
结构 注释 例句
宾语＋ 名词 常用于该结构的动词有name, call, make, find, think, leave等 We called him Peter.
They made her their monitor.
宾语＋ 形容词 常用于该结构的动词有keep, think, believe, leave, drive, make, get, want等 We can't leave him alone.
She always keeps our classroom clean.
结构 注释 例句
宾语＋ 副词 常用于该结构的副词有down，up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等 My uncle drove us home.
When getting there, she found him out.
宾语＋ 介词 短语 介词短语作宾语补足语常表示宾语所处的状态 We found everything in good order.
I regard him as my best friend.
结构 注释 例句
宾语＋ 动词不 定式 三种情况：带to的动词不定式；不带to的动词不定式；带to或不带to皆可的动词不定式 I saw him enter the room.
The farmer asked us to have dinner.
She helps her mother (to) do housework.
宾语＋ 动词-ing 形式 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，宾语即为动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语，与宾语补足语之间为主谓关系 I saw her playing on the playground.
I heard Tom singing in the classroom.
结构 注释 例句
宾语＋ 过去 分词 宾语和宾语补足语之间是动宾关系，动词-ed形式表示被动或完成 I had my watch stolen yesterday.
She spoke loudly to make herself heard.
形式宾 语＋形 容词 动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing 形式(短语)、名词性从句作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语 He found it impossible to rise.
I think it useless arguing with her.
【点津】
句型“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”改为被动语态时，宾语补足语就变为主语补足语。
The little boy saw a girl go into the building. (省略to的动词不定式短语作宾语补足语)
→A girl was seen to go into the building (by the little boy)．(动词不定式作主语a girl的补足语)
那个小男孩看见一个女孩进入了那幢大楼。
考点五　表语
1．定义：表语位于连系动词后，用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质、职业、数量、处所等。
2．常见的连系动词主要有下列几种：
(1)表示“状态”类：be (am, is, are, was, were)；
(2)表示“持续”类：keep, stay, remain, lie等；
(3)表示“表象”类：seem, appear等；
(4)表示“感官”类：look, sound, smell, taste, feel；
(5)表示“渐变”类：grow, turn, get, go, become, come, fall；
(6)表示“证明”类：prove。
3．常用作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介词短语、表语从句等。
Five years later, he became an engineer.(名词作表语)
五年后，他成了一名工程师。
This is my dictionary. That is yours.(代词作表语)
这是我的词典，那本是你的。
We must keep healthy.(形容词作表语)
我们必须保持健康。
My aim is to become a doctor.(动词不定式短语作表语)
我的目标是成为一名医生。
The movie is quite moving.(动词-ing形式作表语)
这部电影非常感人。
即时演练(二)
写出加黑部分在句中所作的句子成分。
1．He managed to finish the work on time._____
2．His wish is to become a scientist._____
3．Mother cooks breakfast for us every day._____
4．We found him an honest person.______________
5．He noticed a man enter the room.______________
宾语
表语
宾语
宾语补足语
宾语补足语
考点六　定语
1．定义：定语是用于对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。单个词作定语常放在被修饰词之前(前置定语)，而短语或从句作定语，往往放在被修饰词之后(后置定语)。
My best friend was a girl who was called Mary.(形容词best作前置定语，修饰名词friend；who引导的定语从句作后置定语，修饰名词girl)
我最好的朋友是一位叫玛丽的姑娘。
2．常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式、动词不定式、定语从句等。
It provides us with a good opportunity to have a better command of traditional Chinese culture.(动词不定式短语作后置定语)
它为我们更好地了解中国传统文化提供了一个很好的机会。
On arriving at the farm located in the suburb of our city，we saw the sea of vegetables, which included cucumbers, tomatoes and so on.(过去分词短语作后置定语)
一到位于我们城郊的农场，我们就看到蔬菜的海洋，有黄瓜、西红柿等。
考点七　状语
1．定义：状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子，用来表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较、伴随等。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。
Most of the students really respect her because she has top teaching skills.(副词作状语；状语从句作状语)
大多数学生确实都很尊敬她，因为她有一流的教学技巧。
2．状语一般由副词、介词短语、动词-ing短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式、状语从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。
Without his help, we couldn't have worked it out.(介词短语作状语)
要是没有他的帮助，我们不会解决它。
To catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.(动词不定式短语作状语)
为了赶上同班同学，我必须努力学习。
Youth covers a wide variety of topics to attract senior students, leading us into the outer world.(动词-ing短语作状语)
《青春》题材广泛，吸引了高年级学生，带领我们走进外面的世界。
When I was young, I could swim well.(状语从句作状语)
年轻时，我游泳很好。
He helped me although he didn't know me.(状语从句作状语)
虽然他不认识我，但是他帮助了我。
考点八　同位语
同位语是对名词或代词的进一步解释说明，且与其前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位，常位于名词或代词之后。常用作同位语的有名词、名词短语、数词、代词、同位语从句等。
You each have a chance to go to college. (代词作同位语)
你们每个人都有机会上大学。
We students should put our heart into the study.(名词作同位语)
我们学生应专心学习。
Word came that our school is going to hold a class meeting whose topic is related to traditional Chinese culture.(从句作同位语)
消息传来，我们学校将举办一次主题与中国传统文化有关的班会。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．She listened to me ____________ (careful) while we were talking.
2．The girl ___________ is wearing a red dress is my cousin.
3．He told me the news _______ our team won the game.
4．Is there any scientific evidence _______ a person's character is reflected in their writings
5．___________ (weigh) only 96 grams, the electronic dictionary is portable and easy to use.
carefully
who/that
that
that
Weighing
二、简单句的6种基本句型
句型(一)　简约却不简单的“主语＋谓语(vi.)(＋状语)”结构
1．主谓结构中谓语常用来表示主语的动作或状态。这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。但不能接宾语，也没有被动语态。常见的不及物动词有：arrive, come, lie, shine, live, walk, fall, rise, happen, exist, occur, agree等。
2．谓语动词也可以是不及物动词短语，如come up(被提出)，run out (用完)，get by(勉强生存)，come out(出版)，break down (出故障)，drop by(顺便拜访)，pass out(晕倒)等。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写) He　 sat　 still with a deep breath.
他静静地坐着，深呼吸。
I　 was coughing　 uncontrollably last night.
昨晚我咳嗽得无法控制。
The racing route began　 at our school gate and ended　 at the foot of the South Hill.
比赛路线从我们学校门口开始，到南山脚下结束。
In the environment， teachers and students are living　 happily and working　 hard.
在这种环境下，师生们生活快乐，工作努力。
注意：不及物动词或短语后不能接宾语，要特别注意英汉表达的差异。
①His home broke out a fire last night.(×)
他家昨晚发生了一场火灾。
②A fire broke out in his home last night.(√)
即时演练(四)
翻译句子(“主语＋不及物动词”结构)
1．(2022·浙江卷读后续写)正如俗话所说，一个人可以走得很远，但一群人可以走得更远。
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2．父亲驾驶的卡车经常半路抛锚。
___________________________________________________
Just as the saying goes，one person can go far, but a group of persons can travel farther.
The truck my dad drove often broke down halfway.
3．上周末，我和我的同学骑自行车去新兴农场摘草莓。
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4．在比赛中友谊第一。
____________________________________________________
5．比赛将于下午2点开始，大约持续3个小时。
__________________________________________________________
Last weekend, my classmates and I went to Xinxing Farm by bike to pick strawberries.
Friendship always comes first in the competition.
The competition will begin at 2 p．m. and last for roughly 3 hours.
句型(二)　众人青睐的“主谓宾(＋状语)”结构
“主谓宾”句型之所以受到中国英语学习者的青睐，是因为它跟我们的思维方式最接近，因而这个句型也是考生在写作中运用最多的。它的基本结构是：主语＋谓语(vt.)＋宾语(＋状语)
1．该句型中的谓语是及物动词，如respect，admire, ignore, provide, upset, appreciate等。其后可接名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句等作宾语。
2．谓语动词也可以是及物动词短语，如communicate with...(与……交流)，stand for(代表；象征)，get on with...(与……相处)，look forward to (盼望)，come across(偶然碰到)等。
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文) The ocean maintains the balance of nature.　
海洋维持着自然的平衡。
However， online learning has both advantages and disadvantages　.
然而，在线学习既有优势又有劣势。
Both students and teachers hope　 to hold such activities　 again.
学生和老师都希望能再次举办这样的活动。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷满分作文) I would appreciate your taking my suggestions into consideration.　
您能考虑我的建议，我将不胜感激。
注意：(1)有些“主谓宾”结构的句子虽然短小，但表达的含义更精确，语言更地道。写作中并不一定句子越长越好。
I could not say any word.
→Words failed me.(单词虽然少，句子更精悍)
(2)在写作中，同学们比较擅长使用主动语态。如果能灵活使用被动语态，会给句子添彩不少。
I am not sure whether all the college graduates can find jobs after graduation.
→I am not sure whether all the college graduates can get employed after graduation.
即时演练(五)
翻译句子(“主谓宾”结构)
1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷满分作文) 作为我们杰出的外语老师，您的到来可以帮助我们很多。
_________________________________________________________________________________
2．此外，我们可以吸收各种资源来有效地学习。
__________________________________________________________
As our distinguished foreign language teacher, your arrival can help us a lot.
Besides, we can absorb all kinds of resources to learn efficiently.
3．为了你们的来访，我们安排了各种各样的活动。
__________________________________________________________
4．他们做了面包，然后继续煮粥。
_________________________________________________________
5．从生活到日常训练，我们队正在为比赛做准备。
__________________________________________________________
For your visit here, we have arranged a variety of activities.
They made the bread and then went on cooking porridge.
Our team is preparing for the game from living to daily training.
句型(三)　独一无二的“主系表”结构
汉语没有表语这一说法，这样就显得英语的“主系表”结构比较有个性了，因此我们说此结构是独一无二的。它主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。它的基本结构是：主语＋系动词(link. v．)＋表语。
1．这种句型无被动语态，也无进行时态。谓语动词需用系动词，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语或非谓语动词形式等。
常见的系动词有be，还有感官系动词(sound, look, smell，taste, feel)；变化系动词(become, get, grow, turn, go，fall，run)；持续系动词(remain, keep，hold，stay)；表象系动词(seem，appear)等。
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)To protect the ocean is to protect ourselves.
保护海洋就是保护我们自己。
The worst part is that sometimes we lack self-discipline.
最糟糕的是，有时我们缺乏自律。
Regardless of the risk of getting infected, Uncle Li is responsible and devoted to his job.　
李叔叔不顾感染的危险，对工作负责，尽心尽力。
The traditional Chinese dress looks more beautiful and stylish.
中国传统服装看起来更漂亮，更时尚。
2．在主系表结构中要注意英汉表达的差异，避免中式英语。
这件外套很贵。
①The price of the coat is very expensive.(×)
②The coat is very expensive.(√)
③The price of the coat is very high.(√)
表示价格的词price可用“高”或“低”，即high或low来修饰，而不可像汉语一样用“贵”或“便宜”来形容。
即时演练(六)
补全句子/翻译句子(“主系表”结构)
1. (2022·全国乙卷满分作文)就我而言，这是一个令人不安的趋势。
_______________________________________________________
2．长时间盯着屏幕对我们的眼睛有害。
_____________________________________________________
3．美味的早餐准备好了。
_________________________________
As far as I'm concerned, this is a disturbing trend.
Staring at the screen long is harmful to our eyes.
Delicious breakfast was ready.
4．看到我们的劳动成果打包装上卡车，我们都感到很满意。
Seeing our fruits of labor were packed and loaded onto the truck，________________________.
5．你现在感觉好些了吗？
__________________________________
we all felt satisfied
Are you feeling any better now？
句式(四)　一拖二的“主谓宾宾”结构
“主谓宾宾”这类句型在写作中常常用到，具有独特的魅力。与及物动词跟一个单个的宾语结构相比，双宾语结构的独特之处在于一个动词与两个名词(短语)相互作用。它的基本结构是：主语＋谓语(vt.)＋间接宾语(人)＋直接宾语(物)。
1．间接宾语一般位于直接宾语的前面，如果间接宾语在直接宾语的后面，那么中间需要加上一个介词。可用介词to来变换间接宾语的动词：give，offer，hand，show，throw，pass, pay, send, sell, tell, lend, write 等。(如：give sb. sth.＝give sth. to sb.)
However busy he is， he writes me an e-mail every week.
＝However busy he is, he writes an e-mail to me every week.
不管他多忙，他每周都会给我写一封电子邮件。
Mr. Smith gave me some advice and lent me an English dictionary.　
＝Mr. Smith gave some advice to me and lent an English dictionary to me.
史密斯先生给了我一些建议并且借了本英文词典给我。
2．可用介词for来变换间接宾语的动词：make, buy, cook, find, get, order, sing, spare, fetch等。(如：make sb. sth.＝make sth. for sb.)
He bought me a bicycle.
＝He bought a bicycle for me.
他给我买了一辆自行车。
Can you get me some stamps？
＝Can you get some stamps for me
你能帮我拿些邮票吗？
注意：ask, answer, take, cost等，这一类动词无法改变结构形式。
May I ask you a question？
我可以问你一个问题吗？
我可以问你一个问题吗？
即时演练(七)
补全句子/翻译句子(“主谓宾宾”结构)
1．(2022·全国甲卷满分作文) 众所周知，海洋为我们提供了充足的食物。
_______________________________________________________
As we all know, the ocean offers us sufficient food.
2．我完全不知道你们对哪种中国传统文化感兴趣，你能给我一些建议吗？
As I'm totally clueless about which type of traditional Chinese culture fascinates you guys，___________________________
3．我们都非常想念你，祝你早日完全康复。
We all miss you very much and ________________________________.
could you give me some tips
wish you a quick and complete recovery
4．我祝你今后一切顺利，旅途愉快。
_______________________________ and have a good journey.
5．开幕式将于上午9点开始，我们的校长将首先给我们发表讲话。
The opening ceremony will start at 9：00 a．m. and ________________
___________________________.
I wish you all the best in the future
our headmaster
will give us a speech first
句式(五)　缺一不可的“主谓宾补”结构
“主谓宾补”句式结构中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。写作时应熟练掌握“名词作宾语补足语”这种高级表达形式。它的基本结构是：主语＋谓语(vt.)＋宾语＋宾语补足语。
1．常用名词充当宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, elect，make, appoint, leave, consider, keep, wish等。
We {all} call him〈a living dictionary〉．
我们都叫他“活字典”。
2．常用形容词充当宾语补足语的动词有：believe, think, get，keep, make, find, set, wish, consider, prove, leave, paint，drive等。
It was Mr. Liu who made me 〈aware of the importance of learning English well〉．
是刘老师使我意识到学好英语的重要性。
3．常用现在分词和省略to的动词不定式等作宾补的及物动词有：see, notice, hear, watch, observe, feel等。
He saw me 〈waiting in the rain〉．
他看到我在雨中等。
Did you see him〈go out〉？
你看到他出去了吗？
4．常用to do作宾补的及物动词有：advise, ask, command, encourage, forbid, permit, persuade, get等。
Our maths teacher [always] encourages us 〈to work out the questions by ourselves instead of being told the answers〉．
我们的数学老师经常鼓励我们自己解决问题而不是被告知答案。
5．有些动词后常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，这是英语中常用的句型，即“主语＋谓语＋it＋宾补＋真正的宾语”。常见的动词有：think, find，consider，feel，make等。
The student has made　 it　 〈a rule〉 to read English magazines every day.　
这个学生已经养成了每天读英文杂志的习惯。
注意：考生在写作时切忌好高骛远，在没有把握基本的简单句的情况下，不要轻易尝试很复杂的句子。要从自己可以掌控的东西出发，先学会把自己的思想表达成为得体的简单句，进而对之进行再加工、转换，方能创作出漂亮的作文。
补全句子/翻译句子(“主谓宾补”结构)
1．(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)此外，我们还可以分发传单，呼吁更多的人保护海洋。
What's more, we can also hand out leaflets to ______________________
______________________.
2．很显然，在线学习让我们随时随地学习。
__________________________________________________________
call on more people to
protect the ocean
Obviously, online learning allows us to learn at any time wherever we are.
3．我上个月来到这里，发现我的课程是有趣的。
__________________________________________________________
4．我想你能给予我们指导和鼓励。
______________________________________________________
5．父母认为这对于建立孩子的信心是很有用的。
__________________________________________________________
I came here last month and found my courses interesting.
I would like you to give us your guidance and encouragement.
Parents think it very useful to build their children's confidence.
句式(六)　There be＋主语＋地点状语(或时间状语)(存在句)
用来表示人或事物的存在、出现等意义， 而且大都是用于描述性文章中。表示“(客观)存在、有”。There be句型中，There是引导词，本身无意义，不可与副词“there(那里)”混淆。动词be是谓语，有时态变化，也可与情态动词连用。动词be的单复数要和后面邻近的主语一致。
There may be a rain this afternoon.
今天下午可能有雨。
There stands a tall building across the river over there.
河那边耸立着一幢高楼。
There was a car stolen last night.
昨晚有辆车被偷了。
即时演练(九)
补全句子
1．(2022·全国乙卷)为了学好英语，我们可以做很多事情。
________________________ we can do to learn English well.
2．那个国家有很多古老的寺庙。
___________________________ in the country.
There are many things
There exist many ancient temples
三、依据句子成分科学分析长难句
纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来分析常见的长难句。
1．长难句的表现形式
形式1：复合从句
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如： I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。
这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分画出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
【示例】
(2023·1月浙江卷) As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate.
当你改变生活方式时，如果别人对你的所作所为发表评论，你可能会发现自己想为自己说话，这可能会演变成一场家庭辩论。(As引导时间状语从句，wanting to speak up for yourself是宾语补足语，if引导条件状语从句，what引导宾语从句，which引导定语从句)
Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.
在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中，三分之一的人承认固定电话并不是必需的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，还有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况。(句首的介词of短语中含有who引导的定语从句，concede和say后面分别接了一个宾语从句)
(2022·全国乙卷)That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
那很有可能是应用如今的“天眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万千米的铁路轨道和基础设施对于火车来说都能全天候安全运行。(句子主干是That is the very likely future，of applying...是介宾短语修饰future，making sure后面是that 引导的宾语从句)
形式2：分隔结构
为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。
【示例】
That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone.
也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家庭电话的人是我们婴儿潮一代的父母，到了我们玩拿起话筒以前猜一猜是谁在打电话游戏的时候了。(That said与后面的宾语从句之间被插入语to be honest隔开了，宾语从句中的主语the only people后who引导的定语从句使其与谓语部分are our Baby Boomers parents隔开了)
形式3：改变语序
改变语序主要指倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。
【示例】
It was not only the gift, but the love of the children for her that moved her very much.
不仅仅是这份礼物，还有孩子们对她的爱，使她非常感动。(这是一个强调句型，强调作主语的not only the gift, but the love of the children for her)
当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会句法特征。
2．长难句的突破方法——结构分析法
所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。
方法1：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主语、谓语，即找主干成分
较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起考生们的足够重视。
①However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last about 120 years.
此句的主语为many scientists，主语后面包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say, say后面又包含了一个宾语从句。
②Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
此句的主语为Some companies，有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize。
③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors' chute(滑道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.
此句的主语为a microcomputer，有两个谓语，即locks和sets。
方法2：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词
① The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.
②Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
句①中第一个and和句②中的and是连接两个并列成分的，两句话中的and都是连接两个并列单句。
方法3：主从复合句的处理方法——找连接词
Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
whereas尽管，引导了一个让步状语从句，it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。
方法4：并列复合句和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare” “Samuel Johnson” and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
首先弄清并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再看but前是一个含有if引导的条件状语从句的复合句，but后是一个含有who引导的定语从句的复合句。
即时演练(十)
长难句分析
1．(2024·北京卷)He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions.
分析：本句是一个复合句。三个that 均引导_________；but 连接两个并列的宾语从句；when引导________________。
宾语从句
时间状语从句
译文：____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
他发现，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人不仅比拥有“狐狸”
型思维方式的人更容易出错，而且当事情与他们的预测不相符时，他们
不太可能意识到，也不太可能承认自己错了。
2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。suited to social media作_________修饰mindset；which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词___________；and连接主句并列的谓语___________和_________。
译文：____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
后置定语
approach
devote
social media
根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本的态度与对待社交媒体的态度相当，社交媒体通常不那么严肃，相比纸质阅读，人们投入的脑力要少。
3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。when引导______________，其中like identifying the main idea in a reading passage和such as drawing inferences from a text分别补充说明____________和___________________
________________；that require mental abstraction是定语从句，修饰先行词_______。
时间状语从句
simple tasks
ones that require
mental abstraction
ones
译文：____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
纸质阅读的好处尤其突显在实验者从简单任务——比如识别阅读文章的主旨——转向需要思维抽象的任务时——比如从文本中推断出信息。(共33张PPT)
语法悟通　专题突破
专题一　语法基础必备
第二讲　3个构词法
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
一、构词法的定义及分类
按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫作构词法。英语构词法主要有派生法(Derivation)、合成法(Compounding)、转化法(Conversion)等。
二、三大构词法
1．派生法
派生法指在词根之前加前缀或在词根之后加后缀构成一个与原来单词意义相近或相反的单词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意思，不改变词性；除少数后缀外，后缀一般改变单词的词性， 并不引起词义的变化。
前 缀 表示否定或相反意义的前缀 dis-， mis-， un-， il-， im-， in-， ir-， non-， anti-
disagree, misunderstand, unwilling, illegal，
impossible, independent, irrelevant, non-stop，
antivirus
形容词变动词的前缀 en-
able→enable, large→enlarge, rich→enrich
其他 inter-(相互)，over-(超过), ex-(以前的), re-(重新), super-(超)，vice-(副)
interaction, overweight, ex-husband, reuse, supernatural, vice-chairman
后 缀 形容词加-ly变成副词 -ly
real→really
动词或名词变形容词的后缀 -able，-ful，-ous，-y，-al，-ible，-ive，-ary
nature→natural, use→useful, continue→
continuous, act→active
动词变名词的后缀 -al，-ance，-ence，-tion，-ssion，-ment，-ture，-y
arrive→arrival, appear→appearance, exist→existence, invite→invitation
后 缀 形容词变名词的后缀 -cy，-dom，-ence，-th，-age，-ty，-ity
fluent→fluency, short→shortage, wise→wisdom, silent→silence, safe→safety
表示人的后缀 -er，-or，-ist，-ee，-ess，-ese，-an，-ian，-ant
teacher, inventor, artist, employee, Chinese, American, musician, servant
后 缀 表示否定的后缀 -less
hopeless, endless, fearless, careless, treeless, meaningless
形容词变动词的后缀 -en，-fy
broad→broaden, simple→simpify
名词变动词的后缀 -ize
apology→apologize
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, ________(taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
2．(2023· 新课标Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them, though, one steamer basket is _________(rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left wanting more next time.
tasty
rarely
3．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷) Since June 2017, right before the __________
(arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and _________
(confidence) speaking English.
4．(2025·河南焦作模拟)To him, promoting Wudang martial arts and culture is his inescapable mission and ____________ (responsible)．
arrival
confident
responsibility
2．合成法
由两个或两个以上的独立且语义不同的单词合成的词叫合成词，这种构词法称为合成法。最常见的合成词有合成名词、合成形容词、合成动词等。词与词之间有的用连字符连接，有的直接连接在一起。
分类 方法 举例
合成 名词 名词＋名词 sportsman男运动员
lifeboat 救生船
bookmark 书签
wheelchair 轮椅
guidebook 指南，手册
名词＋动词-ing handwriting 书法
sightseeing 观光
分类 方法 举例
合成 名词 名词＋动词＋-er painkiller 止痛药
storyteller 讲故事的人
lawmaker 立法者
动词＋名词 typewriter 打字机
postmark 邮戳
pushcart 手推车
workshop 研讨会，车间
分类 方法 举例
合成 名词 形容词＋名词 gentleman 绅士
greenhouse 温室
名词＋动词 handshake 握手
sunset 日落
介词＋名词 afternoon下午
by-product 副产品
分类 方法 举例
合成 名词 副词＋动词 income 收入
output 产量，输出
动词＋副词 cleanup 打扫
closedown 停业
checkup 检查
get-together 聚会
breakthrough 突破
tryout 选拔赛
分类 方法 举例
合 成 形 容 词 名词＋形容词 lifelong 终身的，毕生的
snow-white 雪白的
名词＋动词-ing English-speaking 讲英语的
peace-loving 爱好和平的
heartbreaking 令人心碎的
breathtaking 激动人心的
分类 方法 举例
合 成 形 容 词 名词＋动词-ed fun-filled 充满乐趣的
man-made 人造的
heartbroken 悲伤的
custom-made 定制的
形容词＋动词-ing good-looking 相貌好看的
easy-going 性格随和的
分类 方法 举例
合 成 形 容 词 形容词＋名词＋-ed warm-hearted 热心肠的
white-colored 白色的
形容词＋动词-ed strong-minded 意志坚强的
electric-powered 电动的
white-painted 漆成白色的
ill-cooked 厨艺差劲的
分类 方法 举例
合 成 形 容 词 副词＋动词-ed well-educated 受过良好教育的
newly-made 新建的
well-known 著名的
副词＋动词-ing hard-working 勤劳的
介词＋名词/动词-ing indoor 室内的
underlying 含蓄的；潜在的
分类 方法 举例
合 成 形 容 词 数词＋名词＋-ed one-eyed独眼的
three-storeyed 三层的
数词＋名词＋形容词 three-year-old 三岁的
two-foot-deep 两英尺深的
动词-ed＋副词 built-in内置的；固有的
分类 方法 举例
合 成 形 容 词 副词＋动词-ed well-educated 受过良好教育的
newly-made 新建的
well-known 著名的
副词＋动词-ing hard-working 勤劳的
介词＋名词/动词-ing indoor 室内的
underlying 含蓄的；潜在的
分类 方法 举例
合 成 形 容 词 数词＋名词＋-ed one-eyed独眼的
three-storeyed 三层的
数词＋名词＋形容词 three-year-old 三岁的
two-foot-deep 两英尺深的
动词-ed＋副词 built-in内置的；固有的
分类 方法 举例
合成 动词 形容词＋动词 ill-treat 虐待
whitewash刷石灰水
副/介词＋动词 overcome 战胜
overthrow 推翻
分类 方法 举例
合成 副词 形容词＋名词 hotfoot 匆忙地
anyway 无论如何
形容词＋副词 everywhere 到处
somehow 不知何故
副词＋副词 however 无论如何
whole-heartedly 全心全意地
介词＋副词 forever 永远
介词＋名词 beforehand 预先
downstairs 在楼下
分类 方法 举例
合成 介词 副词＋名词 inside 在……里
outside 在……外
介词＋副词 throughout 遍及
within 在……之内
副词＋介词 into 到……里
upon 在……之上
分类 方法 举例
合 成 代 词 代词宾格＋-self herself 她自己
himself 他自己
物主代词＋-self myself 我自己
yourself 你自己
形容词＋名词 anything 任何东西
everything 一切东西
即时演练(二)
写出下列句中加黑词的词性和词义
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.________________
2．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington._____________
______
n．自行修复
adj.像温室一样
的
3．(2023· 新课标Ⅰ卷)You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.___________
4．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks— transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.____________________________
n．工具箱
adj.用后丢弃的，一次使用的
3．转化法
在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，而不加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转化法。转化法种类很多，但数量最多的是由名词转化为动词和由动词转化为名词两大类。
(1)许多名词可转化为动词，其意思也随之改变。cook n．厨师→v.烹调　picture n．画→v.描绘
name n．名字→v.取名　stand n．看台→v.站
(2)形容词转化为动词
calm adj.平静的→v.使平静
spare adj.空闲的→v.节省
own adj.自己的→v.拥有
last adj.最后的→v.持续
(3)形容词转化成副词
hard adj.困难的→adv.努力地
well adj.健康的→adv.很好地
即时演练(三)
写出下列句中加黑词的词性和词义
1．(2023·全国乙卷)She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.__________________
2．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，“off-line” activity.____________________________
v．释放，使自由
v．将……连接成网络
3．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)I post my work on social media and, in turn, have met some of the kindest people. _________
4．(2023·1 月浙江卷)With gas prices rising and airport security lines snaking longer than ever, why not book your next domestic vacation on a train？__________________
v．发布
v．(使)蜿蜒前进(共91张PPT)
语法悟通　专题突破
专题二　“形”“态”各异的动词
第一讲　动词的时态、语态与主谓一致
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点一　动词的时态
情景导入
At first，Jack wasn't fond of studying and was addicted to computer games.Every time his mother went① to his room，she found that he was playing② computer games.His father had condemned③ him many times before he went to middle school，so he promised that he would study④ hard and quit computer games.
It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lot in the past three years.Whenever asked about Jack's performance at school，his mother always answers⑥ proudly，“He has been making⑦ progress.”He is making⑧ preparations for the college entrance exam.
There is no doubt that Jack will be admitted to⑨ a good college if he keeps working hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
用法感悟
①是___________，结构为______________________。
②是___________，结构为_________________________。
③是___________，结构为____________________。
④是___________，结构为______________________。
⑤是___________，结构为________________________。
⑥是___________，结构为___________________________________
___________________。
一般过去时
谓语动词用过去式形式
过去进行时
was/were＋现在分词
过去完成时
had＋过去分词
过去将来时
would＋动词原形
现在完成时
have/has＋过去分词
一般现在时
谓语动词用动词原形或动词的第三人
称单数形式
⑦是__________________，结构为_____________________。
⑧是___________，结构为_____________________________。
⑨是___________，结构为_______________。
⑩是___________，结构为__________________。
现在完成进行时
have/has been＋现在分词
现在进行时
am/is/are＋现在分词
一般将来时
will＋动词原形
将来进行时
will＋be＋现在分词
一、现在时范畴内的4种时态对比
(一)一般现在时常用的4种情况
1．表示习惯性、经常性的动作或存在的状态。常与表示习惯的副词(短语)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等连用。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day.
我通常每天晚上做作业。
2．主将从现：在以when, till/until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句和以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句以及no matter＋疑问词， 疑问词＋-ever, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll have a trip.
如果明天不下雨，我们将去旅行。
3．表示按时间表、时刻表等安排将要发生的动作，但限于少数动词，如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, return, open, close, take off等。
The plane takes off at 9：00.
飞机九点起飞。
4．表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。
Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
(二)现在进行时诠释的2类动作
1．表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作；也可以表示当时一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语有now，at present, this week等。
Mother is waiting for me.
母亲在等我。
What lesson are you studying this week
你们本周学哪一课了？
2．现在进行时还可表示计划安排好要采取的行动或要做的事情，常用的这类动词主要有go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do等。
“The moment is coming soon，” he thought to himself, waiting nervously.
“这一刻就要来了，”他自思自忖，紧张地等待着。
(三)现在完成时使用的5种情境
1．表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果，常与 yet, just, before, recently, once, lately 等表示过去时间的状语连用。
I haven't finished reading the book yet, so I can't return it to the library.
我还没把这本书读完，因此不能把它还给图书馆。
2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作，常与 so far, up to now, since last year, in the past/last few years，lately, in recent years等表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间的状语连用。
He has worked here for over 20 years.
他已经在这里工作了20多年。
3．用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作而发生。
He will be back before I have finished my work.
我完成工作之前他会回来的。
4．在“It/This/that is the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”固定句型中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是我们一家人第一次在电影院里看电影。
5．在“It/This is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”固定句型中，从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the most interesting book I've ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的一本书。
(四)现在完成进行时的基本内涵
现在完成进行时由“have/has＋been＋doing”构成，表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去，常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。
The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a．m.
自从上午9点经理就一直在告诉工人们如何改进这一方案。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)The remarkable development of this city，which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, ________ (mean) there is always something new to discover here，and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
2．As we all know, the sun _______ (set) in the west.
3．Many people ______________ (seek) a variety of sources for their happiness. Some have put their heart and effort into their work.
means
sets
have sought
4．I ____________________ (write) a report about the environment here over the last few days, which I have to hand in next week.
5．The World Health Organization warns that millions of people ________________ (suffer) from indoor air pollution at the present time, which results from the use of dangerous fuels and cook-stoves at home.
have been writing
are suffering
二、过去时范畴内的4种时态详析
(一)一般过去时的使用原则
表示在过去某一时刻、某一时间段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, two days ago, in 2022等。
—Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been
—I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.
——好长时间没见到你了！你去哪儿了？
——我作为志愿者去宁夏支教了一年。
(二)过去进行时的2种运用
1．表示过去某一时刻正在进行或过去某一时间段内一直进行的动作。
I was doing my lessons then.
那时我在做功课。
2．表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave, start, arrive, go, come 等。
Joan told us she was leaving for Wuhan next Saturday.
琼告诉我们她下周六要去武汉。
(三)过去完成时的4种用法
1．表示过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态，常与by, by the end of, by the time, before，until等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句连用。
I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.
在我爸爸回来之前我已经把手机收起来了。
2．某些词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。常用的这类动词主要有expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。
We had intended to help you, but we were too busy to get away.
我们本来想帮助你的，但我们忙得脱不开身。
3．在“hardly (scarcely)．..when...”“no sooner...than...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意为“一……就……”。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
4．在“It/This/that was the first (second, etc.) time＋that从句”固定句型中，从句谓语动词用过去完成时。
It was the second time that he had won the election.
那是他第二次在大选中获胜。
(四)过去将来时的一般含义
过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。除了使用“would＋动词原形”表示外，还可以用be going to do, be to do, be about to do等方式表示。
Did you predict that many students would sign up for the dance competition
你预计将会有很多学生报名参加舞蹈比赛吗？
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．Though the interview _______ (go) well, he realized that compared with the other candidates he didn't have the ability to get the job.
2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry _____________ (fix) his car when he heard the screams.
3．I was lucky because that was the second time that I ______________ (visit) Russia.
went
was fixing
had visited
4．Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he ___________________________ (be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
5．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that _______ (be)previously unprotected.
would be/was going to be
were
三、将来时范畴内的3种时态辨析
(一)一般将来时的4种用法
1．“will/shall＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话人临时作出的决定。
—Mr. Li is ill in hospital.
—Oh, I didn't know. I'll go to see him tonight.
——李老师生病住院了。
——哦，我还不知道呢。我今晚去看他。
2．be going to＋动词原形
(1)表示现在打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。
(2)表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，推测某事即将发生。
Look at the cloud. It's going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
3．“be about to＋动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，但可以与when连接的并列句连用。
The English Evening is about to start.
英语晚会即将开始。
4．“be to＋动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.
你要在10点前交上论文。
(二)将来进行时的时间概念
将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时也可以表示已计划好的事。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如： at this time tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
What will you be doing at this time tomorrow
明天这个时候你将在做什么？
(三)将来完成时的使用依据
将来完成时主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成，上下文情景中常含有by 的时间状语，如by six o'clock, by the weekend, by the end of next month等。
We shall have finished the project by the end of this year.
我们将在今年年底完成这项工程。
即时演练(三)
完成句子
1．到明年的六月份，我们已经毕业了。(graduate)
We__________________________________ by the June of next year.
2．他将就急救问题发表演讲。(deliver)
He_______________________________ on first aid.
3．我们将在16分钟后在巴黎机场降落。(land)
We___________________ in Paris in sixteen minutes.
will have graduated from school
is going to deliver a speech
shall be landing
四、“7组比较”辨清易混时态
1．一般现在时与现在进行时的比较
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或反复出现的动作或状态；现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，或现阶段一直进行的动作(说话时未必正在做)。
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(经常性、习惯性的动作)
在星期一的早上，开车上班通常要花费我一个小时的时间，虽然实际距离只有20英里。
Hurry up! Mark and Carol are expecting us.(正在进行的动作)
快点！马克和卡罗尔正在等我们。
2．一般现在时与现在完成时的比较
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或反复出现的动作或状态；现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作到现在已完成，或过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
I do all the cooking for my family, but recently I have been too busy to do it.
通常由我给家人做饭，但我最近太忙，没时间做了。
3．一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
一般过去时表示过去某时刻或过去某段时间发生的动作或情况，常与表示过去的与现在无关的时间状语连用；而现在完成时表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或情况，常与表示包括现在在内的一段时间的状语连用；一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况，与现在没什么联系；而现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
I felt very tired when I got home, and I went straight to bed.
回到家时我感觉非常累，所以就直接去睡觉了。
—Alvin, are you coming with us
—I'd love to, but something unexpected has come up.
——阿尔文，你会跟我们来吗？
——我想去，但发生了意想不到的事情。
4．一般过去时与过去完成时的比较
一般过去时表示动作发生在过去；而过去完成时表示在过去某个动作发生之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。
Tom and I became friends in 2000, although we had actually met several years before.
汤姆和我在2000年成为朋友，尽管在那时的几年之前我们就见过面。
5．一般过去时与过去进行时的比较
一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去，不强调动作的延续性；而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
He wrote a novel last month.
他上个月写了一部小说。(已经完成小说)
He was writing a novel at this time last month.
上个月的这个时候他正在写一部小说。(不一定完成小说)
6．一般将来时与将来进行时的比较
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态；而将来进行时强调将来某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。
I am busy reviewing my lessons because I will have an exam tomorrow.
我正忙着复习功课，因为明天要考试。
I can't come tomorrow, because I will be having an exam at this time tomorrow.
我明天来不了，因为明天这个时候我正在考试。
7．现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或造成的结果；而现在完成进行时则表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到现在，并且还在进行，强调动作的延续性。
Mary has phoned you.
玛丽给你打过电话了。
Mary has been phoning you.
玛丽一直在给你打电话。
即时演练(四)
单句语法填空
1．Power walking offers many benefits. Walking at a quick pace of 4 mph ________ (burn) around 300 calories per hour.
2．Now China _____________ (play) an important role in global economic policy-making.
burns
is playing
3．Great changes _____________ (take) place in our hometown in the past ten years.
4．Translated fiction sales in the United Kingdom _______ (rise) by 5.5 percent last year, with growing demand for Chinese titles, said Nielsen on Wednesday.
have taken
rose
一、时间状语判断法
动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。
【例1】　Silk had become (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
分析：句中by about 100 BC是表示过去的时间状语，当时间状语是“介词by (不迟于，不晚于)＋过去的某一时间”时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。故填had become。
【例2】　In the last few years, China has made (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
分析：句意：在最近几年里，中国在环境保护方面取得了巨大成就。句中的时间状语是In the last few years，表示动作“从过去某一时间一直持续到现在”，应用现在完成时；且主语China为单数形式。故填has made。
二、固定句式判断法
英语中有一些句式的时态常常是固定的，如果题干中出现这类句式，应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。常见的固定句式如下：
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb....，that后面的句子要用一般过去时或should＋动词原形。
二、固定句式判断法
英语中有一些句式的时态常常是固定的，如果题干中出现这类句式，应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。常见的固定句式如下：
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb....，that后面的句子要用一般过去时或should＋动词原形。
【例3】　It is the first time that I have been (be) to Beijing.
分析：句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，设空处在句中作谓语，再根据固定句式It is the first time that sb. have/has done ...确定使用现在完成时。故填have been。
三、语境综合判断法
当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填词动作的时态时，所填动词的时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。
【例4】　“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says，“because it means (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
分析：根据语境可知，这是Carle Pieters说的话，结合excites可知，应用一般现在时，主句是一般现在时，because引导的从句也应用一般现在时，主语是it，该处谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填means。
【例5】　(2023·北京卷)I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no other guest had arrived (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
分析：句意：多年以后，搬到法国后，我在约定的时间赴宴，却发现没有其他客人到场，女主人还穿着睡衣。根据语境可知，“客人没到场”这一动作发生在“我到场”之前，即“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。故填had arrived。
四、时态呼应判断法
时态呼应原则也是我们确定具体时态的常用方法。
【例6】　He said that one of the boxes generated (generate) around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.
分析：句意：他说其中一个箱子每月收入约为13,500美元，租金仅为400美元左右。根据主句中的said可知，that引导的宾语从句时态也应用过去的某种时态，从句陈述客观事实，应用一般过去时。故填generated。
考点二　被动语态
情景导入
Xiao Ming's Cellphone
Xiao Ming's cellphone was broken①.I couldn't get through to him while the cellphone was being repaired②.I wanted to inform him that he had been admitted③ to the basketball club.
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ so frequently that people have been controlled⑥ by them.Someone thinks that cellphones should be restricted⑦ on some occasions.
Xiao Ming's cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ again.
用法感悟
①是____________________，结构为______________________。
②是___________________，结构为_________________________。
③是____________________，结构为________________________。
④是____________________，结构为_______________________。
⑤是____________________，结构为________________________。
一般过去时的被动语态
was/were＋过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态
was/were＋being＋过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态
had been＋过去分词
一般现在时的被动语态
is/am/are＋过去分词
现在进行时的被动语态
is/am/are＋being＋过去分词
⑥是_____________________，结构为_______________________。
⑦是_____________________，结构为_______________________。
⑧是_____________________，结构为__________________。
⑨是_____________________，结构为_______________________。
⑩是_____________________，结构为_______________________。
现在完成时的被动语态
have/has been＋过去分词
带情态动词的被动语态
情态动词＋be＋过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态
will＋be＋过去分词
将来完成时的被动语态
will＋have been＋过去分词
将来进行时的被动语态
will＋be＋being＋过去分词
一、各种时态的被动语态形式(以do为例)
时态 一般式 进行式 完成式
现在时 am/is/are＋done am/is/are＋being＋done have/has
＋been＋done
过去时 was/were＋done was/were＋being＋done had＋been＋done
将来时 shall/will be＋done shall/will＋be＋being＋done shall/will＋have
been＋done
过去将 来时 would/should be＋done would/should＋
have been＋done
After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only to be told that it was being decorated.(过去进行时的被动语态)
放学后，我们去阅览室看书，结果却被告知阅览室正在装修。
【点津】
(1)含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态，由“情态动词(can, may, must, have to，used to等)＋be＋done”构成；
(2)含有be going to, be to, be about to等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态，其构成为“be going to (be to, be about to)＋be＋done”。
二、主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况
英语中有很多动词，如clean, sell, read, write, wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表示被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily, well等副词连用。
This kind of cloth cleans easily.
这种布料容易清洗。
【点津】
(1)主动语态表被动意义强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
(2)感官动词feel, sound, taste, look 等后跟形容词、名词构成系表结构，无被动形式。
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn't contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
(3)在need, want, require, deserve, bear 等动词，worth 等形容词的后面，动词-ing形式用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
Your composition still requires polishing/to be polished.
你的文章还需润色。
(4)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋动词不定式”中，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这个问题很难解决。(可看作省略了for me)
(5)be to rent/blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake
谁应为这个错误承担责任？
即时演练(五)
单句语法填空
1．(2023·全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still ______________(employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
2．When receiving the letter last night, I didn't notice what __________
(mark) on the back of the letter.
3．Our city is becoming a modern one. More and more tall buildings __________________ (build) in the last five years.
be employed
was marked
have been built
4．This listening material, together with its CD-ROMs, ________ (sell) well.
5．Meetings ___________ (hold) every two days in the company and he is fed up with them.
6．(2023·1月浙江卷) In the Ming Dynasty，the center was the Forbidden City，surrounded in concentric(同心的)circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social classes _________________
(permit)to live closer to the center of the circles.
sells
are held
were permitted
一、主语动词关系判断法
【例1】　Steam engines were used (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
分析：句意：车厢由蒸汽机拉动，对于乘客而言在浓烟和噪音下乘车肯定是相当不舒服的。主语Steam engines和use之间是被动关系，且由句中的must have been可知，此处叙述的是过去发生的事情，设空处应用一般过去时的被动语态；又因主语是名词的复数形式，谓语动词应用复数形式。故填were used。
二、动词特点判断法
【例2】　This listening material, together with its CD-ROMs, sells (sell) well.
分析：句意：这些听力材料和它的CD光盘都很畅销。英语中有很多动词，如sell、 read、 write、 clean、 wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表示被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily、 well等副词连用。此处句子的主语是This listening material，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填sells。
三、含有情态动词的被动语态
【例3】　The artist was sure he would be chosen (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed.
分析：句中主语he与choose之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且情态动词would后跟动词原形。故填be chosen。
考点三　主谓一致
情景导入
My deskmate，James，whose parents have been teaching① English in Guangzhou for ten years, comes from the United States，which is one of the most developed countries in the world.He as well as his parents enjoys② living in Guangzhou because neither James nor his parents find③ it difficult to adapt to the life in China.In their opinion, many a custom here is④ easy to understand and ten years is⑤ enough for them to get used to all the customs.
I，together with James，extremely like⑥ English but physics seems rather difficult for us.Besides, both he and I are⑦ very fond of reading storybooks，and the Arabian Nights is one of the most interesting books that have been read⑧by us.
Our class is⑨ united as a big family.Now the class are⑩ preparing for the coming sports meet，so large quantities of our recent time have been spent on it.What we need is a qualified coach because being trained properly is of great importance.We each are all aware that each of us plays an important role in our class.We have decided to hold a celebration if getting a good result but when and where we are going to hold it hasn't been decided .
用法感悟
1．以上黑体部分遵循语法一致原则的是：___________________。
2．以上黑体部分遵循意义一致原则的是：__________。
3．以上黑体部分遵循就近一致原则的是：______。
①②④⑥⑦⑧
⑤⑨⑩
③
一、就近一致原则
1．由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ..., not ... but ...等连接的并列名词(短语)或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数常与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你同学中的一位要去参加明天召开的会议。
2．由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
二、语法一致原则
1．动词-ing形式、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Listening to music makes me feel relaxed after a busy day.
忙碌了一天后，听音乐使我感到很放松。
【点津】
what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he says and does does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。
What he says and does do not agree.
他的言行不一致。
2．主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than等连接的短语时，谓语动词的数要与连接词前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher as well as his students was very excited.
老师和学生们都非常激动。
【点津】
(1)and, both ... and ... 连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
(2)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
My friend showed me around the town, which was very attractive.
我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇，这个小镇非常迷人。
(3)“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使由and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
Many a parent has to go through this same painful process.
很多父母不得不经历同样痛苦的过程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加周日举行的聚会。
3．“the＋形容词”表示某一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
患病的人被治愈，同时失踪的人也被找到了。
4．表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词或短语作主语时通常作为一个整体看待，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Two thousand miles is a long distance.
两千英里是一段很长的距离。
三、意义一致原则
1．集体名词作主语时，如果表示一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示组成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience 等。
The whole class were told to stay behind after school.
全班学生被告知放学后留下。
2．“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
About one third of the books were written by him.
这些书中大约有三分之一是他写的。
即时演练(六)
单句语法填空
1．Although the figure ______ better than expected, there _______ few signs that the eurozone would climb out of recession any time soon.(be)
2．Each instrument and each musician ________ (take) on different functions: sustaining, modifying, synthesizing and innovating, paired into two key types of roles supporting and leading.
was
were
takes
3．Neither Mary nor her parents _____________________ (inform) of the exciting news, which surprises us a lot.
4．Up to now, large quantities of food ________________________ (distribute) to the people affected by the terrible earthquake.
have been informed
have been distributed
【例1】　Because the number of possible topics is (be) practically limitless, we focus on a sample of the most interesting and useful applications and tools and explain the basic principles of technology.
分析：the number of ……的数目，后接可数名词的复数形式，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据主句的时态可知，从句用一般现在时。故填is。
【例2】　Of the nineteen recognised polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
分析：句意：在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中，有3个正在减少，6个保持稳定，1个正在增加，还有9个缺乏足够的数据。分析句子结构可知，本句由多个分句并列组成，其中设空处所在的分句的主语是six, 为复数概念，谓语应用复数，且上文的three和下文的lack也是提示；本句叙述的是一般事实， 应用一般现在时。故填are。(共60张PPT)
语法悟通　专题突破
专题二　“形”“态”各异的动词
第二讲　非谓语动词
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
情景导入
Good afternoon，ladies and gentlemen.It is a great honor for me to introduce① this English speech contest.As we all know, to master② a foreign language is very important for us.Taking part in③ an English speech contest is a helpful way to learn④ English.Everyone wants to show⑤ their best.When we have been preparing for it，we can improve our listening and speaking⑥ ability，developing⑦a good habit of learning⑧ English.
In the process of the competition，you should pay attention to the rules made⑨ by us.First，you should make your voice heard⑩ clearly by everyone, so reading aloud is very necessary.Second，you should try your best to express yourself in fluent English.Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.
I am sure the English speech competition will be a great success and the audience will feel satisfied with our performance.Thank you!
用法感悟
1．①to introduce this English speech contest 是不定式短语作真正的____语， _____是形式主语。
②to master a foreign language是不定式短语作____语。
④to learn English是不定式短语作____语，修饰way。
⑤to show their best是不定式短语作____语。
to express yourself in English fluently是不定式短语作______语。
主
it
主
定
宾
目的状
2．③Taking part in an English speech contest reading aloud都是动名词短语作____语。
⑥listening and speaking是动名词作____语，修饰 ability，表示类别。
⑧learning English是动名词短语作介词of的____语。
主
定
宾
3．⑦developing a good habit of learning English是现在分词短语作____语。
⑨made by us是过去分词短语作____语。
⑩heard clearly by everyone是过去分词短语作_________语。
satisfied是分词形容词，在句中作____语，意为“感到满意的”。
状
定
宾语补足
表
非谓语动词概述
1．什么是非谓语动词
非谓语动词是动词的特殊形式，在句子中可以充当谓语以外的成分。
2．非谓语动词在句子中的作用
一个句子中已存在一个谓语动词，又没有连词的情况下，再出现一个动词则用非谓语动词。
She got off the bus，but she left her handbag on the seat.(有并列连词，所以用谓语动词)
She got off the bus，leaving her handbag on the seat.(没有连词，所以用非谓语动词)
3．非谓语动词的种类：动词-ing形式、过去分词和不定式。
考点一　非谓语动词作状语
一、动词不定式作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等
1．作目的状语，有时也用in order to或so as to，但so as to不用于句首。
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)We will continue our campaign to prevent and control ocean pollution to make our oceans clean.
我们将继续我们的运动，以预防和控制海洋污染，使我们的海洋变得干净。
2．作结果状语，常用结构enough to, too...to..., only to 等。
I'm too tired to stay up any longer.
我太累了，实在不能再熬夜了。
3．作原因状语，此时常与表示情感的形容词连用，如glad, happy, frightened, surprised 等。
I was frightened to find that in front of my door sat a dog.
我惊恐地发现我家门前坐着一只狗。
二、动词-ing 形式作状语
动词-ing 形式作状语，常表示原因、伴随、时间、结果等，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
Walking in the street，I came across an old friend.(时间状语)
走在大街上，我碰到一个老朋友。
Having waited in line for two hours，the old man became impatient.(原因状语)
已经排了两小时的队，这个老人变得不耐烦了。
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.(结果状语)
他的父母去世了，让他成了孤儿。
【点津】
动词不定式作结果状语时，常表示意想不到的结果；而动词-ing 形式作结果状语时，常表示自然而然的结果。
三、过去分词作状语
1．过去分词作状语，分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Seriously injured, she has to be sent to the hospital at once.
她受了重伤，必须马上送往医院。
2．某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构中，此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，如lost (迷路的), seated (坐着的), hidden (隐瞒的), lost/absorbed in (沉溺于), dressed in (穿着……的), tired of (对……感到厌倦的)等。
Absorbed in the book, he didn't notice me enter the room.
他完全被这本书所吸引，没有注意到我进入房间。
【点津】
独立成分作状语，其形式不受上下文的影响。常用的有considering that...(鉴于……；考虑到……)；generally speaking(总的来说); judging by/from...(从……来看；依据……来判断); supposing that...(假定……); providing that...(假定……); owing to...(由于……); talking/speaking of...(谈及……); given that...(考虑到……)；provided that...(如果……); to tell the truth (实话实说)；to be honest (老实说)等。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．He hurried to the station, only _________________ (inform) that the train had left.
2．______________ (remember) all the questions you have when you are not in the doctor's office, write them down and bring the list with you to your appointment.
to be informed
To remember
3．He was a tall man in his fifties, __________ (dress) in a business suit.
4．She has never seen such a collective dedication from a nation, __________ (turn) things for the better by sacrificing personal convenience.
5．He used to be addicted to electronic devices and stay up late every night, __________ (trap) in an unhealthy daily routine.
dressed
turning
trapped
考点二　非谓语动词作定语
一、动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系。
(1)当被修饰词是序数词或被序数词，the only，the next等修饰时，常常用to do 作定语。
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)
她总是第一个来，最后一个离开。
(2)用在固定句型sb.have sth.to do和 there be sth.to do中。
Students complain that they have endless homework to do every day.(动宾关系)
学生们抱怨他们每天有做不完的作业。
(3)修饰某些名词，如chance，opportunity，way，ability，plan，appeal，privilege等。
His last appeal to come and see her went unanswered.(同位关系)
没有人答应他最后要来看她的请求。
二、动词-ing形式作定语
1．该动词与被修饰的名词之间为主谓关系或用来表示正在进行的动作时，用动词-ing 形式。
The lecture, starting at 7 o'clock last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
这次演讲开始于昨天晚上7点，紧接着是用望远镜观看月球的活动。
【点津】
被修饰的名词与动词-ing之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用动词-ing形式的被动式作定语。
2．表示被修饰词的某种用途，在意义上相当于“名词＋for＋doing”，此时动词-ing形式常置于被修饰词的前面。
a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming游泳池
a waiting room＝a room for waiting候车室
三、过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语，分词与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
建于1911 年的清华大学培养出了众多杰出人物。
【点津】
作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有doing和done两种。doing 表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．They held hands as Mark was wheeled into the ____________ (operate) room.
2．I admit I was too scared at that moment and the uncle ___________ (stand) beside me was giving me an awkward look.
3．The report, which was published in The Lancet in 2019, was based on research done with students _______ (age) 11 to 17 in 146 different countries.
operating
standing
aged
4．In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways ____________ (reduce) my carbon footprint on the planet.
5．They find comfort among the shelves _________ (pack) high with books and appreciate the smiling faces of librarians eager to help.
to reduce
packed
考点三　非谓语动词作补足语
1．感官动词和短语(see，watch，observe，notice，look at，hear，listen to，feel)后面的宾语补足语常见的非谓语动词形式有三种(do, doing, done)。do表示主动和完成(被动句中动词不定式符号to要还原)，doing表示主动或正在进行，done 表示被动或完成。
The missing boy was last seen playing near the river.
失踪的男孩最后一次被看到时正在河边玩耍。
I hear the song sung every time I pass by the coffee shop.
每当我经过这家咖啡屋，我都能听到有人唱这首歌。
I often hear the girl sing the song which is popular recently.＝The girl is often heard to sing the song which is popular recently.
我经常听到这个小女孩唱这首最近很流行的歌。
2．动词let, make, have, get, leave, keep, find，catch后接非谓语动词形式作宾语补足语。
On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the consequences of their actions can do better.
相反，那些让青少年体验他们行为后果的人能够做得更优秀。
She had to raise her voice to make herself heard.
她不得不提高嗓门使自己被听到。
The headmaster was angry to catch some students smoking again.
又一次抓住一些学生吸烟，校长很生气。
3．固定短语(如advise/allow/encourage/request/warn/invite sb. to do sth.等)中动词不定式作宾语补足语。
I am writing to invite you to come to my birthday party.
我写信邀请您来参加我的生日晚会。
4．with/without的复合结构：with/without＋名词/代词＋doing (表示主动、进行)/done(表示被动、完成)/to do(表示目的、将来)。
Without anyone noticing me, I stole into the room.
没有人注意到我，我偷偷溜进了房间。
With his hair cut，he looked much younger.
理了发，他看起来年轻多了。
With a lot of homework to do，I can't go skating with you.
因为有很多作业要做，所以我不能和你一起去滑冰。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．She returned home, only to find the door open and a number of things _______ (go)．
2．With a lot of difficult problems ____________ (settle), he can't get home early.
3．With the boy __________ (lead) the way, the soldiers managed to walk through the forest.
gone
to settle
leading
4．Not seeing or hearing any fire engines ______________ (approach), Grant rushed to a side entrance and ran up the stairs.
5．Fu believes it was his scientific approach to training that enabled him ______________ (overcome) those difficulties and reach his destination.
approaching
to overcome
考点四　非谓语动词作宾语
1．下列动词只能用动词不定式作宾语
decide/determine, learn， want, expect/hope/wish， refuse, afford, manage， pretend, offer, promise， choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help 记忆口诀
决心学会想希望
拒绝给予设法装
主动答应选计划
同意请求帮一帮
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
当我经过时，她假装没看见我。
2．下列动词只能用动词-ing形式作宾语
avoid, miss, delay， suggest, finish, practice， enjoy, imagine, resist， admit, deny, envy， escape, risk, pardon， stand, keep, mind 记忆口诀
避免错过少延期
建议完成多练习
喜欢想象禁不住
承认否定与妒忌
逃脱冒险莫原谅
忍受保持不在意
We enjoy reading English stories.
我们喜欢读英语故事。
【点津】
如果作宾语的动词不定式有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，将真正的宾语后置。
I find it impossible to change her idea.
我发现改变她的想法是不可能的。
4．“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构
动词不定式可以与疑问代词和疑问副词(why除外)等连用，构成动词不定式短语，在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语等。
I didn't know how to get back to the village.
我不知道怎样回到村子。
Experience tells you what to do; confidence allows you to do it.
经验告诉你做什么，而信心让你去做这件事。
5．固定结构“do/have/其他动词＋sth.＋but/except (to) do sth.”中的动词不定式用法：要遵循前有实义动词do，but/except后则无to，反之则有to的原则。
She had no choice but to cry in the face of the difficulty.
面对困难，除了哭泣，她别无选择。
即时演练(四)
单句语法填空
1．Eventually Deere expects _________ (add) other tasks to the autonomous tractor.
2．There is no denying that China is one of the most successful countries in ___________ (green) the desert.
3．I'm considering _________ (buy) an iPad, which is considered to be a useful tool.
to add
greening
buying
4．As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need _____________________ (repair).
5．Even though people initially laughed at him, he finally managed __________ (give) his hometown a path available to the nearby town.
repairing/to be repaired
to give
考点五　非谓语动词作主语、表语
一、非谓语动词中可以作主语的有动词-ing形式和动词不定式
1．动词-ing形式作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作；动词不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未发生的动作。
Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working them out.
直面问题而不是逃避问题才是解决问题的最佳途径。
2．it作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动词-ing形式，常见句型如下：
It is/was no use/good doing sth.; It is/was not any use/good doing sth.; It is/was of little use/good doing sth.; It is/was useless doing sth.; It's a waste of time doing sth.; It takes sb. some time to do sth.；It is easy/important/vital/
necessary/difficult...(for/of sb.) to do sth.等。
It's important for the figures to be updated regularly.
经常性地更新数据是非常重要的。
二、非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词-ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式
动词-ing形式作表语意为“令人感到……的”，而过去分词作表语意为“感到……的”。
Please describe a dog that is frightening.
请描述一只令人害怕的狗。
Please describe a dog that is frightened.
请描述一只惊恐的狗。
【点津】
get, become, look, seem, appear 等系动词后可跟过去分词作表语，表示被动或主语的状态。
This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldn't get discouraged right after failure.
温斯顿·丘吉尔的这句话告诉我们，失败后不应该气馁。
即时演练(五)
单句语法填空
1．It's no good _____________ (regret) your past mistakes.
2．Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier __________ (make) eco-friendly lifestyle choices.
3．I got caught in the traffic jam and I'm not sure how long it will take ____________ (arrive) at the airport.
regretting
to make
to arrive
4．What worried the child most was his ____________________ (not, allow) to visit his mother in the hospital.
5．It is, therefore, urgent ____________ (update) our curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields.
not being allowed
to update
考点六　非谓语动词的时态和语态
类别 语态形式 时态形式 主动 被动
动词不定式　 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词-ing 形式 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 一般式 done
一、主动形式和被动形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间存在主谓或动宾关系。与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时，用主动形式；与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时，用被动形式。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天举行的会议非常重要。
二、时间先后关系
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系定时态。
1．非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生，用非谓语动词的一般式。
2．非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用非谓语动词的完成式。
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
他完成作业后就去睡觉了。
即时演练(六)
单句语法填空
1．The novel is believed to _______________________ (translate) into ten foreign languages so far.
2．The manager, ______________ (make) it clear that he didn't agree with us, left the meeting room.
3．_____________________ (talk) to change my attitude, I finally got the right way to rid myself of carelessness and gained confidence as well.
have been translated
having made
Having been talked
4．The police are said ____________________ (undertake) detailed investigations into the case at present.
5．In fact, much remains _____________________________ (learn) about traditional Chinese painting and its elements.
6．(2024·四川省高职单招)The Olympic Games, first _________ (play)in 776 BC, did not include women players until 1912.
to be undertaking
to be learned/to be learnt
played
【例1】　These days, it is not unusual for 10-to 12-year-olds to publish their own websites or for second and third graders to begin (begin) computer classes.
分析：此处是“it is＋形容词＋ for sb. to do sth.”结构，该结构中， it作形式主语，真正的主语为动词不定式。故填to begin。
【例2】　On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars， listening (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
分析：分析句子结构可知，空前为完整的句子，设空处应用非谓语动词。 we与listen之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表主动和伴随，应用动词-ing形式作状语。也可由and前后连接两个并列的结构这一规律解题， and后的meeting interesting locals为动词-ing形式，故填 listening。
【例3】　Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans to retire (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
分析：分析句子结构可知，从句中已有谓语动词 had，设空处与had 之间无连词连接，应用非谓语动词形式；设空处作名词 plans的后置定语，应用动词不定式。故填to retire。
【例4】　Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish.
分析：句意：帕拉森和她的丈夫现在认为戒指可能是被扫到一堆厨房垃圾里去了。空前是系动词 got, sweep 与 the ring之间是动宾关系，应用过去分词作表语。故填swept。(共34张PPT)
语法悟通　专题突破
专题三　三大从句和特殊句式
第一讲　并列句和状语从句
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点一　并列句的用法
情景导入
Not only had Niulang lost his parents，but (also)① he was often bullied by his elder brother.What he only had was an old and weak cow, but② he took good care of it.Other men at his age had children already, while③ Niulang didn't get married yet.One day，the cow said unexpectedly，“I'd like to help you, for④you have attended me so carefully.Follow me, and⑤you will get a
wife！”So Niulang went to the bank while several beautiful fairies were bathing in the river.Then he did as the animal told him，hiding the youngest fairy's clothes away and⑥ telling her，“I am afraid that you will either lose your clothes or⑦ marry me.”As a result，the youngest fairy，Zhinü，became his wife.
用法感悟
1．表并列、顺承或递进关系的有：_________
2．表转折关系的有：_______
3．表选择关系的有：_______
4．表因果关系的有：_______
5．表条件或结果关系的有：_______
6．强调两种情况的对比有：_______
并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成的。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词(短语)连在一起。
①⑥
②
⑦
④
⑤
③
并列连词 用法 例句
and, not only...but (also)．..，both... and...等 表并列、顺承或递进关系 There the air is clean and the mountains are green.
那里空气清新，千山一碧。
but, yet， whereas等 表转折关系 The failure was a big blow to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.
这次失败对他是个很大的打击，但他并没有气馁，很快便像以前一样充满热情。
并列连词 用法 例句
or, either ...or...，not...but...等 表选择关系 Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you.
要么你改进工作，要么我就辞退你。
for, so 表因果关系(for连接的分句一般不能放在句首，往往表示一种附带的解释、说明或推断) The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.
树叶在飘落，因为秋天已经到了。
并列连词 用法 例句
and, or 表条件或结果关系，常用于句型“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”中 You have to move out of the way or the truck cannot get past you.
你必须让出路来，否则卡车无法从你身旁通过。
while 作并列连词，强调两种情况的对比 I like black coffee, while he prefers it with milk.
我爱喝不加牛奶的咖啡，而他更喜欢喝加牛奶的。
【点津】
when可用作并列连词，相当于and at this/that time，意为“正在这/那时，突然……”，常用于下列句式：sb. be about to do/on the point of doing sth. when...(某人正要做某事，突然……)；sb. be doing sth. when...(某人正在做某事，突然……); sb. had (just) done sth. when...(某人刚做完某事，突然……)。
He was about to go out when the telephone rang.
他正要出去，这时电话铃响了。
He had just finished writing a report when the boss let him type a letter.
他刚写完一篇报告，突然老板就让他打一封信件。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．The spare room can be designed as an excellent entertainment center, a playroom, _____ a large home office.
2．Guide dogs offer social, physical and mental benefits for some people who are blind, ______ training them is an expensive and long process.
or
but
3．Mo Yan was absorbed in writing his novel ______ didn't look up when the reporter came in.
4．Another hour ______ we will complete the task sent to us.
5．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)It's been an honor to watch the panda programme develop ______ to see the pandas settle into their new home.
and
and
and
【例1】　Our food supply depends on climate and weather conditions. Agricultural practices may be adaptable, but changes like increased temperatures, water stress, diseases, and weather extremes create challenges for the farmers who put food on our tables.
分析：分析句子逻辑关系可知此处climate 与weather conditions为并列关系。故填and。
【例2】　If you look down or away from a person rather than meeting him or her，you are considered to be either unfocused or uninterested in him or her.
分析： 由句意可知，空前空后表选择关系，应用连词or，构成固定搭配either...or...。故填or。
考点二　状语从句
情景导入
My mother was cooking in the kitchen while① I was doing my school assignments.As soon as② I finished my homework，I went to get some water to drink.Then the doorbell rang.However，my sister unlocked the door before③ I could open it.We were surprised the moment④ we saw her because⑤ her clothes and face were terribly dirty.She looked much poorer than⑥ we
expected.After⑦ my sister got changed，she told us that she fell into a ditch when⑧ she walked on a path on her way to my uncle's home in the countryside.She couldn't get out of the ditch.After several vain attempts she had to stand where⑨ she was and waited until⑩ a boy student passed by and gave her a hand.
用法感悟
1．引导时间状语从句的有：________________
2．引导地点状语从句的有：_____
3．引导原因状语从句的有：______
4．引导比较状语从句的有：__________
①②③④⑦⑧⑩
⑨
⑤
⑥
对比记忆9大状语从句
项目 连接词 例句 注意事项
时间状语从句 when, while, as, before，after, since，until, the moment等 ①When I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine. ②I will tell him the news the moment he comes. 一般情况下，在时间状语从句中，表示将来的动作，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
项目 连接词 例句 注意事项
地点状语从句 where, wherever等 ①Where there is a will, there is a way. ②We are always welcome wherever we go. 注意不要和where引导的定语从句混淆，若是定语从句，where前必然有先行词
项目 连接词 例句 注意事项
条件状语从句 if, unless, as/so long as, once, on condition that, in case 等 ①You should go to school unless you are seriously ill. ②He will certainly pass the exam next term if he works hard at his lessons. 条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样，当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时
项目 连接词 例句 注意事项
原因状语 从句 because, since, as，now (that) 等 ①He didn't go to school because he was ill. ②As he is a League member, he takes the lead in everything in his class. ①because语气最强，用来说明人们所不知道的原因，回答why提出的问题；since次之，as最弱；
②as引导的从句往往放在主句前面，用来说明比较明显的原因
项目 连接词 例句 注意事项
让步状语从句 although, though，while, as，even if/ though, whatever, however, whoever, no matter what/who/how等 ①Although he is a child, he knows a lot. ②Tired as/though I was, I went on with my work. ③I will go and attend the meeting however busy I am. ①当用though或 although引导从句时，后面的主句不能有but；
②as引导的让步状语从句必须把表语、状语或动词原形提前
项目 连接词 例句 注意事项
结果状语 从句 so...that...， such...that...， so that等 ①He runs so fast that no one can catch up with him. ②It was such an interesting novel that I read it three times. ③I got up late so that I missed the early bus. 在so ... that ... 和such ... that ... 结构中，so为副词，后面跟形容词、副词或分词，而such为限定词，后面只能跟名词或名词短语
项目 连接词 例句 注意事项
方式状语从句 as, just as, as if, as though等 ①We should work and study as he did. ②They talked as if they had been friends for years. as if, as though在方式状语从句中多指非真实的或可能性较小的情况，常用虚拟语气
项目 连接词 例句 注意事项
比较状语从句 as...as，not so...as， 比较级＋than 等 ①He works as hard as everyone else (does) in the class. ②He is taller than any other student in our school. 可以用比较句型表示在一定范围内的最高级含义：比较级＋than＋any other＋单数可数名词
项目 连接词 例句 注意事项
目的状语从句 so that, in order that, for fear that, in case等 ①She studies hard so that/in order that she can enter a key university. ②Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain. 从句中常用may, might,
can, could，
should等情态动词
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．Though it is 5 years ________ he retired from his workplace, the old professor remains active in the academic circles.
2．Feeling fearful is healthy __________ it helps you slow down and evaluate risks properly.
since
because
3. Leave your key with your neighbour _____ case you lock yourself out one day.
4．There'll be more traffic jams and temperatures will continue to rise, so the problems of our environment will get even worse, _________ we do something now.
in
unless
【例1】　After the peasant went back to pick up his vegetables，he noticed a purse lying in the road where the stone had been.
分析：解本题时要采用逻辑判断法。此处是指路上这颗石头在的地方有一个钱包，所以是地点状语从句。故填where。
【例2】　So popular is it that instant versions are also available on the web.
分析：解本题时要采用句型判断法。固定结构“so＋形容词＋that从句”，表示“如此……以至于……”。故填that。(共29张PPT)
语法悟通　专题突破
专题三　三大从句和特殊句式
第三讲　名词性从句
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
情景导入
What① worries my classmate，Mary，a lot these days is that② she is putting on weight quickly and thus falls ill frequently.She has some doubts whether③ she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar.Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can't sleep well these days.Maybe this explains that④ she has become fatter these days，she thinks.
用法感悟
①What引导_____从句，并在从句中作_____。
②that引导_____从句，在从句中不作成分，不能省略。
③whether引导______从句，意为“是否”，在从句中不作成分，不能省略。
④that引导_____从句，在从句中不作成分，可以省略。
主语
主语
表语
同位语
宾语
名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子，它的功能相当于名词(短语)，在复合句中可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的引导词及其用法如下：
考点一　连接词that与whether/if
一、连接词that的用法
1．that在名词性从句中不作任何句子成分，引导宾语从句时有时可以省略，引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时不能省略。
I love the fact that Chinese buses, motorcycles, trains and aircraft are either economical or cheap.
我喜欢中国的公共汽车、摩托车、火车和飞机，既经济又便宜。
【点津】
that引导宾语从句时几种不能省略的情况：
①that从句作介词的宾语时；②动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略；③宾语从句前有插入语时；④that引导的宾语从句位于句首时。
2．that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语的常用句型有：
(1)It＋be＋形容词(necessary, right, likely, unlikely, wrong, important, certain等)＋that从句
It is unlikely that I should accept such an offer as that.
我不可能接受那样的提议。
(2)It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity, a shame, a surprise, no wonder等)＋that从句
It is a pity that your composition has so many spelling mistakes.
很可惜，你的作文有这么多的拼写错误。
(3)It＋be＋过去分词(said, reported, decided等)＋that从句
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.
已决定会议推迟到下周一举行。
(4)It＋特殊动词(短语)(seems, appears, happens, matters, turns out, makes no difference 等)＋that从句
It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do.
结果表明，大脑像肌肉一样都需要锻炼。
【点津】
在以下主语从句中，常使用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”形式，其中的should可以省略。
①It is a pity＋that ...
②It is necessary/strange/important/natural ...＋that ...
③It is suggested/requested/required/proposed/desired...＋that...
3．it作形式宾语的宾语从句
(1)find, feel, think, consider, make, believe 等的宾语后有宾语补足语时，需用it作形式宾语而将that引导的宾语从句后置。
He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.
他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。
(2)一些动词短语see to, depend on, rely on 等常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。
I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.
你不在的时候，我保证照顾好他。
二、连接词whether与if引导的名词性从句
1．引导主语从句(if引导主语只能放在句尾，前面要用it作形式主语。)、表语从句、同位语从句时一般用whether。
2．whether与if引导宾语从句时大多数情况下可以互换，但下列情况下宜用whether：
①后面直接跟or not时；
②用于介词后引导宾语从句时。
【点津】
doubt后接从句时，如果用于肯定句，从句的引导词用whether或if；用于否定句或疑问句时，从句的引导词常用that。
The doctor really doubts whether/if my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
医生真的怀疑我母亲是否能很快从重病中康复。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．_______ people in London speak fast and use unfamiliar words made Xie Lei confused at first.
2．Dick enjoys painting but he knows the fact _______ he doesn't have what it takes to be a professional.
3．His capability has never been in doubt; the question is __________ he is prepared to put efforts.
That
that
whether
4．Sometimes, I really doubt _____________ there is love between my parents.They quarrel on a regular basis.
5．It is reported _______ we must be cautious about earthquakes nowadays.
whether/if
that
考点二　连接代词
一、what的用法
what可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语等。what引导名词性从句时有两个意思：一是表示“什么”，带有疑问意味；二是表示“……的东西或事情”，相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。
Our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
我们的老师总是告诉我们，如果我们想要成功，要相信我们所做的事情和我们自己。
二、whatever，whoever, whomever，whichever与what, who, whom, which的区别
whatever 意为“……的任何(事物)，无论什么东西”，相当于anything that，在名词性从句中作主语、宾语或定语
what 可引导名词性从句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语
whoever 意为“……的任何人”，相当于anyone who，在名词性从句中作主语或宾语
who 可引导名词性从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，通常保留疑问的含义，即“谁”
What worries us most is who let out the secret.
最令我们担忧的是谁泄漏了秘密。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished.
任何触犯法律的人都应该受到惩罚。
whomever 意为“任何人；无论是谁”，在名词性从句中作宾语
whom 在名词性从句中作宾语，意为“谁”
whichever 意为“无论哪个/哪些”，表示有范围的选择，在名词性从句中一般作定语
which 意为“哪一个”，在名词性从句中可一般作定语，表示有范围的选择
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．_______ she couldn't understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
2．We wrote a letter of thanks to __________had helped us.
3．The problem is ______ should be sent to help them out.
What
whoever
who
4．I'm in a puzzle about ________ is the right answer to the question.
5．Libraries have evolved as the public's needs have changed. In fact, if you haven't visited your local public library for a while, you may be surprised at _______ it now has to offer.
which
what
考点三　连接副词
引导名词性从句的连接副词有when，where，why，how等，它们均在从句中作状语。
I have no idea when she will be back.
我不知道她何时回来。
I've been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting.
我一直考虑我们如何能使报纸更有趣。
That's why I want you to work there.
那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．What puzzles Mike's friends is ______ he refused an offer from Yale university yesterday.
2．What some teenagers don't realize is ______ difficult life can be after they get addicted to drugs.
why
how
3．It is the ability to do the job that matters, not ________ you come from or what you are.
4．Getting up early also relieves stress and tension because it gives you the time to squeeze in a workout before you get distracted (分神). This is ______ morning people tend to be healthier and happier.
where
why
【例1】　The student completed this experiment to make what Professor Joseph had said come true.
分析：句意：这个学生完成这个实验是为了使约瑟夫教授所说的成为现实。make e true让某事成为现实。设空处引导宾语从句，并在从句中作had said的宾语，应用连接代词what。故填what。
【例2】　However, there are problems.The biggest one is that there are not enough low-priced items.
分析：句意：然而，存在一些问题。最大的问题是没有足够的低价商品。设空处引导表语从句，从句意思完整且不缺少任何成分，应用that引导。故填that。(共43张PPT)
语法悟通　专题突破
专题三　三大从句和特殊句式
第四讲　特殊句式
集训夯基 · 素养提能
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
情景导入
It was at midnight that① Lucy woke up.So hungry was she that② she realized that she did③ have to get up to get something to eat.She went to the kitchen.There was a cabbage，some hams and some eggs in the fridge.No sooner had she taken out what she needed than④ she realized she had no idea how to deal with the food.“Had I learned⑤ cooking from my mother, I would have become a good cook，”she sighed.
用法感悟
1．属于部分倒装的有：____________
2．属于强调句型的有：_____强调谓语动词的是________
②④⑤
①
③
考点一　强调句
一、强调句
1．强调句的基本句型结构：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分。该句型可对句子的主语、宾语、状语等进行强调。当强调部分是人，且作主语时，引导词也可用who。强调主语时要注意连接词与谓语的一致性。
It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress.
是我们的老师帮助我们取得了巨大的进步。
2．强调句的一般疑问句结构：Is/Was＋it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？
Was it in the park that he met our new teacher
他是在公园里遇到了我们的新老师吗？
3．强调句的特殊疑问句结构：疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that/who＋句子其他部分？
When was it that he made up his mind to take this course
他是什么时候决定上这门课的？
【点津】
由疑问词引导的强调结构作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序。
He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.
他问我是谁错拿了他的伞。
4．not ... until ...句型的强调结构：It is/was not until...that...。
It was not until twelve o'clock last night that I went to bed.
昨天晚上直到十二点我才去睡觉。
二、强调谓语动词
用助动词do，does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定陈述句中，do还可以用于祈使句。
The family did manage to send him to a technical school.
这家人确实设法把他送到了一所技术学校。
三、强调句与三大从句的区别
类型 区别
与主语 从句 强调句去掉It is/was和that 之后，句子结构仍然完整，而主语从句却不能。
It is there that accidents often happen.(强调句)
It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.(主语从句)
类型 区别
与定语 从句 强调句中that没有意义，且不作任何成分，而定语从句中that为关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
It is novels that Miss William enjoys reading.(强调句)
It is a question that needs careful consideration.(定语从句)
类型 区别
与时间 状语从句 强调句去掉It is/was和that后，结构仍然完整，而It is ...when...中，it指代时间。
It was at six o'clock that I got up today.(强调句)
It was six o'clock when I got up today.(时间状语从句)
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．I can't remember what it was _______ made the teacher give Mary the permission to leave the class earlier.
2．_____ was because I was stuck in the traffic that I came late.
3．It was he ___________ showed me how to smile through the tough times.
4．It was not until we heard that she was safe and sound _______ we finally breathed a sigh of relief.
5．Was it yesterday _______ you met your teacher in the street
that
It
that/who
that
that
考点二　省略句
一、状语从句的省略
在时间、让步、方式、条件、地点等状语从句中，如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it，而且状语从句的谓语中有be动词，可以将从句中的主语连同be动词一起省略。
While (I was) walking the dog on the street the other day, I met one of my old friends.
前几天在街上遛狗的时候，我遇到了我的一位老朋友。
If (you are) asked to look after luggage for someone else, you should inform the police at once.
如果被要求替别人照看行李，你应该立即通知警察。
There are some health problems that, if/when (some health problems are) not treated in time, can become bigger ones later on.
有些健康问题，如果不及时治疗，以后会变得更严重。
二、动词不定式的省略
1．动词不定式作动词(expect, refuse, mean, like, love, prefer, wish, hope, want 等)的宾语或作一些动词(expect，want, tell，order等)的宾补时，常承前省略动词不定式后的内容，但保留动词不定式符号to。
John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to (pass his driving test)．
约翰没有通过驾照考试，不过我希望他能通过。
2．当动词不定式在形容词(glad，happy，pleased，delighted, anxious等)后作状语时，to后的内容常承前省略。
—Would you like to come to the party
—I'm glad to (come to the party)．
——你愿意来参加聚会吗？
——我很乐意去(参加聚会)。
【点津】
如果动词不定式中含有be，have，have been时，通常保留be，have，have been。
三、so/not构成替代省略
英语中还常常用so/not等来代替省略的肯定内容或否定内容，so/not多跟在以I'm afraid, I hope, I think, I guess, I believe等开头的答句中。
—Do you think it will rain
—I hope so/not.
——你认为会下雨吗？
——我希望下/不下。
四、常用的与if相关的省略结构
if ever如果曾经发生过的话
if busy如果忙的话
if possible如果有可能的话
if so如果这样的话
if not如果不这样的话
if necessary如果有必要的话
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．They face a lot of challenges when _________ (try) to get food.
2．I hope it will be fine this Sunday. If ____, we'll go for an outing.
3．Though _________ (face) great pressure, the speakers bravely overcame it.
4．Music and art, when _______ (use) in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
5．While ___________ (stand) there, he heard a cry for help.
trying
so
facing
used
standing
考点三　倒装句
一、部分倒装
1．表示否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely ...when ..., no sooner ...than ..., not only ...but also ..., not ...until ..., nowhere, neither ... nor ... 等。
Seldom had he seen a child with so much talent.
他很少见到如此有天赋的孩子。
By no means shall we give up.
我们决不会放弃。
2．“only＋状语(从句)”置于句首时，句子(主句)要用部分倒装。
Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
只有当他回来之后，我们才发现事实的真相。
3．so/such ... that ... 结构中的so，such连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。
So beautiful was the girl that she won the championship in the beauty contest.
这位小女孩非常漂亮，所以她赢得了选美比赛的冠军。
4．表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时，用倒装结构“so/neither/nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”(so 表示肯定意义，neither/nor 表示否定意义)。
She can't understand his lecture, nor can I.
她不懂他的演讲，我也不懂。
This is not my story; nor is it the whole story.My story plays out differently.
这不是我的故事；也不是故事的全部。我的故事结局不同。
5．在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，从句的表语/状语/动词原形要位于句首，构成倒装结构。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。
Strange as it may sound, if you're unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires.
尽管这听起来很奇怪，但是如果你不满意，问题不是缺少满足你愿望的方法，而是你根本就没有愿望。
二、完全倒装
1．here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且句子主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。如果主语是人称代词，则不用倒装语序。
By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand.
一位年轻人坐在窗边，手里拿着一本杂志。
2．有时为平衡句子结构或突出强调，将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，构成“表语＋系动词＋主语”的完全倒装结构。
Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests.
出席晚会的有格林先生，还有许多其他宾客。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．But here ________ (come) a problem; should we clone humans
2．The parents didn't tolerate their kids' rudeness at the party, nor ______ (do) they allow themselves to be disobeyed.
3．Absurd ____________ it might sound, everyone present was amused by his adventure story in Africa.
comes
did
as/though
4．Only after talking to two students ______ I discover that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.
5．So clearly _______ (do) he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
did
does
考点四　其他特殊句式
一、感叹句
1．what引导的感叹句
(1)What＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！
What a beautiful picture it is!
多么美丽的一幅画啊！
(2)What＋形容词＋不可数名词/可数名词复数＋主语＋谓语！
What interesting stories he's told us!
他给我们讲的故事真有趣！
2．how引导的感叹句
(1)How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！
How clever a boy he is！＝What a clever boy he is!
他是一个多么聪明的男孩呀！
(2)How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！
How high the mountain is!
这山真高呀！
二、祈使句
祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。句中一般不出现主语，谓语动词一律用原形；否定形式可以在动词前加don't；强调形式是在句首加do。
Do be careful while you are crossing the road.
过马路时你一定要小心。
三、附加疑问句
附加疑问句，又称反意疑问句，由“陈述部分＋附加疑问部分”构成，若陈述部分为肯定式，则附加疑问部分为否定式，反之亦然。
1．陈述部分含有must的附加疑问句
(1)当must作“必须”讲时，其附加疑问句的动词用needn't; 当mustn't作“不允许，禁止”讲时，其附加疑问句的动词用must。
You must go now, needn't you
你现在必须走，不是吗？
You mustn't smoke here, must you
你不能在这里吸烟，是吧？
(2)当must表示推测，作“一定，准是”讲时，附加疑问部分的动词形式要根据must后面的动词所表示的时间来确定。
You must have watched the football match last night, didn't you
你昨晚一定看足球比赛了，不是吗？
2．陈述部分含有used to时，其附加疑问句的动词用usedn't或didn't均可。
You used to play football, usedn't/didn't you
你过去常常踢足球，不是吗？
3．陈述部分含有ought to时，其附加疑问句的动词用oughtn't或shouldn't均可。
He ought to attend the meeting, oughtn't/shouldn't he
他应该参加会议，不是吗？
4．陈述部分含有否定词的附加疑问句
(1)当陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分动词用肯定式。
He could hardly get up, could he
他几乎起不来了，是吗？
(2)陈述部分含有由表示否定意义的前缀或后缀构成的词，附加疑问部分的动词一般用否定式。
Mary dislikes sports, doesn't she
玛丽不喜欢体育运动，不是吗？
(3)陈述部分含有宾语从句时，附加疑问部分的主语和动词应和主句的主语和谓语保持一致。
He said that she would come here on time, didn't he
他说她会准时来这里，不是吗？
【点津】
当主句是I think/believe/suppose等结构时，附加疑问部分往往根据宾语从句的主语和谓语而定，需特别注意否定转移现象中的肯定式和否定式。
I don't think he will attend the meeting on time, will he
我认为他不会准时参加会议，是吗？
即时演练(四)
单句语法填空
1．_______ a fantastic Chinese painting show it is!
2．We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us enter, _______ you
3．______ beautiful the West Lake is!
4．I was about to give up when my teacher shouted at me，“Keep up, ______ you will make it.”
What
will
How
and
【例1】　When riding (ride) a bicycle, you don't use petrol.
分析：主从句的主语一致，从句中省略了主语和be动词，补充完整为When you are riding a bicycle。故填riding。
【例2】　It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house that we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
分析：此处是强调句：It was＋被强调部分＋that＋句子其他部分。本句强调的是时间状语。故填that。(共37张PPT)
语法悟通　专题突破
专题四　需要变形的名词、形容词和副词
第一讲　名词
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
情景导入
Born on August 23,1988 in America, Jeremy Shu-How Lin is a professional basketball player① who was on the Huston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA)．But，to some degree，many Chinese fans② and coaches③ take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.Jeremy Lin has recently become a success④ and attracted the world's⑤ attention，which gives Chinese people a lot of imagination⑥ and pride⑦.As we know, in most people's eyes, Jeremy is a miracle.
用法感悟
1．根据①可知，player由词根_______＋词缀______构成；
⑥imagination为名词，其词根为__________；
⑦pride为____词，其对应的形容词形式为proud。
2．根据②③可知，可数名词由单数变复数时，一般情况下在词尾加_____；
以-ch结尾的名词变复数时在词尾加______________。
play
-er
imagine
名
-es
一个成功的人
3．根据④可知，a success意为“_____________”，这是抽象名词的具体化。
4．根据⑤可知，名词所有格一般在名词词尾加______。
一个成功的人
-'s
考点一　名词的构词规律
1．动词变名词的后缀
类别 例词
-al表示人、物、行为、状态(特殊：去e＋-al) approve→approval, survive→survival，arrive→arrival，refuse→refusal，propose→proposal
类别 例词
-ance/-ence表示性质、状态或行为 appear→appearance，perform→performance，exist→existence，prefer→preference，refer→reference，depend→dependence，guide→guidance
-ion/-tion/-ation表示状态或行为 direct→direction，expect→expectation，explain→explanation，invite→invitation，solve→solution，compete→competition，pronounce→pronunciation，describe→description，repeat→repetition
类别 例词
-s(s)ion表示行为或状态 discuss→discussion，admit→admission，decide→decision
-ing表示具有……(特征的) hear→hearing，listen→listening，begin→
beginning
-ment表示行为、结果等 achieve→achievement，develop→development，argue→argument
-ure/-ture表示行为或状态 fail→failure，press→pressure，mix→mixture，expose→exposure
类别 例词
-y表示“……的动作(或过程)” recover→recovery，discover→discovery
其他常见变化 choose→choice，vary→variety，tend→tendency，grow→growth，marry→marriage，carry→carriage，pack→package，post→postage，store→storage
2.形容词变名词的后缀
类别 例词
-cy表示性质、状态 fluent→fluency，accurate→accuracy，private→privacy，efficient→efficiency
-dom表示地位、状况等 free→freedom, wise→wisdom
-ness表示性质、状态 dark→darkness，weak→weakness，kind→kindness，cold→coldness，aware→awareness
类别 例词
-th表示结果、过程、性质、状态 warm→warmth, true→truth, deep→depth，strong→strength，long→length, wide→width
-y/-ty/-ity表示性质或状态 difficult→difficulty，honest→honesty，
safe→safety，cruel→cruelty，
responsible→responsibility
类别 例词
-ent→-ence, -ant→-ance, -nd→-nse different→difference，silent→silence，respond→response，patient→patience，absent→absence，present→presence，confident→confidence，convenient→convenience，important→importance，defend→defense
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．I had to refuse your invitation because of a precious _____________ (engage)．
2．A collection of archaeological evidence has confirmed the ____________ (exist) of rhinos in ancient China.
3．The company's silence on the subject has been taken as an ____________ (admit) of guilt.
engagement
existence
admission
4. What made her succeed later on was the kindness and _____________ (consider) she showed to all her patients.
5．Meanwhile, a big tourism company said its rural tourism business has shown significant potential for future _________ (grow) in the recent three years.
consideration
growth
考点二　名词的数
1．可数名词的6种复数变化形式
变化规则 例词
一般情况下 在词尾直接加-s house→houses
map→maps
以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词 在词尾加-es box→boxes
brush→brushes
变化规则 例词
以辅音字母＋-y结尾的名词 变y为i再加-es city→cities
party→parties
以元音字母＋-y结尾的名词 在词尾直接加-s holiday→holidays
monkey→monkeys
变化规则 例词
以-o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加-s photo→photos
有些在词尾加-es hero→heroes potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes
既可以在词尾加-es，也可以加-s zero→zeros/zeroes
mosquito→mosquitos/mosquitoes
volcano→volcanos/volcanoes
以-f, -fe结尾的名词 一般要变f或fe为v再加-es self→selves
wolf→wolves
少数直接加-s belief→beliefs
2.有些可数名词复数形式不是以加-s或-es构成，它们的构成形式不规则
变化规则 例词
变内部元音 man→men, woman→women，foot→feet, mouse→mice, goose→geese, tooth→teeth
词尾加-en或-ren ox→oxen, child→children
单复数同形 sheep, deer, means, series, Chinese，
Swiss
【点津】
fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词；表示“鱼的条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同；但表示“不同种类的鱼”时，其复数形式为fishes。
3．合成可数名词的复数
(1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。
passer-by→passers-by, sister-in-law→sisters-in-law, grown-up→grown-ups
(2)“man/woman＋中心名词”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心名词都要变复数。
woman engineer→women engineers
4．常见的10个不可数名词
fun乐趣
progress进步
work工作
advice建议
information信息
homework家庭作业
equipment设备
weather天气
housework家务
furniture家具
5．抽象名词具体化
抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)
surprise惊讶 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事
success成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)
honour荣誉 an honour一个(件)令人尊敬的人(事)
failure失败 a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)
beauty美；美丽 a beauty美丽的人或事物
pleasure快乐 a pleasure一件乐事
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．Therefore, daily ___________ (supply) were sent to me by my children so I could avoid going out.
2．And outstanding or gifted players will also have the chance to join inter-school teams for regional _______________ (compete) and even national summer camps.
supplies
competitions
3．And one of his songs, Let the World Be Filled with Love, has enjoyed great popularity all over the country for __________ (decade)．
4．My mother would sit by the window, watching the falling _________ (leaf) from the trees floating in the air.
5．In addition to books, many libraries also offer digital _________ (copy) of books, audiobooks, movies, and more through Internet platforms.
decades
leaves
copies
考点三　名词所有格及名词作定语
一、名词所有格
1．-'s所有格
(1)and连接的并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-'s 或'；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-'s或'。
Tom's and Jim's rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim's room汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
(2)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber's在理发店
2．of所有格
无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the name of the girl over there
那边那个女孩的名字
3．双重所有格
“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。
a photo of mine我的一张照片
a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亚的一个戏剧
二、名词作定语
名词作定语可以用来修饰另一个名词，表示材料、类别、用途等，作定语的名词有以下三种形式：
1．一般用单数形式。
a stone bridge 一座石桥
a meeting room一间会议室
morning exercise早操
London Airport伦敦机场
a story book一本故事书
a shoe shop一家鞋店
2．man，woman要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致。
a woman teacher一位女教师
two women teachers两位女教师
3．sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等一般用复数形式。
a sports meet运动会
a goods train货运列车
a customs officer海关官员
a sales manager销售部经理
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空/完成句子
1．There is a nice picture in the little ________ (girl) bedroom. She likes it very much.
2．He goes to work by car. His house is two _________ (hour) drive from his office in the city.
3．It was a good opportunity for me to experience the ___________ (nation) diverse customs and traditions.
girl's
hours'
nation's
4．Unlike older generations who might favor Western culture and brands，Chinese youth were born and raised when the ____________ (country) economy was taking off, so they tend to have strong confidence in their national identity and culture.
5．_________________________ (约翰和玛丽的妈妈) was unconscious for five hours after being admitted to hospital.
6．_____________________ (两位女老师) and four girl students were praised at the meeting yesterday.
country's
John and Mary's mother
Two women teachers
【例1】　Also, technological know-how has become a requirement (require) for most jobs in an increasingly digital world, as the computer has become a common tool in most professions (profession)．
分析：动词become后接名词作表语，根据前面的不定冠词a可知，用名词的单数形式，故第一个空填requirement。名词profession为可数名词，根据前面的most可知用复数形式，故第二个空填professions。
【例2】　This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
分析：句意：这种变化已经减少了这个国家主要湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水变得更安全了。设空处作及物动词decreased的宾语，应用名词。故填pollution。
【例3】　My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
分析：分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中作表语，说明主语的身份，表“是什么”，应用名词；根据句意“我是研究猿和猴子等动物的科学家”可知，应用名词。故填scientist。(共47张PPT)
语法悟通　专题突破
专题四　需要变形的名词、形容词和副词
第二讲　形容词和副词
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
情景导入
Some people think that they will get ill if they use their brains too much.It is not true.Through many studies，scientists show us that the more you use your brain, the better it will be and the cleverer① you will become.
Of course，if you want to keep your mind clear and active, you must take a proper rest and study properly②.To the teenagers, using their brains in the morning is good for their health.
There are many ways to rest.One is a peaceful③ rest.Sleep is a peaceful rest.Another is an active rest.For example，you can take a walk outdoors and do more exercise every day.
用法感悟
1．根据①可知，“the ＋比较级，the＋比较级”意为“越……越……”。
2．②中的properly为____词，其词根是_________，词缀为______。
3．③中的peaceful为形容词，其词根是________，词缀为_______。
副
proper
-ly
peace
-ful
考点一　形容词和副词的词形转换
1．形容词的构词规律
类别 例词
名词词尾加-y rain→rainy，cloud→cloudy，luck→lucky，health→healthy，sleep→sleepy，wealth→wealthy
动词词尾加-(e)d learn→learned，gift→gifted, talent→talented，advance→advanced，excite→excited
类别 例词
动词词尾加-ing challenge→challenging，surprise→surprising, convince→convincing, frighten→frightening
名词词尾加-ful/-less meaning→meaningful/meaningless, care→careful/careless, help→helpful/helpless，harm→harmful/harmless，colour→colourful/colourless，thank→thankful/thankless，peace→peaceful/peaceless，use→useful/useless，home→homeless
类别 例词
名词或动词 词尾加-able accept→acceptable，comfort→comfortable，knowledge→knowledgeable，respect→respectable，reason→reasonable
名词词尾加-ous danger→dangerous，courage→courageous，humour→humorous
名词词尾的 -ce变为-t confidence→confident，difference→different
类别 例词
名词词尾加-al music→musical, person→personal，nation→national，education→educational，tradition→traditional
名词词尾加-ly friend→friendly, week→weekly，love→lovely
名词词尾加-en wood→wooden, wool→woolen
动词词尾加 -ive/-ative attract→attractive, talk→talkative，prevent→preventive，protect→protective
类别 例词
其他常见变化 energy→energetic, fool→foolish，pleasure→pleasant/pleased，science→scientific
[以重读闭音节结尾的名词变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y(如sun→sunny, fun→funny等)；以e结尾的名词要去掉e再加-y(如noise→noisy, ice→icy, taste→tasty等)]
【点津】
区分-ed形容词与-ing形容词的具体方法：
(1)-ing形容词主要用于修饰物或事，表示事物的性质特征，常译为“令人……的”。
(2)-ed形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile (微笑), feeling (感觉), appearance (外貌), cry (哭), face (面部表情), voice (声音), mood (情绪), look (表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。
2．副词的构词规律
类别 例词
形容词＋后 缀-ly clear→clearly, great→greatly，loud→loudly，sudden→suddenly，sincere→sincerely，shy→shyly
以辅音字母加-y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加-ly happy→happily，heavy→heavily，angry→angrily，lucky→luckily，noisy→noisily
类别 例词
词尾为-ble/-le的形容词，去e再加-y terrible→terribly，possible→possibly，gentle→gently，probable→probably，comfortable→comfortably，responsible→responsibly，suitable→suitably(例外：whole→wholly)
词尾为-ue的形容词，去e再加-ly true→truly
类别 例词
词尾为-ll的形容词，直接加-y full→fully，dull→dully
词尾为-ic的 形容词，加 -ally basic→basically, scientific→scientifically，
specific→specifically，
automatic→automatically
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．But that's how nature is—always leaving us __________ (astonish)．
2．Walking along a trail in the shadowy forest, I saw __________ (variety) plants that have started to turn reddish.
3．They are making the space experience _____________ (access) to ordinary people.
4．Today, as urban population explodes ___________ (globe), cities become more crowded.
astonished
various
accessible
globally
考点二　形容词和副词的基本用法
1．形容词和副词的句法功能
词性 功能 例句
形容词 在句中作定语、表语、补足语和状语(说明主语的状态、性质或特征等)，修饰名词、代词等 Optimistic, she is the sort of lady to spread sunshine to people through her smile.
乐观的她是那种通过微笑向人们传播阳光的人。
词性 功能 例句
副词 在句中作状语，修饰动词(短语)、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子等，方位副词可作后置定语、表语或补语 I couldn't find my way out, so I stayed there all along.
我找不到出去的路，因此我一直待在那里。
2.兼有两种形式的副词
其中一种形式与形容词相同，另一种形式是在形容词后加后缀-ly。这两种形式的副词表示的意义不同。
close接近(指距离)—closely仔细地；密切地
free免费—freely自由地；自如地
deep深—deeply深刻地；深入地
hard努力地—hardly几乎不
wide充分地；尽可能远地—widely广泛地
high高—highly高度地
late晚；迟—lately近来
near邻近—nearly几乎
most最—mostly主要地；绝大多数地
pretty相当地—prettily优美地
【点津】
下列单词以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：
lively，lonely，lovely，deadly，friendly，ugly，silly，likely，brotherly，timely 等。
3．常用的连接性副词
(1)though 一般用于句末，意为“然而；可是”，表示转折。
(2)meanwhile意为“在此期间”，表示两个动作同时发生。
(3)therefore/thus/consequently意为“因此；所以”，表示结果。
(4)moreover/furthermore/additionally意为“此外”，表示承接关系。
(5)besides意为“另外；还有”，表示并列或递进关系。
(6)however意为“然而”，表示让步和转折，常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。
(7)instead意为“相反”，表示相反的情况。
(8)anyway/anyhow意为“尽管；即使这样”，表示让步。
4．常考易混、易错形容词和副词的区别
(1)before与ago
相同点：都可以表示“在若干时间以前”。
不同点：before常用于过去完成时，所指的时间是从过去某一时刻算起的以前；ago常用于一般过去时，所指的时间是从现在算起的一段时间以前。
Three days ago, I finally left the firm that I had joined eighteen years before.
三天前，我终于离开了18年前我所进入的公司。
(2)so与such
so是副词，可以放在形容词或副词之前作状语；such是限定词，可用来修饰名词，作定语。
such a beautiful girl＝so beautiful a girl
such a lovely day＝so lovely a day
应注意以下几点：
①当名词为不可数名词或复数名词时，不能用so，必须用such。
②当名词前有表示数量的词语(如many, much, few, little)时，则只能使用so来修饰它们，而不能使用such。
He has so little money.
他只有那么一点儿钱。
【点津】
当little作“小的”讲时，可以用such。
such a little animal这么小的动物
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．She is not an outgoing person and she doesn't let anyone know what she ________ (true) feels.
2．________________ (fortune), the people making the decisions are out of touch with the real world.
3．She is _____ confident a woman that she is certain of her views.
4．Oliver says if you're ________ (luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them if you can join in when it's possible.
truly
Unfortunately
so
lucky
考点三　比较级和最高级的用法
形容词和副词比较等级的考查主要体现在两个方面：一是通过标志词than或表示比较意义的语境推出用比较级还是最高级；二是考查一些固定结构中比较级和最高级的用法。
1．比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则形式
①单音节以及少数双音节形容词和副词，在原级后加-er，-est构成，如clever—cleverer—cleverest。
其他特殊变化见下表：
特殊情况 构成方法 例词
以不发音的字母-e结尾 加-r和-st brave—braver—bravest
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i，再加-er和-est happy—happier—happiest
以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾，再加-er和-est hot—hotter—hottest
②多音节和部分双音节形容词和副词，在原级前加more和most构成。
active—more active—most active
happily—more happily—most happily
【点津】
(1)有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加-er和-est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是common, handsome, quiet, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以-ow, -er结尾的词。
(2)有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right (正确的)，wrong (错误的)，excellent (优秀的)，possible (可能的)，empty (空的)，first (第一的)，wooden (木制的)，final (最后的)，east (东方的)，last (最后的)等。
(2)不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good, well better best
bad, ill worse worst
many, much more most
little less least
原级 比较级 最高级
far farther(指时间或空间上“更远的/地”) farthest(指时间或空间上“最久的；最远的”)
further(指空间或用于描述比喻或抽象的距离“更远的；更进一步的”；“在更大程度上”) furthest(指空间距离“最远的；在最大程度上”)
old older/elder oldest/eldest
2.比较等级的基本用法
(1)同级比较：as＋形容词/副词原级＋as，其否定形式是“not as/so＋形容词/副词原级＋as”。
(2)比较级结构：形容词/副词的比较级＋than; more/less＋多音节或某些双音节的形容词或副词＋than。常见的修饰比较级的词有any, much, even, far, by far, a lot, a great deal等。
The book is far more interesting than the books I have ever read.
这本书比我以前读的书有趣多了。
(3)最高级结构：the＋形容词的最高级(＋名词)＋比较范围(in/of/among短语)；one of the＋形容词的最高级＋名词复数。常用来修饰最高级的词有by far, almost以及序数词等。
Raymond's parents wanted him to have the best possible education.
雷蒙德的父母想让他接受最好的教育。
3．比较等级的特殊句型
(1)“比较级＋and＋比较级”或“more and more/less and less＋原级”表示“越来越……”。
Holiday flight tickets are getting less and less expensive.
假期的机票越来越便宜了。
(2)“the＋比较级＋主语＋谓语，the＋比较级＋主语＋谓语”，表示“越……，就越……”。
The more you listen and read, the better you write and speak.
你听得越多、读得越多，你的写作和口语就越好。
(3)“the＋比较级＋of the two＋名词”，表示“两者中较……的那个人或物”。
Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个相机中，我喜欢较小的那个，它很容易携带。
4．比较级形式表达最高级含义
(1)“否定词＋比较级”或“否定词＋such/so ...as”结构表示最高级含义。
The story is perfect; I've never heard a better one before.
这个故事太完美了；我从来没有听过比这更好听的故事。
(2)比较级在以下几种结构中均表示最高级含义：
①比较级＋than＋any other＋单数名词；
②比较级＋than＋all the other＋复数名词；
③比较级＋than＋any of the other＋复数名词。
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河流都长。/长江是中国最长的河流。
5．倍数表达法
常见的倍数表达句型主要有：
①A is＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B；
②A is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B；
③A is＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height等)＋of＋B；
④The＋名词(size，length，height 等)＋of＋A＋is＋倍数＋that＋of＋B；
⑤A is＋倍数＋what引导的名词性从句。
Smoking is harmful to people's health, killing seven times more people each year than traffic accidents.
吸烟有害健康，每年因抽烟而丧命的人比死于交通事故的多7倍。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．My mum makes the _______ (good) biscuits in the world, so I decided to ask her for help.
2．He realized that if he could construct a windmill, his village people could live a far _________ (good) life.
3．After a few months, we all felt that we had been able to build much ___________ (strong) relationships with the family than we had before.
best
better
stronger
4．My father went to work by car as usual today, but he arrived at the company later _______ usual.
5．The electronic waste stream is increasing three times _________ (fast) than traditional garbage as a whole.
than
faster
【例1】　At the same time, computer games are becoming increasingly popular as major publishing houses continue to develop educational (education) computer programs for children in preschool.
分析：句法功能法。修饰名词computer programs，应用形容词。故填educational。
【例2】　Bamboo：Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and offices. Certainly (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
分析：句法功能法。分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中作状语修饰全句，应用副词。故填Certainly。
【例3】　Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are higher (high) than they actually are.
分析：标志词定性法。根据设空处后的比较级提示词than可知，设空处应用形容词的比较级。故填higher。(共99张PPT)
语法悟通　专题突破
专题一　语法基础必备
专题五　不容忽视的冠词、代词、数词和介词(短语)
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
情景导入
Tom，a① classmate of mine，is a② Lei Feng in our class，who is always ready to help others.Henry，whose father is a teacher, is considered to be the③ most diligent student in our class, who is the④ first one to get to school and the⑤last one to leave every day.He believes the harder you study, the more knowledge you'll get.Tom likes watching TV while Henry enjoys listening to the⑥ radio.Both of them are working for the⑦ Students' Union.They are of an⑧ age.
用法感悟
1．使用不定冠词的情况：
(1)泛指“一个”，如________
(2)指与某人或某物有类似性质的人或事物，如________
(3)表示“同一，相同”，如______。
2．使用定冠词的情况：
(1)根据______可知定冠词the可用在序数词或表示序列的next，last以及最高级前；
(2)根据_________可知定冠词the可用在固定搭配中。
①
②
⑧
③④⑤
⑥⑦
考点一　冠 词
一、不定冠词的3种基本用法和2种灵活用法
1．3种基本用法
(1)表示类指或指某类中的“任何一个”。
It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
普遍认为男孩必须学会站起来并像个男子汉一样去奋斗。
(2)表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。
It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky.
那是一个寒冷的冬夜，月亮在夜空中闪耀着。
(3)表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数量概念没有one强烈。
Rome was not built in a day.
罗马非一日建成。/冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
2．2种灵活用法
(1)表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。
A Mr. Brown came to see you just now.
刚才有一位布朗先生来找你了。
(2)“a(n)＋序数词”表示“又一；再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常；很”。
He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌，但是，在跳远比赛中他还有一次(赢得金牌的)机会。
二、定冠词的5种基本用法
1．特指某人或某事。
2．用在专有名词前或与世界上独一无二的事物连用。
3．用在序数词和形容词、副词最高级及only, very, same等之前。
4．用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour, by the day, by the week, by the dozen, by the yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。
—It's said John will get a job paying over $600,000 a year.
—Right, he will also get paid by the week.
——据说约翰会得到一份年薪超过六十万美元的工作。
——是的，而且会按周付薪。
5．某些形容词前面加定冠词，表示某类人或物。
The injured were taken to the nearest hospital without delay.
受伤的人被立刻送到了最近的医院。
三、冠词在固定搭配中的用法
1．不定冠词在固定搭配中的用法
have a look 看一下
take a bath/walk/rest冲凉/散步/休息
as a matter of fact事实上
all of a sudden突然
in a hurry匆忙地
do sb a favour帮某人一个忙
keep an eye on留心
2．定冠词在固定搭配中的用法
on the whole总体上
to tell the truth说实话
on the contrary相反
in the end最后
in the charge of由……负责
四、零冠词的3种基本用法
1．在不可数名词或可数名词复数前表示泛指时不用冠词。
2．称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、宾语补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。
Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to further study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯宾塞告诉我们：“这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津大学或剑桥大学深造。”
3．表示时间、节日、季节、三餐、球类运动、语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．Autumn, a word dating back to the late 1300s, became popular as _____ alternative.
2. When I see a child under this kind of pressure, I think of Tom. He was ____ shy, nervous boy.
3．And without courage, we'll never step into ______ unknown.
4．In fact，communication has been ______ best way to promote each other's understanding and trust.
an
a
the
the
【例1】　When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke.
分析：考查冠词。此处表示“我们以为那是一个玩笑”，joke为单数可数名词，在此处表示泛指，且joke的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
【例2】　Unexpectedly，I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at the top of her voice.
分析：考查固定搭配。句意：出乎意料的是，我和那只大猩猩面对面，它开始声嘶力竭地尖叫。at the top of one's voice高声地；声嘶力竭地。故填the。
考点二　代 词
情景导入
We① students should get on well with each other.But in fact, something② unpleasant can happen from time to time.For example, yesterday afternoon, it③ was fine.All④ of us went out to the playground.Some were playing games and others⑤ were playing football when two boys of us quarreled and then fought. Every one of us was confused because they were ever very good friends and nobody⑥ could exactly tell what they fought for.Neither⑦ of them wanted to give in to the other⑧.I thought it⑨ wrong of them to do so.
用法感悟
1．(1)①We是人称代词的____格。
(2)③it指_____；⑨it为形式____语。
2．(1)④All表示_______________的“全部”；
不定代词⑦Neither表示___________。
(2)⑧the other指____者中的另一个。
(3)⑤some...others表示____________________。
(4)②something表示_______；
⑥nobody表示“没有人，谁也不”，只指____，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
主
天气
三者及三者以上
宾
两者都不
两
一些……另外一些……
某事/物
人
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1．分类
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 功能 主语 宾语、表语 定语 主语、表语、宾语 宾语、表语、同位语
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 功能 主语 宾语、表语 定语 主语、表语、宾语 宾语、表语、同位语
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 功能 主语 宾语、表语 定语 主语、表语、宾语 宾语、表语、同位语
第三人称 单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
You can't leave the baby by himself.
你不能留下孩子一个人。
She is not quite herself today.
她今天不在状态。
I myself can repair the bike.
我自己能修那辆自行车。
(2)常见搭配
与介词 搭配 by oneself 独自地
for oneself 替自己；为自己
of oneself 自动地
in oneself 本质上；本身
与动词 搭配 apply oneself to 专心致志于
behave oneself 举止得体；行为检点
dress oneself 打扮；自己穿衣
devote oneself to 致力于；献身于
help oneself to 随便吃/用
enjoy oneself 玩得开心
seat oneself 就座；入席
make oneself at home别客气
teach oneself 自学
二、it的用法
1．基本用法
指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、想法等，也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象，还可以指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。
The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it.
由于当地政府努力提高就业率，大城市的就业率不断上升。
2．it作形式主语和形式宾语的常用句型
it作 形式 主语 ①It is a pity/shame that...真可惜……
②It is no wonder that...难怪……
③It seems/appears that...似乎/看来……
④It looks/seems as if/as though...
看起来好像……
⑤It happens that...碰巧……
⑥It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb. that...
某人突然想起……
it作 形式 主语 ⑦It is said/reported that...
据说/据报道……
⑧It is certain that...……是一定的。
⑨It is no use/good doing...
做……没有用/好处。
⑩It takes sb. some time to do...
做……花费某人若干时间。
it作 形式 宾语 ①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/...＋ it＋形容词/名词＋for/of sb. to do/that从句
②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/... ＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy/...＋doing...
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。(覆水难收。)
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重的错误。
It took him much energy to write the novel.
写这部小说耗费了他大量的精力。
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
三、不定代词
1．other，others，the other，another
other 不能单独使用，常与复数名词连用，如果前面有the，some，any，each，every，no以及形容词性物主代词时，也可与可数名词单数连用
others 表示泛指，相当于“other＋复数名词”，可构成 some...others...一些……另一些……
the other “the other＋单数可数名词”特指两者中的另一个，常有one...the other...“一个……另一个……”的搭配，其复数形式为the others或“the other＋复数名词”，特指在某些人或物中，除去一部分后，其余的人或物
another 指三者或三者以上中的另一个，表示泛指，后接单数名词，也可用于“another＋数词＋名词复数”，表示“另外几个……”的含义
I have two books; one is English, and the other is French.
我有两本书，一本是英语书，另一本是法语书。
Shopping on the Internet enables people not to search for goods from one store to another.
网购使人们不必从一家店到另一家店地寻找商品。
You are a team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea.
你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你喜欢的事。
2．both，all，either，any，neither，none
含义 范围 都 任一 都不
两者 both either neither
三者或三者以上 all any none
As the two dictionaries are useful, I'll take both and either of them is very important to me.
由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都买下来，每一本对我来说都非常重要。
Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.
拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。
All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses.
所有的马都是动物，但是并不是所有的动物都是马。
【点津】
(1)固定搭配： anything but(根本不), nothing but(只不过；仅仅)，all but(几乎；差一点)，none but(仅仅；只有)。
(2)everything意为“每件事物；所有事物”，强调整体，与not连用时表示部分否定，意为“并不是所有事物都……”。
(3)both，all与 not连用表示部分否定；表示全部否定时应用 neither，none。
四、指示代词： one(s)、that、those
指示代词 用法 说明
one(s) one代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”； ones用来代替前面出现的复数名词，也表泛指 a/an＋可数名词单数＝one；the＋可数名词单数＝that/the one; the＋不可数名词＝that；the＋可数名词复数＝the ones/those；可数名词复数＝ones
指示代词 用法 说明
that 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数，也可以是不可数名词，其前面通常不能有修饰语，但可以有后置定语 a/an＋可数名词单数＝one；the＋可数名词单数＝that/the one; the＋不可数名词＝that；the＋可数名词复数＝the ones/those；可数名词复数＝ones
those 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，只能指代可数名词复数，相当于the ones The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model.
这款车的基本设计与之前车型的设计非常相似。
At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine.
我们工厂里的一些机器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。
We've been looking for a cheap house but haven't found one yet.
我们一直在找一个便宜的房子但是还没找到。
【点津】
在句中为避免重复， one(s)，that，those等都可以用来代替上文出现的名词。
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of ________(they) contents.
2．(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕) at the ceremony, opening ______(it) first exhibition：The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea.
their
its
3．As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory.It sure does in _______(I)．
4．Ecotourism has ______(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.
mine
its
【例1】　Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reuse is another .
分析：句意：(废品)回收利用是一种保护环境的方式，而重复使用是另外一种(保护环境的)方式。 本题构成one...another...结构。another再一，又一，另一。故填another。
【例2】　Surprisingly, Susan's beautiful hair reached below her knees and made itself (it) almost an overcoat for her.
分析：句子成分法。句意：让人吃惊的是，苏珊漂亮的头发一直垂到她的膝盖之下，使它几乎成了她的一件长大衣。设空处作 made的宾语，指代Susan's beautiful hair，应用反身代词。故填itself。
【例3】　New technologies have made it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
分析：句式结构法。句意：新技术已经使更快、成本更低地生产新产品成为可能。动词不定式短语to turn out...在句中是真正的宾语，设空处应用形式宾语it。故填it。
考点三　数词
情景导入
Mister Smith is sixty① years old and yesterday was his 60th② birthday. He still remembers in the 1990s③ when he was in his thirties③， he drank dozens of④ bottles of beer a day.However, he spent thousands of④ dollars in hospital. Later, two fifths⑤ of his spare time was spent in taking exercise.
用法感悟
①数词的基本形式为______。②表示数词的顺序往往用________。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-th。以-y结尾的基数词变序数词，把-y变成-i再加-eth。③“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“______________
_____”。“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“_________________
____”。④具体数字＋dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million等词时，后面直接加_______；表示笼统数目时，用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/
millions of＋_______。⑤分数表达：分子用_____词，分母用_____词。当分子大于1时，分母序数词加___，如：1/3：one third,2/3：two thirds。
基数词
序数词
在某个世纪几十
年代
在某人几十多岁
时
名词复数
名词复数
基数
序数
-s
1．序数词一般由基数词加-th构成。以-y结尾的基数词构成序数词时，先把y变为i，再加-eth。如the twentieth/fiftieth。不规则的序数词有以下几个：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth。序数词前通常要加定冠词the，但当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一”“再一”时，要用不定冠词。
2．年龄、年代的表达法：表示“在某人几十多岁时”用“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”；表示“在几十年代”用“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”。
3．基数词dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million等表示确切数目时不能加-s，其前可用数词或several, some等修饰，此时其后通常不跟of(后有these, those或代词宾格时可跟of)；表示“数以百万计”“数以千计”等笼统数目时，要加-s，其前不能用数词，其后可跟of。
4．基数词可与名词等构成合成形容词，用连字符“-”连接，作前置定语，其中的名词应用单数形式，如：a four-hour journey。
5．分数表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于一时，分母应用序数词的复数形式，如：two-sevenths七分之二。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．(2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the ________ (six) century B．C.
2．I've always loved the ocean. In the ________ (nine) grade, I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California.
sixth
ninth
3．In the summer holiday following my _____________ (eighteen) birthday, I took driving lessons.
4．Though in her ____________ (seventy), she still worked 8 hours a day in the pet shop.
eighteenth
seventies
【例1】　Without a second (two) thought，he agreed to join the club.
分析：固定句型。without a second thought毫不犹豫，不假思索。故填second。
【例2】　30% of the river has been polluted (pollute) by the water from the factory already and many fish have disappeared.
分析：对号入座法。百分数作主语，根据指代的river可知用单数。故填has been polluted。
【例3】　Then，when I was in the fifth (five) grade，I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher very much.
分析：语境分析法。根据句意可知，此处用序数词。故填fifth。
考点四　介词和介词短语
一、常考介词
1．表示时间和方位的介词
类别 介词 用法
表 示 时 间 at, in, on ①at表示时间点；②in表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配；③on 表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上
类别 介词 用法
表 示 时 间 in, after 两者均可接时间段，表示“在……之后”，但“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用，“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用
for, since， from ①“for＋时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了一段时间；②“since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间；③“from＋时间点”表示行为或状态的起始点
before, by 两者均可表示“在……之前”，但 by 表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内
类别 介词 用法
表 示 方 位 on, above， over ①on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath；②above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below；③over指离开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是under, over 还可以表示“越过……”
类别 介词 用法
表 示 方 位 across, through, past, over，along，by， beside ①across指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”；②through指从人群或物体内部“穿过；贯穿”；③past 表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边；④over表示从上方越过；⑤along表示“沿着”；⑥by与beside 均表示
“在……旁边”，by含有“倚；凭靠”的意思，beside指两者位置关系
类别 介词 用法
表 示 方 位 at, in，on ①at后接较小的地方或门牌号码；②in后接较大的地方；③on一般指与面或线接触
in, on， to, off ①in表示在某一范围之内；②on表示与某一地区“毗邻；接壤”；③to表示在某范围之外；④off表示“(时空上)离；距”
He climbed over the wall.
他爬过了那堵墙。
In fact, half of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the UNESCO.
根据联合国教科文组织的说法，事实上，全球范围内的六千至七千种语言中，有一半到下个世纪可能会消失。
即时演练(四)
单句语法填空
1．It began on 19 January and finished _____ the early morning of 20 January.
2．The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It was built originally to protect the city _____ the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored.
on
in
3．The new boy looked at the teacher ______ a few seconds and all the other students wondered what the boy would do.
4．“Speed up. 70 km/h isn't fast enough.You are holding up traffic，” ordered another voice from the seat next _____ me.
for
to
【点津】
(1)在以下短语中，at表示时间段。
at dinner time　在(吃)晚饭时
at weekends/the weekend在周末
(2)当时间名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each, some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。
this morning今天上午
last year去年
(3)“on＋名词或动词-ing形式”结构可以表示“一……就……”。
On my arrival/arriving home, I discovered they had gone.
我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。
2．其他常用介词
介词 用法
against 反对，违背，与……相反；触；碰撞；紧靠，倚靠；与……竞争，对阵；以……为背景
at ①用在表示某地点、场合、方位等的名词前；②用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、……岁、时节等的名词前；③以，按(价格、速度、数量等)；④朝、向、对着某人/某物的方向
介词 用法
beyond (指程度)深于；(指范围)超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及；(时间)晚于
by (时间)不迟于，在……之前；常用于结构“by＋the＋单数名词”，表示“按……计算”；(表示程度、数量)相差；经过，经由；通过(某种方法、手段)
介词 用法
for ①(表示目的或功能)为了；②(表示对象或用途)给，对；③(表示原因)因为，由于；④(表示时间、距离、数量)达，计；⑤支持，赞成；⑥至于，关于， 就……而言；⑦(表示去向)往，向；⑧(表示陈述或问题的对象)对于
in ①(表示地点、场所、位置等)在……里面；在……内；②(表示时间)在……期间；在(一段时间)以内；在……之后；③(表示某人或某物的状态、情况)处于……中；④关于；在……方面
介词 用法
on ①(表示接触或由某一表面支撑着)在……上；②(表示时间)在……时候；③关于，有关；④借助于，通过……，以……方式
with 和……一起，和，同，跟；(伴)随着；具有，带有；由于，因为；(表示方式)用
3.表示“除了”的介词(短语)
介词(短语) 用法
besides 除……之外(还有)，包括后面所提到的人或物，相当于in addition to
except 除……之外(其他的都)，不包括后面所提到的人或物，表示同类之间的关系。除了接名词、代词、动词-ing形式之外，其后还可接副词、介词短语以及 that, what, when, where等引导的从句。
He is never late except when he is ill.
他从不迟到，生病的时候除外。
介词(短语) 用法
except for 除……之外，排除的部分与前面的内容不属于同一类，着重用于对个别状况的补充说明。
During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for two white mice.
斯特凡尼娅在山洞里的时候，除了两只白鼠，她完全是独自一人。
介词(短语) 用法
but 除……之外(＝except)，常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。
There's no one here but me.
这里除了我没有别人。
apart from 既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于 except for。
Apart from the ending, it's a really good film.
除了结局，这部电影确实不错。(相当于except for)
【点津】
besides还可作副词，意为“另外；而且”，在句中常作插入语。
I don't want to go; besides, it's too late now.
我不想去；而且现在太晚了。
二、介词短语
1．“at＋名词”表示状态
at a loss 不知所措
at dinner在吃晚餐
at peace处于和平中
at dawn在黎明
at war在战争中
at work在工作
2．“by＋名词”表示方式
by accident偶然地
by chance偶然地
by force用暴力
by hand手工地
by mistake错误地
by the month按月算
3．“beyond＋名词”表示状态
beyond comparison无与伦比
beyond control失控
beyond description难以描述
beyond doubt毋庸置疑
beyond expression难以表达
beyond(one's) reach够不到
4．“in＋名词”表示状态
in bed在床上
in danger处于危险中
in debt负债
in difficulty处境困难
in high spirits情绪高昂
in need在危难中；在穷困中的
in order整齐；井然有序
in surprise吃惊地
in trouble在困境中
in use使用中
5．“on＋名词”表示状态
on a trip在旅行
on business出差
on display/show在展出
on duty在值班
on holiday/vacation在度假
on sale在出售
on strike在罢工
on the way在途中
6．“out of＋名词”表示状态
out of balance失去平衡
out of control失去控制
out of danger脱离危险
out of date过期
out of order出故障
out of work失业
7．“under＋名词”表示状态
under consideration在考虑中
under construction在建造中
under control在控制之下
under discussion在讨论中
under pressure在压力下
under repair在修理中
under treatment在治疗中
8．其他高频介词短语
against time争分夺秒
at the sight of一看到……
at the age of在……岁时
in the face of面对；面临
in addition(to)另外；除了
in case of万一
in charge of负责；主管
in favour of赞成；支持
in need of需要
in no time立刻
in a hurry匆忙
in preparation for为……做准备
in return for作为回报
of help/use有帮助的/有用的
of importance重要的
on behalf of代表
即时演练(五)
单句语法填空
1．The most important thing is to practice. You can do this _____ joining such kind of clubs.
2．Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat _______ their hands.
3．You'll succeed _____ time as long as you love it with passion because life will give back what you put into it.
by
with
in
4．You don't look very surprised _____ the good news.
5．There are a number of things we can do by learning a few life-saving skills for conditions _________ our control.
6．Ancient architecture in China stands out ______ its fine wooden structures, the elegant outside and beautiful decoration.
at
beyond
for
三、动词与介词构成的搭配
1．“动词＋sb.＋of＋sth.”结构
accuse sb. of sth.指责/控告某人某事
cure sb. of sth.治好某人的某种疾病
rid sb. of sth.使某人摆脱某物
cheat sb. of sth.骗走某人某物
remind sb. of sth.使某人想起某事
inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事
rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人某物
warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事
convince sb. of sth.使某人确信某事
suspect sb. of sth.怀疑某人某事
3．“动词＋sb./sth.＋from＋(doing) sth.”结构
prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing sth.阻止某人/物做某事
protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth. from being done保护某人/物免于被……
ban/prohibit sb./sth. from doing sth.禁止某人/物做某事
4．其他常考的动词与介词的搭配
account for占……(比例)；解释……(原因)
act as充当；起作用
break away from 脱离；逃离
bring about引起；导致；造成
call for (去)接；需要；(公开)要求
carry out履行；实施；执行
carry through帮助……渡过难关；成功完成；顺利实现
come across (偶然)遇见，碰见；发现
come to an end终止，结束
come up with提出
do harm to对……有害
do without没有……也行；没有……而设法对付过去
end up with以……结束
get across被传达；被理解；把……讲清楚
get around传播；流传；各处走动
get down to开始做某事；开始认真注意(或对待)某事
get over解决；克服；控制
get rid of除去，去掉；免除，摆脱
get through正式通过；(用电话)接通，联系上；顺利通过(考试等)
give rise to使发生
give way to屈服；退让；让步
go against违反；与……不符
go in for参加考试(或竞赛)；对某事物有兴趣，爱好
go through经历
keep in touch with与……保持联系
look down on/upon轻视；瞧不起
look into调查；审查
make the best of充分利用；尽力而为
be made up of由……组成
put up with忍受，容忍
see through看穿；识破
see to照料；处理
set about着手做
show around/round领(某人)参观
show off炫耀；展示
take in吸入；理解，领会
take on承担；呈现，具有
work out计算出；制定出
即时演练(六)
单句语法填空
1．She patted him _____ the head and said，“My little boy，do you feel more comfortable now than before？”
2．If you could exchange lives _______ someone for a short time, would you like to do that
3．As a result, he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write _____ means of a pen or pencil.
on
with
by
4．But wildlife today disappears or is _____ danger just because humans do harm to it.
5．Many times we don't realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them ______ granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.
6．The teacher paused _____ purpose to remind the students to stop talking.
in
for
on
【例1】　The study found that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men.
分析：此处指农村女性和男性的平均BMI值“增加了2.1”，应用介词by。故填by。
【例2】　Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with their hands.
分析：句意：在亚洲，并非每个地方都用筷子。比如，在印度，大多数人还是按照传统用手吃饭。介词with作“用；使用”时，表示使用某种工具或人的某一身体部位。故填with。

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